AN 



AtJTHENTIC HISTORY 



OF 




LANCASTER COUNTY, 



STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 




/ 

J. I. MOMBERT, D. D. 

MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



LANCASTER, PA.: 

J. E. BARK & CO 

1869. 



// 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year lSi,9. 
By EI.IAS BAltl!, 
In tlie Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Uniieil .Sliilc 
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



IT 



PEEFACE. 



The historical part of this work really terminates with the Revolution, the events 
subsequent to that period being embodied in the later Divisions. 

The most diligent search has failed to bring to light the Military Record of the County 
during the wars with Great Britain in 1812-1814, and with Mexico. In this connection 
it is also proper to state that in the absence of complete and (mthentic lists of the sons of 
Lancaster County in the Regular Service of the United States^ it has been thovtght ex- 
pedient to leave that part of the Military Record unnoticed. For want of authentic 
information several of the lists of public officers begin at a comparatively late date. Tli*^ 
hope h indulged that after the lapse of several years, when a new edition of this work 
shall l)ie called for, these and other deficencies may be supplied. Much valuable material, 
now scattered and inaccessible, might be procured and rendered permanently available 
by the formation of local historical societies in every section of the County affiliated to a 
General Historical Society at Lancaster. 

By far the larger portion of the material is new ; it might easily have been doubled, 
but restricted to prescribed limits, I have been guided by the princiiile to select docu- 
ments of the greatest interest to the largest number of people. 

As the volume has been greatly enriched and my labors much lightened by valuable 
contributions from numerous quarters, for which due credit has been attempted to be 
given in every instance, I beg here thankfully to acknowledge all the favors and facilities 
extended to me by individual friends named at the proper places, also by the officers of 
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Hon. Isaac B. Gara, late Assistant Secre- 
tary of the Commonwealth, and Professor S. S. Haldeman, who has read the proofs of 
those sections relating to the Natural History of the County, enibraced within pages 
528 to 544, and pages 580 to G04. 

The labors of Mr. I. D. Rupp have been of great use to me, and I have tried, wherever 
extracts from his work have been made, to give due credit. 

I shall deem it a favor to receive from any quarter well authenticated statements 
relating to the numerous topics of interest ti;cated in this work which, with becoming- 
diffidence, is now submitted to the public in the hope that it may be kindly received as 
a humble contribution to the local iiistory of this Great Commonwealth. 

.1, I. MOMBERT. 

Lancaster, Pa., May 27, 1809. 



TABLE OF CONTEKTS. 



Page. 

PREFACE iii 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii 

DIVISION I. Historical 1 

Chapter 1. The Aborigines 1 

" 2. From the Earliest Settlement of Pennsylvania to the arrival of 

William Peim 38 

" 3. From the arrival of William Pennto the erection of Lancaster 

County 48 

" 4. From the organization of Lancaster County to the termination 

ut'the Colonial Goverimnjut Ill) 

" 5. The State Govenmient 3G0 

Military Record of Lancaster County 312 

During the Revolution 312 

During the Rebellion 321 

Patriot Daughters 345 

DIVISION II. TopoGRAPnicAL 346 

Indian Localities 38G 

DIVISION IIL Biographical, etc 387 

Early Settlers 413 

DIVISION IV. Political 427 

The Coiut House 427 

List of Judges 429 

" Attorneys 429 

Members of Assembly 434 

State Legislature,., 435 

Gubernatorial Elections 438 

Presidential " 4j8 

List of Commissioners 439 

" Sheriffs 440 

" Coroners 440 

" of Mayors and Recorders of Lancaster City 441 

City Water Works '. 442 

Poor House and Hospital 443 

f'ounty Prison 444 

I'opulation of Lancaster County 4/'* 

Vote at General Election, 1868 ^iC 

Vote at Presidential Election, 1868 -448 

List of Post Offices •■••449 

Fire Department 449 

DIVISION V. Religious 450 

Statistics 450 



vi - TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

rage. 

Baptists 450 

" Mennonites Old 45O 

" • " Reformed 450 

" ■ " Ornish 451 

" Seventh Day 45I 

" Tunkers 45I 

" Winebrennariaiis 451 

Episcopalians 45I 

Evangelical Association 453 

Friends 453 

German Reformed , 453 

Jews 455 

Lutherans 455 

Methodists 45G 

Moravians 457 

Presbyterians 458 

Roman Catholics 450 

New Jerusalem Church 400 

United Brethren 4G1 

DIVISION VI. Educational AND Literary 4G2 

Tabular Statement ....466 

Litiz Schools 468 

Franklin ;iud MinsluiU College 469 

State Normal School •. 473 

Private Schools 474 

Libraries 474 

Linnsean Society 47r, 

Horticultural Society = 477 

Newspapers in Lancaster County 477 

DIVISION VII. Agricultural and Industrial 485 

Statistics of Agriculture .485 

Valuation of Real Estate 486 

Statistics of Manufacture 486 

Internal Revenue 487 

Manufacture of Iron 401 

Iron Ores 403 

Paper Mills 40;l 

Cotton Mills 404 

Banks and Insurance. Appendix 160 

DIVISION VIII. Philanthropic 405 

Orphan Asylum 405 

Bishop Bowman Clmrch Home 405 

Home for Friendless Children 405 

Masons, Free and Accepted ,406 

Odd-Fellows, Independent Order of ..497 

Red Men, Improved Order of ......498 

United American Mechanics, Order of 408 

\ " " " Junior 408 

\Good Templars, Independent Order of 498 

\oman Catholic Beneficiary Societies 400 

GWi Fellows, Ancient Order of 400 

Druiils, Independent Order of... 490 

Seven Wisie Men, Independent Order of. 409 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. vU 

Page. 

Knights of Pythias 499 

Sons of Malta, Independent Order of 499 

Female Societies 499 

DIVISION IX. Physical 500 

Mammalia 500 

Ornithology 5O3 

Conchology 5I7 

Arachnida 5I9 

Crustacea 520 

Entomology 521 

Coleoptera 523 

Orthoptera 54(; 

Hemiptera 548 

Ncuroptera 553 

Hymenoptcra 555 

Lepidoptcra 5gl 

Diptera 568 

Aphaniptera 573 

Myriapoda 573 

Ilerpetology 574 

Ichthyology 576 

Botany 539 

Geology 605 

Mineralogy.. 606 

Archaeology 610 

List of abbreviations in Physical Division 615 

DIVISION X. DocuMENTAKY. Appendix 1 

I. Charter of Charles II 1 

3. Conditions or Concessions 13 

3. First Frame of Government 16 

4. Second " " 30 

5. Third " " 38 

. 6. Charter of Privileges 46 

7. Indian Treaty at Lancaster 51 

8. Constitution of 177G 90 

0. '' " 1700 109 

10. Present Constitution 123 

II. Charter of Borough of Lancaster 141 

13. Charter of City of Lancastc]- 147 

13. Supplement to the same 166 

14. Insurance 169 

15. Banking 17q 



LIST OF ILLUSTEATIOlsrS. 



Map of the County to face the Title Page. 

Old Map of the Country round Lancaster, m 1730 to face page 119 

Origmal Plan designed for the town of Lancaster " " 3G9 

The Court House " " 437 

Poor House and Hospital " " 443 

County Prison " " 444 

Geological Map of Lancaster County " '' 605 

Hieroglyphics on Rocks at Safe Harbor " " 61? 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



CHAPTER I. 
THE ABORIGINES. 



1. The question "HowAvas America peopled?" has engaged the atten- 
tion of many distinguished writers and engendered a veritable wilderness 
of theories. Before stating these, a few observations on the discovery of 
the New World may not be out of place, as different nations claim the 
honor of having visited this continent prior to the arrival of Christopher 
Columbus. 

From a })assage in Biodorus Siculus, [B. C. 100] stating that some 
" Phoenicians were cast upon a most fertile island opposite to Africa — 
after having passed the islands which lie beyond the straits of Hercules, 
we will speak of those which lie much farther into the ocean. Towards 
Africa, and to the West of it, is an immense island in the broad sea, 
many days' sail from Lybia. Its soil is very fertile, and its surface varie- 
gated with mountains and valleys. Its coasts are indented with many 
navigable rivers, and its fields are well cultivated; delicious gardens and 
various kinds of plants and trees." This is supposed to refer to America. 
But this is by no means the oldest tradition; for Ilanno, flourishing 
about B. C. 800, at the height of Carthaginian greatness, is said to have 
explored the coast of Africa and starting from the straits of Hercules to 
have sailed Westward oO days. Hence it has been inferred that Hanno 
visited America. 

The account of Plato [B. C. 400] is generall}^ regarded entitled to 
respect. Speaking of the first discovery of the Atlantic, he says: "In 
those first times, the Atlantic was a most broad island, and there were 
extant most powerful kings in it, who, with joint forces, appointed to 
occupy Asia and Europe: and so a most grievous war was carried on, in 
which the Athenians, with the common consent of the Greeks, opposed 
themselves, and they became the conquerors. But that Atlantic island, 
by a flood and earthquake, was indeed suddenly destroyed, and so that 
warlike people Avere swallowed up." And elsewhere: "An island in the 



2 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

mouth of the sea, in the passage to those straits, called the pillars ot 
Hercules, did exist; and that island was greater and larger than Lybia 
and Asia ; from which there was an easy passage over to other islands, 
and from those islands to that continent, which is situated out of that 
region." "Neptune settled in this island, from whose son, Atlas, its 
name was derived, and divided it among his ten sons. To the youngest 
fell the extremity of the island, called Gadir^ which, in the language of 
the country, signifies fertile or abounding in sheep. The descendants of 
Neptune reigned here, from father to son, for a great number of genera- 
tions in the order of primogeniture, during the space of 9,000 years. 
They also possessed several other islands ; and passing into Europe and 
Africa, subdued all Lybia as far as Egypt, and all Europe to Asia Minor. 
At length the island sunk under water ; and for a long time afterwards 
the sea thereabouts was full of rocks and shelves." In a work ascribed 
to Aristotle, [B. C. 38-i] the Carthaginians are said to have discovered a 
great island beyond the Pillars of Hercules, very fertile, but uninhabited, 
full of forests, navigable rivers and abounding in fruit. Seneca is sup- 
posed [about A. D. 1] to have uttered a prophecy concerning America : 

" Vanient aiiuis 



Haecula seris, quibus oceanus 

Vincula reruni lavet, et ingcns 
Pateat tcllus, TypMsque vomn 
Detegat orbes; nee sit terris 

Ultima Thule.''^ 

Medea, III, 875. 

In English — "The time will come when the sea will loosen the 
chains of nature and a mighty continent shall stand forth; Typhis 
shall discover new worlds; nor shall Thule be any longer the extremity 
of the known world." 

Leaving these ancient and legendary notices, we pass to more recent 
claims. "The Scandinavians, after having colonized Iceland in A. D. 
875 and Greenland in 983, had by the year 1000 discovered America as 
tar down as 41° 30' N. L., a point near New Bedford in Massachusetts, 
and if the account of a missing sailor, Avho, after some absence, returned 
in a state of vinous excitement and flourishing bunches of grape, can be 
believed, they must have come much further South. The chronicler 
says that owing to this circumstance the captain of the ship called that 
country Vinland. The next claimants to the discovery of America are 
the "Welsh. In Cardoc's history of Cambria it is stated that Madoc, son 
of Owen Gwynnedd, Prince of Wales, set sail westward in A. D. 1170. 
with a small fleet, and after a voyage of several weeks, landed in a region 
totally dififerent, both in its inhabitants and productions, from Europe. 
He is supposed to have reached the coast of Virginia. Neither this. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 6 

however, nor tlie earlier Scandinavian expeditions, can be said even to 
liave formed a connecting link between the America of the red man and 
the America of his white brother." ^ 

The Chinese are actually reported to have visited America in A. D. 
1270, when China being overrun by the Tartars, a body of one hundred 
thousand men, refusing obedience to the invaders, are supposed to have 
set sail in a thousand ships to find a new country or perish in the enter- 
prise, and to have ultimately settled in Mexico.^ 

The Normans and the Germans also have claimed the discovery of 
America long before the voyages of Columbus, but it is needless to dis- 
cuss claims which cannot be verified, and it is sufficient for our purpose 
to state that no authentic account of actual discovery has been estab- 
lished prior to the landing of Columbus at Guanahani, or Cat Island, in 
the Bahamas on the 11th of October, 1-192. 

2. Eesuming the question, "How was America peopled?" Ave enter 
a field in which speculation and theory have run riot. A brief survey 
of it, without discussion, is all we propose to furnish. 

Thomas Morton, author of "New Canaan," a book published in 1657, 
argues for the Latin origin of the Indians, and the value of his reasoning- 
may be inferred from the circumstance that because he fancied he heard 
the Indians make use of the word Pasco-pan he concluded that their 
ancestors were acquainted with the god Pan. 

Williamson^ says: "It can hardly be questioned that the Indians of 
North America are descended from a class of the Hindoos, in the south- 
ern parts of Asia." He holds that they could not have come from the 
North because the South American Indians are unlike those of the 
North. The correctness of this conclusion may be determined by the 
ibllowing testimony of Humboldt who states that "the Indians of New 
Spain bear a general resemblance to those who inhabit Canada, Florida, 
Peru and Brazil. Over a million and a half of square leagues, from Caj^e 
Horn to the river St. Lawrence and Behring's Strait, we are struck at 
the first glance with the general resemblance in the features. We think 
we perceive them all descended from the same stock, notwithstanding 
the prodigious diversity of their languages. In the portrait drawn by 
Volney of the Canadian Indians we recognize the tribes scattered over 
the savannahs of the Apure and the Carony. The same style of fea- 
tures exists in both Americas." 

Thorowgood [1652], Adair [1775] and Boudinot [1816], claim for the 
Indians Hebrew descent and identify them with the lost tribes. 

Cotton Mather gravely accounts for the origin of the Indians by the 
craft and subtlety of the devil, " who decoyed those miserable savages 

1 Chambers' Cycl. S. V. America. 2 Hist, of China and Univ. Hist., Vol. XX. 

3 Hist, of N. Carolina, I, 216. 



4 AUTHEN'TIC HISTORY 

hither, in hopes that the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ would never 
come here to destroy or disturb his absolute empire over them." 

Swinton,! in a dissertation upon the peopling of America, after stating 
the different opinions of various authors who have advocated in favor 
of the "dispersed people," the Phoenicians and other Eastern nations, 
observes, "that, therefore, the Americans in general were descended from 
some people who inhabited a country not so far distant from them as 
Egypt and Phoenicia, our readers will, as we apprehend, readily admit. 
Now, no country can be pitched upon so proper and convenient for this 
purpose, as the north-eastern part of Asia, particularly Great Tartary, 
tSiberia, and more especially the peninsula of Kamtschatka. That 
probably was the tract through which many Tartar colonies passed into 
America, and peopled the most considerable part of the new world."^ 

liobertson"^ sums up an excellent sketch of this difficult question in 
these words: "Though it be possible that America may have re- 
ceived its first inhabitants from our continent, either by the north-west 
of Europe or the north-east of Asia, there seem to be good reasons for 
supposing that the progenitors of all the American nations, from Cape 
Horn to the southern confines of Labrador, migrated from the latter 
rather than the former. The Esquimaux are the onl}^ people in Ameri- 
ca who, in their aspect or character, bear any resemblance to the north- 
ern Europeans. They are manifestly a race of men, distinct from all the 
nations of the American continent, in language, in disposition, and in 
habits of life. Their original, then, may warrantably be traced up to 
that source which I have pointed out. But, among all the other inhab- 
itants of America, there is such a striking similitude in the form of their 
bodies and the qualities of their minds, notwithstanding the diversities 
occasioned by the influence of climate, or unequal progress in improve- 
ment, we must pronounce them to be descended from one source. There 
may be a variety in the shades, but we can everywhere trace the same 
original color. Each tribe has something peculiar which distinguishes 
it, but in all of them we discern certain features common to the whole 
race. It is remarkable that in every peculiarity, whether in their persons 
or dispositions, which characterize the Americans, they have some re- 
semblance to the rude tribes scattered over the north-east of Asia, but 
almost none to the nations settled in the northern extremities of Europe. 
We may, therefore, refer them to the former origin, and conclude that 
their Asiatic progenitors, having settled in those parts of America where 
the Russians have discovered the proximity of the two continents, 
spread gradually over its various regions. This account of the progress 
of population in America, coincides with the traditions of the Mexicans 

iDied 1774. 2 Univ. Hist.. XX. Drake. 

3 Hist, of America, I, 261. Published in 1788. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 5 

concerning their own origin, which, imperfect as they are, were preserved 
with more accuracy, and merit greater credit than those of any peo- 
ple in the new world. According to them, their ancestors came from a 
remote country, situated to the north-west of Mexico. The Mexicans 
point out their various stations, as they advanced from this, into the in- 
terior provinces, and it is precisely the same route which they must have 
held, if they had been emigrants from Asia. The Mexicans, in describ- 
ing the appearance of their progenitors, their manners and habits of life, 
at that period, exactly delineate those of the rude Tartars, from whom I 
suppose them to have sprung." 

Barton^ bestowed much labor on the comparison of all known Indian 
dialects Avith those of different Asiatic and North European nations on 
the plan of selecting English words, such as God, Father, Mother, Son, 
Daughter, etc., and then giving the equivalents in the various Indian, 
European and Asiatic dialects. Without expressing an opinion on the 
soundness of his reasoning, I give his conclusion, which is "that the 
Americans and many Asiatic and European nations are the same people." 
In this connection mention may be made of Jefierson's view" that the 
nations of America are of greater antiquity than those of Asia, and that 
Asia was peopled from America, not America from Asia. 

Schoolcraft,- whose whole life has been devoted to Indian affairs and 
whose volumes, published by authority of Congress, contain by far the 
most authentic data of information on this interesting subject, reaches 
the conclusion that the summary of traits of Indian manners, customs 
and character appears to connect their origin with the oriental world. 

Bancroft^ concludes a masterly sketch on the Aborigines with the 
following reflections: "'The American and the Mongolian races of men, 
on the two sides of the Pacific, have a near resemblance. Both are alike 
strongly and definitely marked by the more capacious palatine fossa, of 
which the dimensions are so much larger, that a careful observer could, 
out of a heap of skulls, readily separate the Mongolian and American 
from the Caucasian, but could not distinguish them from each other. 
Both have the orbit of the eye quadrangular, rather than oval ; both, 
especially the American, have comparatively a narrowness of the fore- 
head ; the facial angle in both, but especially in the American, is com- 
paratively small ; in both, the bones of the nose are flatter and broader 
than in the Caucasian, and in so equal a degree, and with apertures so 
similar, that, on indiscriminate selections of specimens of the two, an 
observer could not, from this feature, discriminate which of them be- 

1 New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, by Benjamin Smith 
Barton, M. D., Philadelphia, 1797. 

2 Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. V, Philad., 1805. 

3 History of the United States, Vol. Ill, p. 317. 



6 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

longed to the old contiueut; both, but especially the Americans, are 
characterized by a prominence of the jaws; the elongated occiput is 
common to the American and the Asiatic ; and there is to each the same 
obliquity of the face. Between the Mongolian of Southern Asia and 
Northern Asia there is a greater difference than between the Mongolian 
Tatar and the North American. The Iroquois is more unlike the 
Peruvian than he is unlike the wanderer on the steppes of Siberia. 
Physiology has not succeeded in defining the qualities which belong to 
every well-formed Mongolian, and which never belong to an indigenous 
American ; still less can geographical science draw a boundary line be- 
tween the races. The Athapascas cannot be distinguished from Algon- 
quin Knisteneaux, on the one side, or from Mongolian Esquimaux, on 
the other. The dwellers on the Aleutian Isles melt into resemblances 
with the inhabitants of each continent, and at points of remotest distance, 
the difference is still so inconsiderable, that the daring Ledyard, whose 
ardent curiosity filled him wdth the passion to circumnavigate the globe 
and cross its continents, as he stood in Siberia with men of the Mongolian 
race before him, and compared them with the Indians who had been his 
old play-fellows and school-mates at Dartmouth, writes deliberately, that 
'universally and circumstantially, they resemble the Aborigines of 
America.' On the Connecticut and the Oby, he saw but one race. 

''He that describes the Tungusians of Asia seems also to describe the 
North American. That the Tschukchi of Northeastern Asia and the 
Esquimaux of America are of the same origin, is proved by the affinity 
of their languages — thus establishing a connection between the continents 
previous to the discovery of America by Europeans. The indigenous 
population of America offers no new obstacle to faith in the unity of 
the human race." 

Having thus far attended exclusively to theories and opinions origi- 
nating with scholars and writers of Caucasian extraction, a brief sum- 
mary of Aborirjinal tradition on the subject under notice may prove 
interesting and instructive, although the reader will soon perceive that 
not much light need be expected from that quarter. 

Schoolcraft ^ states that what may be regarded in the traditions of the 
Indians, respecting the world, their origin and their opinions of man, as 
entitled to attention, is that they believe in a Great Merciful Spirit, by 
whom the earth, the animals and man were created, and in a great evil 
spirit, able to disturb the benevolent purposes of the Great Good Spirit. 
They state, generally, that there was a deluge at an ancient epoch, which 
covered the earth and drowned mankind, except a limited nuinbe]'. They 
speak most emphatically of a future state, and appear to have some con- 
fused idea of rewards and punishments, w^hich are allegorically repre- 

iVol. I. 17—59. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 7 

sented. They regard the earth as their cosmogonic mother, and declare 
their origin to have been in caves, or in some other manner within its 
depths. They consider themselves, generally, as aborigines. By one 
authority they climbed up the roots of a large vine from the interior to 
the surface of the earth ; b)- another, they casually saw light, while 
imder ground, from the top of a cavern in the earth. Most of the tribes 
plant themselves on traditions of local origin. Seeing many quadrupeds, 
Avhich burrow in the earth, they acknowledge a similar and mysterious 
relatioij. Tecumseh affirmed, in accordance Avith this notion, that the 
earth A\'as his mother; and Michabon held that the birds and beasts were 
his brothers. A few of the tribes, North and South, have something of 
a traditional value to add to these notions, expressive of an opinion of 
foreign origin. 

Sir Alexander Mackenzie in his voj-^ages among the Arctic tribes relates 
of the Chepeweyans, that "thej^ have a tradition that they originally 
came from another country, inhabited by very wicked people, and had 
traversed a great lake, which was narrow and shallow, and full of islands, 
where the}'' had suffered great miser}-, it being always winter, with ice and 
deep snow."' " Their progress (the great Athapasca family) is easterly, and 
according to their own tradition, they came from Siberia ; agreeing in 
dress and manners with the people now found upon the coasts of Asia.'' 

John Johnston, for many years agent of the Shawanoes, an Algonquin 
tribe, says: "The people of this nation have a tradition that their ances- 
tors crossed the sea. They are the only tribe Avitli which I am acquainted, 
who admit a foreign origin. Until lately they kept 3'early sacrifices for 
their safe arrival in this country. From where they came, or at what 
period they arrived in America, they do not know. It is a prevailing 
opinion among them that Florida had been inhabited by white people, 
who had the use of iron tools. Blackhoof (a celebrated chief) affirms 
tljat he has often heard it spoken of by old people, that stumps of trees, 
covered with earth, were frequently found, which had been cut down by 
edged tools." "It is somewhat doubtful," says Johnston at a subsequent 
])ag"e, " whether the deliverance which they celebrate has any other refe- 
ence, than to the crossing of some great river, or an arm of the sea." 

Montezuma^ told Cortez of a foreign connection between the Aztec 
race and the nations of the Old World. His speech is as follows : "I 
would have you to understand before you begin your discourse, that we 
are not ignorant, or stand in need of 3^our persuasions, to believe that the 
great prince you obey, is descended from our ancient Quetzalcoatl, Lord 
of the Seven Caves of the Navatlaques, and lawful king of those seven 
nations which gave beginning to our Mexican empire. By one of his 
prophecies, which we receive as an infallible truth, and by a tradition of 
1 History of the Conquest of Mexico. Book ITT. — p. 01. 



8 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

many ages, preserved in our annals, we know that he departed from these 
countries, to conquer new regions in the East, leaving a promise, that in 
the process of time, his descendants should return, to model our laws, 
and mend our government." 

On this subject Mr. Schoolcraft^ writes thus: "The tradition of the 
origin of the empire in bands of adventurers from the Seven Caves, rests 
upon the best authority we have of the Toltec race, supported by the 
oral opinion of the Aztecs in 1579. An examination of it by the lights 
of modern geography, in connection with the nautical theory of oceanic 
currents and the fixed courses of the winds in the Pacific, gives strong 
testimony in favor of an early expressed opinion in support of a migra- 
tion in high latitudes. It is now considered probable that those caves 
were seated in the Aleutian Chain. This chain of islands connects the 
continents of Asia and America at the most practicable points; and it 
begins precisely opposite to the Asiatic coast north-east of the Chinese 
empire, and quite above the Japanese group, where we should expect the 
Mongolic and Tata hordes to have been precipitated upon those shores. On 
the American side of the trajet, extending south of the peninsula of Ona- 
laska, there is evidence, in the existing dialects of the tribes, of their 
being of the same generic group with the Toltec stock." 

"Thus we have traditionary gleams of a foreign origin of the race of 
the North American Indians, from several stocks of nations, extending 
at intervals from the Arctic circle to the valley of Mexico. Dim as these 
traditions are, they shed some light on the thick historical darkness which 
shrouds that period. They point decidedly to a foreign — to an Oriental, 
if not a Shemitic, origin. Such an origin had from the first been inferred. 
At whatever point the investigation has been made, the Eastern hemis- 
phere has been found to contain the physical and mental prototypes of 
the race. Language, mythology, religious dogmas — the very style of 
architecture, and their calendar, as far as it is developed, point to that 
fruitful and central source of human dispersion and nationality."^ 

3. Passing from this general consideration of the origin of the North 
American Indians to the Indians of Pennsylvania, who will be repeat- 
edly referred to in the course of this history, it seems proper that a sketch 
of them should be inserted at this place, in order that the reader may be 
placed in a position to form an independent judgment on questions 
relating to that ill-fated race. The subjoined account is taken from 
Gordon's History of Pennsylvania, who has drawn his information from 
the writings of Heckewelder and other Moravian missionaries. 

"Although divided into many tribes, the Indians inhabiting the vast 
expanse between Canada and Virginia, traced their origin to two sources, 
the Lenni Lenape and Mengive. The former, known among their deriva- 
1 Vol. I.— p. 22. 2 Vol. 3— p. 26. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. d 

tive nations also by the name of the Wajmnachki, corrupted by the 
Europeans into Openahi^ 02ienagi^ Abenaquis^ and Apenakis, and among 
the whites, by the name of Delawares, held their principal seats upon 
the Delaware river, and were acknowledged by nearly forty tribes as 
their 'grandfathers,' or parent stock. They relate, that many centuries 
past, their ancestors dwelt far in the western wilds of the American con- 
tinent, but emigrating east^ardly, arrived after many years on the iVa- 
rasesi Sipu (the Mississippi), or river of fish, where they fell in with the 
Mengwe, who had also emigrated from a distant country, and approached 
this river somewhat nearer its source. The spies of the Lenape reported 
the country on the east of the Mississippi to be inhabited by a powerful 
nation, dwelling in large towns, erected upon their principal rivers. 

" This people, tall and stout, some of whom, as tradition reports, were 
of gigantic mould, bore the name of AlUgewi^ and from them were de- 
rived the names of the Allegheny river and mountains. Their towns were 
defended by regular fortifications or intrenchments of earth, vestiges of 
which are yet shown in greater or less preservation. The Lenape re- 
(|uested permission to establish themselves in their vicinity. This was 
refused, but leave was given them to pass the river, and seek a country 
farther to the eastward. But, Avhilst the Lenape were crossing the river, 
the Alligewi, becoming alarmed at their number, assailed and destroyed 
many of those who had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a like 
fate to the others should they attempt the stream. Fired at the loss they 
had sustained, the Lenape eagerly accepted a proposition from the Meng- 
we, who had hitherto been spectators only of their enterprise, to conquer 
and divide the country. A war of many years duration was waged by 
the united nations, marked by great havoc on both sides, which eventu- 
ated in the conquest and expulsion of the Alligewi, who fled by the way 
of the Mississippi, never to return. Their devastated country was ap- 
portioned among the conquerors; the Mengwe choosing their residence 
in the neighboi'hood of the great lakes, and the Lenape possessing them- 
selves of the lands to the south. 

" After many ages, during which the conquerors lived together in great 
harmony, the enterprising hunters of the Lenape crossed the Alleghany 
mountains, and discovered the great rivers Susquehannah and Delaware, 
and their respective bays. Exploring the Sheyichhi country, (New Jer- 
sey,) they arrived on the Hudson, to which they subsequently gave the 
name of the Mohicannittuck river. Keturning to their nation, after a 
long absence, they reported their discoveries; describing the country 
they had visited as abounding in game and fruits, fish and fowl, and des- 
titute of inhabitants. Concluding this to be the country destined for 
them by the Great Spirit, the Lenape proceeded to establish themselvCvS 
upon the four great rivers, the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehannah and Po- 



10 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

tomac, making the Delaware, to wliich they gave the name of Lenaiv- 
■loihitiucJc, (the river or stream of the Lenape,)^the centre of their posses- 
sions.^ 

" Thev say, however, that all of their nation who crossed the Mississippi 
did not reach this country; a part remaining behind to assist that portion 
of their people who, frightened by the reception which the Alligewi had 
o-iven to their countrymen, fled far to the west of the Namaesi Sipv. 
They were finally divided into three great bodies ; the larger, one-half 
of the whole, settled on the Atlantic ; the other half was separated into 
two parts, the stronger continued l)eyond the Mississippi, the other 
remained on its eastern bank. 

"Those on the Atlantic were subdivided into three tribes; the Turtle 
or Unamls^ the Turkey or Uualachtgo, and the Wolf or Mmsi. The two 
lormer hdiabited the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac, settling in 
small bodies in towns and villages upon the larger streams, under chiefs 
subordinate to the great council of the nation. The Minsi, called by the 
English, Moncej's, the most warlike of the three tribes, dwelt in the in- 
terior, forming a barrier between their nation and the Mengwe. They 
extended themselves from the Minisink, on the Delaware, where they 
held their council seat, to the Hudson on the east, to the Susquehannah 
on the southwest, to the head waters of the Delaware and Susquehannah 
rivers on the north, and to that range of hills now known in New Jersey 
by the name of the Muskenecun, and by those of Lehigh and Coghne- 
wago in Pennsylvania. 

" Man}- subordinate tribes proceeded from these, who received names 
from their places of residence, or from some accidental circumstance, at 
the time of its occurrence remarkable, but now forgotten. Such were the 
Shawanese, the Nanticokes, the Susquehannas, the Shackamaxons, the 
Neshamines, the Mantas, and other tribes, resident in or near the pro- 
vince of Pennsylvania at the time of its settlement. 

"The Mengwe hovered for some time on the borders of the lakes, with 
their canoes in readiness to fl\^ should the Alligewi return. Having 
grown bolder, and their numbers increasing, they stretched themselves 
along the St. Lawrence, and became, on the north, near neighbors to the 
I-»enape tribes. 

"The Mengwe and the Lenape, in the progress of time, became enemies. 
The latter represent the former as treacherous and cruel, pursuing per- 
tinaciously an insidious and destructive policy towards their more gen- 
erous neighbors. Dreading the power of the Lenape, the Mengwe 
resolved, by involving them in war with their distant tribes, to reduce 
their strength. They committed murders upon the members of one tribe, 
and induced the injured party to believe they were perpetrated by 
1 Hecke welder's account of the Indians. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 11 

another. They stole into the country of the Delawares, surprised them 
i]i their hunting parties, slaughtered the hunters, and escaped with the 
plundei". 

"Each nation or tribe had a })articular mark upon its war clubs, which, 
left beside a murdered person, denoted the aggressor. The Mengwe 
perpetrated a murder in the Cherokee country, and left with the dead 
body a war club bearing the insignia of the Lenape. The Cherokees, in 
revenge, fell suddenly upon the latter, and commenced a long and bloody 
war. The treachery of the Mengwe was at length discovered, and the 
Delawares turned upon them with the determination utterly to extirpate 
them. They were the more strongly induced to take this resolution, as 
the cannibal propensities of the Mengwe had reduced them, in the esti- 
mation of the Delawares, below the rank of human beings.^ 

"Hitherto each tribe of the Mengwe had acted under the direction of 
its particular chiefs; and, although the nation could not control the 
conduct of its members, it was made responsible for their outrages. 
Pressed by the Lenape, they resolved to form a confederation which 
might enable them better to concentrate their force in war, and to regu- 
late their affairs in peace. Thannawage, an aged Mohawk, was the 
projector of this alliance. Under his auspices, five nations, the Mohawks, 
Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senecas, formed a species of republic, 
governed by the united counsels of their aged and experienced chiefs. 
To these a sixth nation, the Tuscaroras, was added in 1712. This last 
originall}^ dwelt in the western parts of North Carolina, but having 
formed a deep and general conspiracy to exterminate the whites, were 
driven from their countr}^, and adopted by the Iroquois confederacy.^ 
The beneficial effects of this system early displayed themselves. The 
Lenape were checked, and the Mengwe, Avhose warlike disposition soon 
familiarized them with fire arms procured from the Dutch, were enabled, 
at the same time, to contend with them and to resist the French, who now 
attempted the settlement of Canada, and to extend their conquests over 
a large portion of the country between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. 

"But, being pressed hard by their new, they became desirous of recon- 
ciliation with their old enemies ; and, for this purpose, if the tradition of 
the Delawares be credited, they effected one of the most extraordinary 
strokes of policy which history has recorded. 

" The mediators between the Indian nations at war are the women. The 
men, liowever weary of the contest, hold it cowardly and disgraceful to 
seek reconciliation. They deem it inconsistent in a warrior to speak of 
peace with bloody weai)ons in his hands. He must maintain a deter- 

1 The Iroquois or Mengwe sometimes ate the bodies of their prisoners. Ileckowelder, 
2 N. Y. Hist. Col. 55. 

-Smith's New York. Doiial. Summ. 



12 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

mined courage, and appear at all times as ready and willing to fight as 
at the commencement of hostilities. With such dispositions, Indian 
wars would be interminable, if the women did not interfere and persuade 
the combatants to bury' the hatchet and make peace with each other. 
On these occasions, the women pleaded their cause with much eloquence. 
'Not a warrior,' they would say, 'but laments the loss of a son, a 
brother, or a friend. And mothers, who have l)orne with cheerfulness 
the pangs of child-birth, and the anxieties that Avait upon the infancy and 
adolescence of their sons, behold their promised blessings crushed in the 
field of battle, or perishing at the stake in unutterable torments. In the 
depth of their grief, they curse their wretched existence, and shudder at 
the idea of bearing children.' They conjured the warriors, therefore, by 
their sujQfering wives, their helpless children, their homes, and their 
friends, to interchange forgiveness, to cast away their arms, and, smoking 
together the pipe of amity and peace, to eml^race as friends those Avhom 
they had learned to esteem as enemies. 

" Prayers thus urged seldom failed of their desired effect. 'I'Ikj function 
of the peace-maker was honorable and dignified, and its assumption by 
a courageous and powerful nation could not be inglorious, l^his station 
the Mengwe urged upon the Lenape. 'They had reflected,' they said, 
'upon the state of the Indian race, and were convinced that no means 
remained to preserve it unless some magnanimous nation -would assume 
the character of the tvoman. It could not be given to a weak and con- 
temptible tribe; such would not be listened to: but the Lenape and their 
allies would at once possess influence and command respect.' 

"The facts upon which these arguments were founded, were known to 
the Delawares, and, in a moment of blind confidence in the sincerity of 
the Iroquois, they acceded to the proposition, and assumed the petticoat. 
The ceremony of the metamorphosis was performed with great rejoicings 
at Albany, in 1617, in the })resence of the Dutch, whom the Lenape 
charge with having conspired with the Mengwe for their destruction. 

"Having thus disarmed the Delawares, the Iroquois assumed over them 
the rights of protection and command. But still dreading their strength, 
they artfully involved them again in Avar Avith the Cherokees, promised 
to fight their battles, led them into an ambush of their foes, and deserted 
■ them. The DelaAvares, at length, comprehended the treachery of their 
arch enem}'-, and resolved to resume their arms, and, l^eing still superior 
in numbers, to crush them. But it was too late. The Europeans were 
now making their Avay into the country in every direction, and gave 
ample employment to the astonished Lenape. 

" The MengAve deny these machinations. They aver that they conqiiei'ed 
the DelaAvares by force of arms, and made them a subject people. And, 
though it be said they are unable to detail the circumstances of this 



OF LANCASTER COUXTV, 13 

conquest, it is more rational to suppose it true, tlian that a brave, nume- 
rous, and warlike nation should have voluntarily suffered themselves to 
be disarmed and enslaved by a shallow artifice; or that, discovering the 
fraud practised upon them, they should unresistingly have submitted to 
its consequences. This conquest was not an empty acquisition to the 
Mengwe. They claimed dominion over all the lands occupied by the 
Delawares, and, in many instances, their claims were distinctly acknowl- 
edged. Parties of the Five Nations occasionally occupied the Lenape 
country, and wandered over it at all times at their pleasure. 

" Whatever credit may be due to the traditions of the Lenape, relative 
to their migration from the west, there is strong evidence in support of 
their pretensions to be considered as the source whence a great portion of 
the Indians of North America was derived. They are acknowledged as 
the 'grandfathers,' or the parent stock, of the tribes that inhabited the 
extensive regions of Canada, from the coast of Labrador to the mouth of 
the Albau}^ river, which empties into the southernmost part of Hudson's 
bay, and from thence to the Lake of the Woods, the northernmost 
boundary of the L^nited States; and also by those who dwelt in that 
immense country, stretching from Nova Scotia to the Eoanoke, on the 
sea-coast, and bounded by the Mississippi on the west. All these nations 
spoke dialects of the Lenape language, affording the strongest presump- 
tion of their derivation from that stock. The tribes of the Mengwe 
interspersed throughout this vast region are, of course, excepted. Thev 
were, however, comparatively few in number. 

" Their language is said to be rich, sonorous, plastic, and comprehensive 
in the highest degree. It varies from the European idioms chiefly in the 
conjugation of the verbs, with which not only the agent and patient mav 
be compounded, in every possible case, but the adverbs are also blended ; 
and one word is made to express the agent, the action, with its accidents 
of time, place, and quantity, and the object effected by them. And. 
though greatly pliant, it is subjected to rules, from which there are few ex- 
ceptions. It has the power of expressing every idea, even the most abstract. 
The Old and New Testaments have been translated into it, and the Christian 
missionaries have no difficulty, as they assert, of making themselves under- 
stood on all subjects by the Indians.^ 



1 As a sjXHimeii. I siibjuiii a translation of the Loi-d'.s Prayer, in the language of the 
Sis. Nation Indians: 

Soungwaunclia, caurounkyauga, tehseetaroan, saulwuneyousta, es a. sfiwaneyou. 
okcttauhsela, ehneauwoung. na, caurounkyauga, nugh, wonshauga, neattewt-hnesalauga. 
taug^^'rmnautoronoantoughsick, toantangweleewheyoiistaung, cheueeyeut, chaquatafi- 
•vSIcj'^vheyoustriunna. toughsau, taugwausvsareneh, tawantottenaugalofightoungga, na- 
Ka-wTic, sacheautaug-\vass. «»ntehsalhaun7Aikuw.t\sa. sawufineyuu, esa, sashautztii, esa, 
soangwasufuig. (liennOauhaunga. auweu. 



14 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

"A cultivated language usually denotes great civilization. But our 
aborigines seem to have confined their eftbrts to the improvement of their 
!<peech. This was a consequence naturally flowing from their form of 
ijovernment and political institutions, in Avhich the most absolute liberty 
prevailed. The public welfare was conlided to the aged and experienced 
chiefs, whose resolutions were obeyed in full conviction of their wisdom. 
They have no law but public opinion, and the redress of injuries belongs 
to the injured. Among such a people, particularly, eloquence is the 
handmaid of ambition, and all power must depend upon the talent of 
persuasion. To this cause we may ascribe the cultivation, and the many 
beauties, which are said to mark the Indian tongues of North America. 

"In other respects, these tribes had advanced little beyond the rudest 
state of nature. They had no written language, unless rude draAvings 
may be thus considered. Their intercourse with each other was regu- 
lated by a few simple rules of justice and courtesy. Their passions 
generally preserved an even and moderate tenor; but, occasionally, 
becoming intense, they produced enormous crimes, or deeds of heroism. 
In the commerce of the sexes, l<3ve, as a sentiment, was almost unknown. 
Marriage was a physical convenience, continued by the will of the parties, 
either sex having the power to dissolve it at pleasure. The treatment of 
the women, however, if not marked by tenderness, was not cruel. A 
full proportion of labor, it is true, Avas imposed upon them, but it was of 
that kind which necessarily falls to their lot, where the men are absent 
from their homes in search of sustenance for their families : it consisted 
of domestic and agricultural services. Children were educated with care 
in the knowledge of the duties and employments of their future life. 
Their lessons were taught in a kind and familiar manner, their attention 
awakened by tlie hope of distinction, and their eftbrts rewarded bv 
general [praise. Threats nor stripes were ever used. Lands and agri- 
cultural returns were common property; peltries and tlie other acquivsi- 
tious of the chase, belonged to individuals." 

"^ It is well known they Avere very much averse to Eihropean religioL 
arid customs, unless in such things as they could comprehend and clearlv 
imderstand Avere for their real benefit ; yet, in this, sometimes, their passions 
prevailed oA^er their better understanding; instance, their drunkenness, &;c. 
But though the hoped and desired success did not so fally attend the la- 
bours bestoAved on them, and the means used, both by William Pena 
himself, in person, and by divers others of the more pious and early 
settlers, whose good example Avas very remarkable, with the later endea- 
vors since continued, to inform the judgment of the Indians^ in these 
provinces, in religious afiairs, to acquaint them Avith the principles and 
and advantage of Christianity, to restrain them from some things, ac- 
iProud's Hist, of Pennsylvania, I, p. 310-s<i. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 15 

knowledgecl by themselves to be manifestly pernicious, particularly from 
abusing themselves with strong liquor, by law, as well as advice, &c., so 
much as might reasonably have been wished, or expected; yet these 
very labours and means were far from being useless, or entirely without 
good effect; for the consequence declared that the Indians, in general, 
were sensible of the kind regard paid them, and of the good intended 
thereby; which they shewed and proved by their future conduct, and 
steady friendship; as appears in the preceding history,^ though they gen- 
erally refused in a formal manner to embrace Euroi^ean manners, religion 
and opinions : ' For, governed by their own customs, and not by laws, 
creeds, &c., theygreatly revered those of their ancestors, and followed them 
so implicitly, that a new thought, or action, seldom took place among 
them.' 

"They are tliought (says William Penu) to have believed in a God and 
immortality; and seemed to aim at a public worship: in performing this, 
they sometimes sat in several circles, one within another: the action 
consisted of singing, jumping, shouting and dancing ; which they are said 
to have used mostly as a tradition from their ancestors, rather than from 
any knowledge or enquiry of their own into the serious parts of its 
origin. 

'' They said the great King, who made them, dwelt in a glorious country 
lo the southward; and that the spirits of the best should go thither and 
live again. Their most solemn worship was a sacrifice of ihQ first fmiU, 
in which they burned the first and fattest buck, and feasted together 
upon what else they had collected. In this sacrifice they broke no bonc^ 
of any creature which they ate ; but after they had done they gathered 
them together and burned them very carefully. They distinguished 
between a good and evil Manetta, or Spirit; worshipping the former for 
the good they hoped; and, it is said, some of them, the latter, that they 
might not be afflicted with the evil which they feared; so slavishly dark 
are some of them represented to have been in their understandings ! But 
whether this last be true, in a general sense, or peculiar only to some 
j)arts, it was certainly not the case at all among the Indians within the 
limits of these provinces, or, at least, very much conc^ealed from the first 
and early settlers of them. 

" But in late years it is less to be admired that the Imlians, in these 
provinces and their vicinity, have shown so little regard to the Chris- 
tian religion, but rather treated it, as well as its professors, with con- 
tempt and abhorrence, when it is duly considered what kind of Christians 
those generally are, with whom they mostly deal and converse; as, the 
Indian traders, and most of the inhabitants of the back counties of this 
and the neighboring provinces, Avho have chiefly represented the profcvs- 

1 S. Smith. 



16 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

sors of Christianitij among them, for many years !^ viz. sucli of the lowest 
i*ank, and least informed, of mankind, who have flowed in from Germany, 
Ireland^ and the jails of Great Britain^ and settled next them, as well as 
those who flee from justice in the settled, or better inhabited parts of the 
country, and retire among them, that the}- might be out of the reach of 
the laws, &c., the least qualified to exhibit favorable ideas of this kind; 
but it is most certain they have done the contrary; insomuch that, it 
Avere to be wished the cause of the late unhappy Indian war Avithin the 
limits of these provinces, did not take its rise, in no small degree, from 
the want of common justice, in the conduct of too many of these people 
towards them ; for notwithstanding the general ignorance of the Indiani< 
in many things, especially of European arts and inventions, yet in things 
of this kind they rely more on experience than theory ; and they mostly 
formed their judgment of the English., or Europeans., and of their religion 
and customs, not from the Avords, but from the actions and manners of 
those Avith AA^hom thev most conversed and transacted business,^ 



1 The trade between the Engliuli and the Indians, in later years especially, has been 
mostly carried on by the vilest, and most abandoned part of the community: the Indiani* 
have long had but very little opi>ortunity to converse with any other kind of Christians, 
Ix^&ides these, who go most among them: from the lives and conduct of these they judge 
of GJiristianity. and European manners, &c. This is mentioned in a treatise, printed 
in London, in 17o9, as one cause, among others, of the first war, that commenced with 
them in Pennsylvania, about the year 1754; wherein is likewise expressed — "It would 
l>e too shocking to describe the conduct and behaviour of the traders, when among the 
Ifvdians, and endless to enumerate the abuses the Indians had received and borne from 
them, for a serie.s of years. Suffice it to say, that several of the tribes were, at last, 
wearv of bearing. And as these traders were the persons, who were, in some part, tht^ 
representatives of the English among the Indians; and by Avhom they were to judge of 
our manners and religion, they conceived such invincible prejudices against both, par- 
ticularly against our holy religion, that when Mr. Serjeant, a gentleman in Neic England, 
took a journey, in 1741, to the Shawanese, and some other tribes living on Susquehanna. 
and offered to instruct them in the Christian religion, they rejected his offer with 
disdain. They reproached Christianity. They told him the traders would lie, cheat, 
and debauch their women, and even their wives, if their husbands were not at home. 
They said further, that the Senecas had given them their country, but charged them 
witlial, never to receive Christianity from the English,^' &c. 

2The following has been printed in Pennsylvania, as a genuine speech of an Indian 
Chief in that province ; but whether it be really .so. or not, it certainly contains argu- 
ments, which have l>een used by some of these people, and, in this place, may serve, in 
part, to give some idea of their sentiments on the subject : it is thus first introduced. 

viz : 

"In, or alK)ut the year of our Lord 1710, a Sicedish Missionary preached a sennou 
HI an Indian treaty, held at Conestogoe in Pennsylvania ; in which sennon he set forth 
original sin, the necessity of a Mediator; and endeavored, by certain arguments, to 
induce the Indians to embrace the Christian religion. After he had ended his discom-se, 
one of the Indian chiefs made a speech in reply to the sermon; and the discourses, on 
both side.s were made known by interpreters. The Missionary, upon his return to 
Sir-fiUu, pul'-lisheii hi'; st-mion, and the Indian's answer. Having writteii tlu-m in Latin, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 17 

''For, liowever ignorant and averse to European refinement and ways 
of iliinking, on religious subjects, the Indians^ in general, might appear 
to have been, yet, as in all other nations of mankind, it is most certain 
there were some among them of a more exalted way of thinking, and 
enlightened understandings, who, notwithstanding the great absurdities 
among the generality, were not without some degree of a just sense and 
acknowledgment of the providential care and regard of the Almighty 



he dedicated them to the university of Upsala, and requested them to furnish liim with 
arguments, to confute such strong reasoning of the Indiaiis. The Indian speech, trans- 
lated from the Latin, is as follows," viz : 

"A speech delivered by an Indian chief, in reply to a sermon, preached by a Swedish 
Missionary, in order to convert tlie Indians to the Christian religion: 

" Since the subject of his (the Missionary's) errand is to persuade us to embrace a 
new doctrine, perhaps it may not be amiss, before we offer him the reasons why we 
cannot comply with his request, to acquaint him with the grounds and principles of that 
i-eligion, which he would have us abandon. 

"Our forefathers were under a strong persuasion, a.s we are, that those who act well, 
in this life, shall be rewarded in the next, according to the degree of their virtue : and 
on the other hand, that those who behave wickedly here, will undergo such punish- 
ments hereafter as are proportionate to the crimes they were gxiilty of. This hath 
been constantly and invariably received and acknowledged for a truth, through every 
successive generation of oiu- ancestors. It could not have taken its rise from fable ; for 
liuman fiction however artfully and plausibly contrived, can never gain credit Ion"-, 
among any people, where free enquiry is allowed ; which was never denied by our 
ancestors; who, on the contrary, thought it the sacred, inviolable, natural right of 
e\'ery man to examine and judge for himself. Therefore we think it evident that our 
notion, concerning future rewards and punishments, was either revealed immediately 
from heaven to some of our forefathers, and from them descended to us, or, that it was 
implanted in each of us, at our creation, by the Creator of all things. Whatever the 
methods might have been, whereby God hath been pleased to make known to us his 
will, and give us a knowledge of our duty, it is still, in our sense, a divine revelation. 

"Now we desire to propose to him some few questions: Does he believe that our 
forefathers, men eminent for their piety, constant and warm in the pursuit of virtue, 
hoping tliereby to merit everlasting happiness, were all damned^ Does he think that 
we, who are their zealous imitators, in good works, and influenced by the same motives 
as they were, earnestly endeavoring, with the greatest circumspection, to ti'ead the 
path.s of integrity, are in a state of damnation? If these be his sentiments, they are 
surely as impious as they are bold and daring. 

"In the next place, we beg that he would explain himself more particularly con- 
cerning the rerelation he talks of. If he admits no other than what is contained in his 
'im-itteii book, the contrary is evident from what has been shewn before: but, if he says 
Oo<l has revealed himself to us, but not sufficient for our .salvation; then, we ask, to 
what purpose should he have revealed himself to us in any wise? It is clear that a 
reflation insufficient to save, cannot put us in a better condition than we should ba 
in without any revelation at all. We cannot conceive that God should point out to us 
the end we ought to aim at, without opening to us the way to arrive at tliat end. But, 
supposing our understandings to be so far illuminated as to know it to be our duty to 
plea^se God, who yet hath left us under an incapacity of doing it, will this Missionary, 
therefore, conclude that we shall be eternally damned? Will he take upon him to 
pronounce damnation against us, for not doing those things which he himself acknowl- 

3 



18 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Creator over the liumaii race, botli in a general and particular capacity,, 
and, even, of divine grace and influence on the human mind, and that 
independent of foreign information, or instruction: of this their imme- 
diate sense and understanding of mental objects, which it is most manifest 
many of them possessed, even of the highest nature, are very demon- 
strative ; besides, part at least of their traditions, from their ancestors, 
whose prime original, so far as it is founded in truth, must necessarily 



edges were impossible by vis to be done? It is our opinion that every man is possessed 
nf sufficient knowledge for his salvation. The Almighty, for any thing- we know, may 
liave communicated the knowledge of himself to a difterent race of people, in a different 
manner. 

"Some say they have the will of God in writing; be it so; i\\Q\\- reeelation has no 
advantage above ours, since both must be equally sufficient to save; othenvise the end 
of the revelation would be frustrated. Besides, if they be both true they must be the 
same in substance; and the difference can only lie in the mode of communication. He 
tells lis there are nrany precepts in his written revelation which we are entirely ignorant 
of. But these written coni/nands can only be designed for those who have the 'writings; 
they cannot possibly regai'd us. Had the Almighty thought so mvich knowledge neces- 
siiry to our salvation, his goodness would not long have deferred the communication C)f 
it to us; and to .say that, in a matter so necessary, he could not, at one and the same time, 
equally reveal himself to all mankind, is nothing less than an absolute denial of his 
omnipotence. Without doubt he can make his will manifest, without the help of any 
hook, or the assistance of any bookish man whatever. 

"We shall, in the next place, consider the arguments which arise from a considera- 
tion of Providence. If we are the work of God, (which I presume will not be denied,) 
it follows from thence that we are under the care and protection of God, for it cannot 
be supi^osed that the Deity should abandon his own creatures and be utterly regardless 
of their welfare. Then, to say, that tire Almighty hath permitted us to remain in a 
fatal error, through so many ages, is to represent him as a tyrant ; how is it consistent 
with his justice to force life upon a race of mortals, without their consent, and then 
damn them eienially, without ever opening to them a door of salvation"? Our concep- 
tions of the graciouH God are more noble; and we think that those who teach othei-wLse 
do little less than blaspheme. Again, it is through the care and goodness of the Ahnighty,. 
that from the beginning of time, through many generations to this day,^our name has 
been preserved, unblotted out by enemies, unreduced to nothing. By the same care we 
now enjoy our lives; are furnished with the necessary means of preserving those lives^ 
But all these things are trifling, compared with our salvation. 

"Therefore, since God hath been so careful of us, in matters of little consequence, it 
would be absurd to affirm that he has neglected us, in cases of the greatest im}x»rtance. 
Admit that he hath forsaken us, yet it could not have been without a just cause. Let 
us .suppose that an heinous crime was committed by one of our ancestor-s like to that 
which we are told happened among another race of people ; in such case, God would 
certainly puni.sh the criminal, but would never involve us, who are innocent, in his 
guilt. Those who think otherwise must make the Ahnighty a very whimsical, iV- 
natured being. Once more, are the Christians more virtuous? or, rather, are they not 
more vicious than we are? If so, how came it to pass that they are the objects of God's 
beneficence, while we are neglected? Does the Deity confer his favoi-s without reason, 
and with so mucli partiality? In a word, we find the Christians much more depraved, 
in their morals, than ourselves; and we jvidge of their doctnne by the badness of their 

IcH'-S.''' 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 19 

have first arisen from tlie divine intelligence, tLongii communicated in 
different degree to different parts of tlie human race, and though much 
of such tradition may be mixed with imagination and absurdity. 

"The following letter of Conrad Weise)-^ to a friend, respecting the In- 
dians^ on this subject, is informing. The author was born in Germany^ 
and was many years Indian interpreter for the province ; and consequently 
was well acquainted with these people : he was highly esteemed by both 
the English and Indians, as a person of integrity, skill and ability, in the 
discharge of divers important trusts which had been committed to him 
by both parties, for a long series of years : the letter translated from the 
German language, is thus expressed, viz: 

" ' Esteemed Friend : I write this, in compliance with thy request, to 
give thee an account of what I have observed among the Indians, in re- 
lation to their belief and confidence in a Divine Being, according to the 
observations I have made, from 1714, in the time of my youth, to this 
day, (about the year 1746). 

" ' If by the word religion people mean an assent to certain creeds, or 
the observance of a set of religious duties; as, appointed prayers, singings, 
preaching, baptism, &c., or even Heathenish loorship, then it may be said 
the Five Nations, and their neighbors, have no religion. But if bv re- 
figion we mean an attraction of the soul to God, whence proceeds a confi- 
dence in, and hunger after, the knowledge of him, then this people must 
be allowed to have some religion among them, notwithstanding their 
sometimes savage deportment. For we find among them some tracts of 
a confidence in God alone; and, even, sometimes, though but seldom, a 
vocal calling upon him : I shall give one or two instances of this, that 
fell under my own observation. 

'"In the 3'ear 1737, 1 was sent the first time to Oaoiidago, at the desire 
of the Governor of Virginia. I departed in the latter end of February, 
very unexpectedly, for a journey of five hundred English miles, through; 
a wilderness where tliere was neither road nor path, and at such a time 
of the year when creatures (animals) could not be met with for food. 
There were with me a Dutchman and three Indians. After we had gone 
one hundred and fifty miles on our journey, we came to a narrow valley, 
about half a mile broad and thirty long; both sides of which were 
encompassed Avith high mountains, on which the snow lay about three 
feet deep : in it ran a stream of water also about three feet deep ; which 
was so crooked that it kept a continued winding course from one side of 
the valley to the other. In order to avoid wading so often through the 
water, Ave endeavored to pass along on the slope of the mountain ; the 
t^DOw being three feet deep, and so hard frozen on the top that Ave could 
walk upon it : but we Avere obliged to make holes in the snoAV with our 
1 For his biography see Division III. s. v. Wei^er. 



20 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

hatchets, that our feet might not sHp down the mountain ; and thus we 
crept on. It happened that the old Indian'' s foot shpt; and the root of a 
tree by which he held, breaking, he shd down the mountain as from the 
roof of a house ; but happily he was stopped in his fall, by the string 
which fastened his pack hitching on the stump of a small tree. The 
other two Indians could not go to his aid, but our Dutch fellow-traveller 
did ; yet not without visible danger of his own life. I also could not put 
a foot forward, till I was helped; after this we took the first opportunity 
to descend into the valley; which was not till after we had labored hard 
for half an hour with hands and feet. Having observed a tree lying 
directly oft' from where the Indian fell, when we were got into the valley 
again we went back about one hundred paces, where we saw that if the 
Indian had slipt four or five paces further, he would have hillen over a 
rock one hundred feet perpendicular, upon craggy pieces of rocks below. 
^hQ Indian was astonished, and turned quite pale; then with out-stretched 
arms, and great earnestness he spoke these words: "/ thank the great 
Lord andj Governor of this tvorld, in that he has had mercy upon me, and 
has been tvilUng that I should live longer T Which words I, at that time, 
put down in my journal: this happened on the 25th of March, 1787. 

'"In the 9th of April following, while we were yet on our journey, I 
found myself extremely weak, through the fatigue of so long a journey, 
with the cold and hunger, which I had suffered; there having fallen a 
fresh snow about twenty inches deep, and we being yet three days journey 
from Onondago, in a frightful wilderness; my spirit failed, my body 
trembled and shook; I thought I should fall down and die; I stept aside, 
and sat doAvn under a tree, expecting there to die. My companions soon 
missed me ; the Indians came back, and found me sitting there. They 
remained awhile silent ; at last the old Indian said, ' My dear companion, 
thou hast hitherto encouraged us, wilt thou now quite give up? remem- 
ber that evil days are better than good days : for when we suffer much, 
we do not sin; sin will be driven out of us by suffering; but good days- 
cause men to sin; and God cannot extend his mercy to them; but con- 
trarywise, when it goeth evil with us, God hath compassion upon us.' 
These words made me ashamed; I rose up, and traveled as well as I 
could. 

'"The next year I went another journey to Onondago, in company with 
Joseph Spanhenberg and two others. It happened that an Indian came 
to us in the evening, who had neither shoes, stockings, shirt, gun, knife, 
nor hatchet; in a word, he had nothing but an old torn blanket and some 
rags. Upoii enquiring whither he w^as going, he answered to OnondagrJ. 
I kncAV him, and asked him how he could undertake a journey of three 
hundred miles so naked and unprovided, having no provisions, nor any 
arms to kill creatures for his sustenance? lie answered, he had been 



OF LAXCASTBR COUNTY. 21 

among enemies, and had been obliged to save liimself by flight; and so 
had lost all. This was true, in part; for he had disposed of some of his 
things among the Irish for strong liquors. Upon further talk, he told 
me very cheerfully, 'that God fed everything which had life, even the 
rattle snake itself, though it was a bad creature; and that God would 
also provide, in such a manner that he should get alive to Onondacjo ; he 
knew for certain that he should go thither ; that it was visible God was 
with the Indians in the wilderness; because they always cast their care 
upon him ; but that, contrary to this, the Europeans always carried bread 
with them.' He was an Onondago Indian; his name was OnontagJceta; 
the next day we traveled in company; and the day following I provided 
him with a knife, hatchet, flint, and tinder, also shoes and stockings, and 
sent him before me, to give notice to the council, at Onondago^ that I was 
coming; which he truly performed, being got thither three days before us. 
'"Two years ago I was sent by the Governor to ShamoUn, on account 
of the unhappy death of John Armstrong^ the Indian trader^ (about 174:4). 
After I had performed my errand, there was a feast prepared; to which 
the Governor's messengers were invited: there were about one hundred 
persons present, to whom, after we had in great silence devoured a lat 
bear, the eldest of the chiefs made a speech, in which he said, 'that, by 
a great misfortune three of their brethren, the xvhite men, had been killed 
by an Indian; that nevertheless the sun was not set, (meaning there was 
no war); it had only been somewhat darkened by a small cloud, which 
was now done away; he that had done evil was like to be punished, and 
the land to remain in peace: therefore he exhorted his people to thanh- 
f Illness to God; and thereupon he began to sing with an awful solemnity, 
but without expressing any words ;- the others accompanied him with their 
voices: after they had done, the same Indian,. with great earnestness, or 
fervor, spoke these words: ^Thanks, thanks, he to thee, thou great Lord of 
the loorld, in that thou hast again caused the sun to shine, and, hast dispersed^ 
the dark cloud — the Indians are thine.'' "' 

"The strongest passion of an Indian's soul is revenge. To gratif}^ it, 
distance, danger, and toil are held as nothing. But there is no manliness 
in his vengeance. He loves to steal upon his enemy in the silence of the 
forest, or in his midnight slumbers, and to glut himself, like a ravenous 
wolf, in undistinguished slaughter. In war, not even the captive was 
spared, unless he were adopted to supply the place of a deceased member 
of the capturing nation. If not thus preserved, he was destined to per- 
ish, in protracted torture, under the hands of women and children. On 
the other hand, hospitality and respect for the property of others, were 
their distinguishing virtues. Strangers were treated Avith great attention 
and kindness, their wants liberally supplied, and their persons considered 
sacred. To the needy and suffering of their own tribes they cheerfully 



22 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

gave ; dividing with them their last morsel. Theft in their commiinitie.s 
was rare, and is said to have been almost unknown before their acquain - 
tance with the whites." 

4. It is difficult to disentangle the web of conflicting evidence respect- 
ing the nationality of the Indians, Avho from time to time occupied the 
soil of Lancaster county. This subject has been investigated with com- 
mendable research by E. Conyngham, whose valuable notes are preserved 
in Hazard's Eegister, and by William Parker Foulke, in his "Notes re- 
specting the Indians of Lancaster count}^, Pennsylvania," published in the 
Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. iv, part 2, pp. 
188 — 219. The following data are chiefly drawn from the latter. 

The Iroquois had at the beginning of the seventeenth century pene- 
trated from the North, as far as the bays of Delaware and Chesapeake, 
and were pursuing, with varying success, hostile enterprises against the 
tribes located near the head of the latter inlet, and upon the Susque- 
hanna, Potomac, and other streams, whose waters are discharged by the 
Chesapeake into the ocean. Captain Smith, in his explorations of the 
bay, in 1608, found the Avestern shore deserted from the Patapsco upward, 
and opposite on the eastern shore, and east of the Susquehanna, were set- 
tlements of the Nanticokes or Tockwoghs, fortified against the Iroquois 
or Massawomeks, as they called them. At two days' journey up the 
Susquehanna, or about 21 miles in a right line from the mouth of the 
river, w^ere settled the Susquehannocks, numbering 600 warriors, who 
were palisaded in their towns to resist the incursions of their Northern 
enemies. On Smith's map a village of Quadroqvies is marked about 5| 
or 6 leagues (20 miles) higher up, and about 5 leagues (17 miles) above 
these dwelt the Tesinigh, distant from the embouchure of the Susque- 
hanna, in a straight line, about 50 or 57 miles. These three villages were 
situated ljetA\'een the northern and southern boundaries of Lancastei' 
county. We have no data to determine the nationality of those Indians. 

In IBol, Claiborne, so long a source of internal disquiet to the colony 
of Lord Baltimore, obtained a license to trade with Indians in parts for 
which no patent had been granted, and he established his chief trading 
post in what is now Kent County, in the State of Maryland. He also lo- 
cated a post at the mouth of the Susquehanna, whence he trafficked with 
the Susquehannocks and other Indians, at or near the head of the bay. 
At the same period the Swedes planted settlements upon the Delaware 
Kiver and Bay ; Fort Christina, in the same latitude, with the settlement 
of the Susquehannocks mentioned by Captain Smith, and distant from it 
less than 50 miles in a straight line, was surrounded by Maquas or Iro- 
quois Indians who, according to Campanius, lorded it over the other In- 
dians so that they scarcely dared to stir without the approbation of the 
former. It appears from the treaty at Lancaster in 1744, printed in full 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 23 

at a subsequent page, that almost all the land from the Patuxent and 
Choptank rivers was sold by the Susquehannocks to the government oi' 
Maryland, and it is evident from the speech of Canassatego, an Iroquois 
chief, that the Iroquois had not yet subdued the Susquehannocks, in 1654, 
for he said: "We have had your deeds interpreted to us, and we ac- 
knowledge them to be good and valid, and that the Conestogoe or Sas- 
quehannah Indians had a right to sell those lands to you, for they wero 
then theirs; but since that time we have conquered them and their 
country now belongs to us." 

Evans, in his Analysis (!2d ed. A. D. 1755) says that Bell, in the service 
of Maryland, at the fort, remains of which were still standing in 1755 on 
the east side of the Susquehanna, about 3 miles below Wright's ferry, 
(now Columbia) "by the defeat of many hundreds, gave them a blow 
that they (the Five Nations) never recovered of." 

In 1664 the province of New Netherlands fell under the dominion of 
the English and assumed its present title of New York; and public in- 
tercourse Avas then for the first time opened between the English and 
the Five Nations. A firm alliance was contracted by these parties, 
which, while it secured the rising power of the English, afforded to the 
Confederacy a valuable ally against the French of Canada and their 
Algonquin auxiliaries. Freely supplied with firearms and ammunition, 
the Iroquois did not rest satisfied with their hostilities on the side of the 
St. Lawrence, but resumed with renewed vigor, their old enterprises 
against the Southern tribes. Notwithstanding a treaty of amity con- 
cluded between Maryland and the Five Nations in 1677, some of the 
Oneidas, Onandagos and Senecas, who were not present at the time oi' 
the negotiation, fell upon the Susquehannocks, who were in league with 
Maryland, killed four of their number, took six prisoners, live of whom, 
falling to the share of the Senecas, were in conformity with the treaty 
sent back, but the sixth was detained by the Oneidas. Overtures and 
remonstrances on the part of Maryland and Virginia proved unavailing, 
for after a few years hostilities broke out with increased violence, and 
only ceased with the final overthrow of the Susquehannocks by the Five 
Nations. 

It appears from a minute examination of imperfect and somewhat 
■contradictory data, exhibited at length by Foulke, that the Lancaster 
lands fell into the power of the Five Nations at sometime between 1677 
and 1684. The evidence, on the whole, flivors the assertion that the 
Conestogo Indians and Susquehannocks were members of the same stock, 
and not of the Iroquois stock, by whom they Avere conquered, and 
probably supplanted. The process of supplanting falls within the last 
two decades of the seventeenth century, for the minutes of the Provincial 
Council, as far back as 1701, show that, on the 23d of the 2d month of 



2-i AUTHENTIC HISTOIiY 

that year, William Penu formed a solemn treaty "witli Connodaghtoh, 
king of the Susquehannali Minquays or Conestogo Indians, Wopatlitha 
(alias Opessali), King of the Shawanese, AVcewhinjough, chief of the 
Ganawese, inhabiting at the head of the Patowmeck ; also, Ahoakassongh, 
brother to the emperor or great king of the Onandagoes of the Five 
Nations, and others. The Minquays and ShaAvanese had by that time 
become residents of Lancaster County. Some Ganawese, in consequence 
of the encroachments of the Virginians, found soon after this hospitable 
shelter in the neighborhood of Conestogo. Secretary Logan visited 
them at their settlement, some miles above Conestogo, at a place called 
Connejaghera, above the fort. 

In the spring of 1706 the Conestogos, Shawanos, and Ganawese Indians, 
upon the Susquehanna, came to confer with the government at Philadel- 
phia. The chief of the Conestogos exhibited a white belt with tAventy- 
one rows, with three hands Avrought in it in black. lie said that this was 
a pledge of peace formerly delivered b}^ the Onandagos to the Nanticokes, 
when they made them tributaries : that the JSTanticokes Avere under some 
apprehension of danger from the Five Xations, and had brought this 
belt Avith them to Conestogo, Avitli another like it, in order that, Avhich- 
ever route the Confederates should take, one of the belts might be exhi- 
bited to them before they passed through Pennsylvania, and that they 
might see that they had made peace and that the proA'incial gOA'crnment 
was at peace Avith the neighboring Indians. 

In 1707 Gov. Evans visited Conestogo and met there some Nanticokes 
from Seven Towns who had waited ten days to see him and Avere on their 
Avay to Onandago Avhither the}" Avere carrying, as a tribute, tAventy belts 
of Avampum. From the Governor's report it appears that he first arrived 
at Pequehan, a ShaAvanese settlement, Avhere he saAV Opessah and some 
other chiefs, at 9 miles from Pequehan, at a place called Dekanoagah, 
on the Susquehanna, he met in conference some Senecas, ShaAvanese, 
Canois and Nanticokes. He returned to Pequehan and staycxi there until 
the morroAV. While there some ShaAvanese arrived from Carolina r.o 
settle. 

In 1717 Governor Keith met chiefs of "the Conestogo or Mingo 
Indians, the DelaAvares, ShaAvanese and GanaAvese, all inhabitants upon 
or near the riA^er Susquehanna" in conference at Conestogo. 

At a council held at Conestogo in 1721-22, by Mr. Logan and Col. 
French, there Avere present Conestogos, ShaAwanese, Ganawese, Cayugas 
and DelaAvares. 

The Avarrant for the survey of Springctsburg manor, issued in 1722, 
recites that the tJiree nations of Indians on the north side of the Susque- 
hanna, the Conestogos, ShaAvanese and Conoys, Avere disturbed, etc. 

At a conference held in 1723 WhiAvhingee, a GanaAvese chief, enumer- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 25 

atGS four nations on the Susquelianna, viz.: Conestogos, Shawanos, Gana- 
wese and Delawares. 

In 1728 disturbances arose between the Conestogos and Shawauese, 
and the latter reported the arrival of a hostile band of Flathead Indians. 

In 1729 the county of Lancaster was marked off; and it should be 
remembered that most of the foregoing notices have respect to the 
district of country then known as Chester county and comprising Avithin 
its limits Lancaster county. . 

In 17o4 the Ganawese are spoken of as settled between Pextang and 
Conestogo. 

In 1742, at the treaty of Philadelphia, there were some Shawanese; 
f:»;ur Conestogos wdio spoke the Oneyiut (or Oneida) language ; and four 
"Canoyido" or Nanticokes of Conestogo. 

In 17-14, Canassatego stated that the Conoy Indians had resolved to 
remove to Shamokin, and at a conference held in the same year at Phila- 
delphia with some Delawares from the Upper Susquehanna, one of the 
chiefs stated that the Conoys from below had moved higher up, to be 
near them. 

The foregoing data are produced here for the sole purpose of deter- 
mining the nationality of the Indians of Lancaster county: fuller 
particulars and much matter relating to them, but having no direct 
bearing on the question under consideration, are reserved for the next 
chapter. ^Meanwhile the details given warrant the following general 
statement : 

"It appears that for some period before the year 1608,^ down to about 
the year 1680, Lancaster County, or that portion of it which lies upon 
the Susquehanna, was inhabited by a number of Indians known to the 
Colonists as Susquehamiocls. These people were objects of attack to the 
Five Nations. They were in possession of arms, obtained originally 
from the French; who were, therefore, indirectly at least, known to 
them. About the year 1631, a regular traffic was opened with them 
from Claiborne's trading post; and upon the settlement of Maryland 
under Lord Baltimore, wars, treaties and purchases were had with them 
from that colony. They were sometimes in arms against their neighbors 
of the aboriginal stock. They at length became dependent upon the 
protection of the whites against the New York Confederacy ; and finally, 
before the arrival of William Penn, they were overthrown and absorbed 
by the Five Nations. A settlement was soon planted by the conquerors 
at Conestogo, which subsequently became the chief post and place of 
council of the Indians seated on the Susquehanna, below its fork. The 
residents there Avere of the Five Nations ; chiefly of the Seneca tribe, 
but comprising sometimes Oncidas, Cayugas and Tuscaroras. About 

iFoulke, 1. c. p. 212, sq. 



26 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

the year 1698, some Shawanese from the southward applied to the Con- 
estogos, and through these to William Perm's government, for permission 
to settle near Conestogo; which being granted, they established them- 
selves upon Pequea Creek, under Opessah, their principal chief. They 
remained there during at least a quarter of a century, branching off, 
however, above Conestogo, and Avestward of the river. Opessah retained 
his position at their head until the year 1711, when he abdicated, and an 
election took place, which resulted in the nominal elevation of Lakunda- 
wanna to the successorship ; but the people being refractory, there was 
an interregnum in effect, which lasted several years. As early as 1728, 
a fcAV of them emigrated to the Ohio, and these were gradually followed 
by the remainder ; so that before the middle of the eighteenth century 
they had wholly removed from the county of Lancaster. 

"Soon alter the arrival of the Shawanese, or about the year 1700, some 
<jranawese, from the Potomac, were upon application to the Proprietor, 
and upon the security of the Conestogos and Shawanese, permitted to re- 
move within the province. They fixed their principal village between 
Pextang and Conestogo, and kept it there for at least thirty years. The 
Nanticokes of Maryland, made frequent visits to Conestogo, and at length 
some of them settled near it, those called Conoys (who are sometimes 
confounded with the Nanticokes, as in the reports of treaties, and some- 
times distinguished from them, as by Mr. Heckewelder, who says they 
were the same as the Ganawese,) subsequently appeared in the same vi- 
cinity, as did also a body of Delawares. The former began to shift their 
ground before the year 1744; the latter, although occasionally mentioned 
as present in conference with the provincial government, never occupied 
a prominent post, and they soon retired to the Juniata. As early as 171 1 
there were Palatines settled near the Pequea, who were promptly admit- 
ted to the friendship of the neighboring tribes. From first to last the 
paramount authority of the Five Nations is manifested in the superin- 
tendence of their organ, the Conestogo Council, and in the respect yielded 
to this by the surrounding Indians. Peace and free intercourse were 
manifested amongst all of them, until after their villages began to be 
disturbed by the general movement of their brethern to the North and 
West. 

" It must be obvious that any traditions respecting the tribes above 
mentioned, while they remained within the limits of Lancaster county, 
had their origin prior to the year 1763 ; and if of much older date than 
this, they must have been derived through persons who were living 
whilst the Indian settlements presented that diversity of aspect which 
has just been sketched. The first border settlers were not very compe- 
tent judges of historical matters, nor very nice critics upon aboriginal 
peculiarities; and whatever facts were within the sphere either of their 



OF LANCASTER COUN'TV. 27 

perception or their comprcliensioii, come to us now oyer a tract of nearly 
a century of time. While, therefore, we yield something to that proba- 
bility of truth which locality or integrity may create, we have little reason 
to prefer any account orally transmitted, in circumstances and during an 
interval of time such as have existed in the present case, if that account is 
inconsistent with the general testimony of writers upon the subject. Per- 
haps, in this respect, no part of our State was more unfavorably situated 
than Lancaster county, prior to the year 1750. Ten years before this, 
the Indians had been embarrassed by the advance of the borderers ; and 
probably still earlier there were apparent symptoms of that antipathy, 
which has generally marked the intercourse of frontiermen and savages. 
At least four or five considerable villages of different tribes were within 
the county; smaller villages were scattered around these. Different 
dialects, different customs, were in close proximity. That must be a sin- 
gularly fortunate tradition which, faithful to its original, could convey to 
x\s living at the middle of the nineteeenth century, accurate details of the 
customs of one of those villages — uncorrupted specimens of one of those 
dialects as they were in the first quarter of the eighteenth century." 



28 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



CHAPTER II. 

FRO:\I THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANLN. TO THE 
ARRIVAL OF AVILLIAM PENN. 

In an official report draAvn up by a Dutcli Chamber [A. D. 1598] from 
documents and papers placed in tlieir hands, December 15, 161:4, it is said 
that " NcAv- Netherland, situate in America, l^etween English Virginia 
and New England, extending from the South {Delaware) River, lying in 
latitude 38|'', to Cape Malabar, in latitude -11^-°, was first frequented by 
the inhabitants of this country in the year 1598, and especially by those 
of the Greenland Compan}^, l3ut without making any fixed settlements, 
only as a shelter in the winter ; for which purpose they erected there two 
little forts on tlie South and North Rivers, against the incursions of the 
Indians."^ 

Sir Walter Raleigh's discovery of the Delaware cannot be substanti- 
ated by evidence. 

Lord Delaware, on his passage to Virginia, is said to have touched at 
Delaware Bay in 1610, and "from this circumstance the Bay prolahhj 
received his name, and may have given to him the credit of its discovery, 
as it was so called in a letter from Captain Argall, written from Vir- 
ginia in 1612."2 But, if this be true, it was a year after the well-known 
visit of Henry Hudson, who is now almost universally regarded as the 
discoverer of the Delaware. Henry Hudson, an Englishman by birth, 
in the service of the Dutch East India Company, reached the Delaware 
in the " Yagt Halve Maan" ( Yacht Half -Moon) on August 28, 1609. The 
journals of Hudson and of Robert Juet, his mate, have been preserved 
in the Transactions of the N. Y. Historical Society. The honor of the 
discovery and the right to the land are claimed by the English on account 
of Hudson's birth, and by the Dutch on account of his having been at 
the time in their service and sailed under their flao-. 

The Delaware River and Bay have been known by diflerent names. 
The Indians called it Poutaxat, Mariskitton, and Makerisk-Kiskon, 
Lenape-Wihittuck or the stream of the Lenape ; the Dutch called it Zuydt 
or South River, A^assan River, Prince Ilendrick's or Charles' River; the 
Swedes denominated it New Swedeland Stream ; Ileylin, in his Cosmo- 
graphy, calls it Arasapha ; and the English named it Delaware. Cam- 
panius says it Avas so named after Mons. de la Warre, a captain under 
Jacques Cartier, and that it was discovered in 1600. If this be true, it 
1 O'Callaghan quoted hy Ilazaicl. ^N. Y. Ilistor. Collections. 1009. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 29 

is sino-ular and curious that it sliould have received the same name from 
two persons of different nations, each giving it his own; for Thomas 
West, Lord Delaware, is also said to have discovered and given his 
name to this river. The bay has also been known as New Port May 
and Godyn's Bay.^ 

Captain Cornelis Jacobsen Mey, [101-i] commanding the Fortune 
owned by Hoorn, a merchant of Amsterdam, under authority of the 
States General of Holland, in company with other vessels, proceeded on 
an exploring expedition to the mouth of Manhattan river, whence his 
companions sailed eastward, but Mey south and arrived at Delaware bay ; 
from him the eastern cape was called Cape May, and the western cape 
Cornelis, the principal cape being named Hinlopen, either after a town 
in Friesland, or after Ilmer Hinlop.^ The cape now called Henlopen was 
then Cornelis. On the return of the fleet, Captain Hendrickson, com- 
manding the Onrust {Restless), went to the Delaware for a more minute 
examination of the coast, and for information regarding the country, as 
well as the native trade. . 

This year, [1618] Lord Delaware, died oft^ the Western Isles, or as 
some say, off the capes of Delaware, on a voyage from England to Vir- 
ginia. There was some suspicion that he had been poisoned.^ 

The great West India Company was chartered this year, [1621] under 
whose power and government the first settlements on the Delaware were 
made. The charter may be seen in Hazard's Historical Collections, I. pp. 
121—131, 149, 181. 

Concurrent testimony, which may be seen in Hazard's Annals of Penn- 
sylvania, fixes upon this year [1623] as the date of the first European 
settlement on the Delaware. 

Captain Mey, (the same who is mentioned above) in virtue of an agree- 
ment made between the managers and adventurers of the West India 
Company, and sanctioned by the States General, was jointly with Adrian 
Jorisz Tienpont placed at the head of a new expedition to America and 
duly provided Avith the necessaries, safely reached the Delaware on board 
of the ship "New Netherlands." Ascending the river about 15 leagues 
from its mouth, he built Fort Nassau on the Eastern Shore, at a place 
called Techaacho, upon or near Sassackon, now Timber Creek, which emp- 
ties into the Delaware a few miles below Coaquenaku, now Philadelphia. 
There are no data to determine the duration of Mey's stay, or the nature 
of his operations. 

Peter Minnewit, a native of Wesel, on the Rhine, was appointed di- 
rector of New Netherland, and leaving the Texel January 9th, 1626, 
landed at New Amsterdam on May 4th, of the same year. His first 
official act consisted in purchasing the site of modern New York, the 
1 Gordon. ITa-zard. 2 Hazard. 



30 . AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

aneient New Amsterdam, from the Indians for the sum of (30 Dutch 
guilders or 24 dollars gold, unquestionably, as Kapp observes,^ the best 
land speculation ever made in New York or in America. Minnewit, who 
placed the new colony on a iirm foundation, and greatly promoted its 
growth by his judicious measures, continued in office until 16o2, when 
he returned to Holland. 

During this year the charter of the Swedish West India Company,, 
upon the plan of the Dutch West India Company, was obtained [June 
14th, 1626,] at the instance of William Usselinx, an Antwerp merchant, 
and original projector of the latter, from Gustavus Adolphus, King of 
Sweden. Usselinx took this course in consequence of his disappointment 
in the conduct of the managers of the Dutch Company. The Charter of 
the Swedish Company is printed in the "Argonautica Gustaviana," (a 
very rare work, the only copy kno\yn to be in this country, is in the 
^library of Harvard College) and a summary of it may be seen in Hazard's 
Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 16-sq. 

"In 1629, the West India company granted, by charter, special privi- 
leges to all persons Avho should plant any colony in New Netherlands : ^ 
giving to the patroon, or founder, exclusive property in large tracts of 
land, with extensive manorial and seigniorial rights. Thus encouraged, 
several of the directors, among whom Goody n, Bloemasrt, Pauuw, and 
Van Eensela3r, were most distinguished, resolved to make large territo- 
rial acquisitions, and sent out Wouter Van Twiller, of Niewer Kerck, a 
clerk of the Amsterdam department of the company, to direct its public 
affairs, and to make a selection of lands for the benefit of individual 
directors. 

"One of the three ships which came over in 1629, visited an Indian 
village on the south-west corner of Delaware bay, and purchased from 
the three chiefs of the resident tribe, in behalf of the Heer Godyn, a tract 
of land, extending from Cape Hinloop to the mouth of the river, being 
in length thirty-two, and in breadth two, English miles. In the succeed- 
ing year, several extensive purchases were made, for Godyn and Bloe- 
mcert, from nine Indian chiefs, of land at Cape May, in length sixteen 
miles along the bay and sixteen miles in breadth ; for the director Pauuw, 
Staten Island and a large tract on the western side of the Pludson, in the 
neighborhood of Hoboken ; and for Van Renselair, very extensive tracts 
along the river, above and below Fort Orange. The impolicy of these 
large and exclusive appropriations was subsequently felt and condemned, 
and their ratification seems to have been obtained by admitting other 
directors to participate in them. The territory of Godyn was denomi- 
nated Swanwendajl (Valley of Swans), that of Pauuw, Pavonia, and that 
of Van Renselaer, Renseherwick. 

1 Geschichte der deutschen Einwa«denmg, etc. 3 Grordou. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. SI- 

"For the purpose of prosecuting their plans of colonization, the above 
named and several other directors entered into an association, to which 
they admitted, on equal terms, David Pieterson De Vries, an experienced 
and enterprising navigator. Their immediate design was to colonize the 
Delaware river ; to cultivate tobacco and grain, and to establish a whale 
iind seal fishery. The command of the vessels appointed to carry out 
the colonists, was given to De Vries, who left the Texel on the 12th De- 
cember, 1630, and arrived in the Delaware bay in the course of the win- 
ter. He found the country deserted by Europeans. Fort Nassau wat< 
abandoned, and in possession of the Indians. Captain Mey had departed, 
bearing with him the affections and regrets of the natives, who lon^" 
cherished his memory. De Vries and his companions selected a spot on 
Ijewis' creek, (called by the Dutch Hoerne Kill,) for their settlement, and 
unimpeded by the season, which he reports as uncommonly mild, they 
erected a house, surrounded with palisades, and called it Fort Oplandt, 
serving as a fort, a house of commerce, and place of rendezvous. The 
whole plantation, as included within the limits of Godyn's purchase, ex- 
tended to the Little Tree corner, or Boompjes Iloeck, corrupted into 
Bombay Hook. 

"On the return of De Vries to Holland, the colony was left under the 
command of Giles Osset, who set upon a post or pillar the arms of the 
States General, painted on tin, in evidence of their claim and possession. 
An Indian, ignorant of the object of this exhibition, and, perhaps, un- 
conscious of the right of exclusive property, appropriated to his own use 
this honored symbol. The folly of Osset considered this offence, not 
only as a larceny, but as a national insult ; and he urged his complaints 
and demands for redress, with so much vehemence and importunity, that 
the harrassed and perplexed tribe brought him the head of the offender. 
This was a punishment which Osset neither wished nor had foreseen, and 
he ought justly to have dreaded its consequences. In vain he repre- 
hended the severity of the Indians, and told them, had they brought the 
delinquent to him, he would have been dismissed Avith a reprimand. 
The love of vengeance, inseparable from the Indian character, sought a 
dire gratification ; and, though the death of the culprit was doomed and 
executed by his own tribe, still they beheld its cause in the exaction of 
the strangers. Availing themselves of the season in which a greater part 
of the Dutch were engaged in the cultivation of the fields, at a distance 
Irom their house, the Indians entered it, under the amicable pretence of 
trade, and murdered the unsuspicious Osset, with a single sentinel, who 
attended him. Thence proceeding to the fields, they fell upon the labor- 
ers, in the moment of exchanging friendly salutations, and massacred 
every individual. This conduct of the Indians, with its extenuating cir- 
cumstances, as related by themselves to De Vries, is sufficiently atro- 



32 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

cious ; but it is neither improbable nor inconsistent with the disposition 
the aborigines had frequently displayed towards foreigners, that the 
desire of possessing the white man's wealth was as powerful a stimulant 
to violence as the thirst for vengeance. 

"In December, 1632, De Vries again arrived from Holland. He found 
no vestiges of his colonists, save the ashes of their dwelling, and their 
nnburied carcasses. Attracted by the firing of a cannon, the savages 
approached his vessel with guilty hesitation. But having at length sum- 
moned courage to venture on board, they gave a circumstantial narrative 
of the destruction of his people. De Vries deemed it politic to pardon 
what he could not safely punish ; and was, moreover, induced, by the 
pacific disposition of his employers, to seek reconciliation. He made a 
new treaty with the Indians, and afterwards, with a view to obtain pro- 
visions, ascended the river above Fort Nassau. He had nearly fallen a 
victim here to the perfidy of the natives. Pretending to comply with his 
request, they directed him to enter the Timmerkill creek (Cooper's,) 
which furnished a convenient place for an attack, but warned by a female 
of the tribe of their design, and that a crew of a vessel (supposed to be 
from Virginia) had been there murdered, he returned to Fort Nassau, 
which he found filled with savages. They attempted to surprise him, 
more than forty entering his vessel; but, aware of their intention, he 
ordered them ashore with threats, declaring that their Mannetto, or Great 
Spirit, had revealed their wickedness. But subsequently, pursuing the 
humane and pacific policy which had hitherto distinguished him, he con- 
sented to the wishes they expressed, of forming a treaty of amity, which 
was confirmed with the customary presents on their part; but they de- 
clined his gifts, saying they did not now give presents that they might 
receive others in return. 

" Failing to procure the necessary provision, De Vries, leaving part of 
his crew in the bay to prosecute the whale fishery, sailed to Virginia, 
where, as the first visiter from New Netherlands, he was kindly received, 
and his wants supplied. Upon his return to the Delaware, [April, 1638,] 
finding the whale fishery unsuccessful, he hastened his departure, and 
with the other colonists returned to Holland, visiting Fort Amsterdam 
on his way. Thus, at the expiration of twenty-five years from the dis- 
covery of the Delaware by Pludson, not a single European remained 
upon its shores." 

Director Minnewit, suspected to have favored the claims of the pa- 
troons, having been recalled, left the now flourishing colony of New 
Amsterdam in the spring of this year, [1632.] 

The same year Lord Baltimore obtained a grant for Maryland, under 
which he claimed the lands on the west side of Delaware River, the fruit- 
ful source of continual controversies between him and the Dutch, and 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 33 

later with the Pennsylvania proprietaries, which were not settled for 
more than one hundred and thirty years. After his death, the patent 
was, in 1633, confirmed to his son. The extent of the grant will be seen 
from the following proceedings and description :^ 

"By letters patent of this date, reciting the petition of Cecilius, Lord 
Baltimore, for a certain country thereinafter described, not then cultivated 
and planted^ though in some j^arts thereof inhabited hy certain barbarous 
'people^ having no knowledge of Almighty God, his majesty granted to said 
Lord Baltimore: 

"All that part of a peninsula lying in the parts of America between 
the ocean on the east, and the bay of Chesapeake on the west, and divided 
from the other part thereof by a right line drawn from the promontory 
or cape of land called Watkins's Point, (situate in the aforesaid bay, near 
the Eiver of Wigheo) on the west, unto the main ocean on the east ; and 
between that bound on the south, unto that part of Delaware Bay on the 
north which lieth under the -iOth degree of north latitude from the equi- 
noctial, where New England ends ; and all that tract of land between the 
bounds aforesaid; i. e., passing from the aforesaid bay called Delaware 
Bay, in a right line by the degree aforesaid, unto the true meridian of 
the first fountain of the Eiver of Pattoumech, and from thence trending; 
towards the south unto the further bank of the aforesaid river, and fol- 
lowing the west and south side thereof, unto a certain place called Cin- 
quack, situate near the mouth of the said river, where it falls into the 
Bay of Chesapeake, and from thence by a straight line unto the afore- 
said promontory and place called Watkins's Point." 

It does not appear that actual steps towards the settling of the banks 
of the Delaware were taken until 1638, and the authentic notices of trans- 
actions belonging to the interval which have come down to us, are not 
of sufficient moment to be chronicled in this place. 

Peter Minnewit, after his return to Holland, went to Sweden and suc- 
ceeded in reviving the plan of colonizing the Delaware, abandoned by 
Usselinx, who is supposed to have died at the Hague in 1647. Towards 
the close of 1637, Minnewit, at the head of an expedition consisting of 
the ship of war "Key of Calmar" and the transport "Bird Crip," and 
carrying a clergyman, an engineer, about fifty settlers, with the necessarj^ 
provisions, merchandise for trade and presents to the Indians, left Gotten- 
burg, and after calling at Jamestown, in Virginia for wood and water, 
reached the Delaware about May, 1638. Purchasing the soil on the 
western shore from the Capes to the falls of Sankikans, opposite to the 
present city of Trenton, from the Indians, he erected the fort and town 
of Christina, on the north bank of the Minquaskill. The Eev. Eeorus 
Torkillus, who accompanied Minnewit, was the first Swedish clergyman 

IE. Hazard's Hist. CoU. I. 337. 
4 



3-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

in America ; lie died in 1643, aged 35. The establishment of the Swedes 
led to remonstrances on the part of Kieft, then director-general of New 
Netherland, which were unheeded by Minnewit, whose intercourse with 
the Indians was of an amicable character. Minnewit died at Christina 
several years afterwards. 

John Printz, appointed Governor, accompanied by John Campanius, 
with another colony, on board the ship of war " Fame," and the trans- 
port "Swan," arrived in the Delaware on February 15th, 16-13, at Fort 
Christina, after a passage of 150 days. Agreeably to his instructions, he 
erected on the island of Tennekong or Tinnicum, a fort called New Got- 
tenberg, a handsome residence which he named PrintzhofY or Printz Hall, 
and a church. The principal inhabitants had their dwellings and plan- 
tations on this island. His instructions acknowledged the right of soil 
in the Indians, directed him to confirm the contract made by Minnewit, 
to maintain a just, upright and amicable intercourse with them, and if 
possible also with the Dutch : still, in case of hostile interference on their 
part, he was to "repel force by force." 

During the same year Printz is said to have erected on or near the 
present Salem creek, another fort called Elftsborg or Elsingborg, for the 
purpose of shutting up the river, a matter which greatly exasperated the 
Dutch whose ships, when passing, had to lower their colors and were 
boarded by the Swedes. Eeport says that the latter had, however, soon 
to vacate the fort on account of the mosquitoes, and that they called it 
Moschettosburg. 

Two years before this, in 16-11, some sixty English from New Eng- 
land had settled at Salem Creek and on the Schuylkill, whom the vigilant 
Kieft speedily expelled. 

Printz returned to Sweden in 1653, leaving his son-in-law, John Pappe- 
goya, vice-governor, who in 1651: also returned to Sweden, and John 
Eysingh, commissary and counsellor, assumed the government. The 
Dutch, in addition to the forts at Nassau and Lewistown (Hoarkill,) had 
erected Fort Casimir at Sandhocken, the present site of Newcastle. The 
Swedes, not relishing its close proximity to Christina, Eysingh followed 
up the remonstrances of his predecessor Printz, by demanding its sur- 
render ; but receiving a refusal, determined to take it by force or strata- 
gem. Approaching the fort he fired two salutes, landed some twenty or 
thirty soldiers, whom the commandant received as friends ; but perceiv- 
ing the weakness of the garrison, they forthwith mastered it, seized the 
effects, and forced those who chose to remain to take the oath of allegi- 
ance to the Queen of Sweden. The capture of the fort having taken 
place on Trinity Sunday, they changed its name into Trefalldigheet or 
Trinity. 

When Stuyvesant, then Governor at Fort Amsterdam (New York,) 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 35 

heard this intelligence, he was involved in acrimonious controversy with 
his troublesome neighbors of Connecticut, but resolved on direful ven- 
geance.^ Having fitted out a fleet, Stuyvesant sailed for the Delaware 
on Sept. 5, 1655, and after sundry stoppages arrived before Fort Casimer 
on the 10th, landed his force and demanded the surrender of the place ; 
the commander, Sven Schute, asked leave to communicate with Eysingh 
at Fort Christina ; this being refused, the fort was surrendered on arti- 
cles of capitulation. Stuyvesant then proceeded to the latter fort, and 
after a siege of fourteen days, it also was surrendered by Eysingh ; articles 
of capitulation were signed, according to which the Swedes were suffered 
to vacate the fort with flying colors, and the Governor and as many 
persons as might choose to accompany him, besides being allowed their 
private property, Avere offered a free passage to Sweden, whither they 
ultimately returned. Thus ended, on Sept. 25, 1655, the short career of 
Governor Eysingh and with him fell the whole Swedish Colony. 

Many improvements were made by the Swedes from Henlopen to the 
Falls of Alumningh or Saukikans.^ They laid the foundation of Upland, 
the present Chester ; Korsholm Fort was built at Passaiung ; Manaiung 
Fort was placed at the mouth of the Schuylkill ; they marked the sites 
of Nya Wasa and Gripsholm, somewhere near the confluence of the 
Delaware and Schuylkill rivers; Straws Wijk, and Nieu Causeland (the 
present New Castle); and forts were erected at Kinsessing, Wicacoa 
(Southwark), Finlandt, Meulendael and Lapananel. On the Eastern 
shore the Swedes had settlements at Swedesborough and other places. 

In the list of Swedes residing in New Sweden in 1693, given by Cam- 
panius, we find the name of Jacob Clemsson, supposed to be the ancestor 
of the Clemsons of Lancaster County. 

Trumbull, in his history of Connecticut, states "that in 1640 some 
persons at New Haven, by Captain Nathaniel Turner, their agent, pur- 
chased for thirty pounds sterling a large tract of land, for a number of 
plantations, on both sides of Delaware bay or river, with a view to trade, 
and for the settlement of churches in gospel order and purity : that the 
colony of New Haven erected trading houses upon the lands, and sent 
nearly 50 families to make settlements upon them ; and that settlements 
were made under the jurisdiction of New Haven, and in close combina- 
tion with that colony, in all their fundamental articles." It is difficult to 
determine the truth of these allegations, but it seems that Connecticut 
traders did visit the Delaware for purposes of trade and were very uncer- 
emoniously treated by the Swedes and the Dutch under Kieft in 1642, 
who expelled them, seized their goods and imprisoned them. The re- 
monstrances and claims of indemnity made by Governor Winthrop to 
Kieft and Printz were disregarded. 

1 Gordon. Hazard. 2 Gordon. 



36 ^ AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

111 1649 the subject was resamed in a corresiioudence between Gov- 
ernor Eaton, of New Haven, and Governor Stuyvesant, wliicli resulted 
in the appointment of a joint commission, whose deliberations terminated 
in leaving both parties at liberty to improve their interests on the Dela- 
ware. On the strength of that decision the inhabitants of New Haven, 
in the following year, fitted out a vessel carrying some 50 adventurers 
to Delaware ; the vessel called at New York and Stuyvesant, apprized of 
its destination, arrested and confined part of the crew, seized their com- 
mission and papers and refused to deliver them "till they were forced to 
engage under therr hands, then to proceed on their voyage towards 
Delaware, — but to return to New Haven, threatening that if he should 
after find any of them in Delaware, he would seize their goods and send 
them prisoners to Holland."^ The New Haven people, nothing daunted 
by these menaces, re-asserted their claims in a letter to the Dutch Gov- 
ernor, which proved however as ineffectual as their former letters on that 
matter. An application for aid against the Dutch, addressed to the 
sister colony of Plymouth, was unsuccessful and the New Haven people 
Avere compelled to remain at peace. Soon after the countrj^ was granted 
to the Duke of York and their claims rested on grounds too feeble to be 
arrayed against his title. 

"The governor of New Netherlands had always found the New Eng- 
land colonists troublesome neighbors.^ Their encroachments had given 
him much uneasiness. In the year 1653, they formed the design of 
driving the Hollanders from the continent, and applied to Oliver Crom- 
well for assistance. Although favorably disposed to this measure, the 
Protector, perhaps deterred by more important objects, did not make any 
efforts to accomplish it. After his death, his son Eichard instructed his 
naval commanders and the colonial governments to make the attempt; 
but the subversion of his ephemeral power prevented the execution of 
his orders. Charles II., however, influenced by his enmity to the States 
General, entered readily into the views of his trans-atlantic subjects. He 
granted to James, duke of York, the territory possessed by the Dutch, 
[March 20, 1664] and soon after. Colonel Eichard Nichols, associated 
with George Cartwright, sir Eobert Carr, and Samuel Maverick, with 
three ships having one hundred and thirtj^ guns and six hundred men, 
aided by forces from Massachusetts and Connecticut, summoned Stuy- 
vesant to surrender New Amsterdam and his Avhole province. 

"This formidable force, and the favorable terms offered to the inhabi- 
tants, disposed them to capitulate, notwithstanding the efforts of the gov- 
ernor to excite resistance. After a few days of fruitless negotiation, 
during which Stuyvesant pleaded in vain the justice of the title of the 
States General, and the peace existing between them and the English 
1 Hazard. 2 Gordon . 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 37 

nation, a capitulation was signed [August 27, IGO-l] and, immediately 
afterwards, a force was despatched to reduce Fort Orange. In honor of 
the duke of York, the city of New Amsterdam received the name of New 
York, and Fort Orange that of Albany. The greater part of the inhabi- 
tants submitted cheerfully to the new government, and Governor Stuy- 
vesant retained his property and closed his life in New York." 

Matters being thus arranged at New Amsterdam, the reduction of the 
colony on the Delaware having been determined. Sir Eobert Carre with 
two frigates, the Guinea and the "William and Nicholas," and the troops 
not needed at New York, sailed thither and accomplished his mission 
with the expenditure of two barrels of powder and twenty shot. The 
capitulation took place on October 1, 1664 and stipulated that "the bur- 
gesses and magistrates submitting to his majesty should be protected in 
their persons and estates; that the present magistrates should be con- 
tinued in office, that permission to leave the country within six months 
should be given to any one desirous so to do ; that all persons should 
enjoy liberty of conscience as formerly ; tliat any person taking the oath 
of allegiance should become a free denizen and enjoy all the privileges of 
trading into any of his majesty's dominions, as freely as any Englishman." 

The whole country being thus reduced without bloodshed. Colonel 
Nichols, by virtue of a commission of the duke of York,^ assumed the 
government of New York, and on November 3rd was commissioned by 
his colleagues, Cartwright and Maverick, to proceed to Dela^yare-' "to 
take special care for the good government of said place, and to depute 
such officer or officers therein as he shall think lit, for the management 
of his majesty's affairs, both civil and military, until his majesty's pleasure 
be further known." 

New Amstel was now called New Castle.^ " The capture of New York 
and its dependencies led to an European war between Great Britain and 
Holland,* ending in the treaty of Breda, at which the right of the former 
to their newly acquired territories in America was acknowledged." 

"Colonel Nichols governed the province for nearly three years with 
justice and good sense. He settled the boundaries with the Connecticut 
colony, which, yielding all claim to Long Island, obtained great advan- 
tages on the main, pushing its line to Marmaroneck river, about thirty 
miles from New York: he prescribed the mode of purchasing lands from 
the Indians, making the consent of the governor requisite to the validity 
of all contracts with them for the soil, and directing such contracts 'to be 
entered in the public registry: he incorporated the city of New York, 
under a mayor, five aldermen and a sheriff [1G65] and, although he re- 
served to himself all judicial authority, his administration was so wise 
and impartial, that it enforced universal praise. 

1 Gordon. 2 Reg. Pemis.— I. 37. ^ Hazard. 4. July 31, Kit];. 



^8 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

"Colonel Francis Lovelace succeeded Colonel Nicliols, in May, 1667. 
By proclamation he required that all patents granted by the Dutch, for 
lands upon the Delaware, should be renewed, and that persons holding 
lands, without patent, should take out titles under the English authority. 
Power was given to the officers on the Delaware to grant lands, and the 
commission of surveyor-general, of all the lands under the government 
of the Duke of York, on the west side of the Delaware, was issued to 
Walter Wharton. Governor Lovelace also renewed the duty of ten per 
cent, imposed on goods imported by the Delaware, which had been estab- 
lished by the Dutch, and repealed by his predecessor; but it was found 
so oppressive, that he also was compelled to revoke the order by which 
it was established. 

"A feeble attempt at rebellion against the English government, was 
made by a Swedish adventurer, called the Long Finne^ whose name was 
Marcus Jacobson, but who assuming to be son of Koniugsmarke, a dis- 
tinguished Swedish general, traversed the country, uttering seditious 
speeches, and exciting the people to insurrection. We are uninformed 
of the true nature of this man's character and designs. It is probable 
that he proposed, by the aid of the Indians, to overthrow the English 
power on the Delaware, and to re-establish that of his own countrymen. 
He succeeded in seducing many from their allegiance, among whom were 
men of consideration and property. Henry Coleman, a Finne, who 
became his chief follower, was well versed in the English and Indian 
tongues, and 'deserted his home, his cattle, and corn,' to promote the 
enterprise ; and, from a letter of Governor Lovelace, we are informed that 
a Domine, or clergyman, was also concerned with the Long Finne. The 
Governor issued a proclamation, commanding the arrest of Long Finne, 
Coleman, and their associates ; but, as they kept much with the Indians, 
their capture was difficult. At length the former was apprehended, tried, 
and convicted, by a commission sent from New York, and sentenced to 
death. But the council at New York changed his sentence, and doomed 
him to be severely whipped, branded with the letter K (the initial of 
ReheT) upon his breast, imprisoned for one year, and to be transported to 
Barbadoes, and sold as a slave for four years. His principal associates 
were required to give security for their future good conduct, and to pay 
the value of half their goods and chattels to the king; others of less 
note were fined in small sums, at the discretion of the commissioners. 

"In the Spring of the year 1672, the town of Newcastle Avas, by the 
government of Neiv York, made a corporation; to be governed by a 
Bailiff" and six Associates ; after the first year four old to go out and four 
others to be chosen. The Bailiff' was President, and had a double vote; 
the Constable was chosen by the bench.^ The}^ had power to try causes, 
1 Smith's History of New Jersey. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 39 

as far as ten pounds, without appeal. The English laws were established 
in the town, and among the inhabitants, on both sides of Delaware. The 
office of Sellout was converted into that of Sheriff, for the Corporation 
and river, annually chosen. And they were to have free trade, without 
being obliged to make entry at New York, as before."^ 

"The fears of the Government of Maryland, lest the title of Lord Bal- 
timore to the country on Delaware Bay should be weakened by non- 
claim, produced occasional irruptions of a very hostile character."^ An 
act of violence was committed at HoarkilP [1672] by a party of Mary- 
landers led by one Jones, who seized the magistrates and other inhabi- 
tants, plundered them and carried off the booty. They were Joined by 
one Daniel Brown, a planter of lioarkill. Brown was soon taken, sent 
to New York, and there tried and convicted ; but on promise of amend- 
ment and security given for his good behavior in future, was dismissed. 

Grovernor Lovelace wrote a letter to Governor Calvert of Maryland, 
on this aggression, and instructed Captain Carr, his deputy at Delaware, 
to resist future aggressions. 

Charles II having declared war against the States General of Holland, 
Dutch privateers soon infested the American coasts, and plundered the 
inhabitants of New Castle and Hoarkill. With a view to repairing their 
losses, permission was granted to them by the government to impose, 
for one year, a duty of four guilders, payable in wampum,' on each anker 
of strong rum imported or sold there. Wampum being the chief cur- 
rency of the country and scarce, the Governor and council of New York 
issued a proclamation increasing its value, whereby " instead of eight 
white a;nd four black, six white and three black should pass for a stiver: 
and three times so much the value in silver. This is the Indian money, 
by them called Wan)x>um; by the Dutcli^ Seivant. It is worked out of 
shells, into the form of beads, and perforated to string on leather. Six 
beads were formerly valued at a Stiver ; twenty Stivers made what they 

1 ProiKl. 2 Gordon. 

^Uoarkill, the settlement so called, from a small river, or creek, near Cape-Inlopen, 
or Renhpen, at the mouth of Delaicare bay, was a place of considerable imjjortance to 
the Swedes about that time, though since chiefly become a residence for pilots only, 
and called Leicis-toion; before which, at the entrance of the bay, is the road for ships. 

This place (from an old MS.) is said to have been named Hoarkill by the Dutcli,, 
from the Indians prostituting their young women to the Netherlander s : otherwise it is 
by David Piertersz de Uries, who, about the year 1630, first endeavoured to settle there, 
called Sioanendale. 

Other accounts afBrm that the original of the name arose from the winding and 
turning of the creek, much in the shape of a horn, whence the Dutch word, Iloernkill : 
this is the tradition of the inhabitants there, &c. But soon after it came into the hands 
of the English, it took the above name of Lewis-toicn, and the creek appears to be much 
diminished, &c. — Proud. 



40 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

called a Guilder^ whicli was about sixpence currency, or fourpence ster- 
ling. The white Wampum was worked out of the inside of the great 
Conques. The black, or purple, was formed out of the inside of the 
Mussle, or Clam-shell. These, being strung on leather, are sometimes 
formed into belts, about four inches broad, and thirty in length ; which 
are commonly given and received at treaties, as seals of friendship. 
Wampum has been long made by certain poor Indian families at Albany ^ 
who support themselves by coining this cash for the traders." 

A squadron of Dutch ships under command of Evertse and Benke 
arrived on July 30, [1673] and recaptured New York without opposition. 
The commander of the fort at the Narrows, John Manning, treacherously 
made peace Avitli the enemy and delivered up the fort without giving or 
receiving a shot, and the major part of the magistrates and constables 
swore allegiance to the States General and the Prince of Orange. Thus 
New York and New Jersey came again under Dutch rule. Deputies 
were also sent by the people inhabiting the country as far west as Dela- 
ware who, in the name of their principals, made a declaration of their 
submission, and Delaware again reverted to the Dutch [1673.] Anthony 
Colve was appointed governor, and held that office until the country was 
restored to England by the treaty of Westminister, concluded Feb. 19, 
1674.1 

The duke of York on June 29, 1674, obtained a new royal patent con- 
firming the land granted him in 1664 and two days after appointed 
Major, afterwards sir Edmund Andross, governor of his territories in 
America, which were surrendered to him by the Dutch on October 31, 
following.^ Andross authorized Captain Edmund Cantwell and William 
Tomm to take possession of the forts and stores at Newcastle for the 
king's use, and directed them to take measures for the establishment of 
order and tranquility on the Delaware. 

"On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York granted to John, lord Berkley, 
and Sir George Carteret the province of New Jersey,^ bounded on the 
east by the Atlantic ocean, on the west by Delaware bay and river, on 
the north by a line drawn from the Delaware river at forty one degrees 
forty minutes, to the Hudson river in forty-one degrees northern latitude." 

"Lord Berkley, in 1675, sold his half of the Province of jSfeio Jersey to a 
person named John Fenwicke, in trust for Edward Byllinge, and his as- 
signs, in consequence of which the former, tliis year, arrived with a 
number of passengers, in a ship, called the Griffith from London^ on a 
visit to his new purchase. He landed at a place, in West Jersey^ situated 
upon a creek, or small river, which runs into the river Delaware; to 
which place he gave the name of Salem; a name which both the place and 
creek still retain." '•^ 

1 Gordon. Hazard. sproud. 3 Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 41 

Byllinge being pecuniarily involved, conveyed his interest in the 
province to "William Penn, Gawen Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, in trust, 
for his creditors. The trustees sold })roprietary rights to several other 
persons and having made with sir George Carteret, a division of the 
province, proceeded to frame a constitution for their moiety under the 
title "concessions and agreements of the proprietors and free-holders of 
West Jersc}-, in America." ^ 

"In June, 1677, Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Pen- 
ford, Joseph Ilelmsley, Eobert Stacey, Benjamin Scott, Thomas Foulke, 
and Eichard Guy, commissioners, appointed by the proprietaries to su- 
perintend their interests in the province, arrived at New Castle, with two 
hundred and thirty settlers, principally Quakers,. Having explored the 
country for many miles along the shores of the Delaware, they made 
allotments of land among the adventurers at several miles distance from 
each other.^ But fear of the natives finally induced the emigrants to 
settle together, in and about a town plot, laid out by the commissioners, 
first called Beverly, then Budlington, and afterwards Burlington. - In 
the same year two ships arrived, bearing many families of great respec- 
tability. The quiet of the colonists was undisturbed, except by the duty 
again levied upon their commerce at the Hoarkills, by the New York 
government. This was vexatious as a tax, and insulting to the sover- 
eignty of the proprietaries, who remonstrated for some time in vain 
Avith the agents of the Duke of York ; but finally, after an investigation, 
by commissioners appointed for the purpose, the duty was repealed. 

"Dispensing with their executive of commissioners, the proprietaries 
appointed Edward Byllinge governor, who, soon after his arrival in the 
province, commissioned Samuel Jennings as his deputy. In November, 
1681, Jennings called the first assembly, and, in conjunction with them, 
adopted certain articles, defining and circumscribing the power of the 
governor, and enacted such laws as the wants of the colony required." 

Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died in 1679, having 
in his last will ordered the sale of that country to pay his debts. His 
heirs sold it, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date February 1 
and 2, 1681-82, to William Penn and eleven other persons. These twelve 
proprietors added twelve more to their number, and to these the Duke 
of York made a fresh grant of East Jersey under date March 11, 1682. 

William Penn, as one of the trustees of Byllinge, became thus inti- 
mately connected with the colonization of West Jersey, and subsequently 
as a purchaser with that of East Jersey. Under these circumstances he 
became familiar Avith the afltairs of the new world and conceived the 
design of founding a commonwealth on principles of perfect equality, 
and of universal toleration of religious faith on the west side of the Dela- 

1 Gordon. -By tlie Indians, Chygocs island, from a chief w])0 d^velt upon it. 



42 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ware.^ His father, Sir William Penn, renowned in English history by the 
conquest of Jamaica and by his conduct, discretion and courage in the 
signal battle against the Dutch in 1665, had left to him a claim against 
the government for sixteen thousand pounds, consisting to a great extent 
of money advanced by him in the sea service, and of arrearages in his 
pay. In 1680 William Penn petitioned Charles II. to grant him in lieu 
of said sum " letters-patent for a tract of land in America, lying north 
of Maryland, on the east bounded with Delaware Eiver,^ on the west 
limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." This 
petition was referred to the "Committee of tlie Privy Council for the 
Affairs of Trade and Plantations," who ordered copies to be sent to Sir 
John Werden, the Duke of York's agent, and to the agents of Lord Bal- 
timore, "to the end that they may report how far the pretensions of Mr. 
Penn may consist with the boundaries of Maryland, or the Duke's pro- 
priety of New York, and his possessions in those parts." The duke of 
York desired to retain the three lower counties,^ that is the State of Dela- 
ware, as an appendage to New York, but his objection was finally with- 
drawn, being the result of an interview between him and Mr. Penn. 
Lord Baltimore's agent wanted the grant, if made to Penn, to be 
expressed as "land that shall be north of Susquehanna Fort, also north 
of all lands in a direct line westward from said fort, for said fort is the 
boundary of Maryland northward." After sundry conferences and dis- 
cussions concerning the boundary lines and other matters of minor 
importance, the Committee finally sent in a favorable report and pre- 
sented the draft of a charter constituting William Penn, Esq. absolute 
proprietary of a tract of land in America therein mentioned to the King 
for his approbation and leaving to him also the naming of the province. 
The king affixed his signature on March 4, 1681, naming the province 
Pennsylvania for reasons explained in the subjoined extract from a letter 
of William Penn to his friend Robert Turner, dated 5th of 1st mo. 1681 : 
" This day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of Eng- 
land, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania; 
a name the hing tvould give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, 
being, as this, a pretty hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for a liead, 
as Penmaumoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in 
Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania, 
which is, the high or head woodlands, for I proposed, when the Secretary, 
a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania, and they 
added Peyiyi to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to 
have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it 
upon him ; nor could twenty guineas move the under Secretary to vary 
the name, for I fear lest it should be looked on as vanity in me, and not 
1 Gordon. 2 Hazard. 3 Ibid. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 43 

as a respect in the king, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often 
mentions with praise."^ 

The Charter, under date March 4, 1681, exists in the office of the Sec- 
retary of tlie Commonwealtli, and "is written on strong parchments, in 
the old English handwriting, with each line underscored with lines of red 
ink, that give it a curious appearance. The borders are gorgeously fur- 
belowed with heraldic devices, and the top of the first page exhibits a 
finely executed likeness of his majesty, in good preservation."^ It is now 
hung up in a frame. As this document is of permanent interest to every 
Pemisylvanian, the reader will find it reproduced in full in Division X, 
No. 1. 

Nearly a month after the signing of the Charter, the King on the 
second day of April, issued a declaration informing the inhabitants 
and planters of the province that William Penn, their absolute pro- 
prietary, was clothed Avith all the powers and preeminences necessary 
for the government. A few days later, on April 8, the proprietary ad- 
dressed the following proclamation to the inhabitants of Pennsylvauia: 

" My Friends : I wish joii all happiness here and hereafter. These are 
to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, to cast you 
within my lot and care. It is a business that, though I never undertook 
before, yet God hath given me an understanding of my duty, and an ho- 
nest mind to do it uprightly. I hope you will not be troubled at your 
change, and the king's choice, for you are now fixed, at the mercy of no 
governor that comes to make his fortune great. You shall be governed 
by laws of your own making, and live a free, and, if you will, a sober 
and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of a.iij, or oppress 
his person. God has furnished me with a better resolution, and has given 
me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can 
reasonably desire for the security aud improvement of their happiness, I 
shall heartily comply with, and in five months' resolve, if it please God, 
to see you. In the meantime, pray submit to the commands of my dep- 
uty, so fiir as thc}^ are consistent with the law, and pay him those dues 
that formerly you paid to the order of the Governor of New York, for 
my use and benefit ; and so I beseech God to direct you in the way of 
righteousness, and therein prosper you and your children after you. 

I am your true friend, 

William Penn. 

London, 8th of the month called April, 1681. 

Captain William Markham, a cousin of William Penn, Avas the deputy 
referred to in the preceding proclamation, Avhose commission, bearing- 
date April 10, 1681, contained the following directions: 

1. To call a council, consisting of nine, he to preside. 
1 Reg. Peims.— I. 297. i Dniilap in Mem. of Penn. Hist. Soc. I. 164. 



44 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

2. To read his letter and the king's declaration to the inhabitants, and 
to take their acknowledgment of his authority and propriety. 

o. To settle boundaries between Penn and his neighbors, to survey, 
set out, rent or sell lands according to instructions given. 

4. To erect courts, appoint sherifts, justices of the peace, etc. 

5. To call to his aid any of the inhabitants, for the legal suppression 
of tumult, etc.^ 

Markham carried also letters from Penn and the king to Lord Balti- 
more, authorizing him to adjust boundaries. He arrived at New York 
on June 21, 1(381, 0. S, and "Lord Baltimore, being in the province, had 
an interview with Markham at Upland (now called Chester) which re- 
sulted in discovering, from actual observation, that Upland itself was at 
least 12 miles south of 40 degrees, and that boundaries (claimed by Lord 
Baltimore) would extend to the Schuylkill. This discovery ended the 
conference, and gave fresh incentives to Penn to obtain from the Duke of 
York a grant of the Delaware settlements, as without such grant he had 
now reason to fear the loss of the Avhole peninsula."''^ 

Penn soon after published an account of his province with the royal 
charter and other documents connected with it, offering easy terms of 
sale for lands, viz. : forty shillings sterling for one hundred acres, subject 
to a quit rent of one shilling per annum forever. 

"Many persons from Loudon, Liverpool, and Bristol, embarked in his 
enterprise; and an association, called the 'Free Traders' Society of Penn- 
sylvania,' purchased large tracts of land. Articles of agreement between 
the proprietary and the adventurers were formed, under the title of ' Cer- 
tain conditions or concessions, agreed upon by William Penn, proprie- 
tary and governor of the province of Pennsylvania, and those who are 
the adventurers and purchasers in the same province, the eleventh of 
July, 1681.'"^ This document is reproduced in Division X, No. 2. 

In the autumn of the same year [1681] Penn appointed three Com- 
missioners, viz., Wm. Crispin, John Bezar and Nathaniel Allen, to pro- 
ceed to the colony, arrange for a settlement, lay out a town and treat 
with the Indians. His mind towards the latter may be seen from the 
subjoined letter to them, which he sent to them by his deputy and com- 
missioners:* 

"LoNDOX, the 18th of the Eighth month, 1681. 
" 'My Friends: There is a great God and power, that hath made the 
world, and all things therein; to whom you and I, and all people owe 
their being, and well-being; and to whom you and I must one day give 
an account for all that we do in the world. 



1 Hazard's Annals, p. 504. 2 Hazard quoting from Clialniers. 

3 Gordon. 4 Proud. Clarkson. Hazard. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 45 

*' This great God liatli written his law in our hearts, by which avc are 
taught and commanded to love and help, and do good to one another. 
Now this great God hath been pleased to make me concerned in your 
part of the world ; and the King of the country where I live, hath given 
me a great province therein ; but I desire to enjoy it icitli your love and 
consent ; that we may always live together, as neighbors and friends; 
else what would the great God do to us, who hath made us, not to devour 
and destroy one another, but to live soberly and kindly together, in the 
world? now I would have you well observe, that I am very sensible of 
the unkindness and injustice that have been too much exercised towards 
you, by the people of these parts of the world; who have sought them- 
selves, and to make great advantages by you, rather than to be examples 
of goodness and patience unto you; which I hear hath been a matter of 
trouble to you, and caused great grudging and animosities, sometimes to 
the shedding of blood ; Avhich hath made the great God angry. But I 
am not such a man ; as is well known in my own country. I have great 
love and regard towards you ; and desire to win and gain your love and 
friendship, by a kind, just and peaceable life ; and the people I send are 
of the same mind, and shall, in all things, behave themselves accord- 
ingly; and, if in anything any shall offend you, or your people, you 
shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for the same, by an equal num- 
ber of just men, on both sides; that by no means you inay have just 
occasion of being offended against them. 

"I shall shortly come to you myself; at which time we may more 
largely and freely confer and discourse of these matters ; in the mean- 
time I have sent ni}'- commissioners to treat with you about land, and a 
firm league of peace '; let me desire you to be kind to them, and the 
people, and receive these 'jj^'^sents and tokens Avhich I have sent you, as a 
testimony of my good will to you, and my resolution to live justly, 
peaceably and friendly with you. 

"I am your loving friend, 

William Penn. 

- •' In the beginning of the year 1(382 William. Penn published his frame 
of government, and certain laws, agreed on in England by himself and 
the purchasers under him, entitled ' The frame of the government of the 
Province of Pennsylvania^ in America; together zuith certain laws, agreed 
upon in England by the Governor, and divers freemen of the aforesaid j^ro- 
vince. To he further explained and confirmed there, by the first Provincial 
Council that sliall beheld, if they see Tneet^ Y^hioh. frame, &c. may be 
seen in Division X, No. 3. 

"South of the province lay the territories or counties on Delaware, 
stretching one hundred and fifty miles along the bay, to the Atlantic 
ocean. The possessor of this country, commanding the entrance and 



46 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

course of the river, would liave power to harass the commerce, and in 
other respects to afi'ect the Avelfare of the neighboring colony .^ Penn 
was desirous to possess these territories, as well on account of the security 
they afforded, as of the advantages to be derived from a hardy and labo- 
rious population. The Duke of York held them as an appendage to his 
o-overnment, and, though reluctant to cede them, he could not resist the 
solicitations of the proprietary. He executed three deeds to Penn in 
August, 1682. The first, dated the twenty-first, releasing his right to the 
province; the others, dated the twenty -fourth, granting the town of New- 
castle and the land lying within a circle of twelve miles about it; and 
the tract of land beginning at twelve miles south of Newcastle, and en- 
tending southward to Cape Henlopen. For the last tract, Penn cove- 
nanted to pay the Duke and his heirs one-half of all the rents and profits 
received from it. These grants conveyed to the proprietary a fee simple 
estate in the soil, but no political right whatever. Holding in soccage as 
of the Duke's castle at New York, he owed fealty to, and was a subject 
of that government. Whether he ever obtained from the crown political 
powers over this country is questionable. It is certain that, when the 
right he assumed became the subject of controversy, among the inhabi- 
tants of the province and territories, no grant of this nature was exhibi- 
ted. These deeds were duly recorded in New York, and, by proclamation 
of the commander there, twenty-first November, 1782, to the magistrates 
on the west side of the Delaware, the rights of Penn under them were 
publicly recognized." 

Penn having completed all arrangements for his voyage to America, 
after writing a beautiful letter to his wife and children, and another " to 
all faithful friends in England," accompanied by about one hundred pas- 
sengers, mostly friends from Sussex, after a passage of about two months 
on board the ship Welcome, of three hundred tons burthen, came in 
sight of the American coast about Egg-Harbour in New Jersey on the 
24th of October, and reached New Castle on the 27th. On the following 
day he produced his deeds from the Duke of York and received posses- 
sion by the solemn " delivery of turf and twig and water and soyle of the 
River Delaware^ ^ He was received with demonstrations of gladness by 
the inhabitants, and at the Court House "made a speech to the old 
magistrates, in which he explained to them the design of his coming, 
the nature and end of government, and of that more particularly which 
he came to establish.^ 

" To form some idea of the proportion of the different sorts of people, 

on the west side of Delaware, about this time, or prior to William Penn's 

arrival, on the lands granted him, it may be noted, that the Butch then had 

a meeting place, for religious worship, at Newcastle; the Swedes, three — 

1 Gordon. 2 Hazard. ' SClarkson. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 47 

one at Christeen^ one at Tenecum^ and one at Wicocoa, (now in the su- 
burbs of Philadeljihia.) The Quakers, as before observed, in the intro- 
duction, had three, viz.: one at Upland, or Chester; one at Shackamaxon, 
or about where Kensington now stands, in the vicinity of Pliiladelplda, 
and one near the lower falls of Delaware.'''''^ 

1 Proud. 



48 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



CHAPTER III. 

FROM THE ARRIVAL OF WILLIAM PENN TO THE ERECTION OF 
LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Pemi went to Upland (Chester) on the 29th of October, [1682.] On 
his arrival there he changed its name. "This was a memorable event 
and to be distinguished by some marked circumstance. He determined, 
therefore, to change the name of the place. Turning round to his friend 
Pearson, one of his own society, who had accompanied him in the ship 
Welcome, he said, ' Providence has brought us here safe. Thou hast been 
the companion of my perils. What wilt thou that I should call this 
place?' Pearson said, 'Chester,' in remembrance of the city from whence 
he came. A¥illiam Penn replied, that it should be called Chester, and 
that when he divided the land into counties, one of them should be called 
by the same name."^ 

From Chester Penn is said to have proceeded with some of his friends 
in an open barge, in the earliest days of November, to a place about four 
miles above the mouth of the Schuylkill, called Coaquannock, "where 
there was a high, bold shore, covered with lofty pines. Here the site of 
the infant city of Philadelphia had been established, and we may be as- 
sured his approach was hailed with joy by the whole population: the old 
inhabitants, Swedes and Dutch, eager to catch a glimpse of their future 
governor; and the Friends, who had gone before him, anxiously await- 
ing his arrival." 2 

The following tradition connected with his arrival is given by Watson : 
"The Indians, as well as the whites, had severally prepared the best 
entertainment the place and circumstances could admit. William Penn 
made himself endeared to the Indians by his marked condescension and 
acquiescence in their Avishes [1682]. He walked with them, sat with 
them on the ground, and ate with them of their roasted acorns and hominy. 
At this they expressed their great delight, and soon began to show how 
they could hop and jump; at which exhibition William Penn, to cap the 
climax, sprang up and beat them all ! We are not prepared to credit 
such light gaiety in a sage Governor and religious chief; but we have 
the positive assertion of a woman of truth, who says she saw it. There 
may have been a very wise policy in the measure as an act of concilia- 
tion, worth more than a regiment of sharpshooters. He was then suffici- 
ently young for any agility, and we remember that one of the old 
1 Clarkson. 2 Janney. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 49 

journalists among tlie Friends incidentally speaks of him as having 
naturally an excess of levity of spirit for a grave minister." ^ 

Penn immediately after his arrival despatched two persons to Lord 
Baltimore,'^ to ask of his health, offer kind neighborhood, and agree upon 
a time of meeting the better to establish it. While they were gone on 
this errand he went to New York to pay his duty to the Duke, in the 
visit of his government and colony. He returned from New York 
towards the end of November. 

To this period belongs the " Great Treaty ^^'' which took place at Shack- 
amaxon, (now called Kensington), or more correctly Sachamexing, 
derived from Sahitna or Sachem^ the Delaware for a king or chief, and 
ing^ the Indian termination indicating locality or the place where; the a: 
before ing is inserted for euphony's sake. Thus Sakimaxing or Sacha- 
mexing signifies the meeting place of chiefs. It seems to have been a 
place of resort for the Indians of different nations to consult together 
and settle their mutual differences and on this account it was probablv 
selected by Markham and Penn^ after him as the place for holding their 
successive treaties. There were at least three Indian tribes present : The 
Lenni Lenape, living near the Delaware; the Mingoes from Conestogo, 
and the Shawnees from the Susquehanna. William Penn was accompa- 
nied by a few friends. 

"It is near the close of November, [1682], the lofty forest trees on the 
banks of the Delaware have shed their summer attire,* the ground is 
strewed with leaves, and the Council fire burns brightly, fanned by the 
autumnal breeze. Under the wide branching elm^ the Indian tribes are 
assembled, but all unarmed, for no warlike weapon is allowed to disturb 

1 The deponent referred to is the grandmother of Samuel Preston, Esq.. formerly of 
Bucks county. She died in 1774, at the age of 100 years, in full mind and memory. 
William Penn and sundry Indians were present at her marriage. She described Penn 
as of rather short stature, but the handsomest, best looking, most lively gentleman, she 
had ever seen. There was nothing like pride about him, but affable and friendly with 
the humblest in life. — Watson's Annals, I. 55. 

2 W. Penn's letter to the Lords of Plantations, &c. 

3 Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa. III. pt. 2. p. 183. 

4 Comi)iled by Janney. 

5 This tree was long revered by the colonists and Indians. During the revolutionary 
war the British general Sincoe, who was quartered at Kensington, so regarded it, that 
whilst his soldiers were felling the trees of the vicinity for fuel, he placed a sentinel 
under this, that not a branch of it might be touched. In 1810 it was blown down, and 
cups, and workstands, and other articles of furniture, were made from it, to be pre- 
served as memorials. It was then ascertained to be two hundred and eighty-three 
years old, having been one hundred and fifty-five years old at the time of the confer- 
ence. — Notice by Sir B. West, reported by B. Vaux, esq,, member of the Historical Society 
of Pennsylmnia, 1825 — p. 97 — Clarkson. 

The Penn Society of Philadelphia, at the suggestion of R. Vaux, esq., have erected 
a marble monument on the spot where the ^^ Treaty Elm'''' stood, on the bank of the 
5 



oO AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

the scene. In front are the chiefs, Avith their counsellors and aged men, 
on either hand. Behind them, in the form of a half-moon, sit the young- 
men and some of the aged matrons ; while beyond, and disposed in still 
widening circles, are seen the youth of both sexes. Among the assem- 
bled chiefs there is one who holds a conspicuous rank : the Great Sachem 
Taminend, one of nature's noblemen, revered for his wisdom and beloved 
for his goodness. But see! a barge is approaching, bearing at its mast- 
head the broad pennant of the Governor; the oars are plied with meas- 
ured strokes, and near the helm sits William Penn attended by his 
Council — among them are Markham, his Secretary, Holme, Survej^or- 
General, Simcox, Haigue, Taylor and Pearson. On the river bank, waiting 
with others to join them, is Lac}^ Cock, the hospitable Swede, whose 
dwelling is near the treaty-ground. They are plainl}^ dressed, and the 
proprietary is only distinguished from the rest by a sky-blue sasli of silk 
network that encircles his waist. They land and advance toward the 
Council lire: the Governor, having his cousin Markham on the right, 
and his friend Pearson on the left, is preceded by some of his attendants, 
bearing presents, which they spread upon the ground. 

" They pause when they approach the Council lire — Taminend puts 
oji his chaplet, surmounted by a small horn, the emblem of kingly power, 
and then through an interpreter, he announces to William Penn that the 
nations are ready to hear him." 

Penn, holding in his hand a roll of parchment, containing the confir- 
mation of the treaty of purchase and amity, addressed them thus :^ " The 
Great Spirit who ruled the heavens and the earth, the Father of all men. 
bore witness to the sincerity of his wishes to dwell with them in peace 
and friendship, and to serve them with all his power. Himself and fol- 
lowers had met them unarmed, because their religion forbade the use of 
hostile weapons against their fellow creatures ; they came not to injure 
others; that was offensive to the Great Spirit; but to do good, in whick 

Ueliiware, near the intersection of Hanover and Beach streets, Kensington. The mon- 
timent hears the following inscriptions : 

On the North. On the Wed. 

Treaty Ground Placed by the Penn 

of Society, 

William Penn A. D. 1827, 

and the To mark the site 

Indian natives, of the 

1683. Great Elm Tree. 

On the South. On the East. 

William Penn Pennsylvania, 

Bom 1614. Founded 

Died 1718. 1681. 

By deeds of Peace." — Gordon, 
1 Clark son. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTS'. 51 

he deiiglited: having met in the broad pathway of trutli and hcnevo- 
lence, they ought to disdain deception, and to regulate their conduct by 
candor, fraternity, and love." Unrolling the parchment, he explained 
the articles of the treaty and terms of purchase. "By these,'' he con- 
tinued, " they were protected in their lawful pursuits, even in the lands 
they had alienated.^ Their right to improve their plantations and to 
procure subsistence Avould be, in all respects, similar to that of the 
English. Should disputes unfortunately arise between the two people, 
they should be adjusted by a jury, composed of equal numbers of Indians 
and Englishmen.'' From the merchandise before him, he then paid for 
the land, and made them many presents. Laying the foil of parchment 
upon the earth, he bade them observe it as a sign that the land should 
be thenceforth common to both people. •"lie would not," he added, 
•'like the people of Maryland, call them his children or his brethren; for 
some parents chastised their children too severely, and brethren would 
disagree; nor would he compare their friendship to a chain which the 
rain might rust, or the tail of a tree destroy; but that he would consider 
them as of one flesh and blood with the Christians, and the same as if 
one man's body were divided in two parts." liesuming the parchment, 
he presented it to the chief sachem, and desired that it iniglit "be care- 
fully preserved for three generations, that their children might knoAv 
what had passed, as if he had remained to repeat it."- 

"This treaty forms a brilliant ray of the halo which graces the head 
of Penn. It lias been honorably noticed by eminent authors. 'This,' 
says Voltaire, 'was the only treaty between these people and the Chris- 
tians that was not ratified by an oath, and which was never broken.' ^ 
•William Penn thought it just,' writes the Abbe Eajmal, 'to obtain an 
additional right, by a fair and open purchase from the aborigines; and 
thus he signalized his arrival by an act of equity, which made his person 
and his principles equally beloved. Here the mind rests with pleasure 
upon modern history, and feels some indemnification for that disgust, 
melancholy, and horror, which the whole of it, particularly that of the 
European settlements in America, inspires.' It has been erroneously 
supposed that this was the first instance of the purchase of lands from 
the aboriginal Americans. But, in this particular, Penn followed the 

1 Gordon quoting' Claikson. 

2 In ratitication of this treaty, the Indians, according to their national custom, deliv- 
ered by their chief Sachem to William Penn'a broad belt of Wampum. It consists of 
eighteen strings of white Wampum and has in its centre delineated in purple colored 
l)eads two tigures, that of an Indian grasping with the hand of friendship the hand of 
a man in the European costume wearing a hat. The belt had been carefully preserved 
in the Penn family, and was presented to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, by 
Granville John Penn on April 13, 1857. The proceedings are published in Mem. Hist. 
Soc. Pa. VI. p. 305— s(i. 3 Gordon. 



52 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

example of Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, and New Jersey ; and 
tlie Dutcli, Swedes, and Fins of tlie Delaware. His merit consists in the 
justice and kindness which characterized all his intercourse with the na- 
tives. These have made an indelible impression. His memory is still 
gratefully cherished by their descendants, amid the distant wilds to which 
they have been driven by the tide of population. The great and good 
Onas, as they rendered the word Penn in their language, was an exem- 
plar, which they frequently held up for imitation to his lieutenants and 
successors: and by this name they continued to distinguish the future 
Governors of Pennsylvania." ^ 

Penn on the fourth of December [1682] convened a General Assembly 
at Chester, of which Nicholas Moore, president of the Society of Free 
Traders, was chosen speaker. During a session of four days this assembly 
enacted three laws : 1. An act for the union of the province and territories ; 
2. An act of naturalization; o. The great law, or code of laws, consist- 
ing of sixty-nine sections, and embracing most of the laws agreed upon 
in England and several others afterward suggested. 

"1. The inhabitants of the territories, anxious to participate in the 
benefits of the provincial constitution, solicited to be incorporated with 
the province on the third day of the session, and a bill, prepared by the 
proprietary, was immediately offered and adopted.^ This act should rather 
be considered as confirmatory than as the origin of the union. For the 
freemen of the territories formed a part of the assembly, and acted with 
those of the province on all measures, from the commencement to the 
close of the session. As this measure strengthened the authority of 
Penn, so, in some degree, it legitimated his conduct. Tracing political 
power to its only true source, the will of the people, he was ready to 
forget that no power to rule the territories was given to him by the deeds 
of feoffment from the Duke of York; nor did he nicely scan the rights of 
the royal prerogative, infringed by himself and the people, over whom 
his power was thus established. 

"2. The 'Act of Union,' alone, was not deemed sufficient to effect an 
entire amalgamation of the inhabitants of the province and territories. 
For, although, by the capitulation of the Dutch Avith Colonel Nichols, in 
l(36-i, and by the treat}^ between England and the States General, the 
inhabitants of the west border of the Delaware became English subjects, 
they were considered bv Penn so far a distinct peojjle, as to require an 
act of naturalization to make them citizens of his commonwealth. By 
such an act, the Dutch, Swedes, and Fins of the territories entered into 
full possession of provincial rights. And, with jealousy and fear, in- 

1 William Penn was called by the Iroquois Onas, by the Delawares Miquon, both 
■words signifying a quill or pen. Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa., iii. pt. 3. p. 349. 
" Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 53 

Spired by their weakness, the house resolved that the future naturaliza- 
tion of foreigners should be made by special laws." 

3. The "Great Law," as already characterized, was the work of Penn 
and long formed the basis of jurisprudence in Pennsylvania. Its first 
section, justly celebrated for its provision for "liberty of conscience," ran 
as follows : 

"Almighty God being only Lord of conscience, Father of lights and 
spirits, and the Author as well as Object of all divine knowledge, faith 
and worship, who only can enlighten the mind, and persuade and con- 
vince the understanding of people in due reverence to His sovereignty 
over the souls of mankind. It is enacted by the authority aforesaid, that 
no person now or at any time hereafter living in this province, who shall 
confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to be the Creator, Upholder 
and Euler of the world, and that professeth him or herself obliged in 
conscience to live peaceably and justly under the civil government, shall 
in anywise be molested or prejudiced for his or her conscientious per- 
suasion or practice, nor shall he or she at any time be compelled to 
frequent or maintain any religious worship, place, or ministry whatever, 
contrary to his or her mind, but shall freely and fully enjoy his or her 
Christian liberty in that respect, without any interruption or reflection; 
and if any person shall abuse or deride any other for his or her different 
j^ersuasion and practice in matter of religion, such shall be looked upon 
as a disturber of the peace, and be punished accordingly. But to the 
end that looseness, irreligion and atheism may not creep in under pre- 
tence of conscience, in this province, be it further enacted by the au- 
thority aforesaid, that according to the good example of the primitive 
Christians, and for the ease of the creation, every first day of the week, 
called the Lord's Day, people shall abstain from their common toil and 
labor, that whether masters, parents, children or servants, they may the 
better dispose themselves to read the Scriptures of truth at home, or to 
frequent such meetings of religious worship abroad as may best suit 
their respective persuasions." ^ 

On the 19th of December [1682] Penn by appointment met Lord Balti- 
more at AVestriver, but their interview led to no solution of the vexa- 
tious question of boundary, as is evident from the subjoined extract from 
Penn's letter to "the Lords of the Committee of Plantations" in London. 

" The first thing I did was to present the King's letter, which consisted 
of two parts; one that the Lord Baltimore has but two degrees; and the 
other, that beginning at Watkins' Point, he should admeasure his said 
degrees at sixty miles to a degree. This being read to him, first pri- 
vately, then publicly, he told me the King was greatly mistaken and that 
he would not leave his patent to follow the King's letter, nor could a 

1 Hazard's Aimals, p. 620. 



54 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

letter void bis patent ; and by tliat lie would stand. This was tlie sub- 
stance of what he said from first to last during the whole conference." ^ 

" This question of boundary was vexatious and of long continuance, 
and was not treated by Lord Baltimore with that delicacy and forbear- 
ance which characterized William Penn. For Baltimore would not 
dela}'' the exercise of the rights which he claimed, until inquiry should 
be made into their legality ; but, by proclamation, otYered lands in the 
territories lor sale, at half the price demanded for those unquestionably 
within his own patent ; - and in the folloAviug year, he used force to dis- 
possess several persons^ who refused to acknowledge his title, and threat- 
ened others who would not pay him quit-rent.'' The claims of Baltimore 
were not without color. Maryland Avas granted to Cecilius Calvert, Lord 
Baltimore, by patent, dated June 20th, 1632, and was now held by his 
son Charles. The charter, in the description of the northern boundaries, 
had the folloAving clause: 'unto that part of Delaware bay on the north, 
Avhich lie binder (he fortieth degree of northern latitude;' but it had also a 
clause restricting the grantee to the occupation of such lands as had not 
been previously settled by European nations. Penn's charter included 
the country from the ' beginning of the fortieth degree of north latitude,' 
and, of course, from the end of the thirty-ninth degree. The words 
'under the fortieth degree,' gave to Baltimore, as he supposed, a right 
to the lands up to the beginning of the forty-first degree. To this con- 
struction Penn opposed the restricting clause in the Maryland charter, 
and averred that the territories had been settled by Europeans in 
1627, five years before the date of that grant. lie also endeavored to 
restrain the degree in Baltimore's grant to sixty miles, alleging that to, 
be the mode of computation at the time it was givcn.'^ 

"The proprietary had a deep interest in this contest. Sliould Balti- 
more prevail, he would be deprived of one degree by five, equal to 
tAventy-four thousand one hundred and sixteen square miles. But thLs 
possible curtailment of his province did not affect him so deeply as the 
prospective loss of j^orts and commercial adA'antages upon the Chesapeake, 
Avhich he supposed to be included in his charter.'^ During his life, how- 
ever, no effectual means Avere adopted for terminating the dispute. In 
1732, his heirs and Lord Baltimore entered into an agreement, by Avhich 
nearly one-half of the DelaAvare peninsula, north and Avest of Cape Hen- 
lopen, Avas assigned to the former, and the southern boundary of the 
province Avas fixed on that parallel of latitude Avhicli is fifteen miles south 
of the most southern parts of the city of Philadelphia. But the perfor- 
mance of this agreement Avas procrastinated by Baltimore, under various 

1 Gordon. 

-Bait. Prod. I.lth May lOM-L IVnifs f.etter to Com. of Plinitation. I4tli June 1683. 

3 Proud. 



OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 05 

pretexts, and the proprietaries were driyen, in 1735, to the English court 
of chancery for relief. In 1750, Lord Chancellor Ilardwicke decreed 
specific performance, and determined several questions which had arisen 
out of the agreement during the controversy.^ But the Maryland pro- 
prietary contrived also to dela}^ the execution of this decree. A supple- 
mentary bill was filed, pending which Frederick, Lord Baltimore, in 
1760, made a new agreement, explanatory of the last. The line, pursuant 
to these agreements, was run, in 1761, the distance of two hundred and 
thirty miles." 

Penn about this time divided the province and territories, each into 
three counties ; those of the former were called Bucks, Philadelphia and 
Chester; those of the latter, Nevj Castle, Kent and Sussex. Sheriffs and 
other officers having been duly appointed for the several counties, writs ^ 
for the election of Members of Council and Assembly were issued con- 
formable with the Constitution,^ and on the 10th day of the First month, 
1683 (O. S.)* Penn met the Council at Philadelphia, and the Assembly 
two days later. The number of members for both the Council and As- 
sembly was twelve for each county, viz.: three for the Council and nine 
for the Assembl}^, making in all, seventy-two. Their names, with brief 
notices of the more prominent, are here subjoined : 

Names of the Council — William Markham, Christopher Taylor, Thomas 
Holme, Lacy Cock, William Haige, John Moll, Ealph Withers, John Sim- 
cock, Edward Cantwell, AVilliam Clayton, William Biles, James Harri- 



1 Gordon. 

-The following form of these writs is taken from the original, viz: 
[L. S.] "William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the province of Ponn-sylvania, 
"and the territories thereunto belonging : 

•'I do hereby, in the King's name, empower and require thee to simimou all the ft-ee- 
holders in thy bailiwick, to meet on the 20th. day of the next month, at the falls upon 
Delaware river; and that they then and there elect and chuse out of themselves, twelve 
pei-sons of most note for wisdom and integrity, to serve as their delegates in the pro- 
vincial council, to be held at PMladelphio, the 10th. day of the first month next; and 
that thou there declare to the said freemen, that they may all personally appear at an 
Assembly, at the place aforesaid, according to the contents of my charter of liberties; 
*)f which thou art to make me a tnie and faithful return. 

" friB«H «< Philadelphia, the day of the month, 1G82. 

AVILLIAM PENN. 
"To Itiehard JVoble, High Sheriff of the county of Bvck»; (ind 
the other fite Sheriffs likewise for their several cot/ntie^." 

3 Proud. 

* The following extract from the acts of the first General Assembly of Pennsylvania, 
passed Dec. 7, 1682 shows that the first settlers began [the year on the first of March. 

* ' And bee it enacted by the authority afores'l that ye days of ye week & ye month.s 
of ye year, Shall be called as in Scripture, & not by Heathen names, (as are vulgarly 
used), as ye first second and third daies of ye week, and first, second & third months of 
ye year, beginning with ye day called Sunday, and ye month called March. 



56 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

son, William Clark, Francis Whitewell, John Eichardson, Jolin Hillyard. 

The Members of Assembly for each county were — 

For Bucks — William Yardly, Samuel Darke, Eobert Lucas, Nicholas 
Walne, John Wood, John Clowes, Thomas Fitzwater, Robert Hall, 
James Boy den. 

For Philadelphia — John Songhurst, John Hart, Walter King, Andros 
Binkson, John Moon, Thomas Wynne, speaker, Griffith Jones, William 
Warner, Swan Swanson. 

For Chester— John Hoskins, Robert Wade,* George Wood, John Blun- 
ston, Dennis Eochford, Thomas Bracy, John Bezer, John Harding, Joseph 
Phipps. 

For Neivcastle — John Cann, John Darby, Valentine Hollingsworth, 
Gasparus Herman, John Dehoaef, James Williams, William Guest, Peter 
Alrick, Henrick Williams. 

For Kent — John Biggs, Simon Irons, Thomas Haffijld, John Curtis, 
Robert Bedwell, A¥illiam Windsmore, John Brinkloe, Daniel Brown, 
Benony Bishop. 

For Sussex — Luke Watson, Alexander Draper, William Futcher, 
Henry Bowman, Alexander Moleston, John Hill, Eobert Bracy, John 
Kipshaven, Cornelius Verhoof. 

Captain William Markham, from London, was a relation of the pro- 
prietor. He was afterwards sometimes his secretary, and sometimes his 
deputy-governor. He appears to have been a useful person, of good 
education, character and ability. He had the proprietor's confidence 
and esteem till his death. 

Christopher Taylor is said to have been a person of excellent character 
and ability; he was born in Yorkshire, had a good education, wrote well 
in the Latin language. He was an eminent preacher among the Quakers, 
and wrote several pieces in defence of their religious principles, in Eng- 
land, as well as his brother, Thomas Taylor. He was one of the first 
and principal settlers in the province, under William Penn; and is said 
to have been of great service in it, in different respects. He died in 
1696. 

Captain Thomas Holmes came from Waterford, in Ireland. He was 
one of the people called Quakers, and surveyor-general of the province, 
appointed by commission from the proprietor, bearing date the 18th of 
the second month, 1682. 

Lacy (Lasse) Cock appears to have been one of the Swede settlers, 
prior to William Penn's arrival. 

John Simcock came from Eidley, in Cheshire, in England, where he 
had suffered much for his religion, being a Quaker and a preacher in 
that society. He had a good education, was one of the proprietor's first 
commissioners of propertj-, and one of his most trusty friends in the 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 57 

government. Sometimes lie was speaker of tlie assembly; and is said to 
have been a very worthy and serviceable person in the province, both in 
a religious and civil capacity. He lived in Chester county, and died on 
the 27th of January, 1702. 

William Biles was a preacher among the Quakers, among the first set- 
tlers there; where he appears to have taken up land under Governor 
Andros, of New York, prior to William Penn's grant of the province. 
He is said to have been a very useful person both in the civil and re- 
ligious line ; being often in the Council and Assembly, &c. 

James Harrison came from Boulton, in Lancashire, one of the proprie- 
tor's first commissioners of property ; was divers years in great esteem 
with him and his agent, at Peunsbury — being a man of good educa- 
tion, and a preacher among the Quakers. 

William Haige had been a merchant in London. 

Ralph Withers, from Bishop's Canning, in Wiltshire. 

Grilhth Jones, from Surry. 

Francis Whitewell was counsellor for Kent county. He is said to 
have been a very serviceable person in the government, among the first 
and early settlers ; a preacher among the Quakers ; and every way a very 
useful and worthy member of society. He died in the year 1681; and 
William Darval was chosen counsellor in his stead. 

Thomas Wynne was Speaker of the Assembly during the two first 
years, and was at other times a member of it. He was one of the people 
called Quakers, a preacher among them, and came from North Wales; a 
person of note and good character. He died in the latter part of the year 
1692. He was author of some pieces written in defence of the Quakers, 
in his native country. 

John Moon was originally of Lancashire, in England : afterwards of Bris- 
tol. He wrote some pieces in defence of the Quakers, in his native cov^ntr3^ 

John Songhurst came from Sussex, in England; was a writer and 
preacher among the Quakers. He died in West Jersey, and was buried 
in Philadelphia, in 1688.— 1 Proud^ 235-6. 

The most important business enacted at this session was the adoption 
a new charter, framed by a joint committee [1683.] It is reprinted in 
Division X. No. 4. This charter, with another enacted in 1696 were 
only preparatory to the last Charter of Privileges^ granted in 1701. 

"The Governor and Council, among other regulations, established a 
Seal, for each county, viz: for Philadelphia., an Anchor; for Bucks, a 
Tree and Vine; for Chester, a Ploiv; for Neio Castle, a Cassia; for Kent, 
three Ears of Indian Corn; and for Sussex, a Wheat Sheaf. 

"The first sheriffs appointed for each county, were: for Philadelphia, 
John Test; Chester, TJiomas Usher; Bucks, Richard Nolle; Xeir Castle, 
Edmund Cantiaell; Kent, Peter Boircomh ; Sussex, John Vines. 



58 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

"The lirst Grand Jv/fij^ in Pennsglvania, was summoned on the second 
of tlie third month, this year, [1683] upon some persons accused of 
issuinsf counterfeit silver money .^ The Governor and Council sat as a 
Court of Justice on the occasion. The names of those impannelled and 
attested to serve on the Graad Jury were, Thomas Lloyd, Foreman, 
Enock Flower^ Richard, Wood^ Joh,n Harding, John Hill, Edward Louff, 
James Boydea, Nicholas Walae, John James, John Vanhorson, Robert 
Hall, \'^a]£ntme Holliti(isivijrl^ John Louff, John Wale, 

tSaniuel Harh', John Parsons, John Blunston, Thomas Fitzivater, William 
Guest, John Curtis, Robert Lucas, Henry Jones and CqJeh Pusey. 

"A bill (tr bills, being found by the Grand Jury, a Petty Jury was 
therefore impannelled and attested; whose names were: John Claypoole, 
Foreman, Robert Tur)U'r, Robert Ewer, Andrew Binkson, JoJtn, Barnes, 
Jose.j)h Fisher, Deaai>< Roch/ord, William Howell, Walter King, Benjamin 
Whitehead, TJujraas Rouse and David Breintnalir 

At this time Penn was probabl}^ renewing his negotiations with the 
Indians, as would appeal* from two deeds on record for land purchased. 
The lirst dated June 2;:5d, 1683, between William Penn and Kings Tam- 
anen and Metamequan, conveys their land near Neshemanah (Nesh- 
aminy) creek, and thence to Pennapecka (Pennypack.) ^ The second 
<lated July 14, 1683 is for lands lying between the Schuylkill and Chester 
]'ivers.'* 

'•In one of the purchases of land made from the Indians, it was stipu- 
lated that it should extend ' as far back as a man could walk in three 
days.' . Tradition relates that William Penn, himself, with several of his 
friends and a number of Indian chiefs, 'began to walk out this land at 
the mouth of the Neshaminy, and walked up the Delaware ; that in one 
<lay and a half, they got to a spruce tree near the mouth of Baker's 
creek, when William, concluding this Avould include as much land as he 
v/ould want at present, a line was run and marked from the spruce tree 
to Neshaminy, and the remainder left to be walked out when it should 
130 wanted for settlement." 'It is said they walked leisurely, after the 
Indian manner, sitting down sometimes to smoke their pipes, to eat bis- 
p',uit and cheese, and drink a bottle of wine. It is certain they arrived at the 
,<pruce tree in a day and a half, the whole distance rather less than thirty 
miles." The remainder of the line was not run till the 20th of Septem- 
ber 1733, when the Governor of Pennsylvania employed three of the 
fastest walkers that could be found, one of whom, Edward Marshall, 
walked in a day and a half the astounding distance of eighty six miles. 
The name of William Penn has by some persons been unjustly coupled 
with this disgraceful transaction, which did not take place till many years 
after his death. I'he Indians felt themselves much aggrieved by this 
iProiul. 2 Watson. 3 Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 59 

unfair admeasurement of their lands: it was the cause of the first dis- 
t?atisfaction between them and the people of Pennsylvania ; and it is 
remarkable, that the first murder committed by them in the province, 
seventy-two years after the landing of Penn, was on this very ground, 
which had been taken from them by fraud." ^ 

The only instance of a prosecution for witchcraft found in the judicial 
records of Pennsylvania belongs to this period. It seems to have origi- 
nated among the Swedes.^ The persons accused were Margaret Matsou 
and Yeshro Hendrickson. Lacy Cock acted as interpreter. A sample of 
the evidence is here produced : " Henry Drystreett, attested, saith he was 
told 20 years ago, that the witness at the bar was a witch, and that several 
cows were bewitched by her.'' " Annaky Coolin, attested, saith that her 
husband took the heart of a calf that had died, as tliey thought, by 
Avitchcraft and boiled it, whereupon the prisoner at the bar came in and 
asked them what they were doing; they said boiling of flesh; she said 
they had better they had boiled the bones, with several otlier unscemJij 
expressions:' The Governor gave tlie jury their charge concerning the 
case, of which, it is to be regretted, there is no record. " The jury went 
forth, and upon their returning brought her in guilty of the common 
fame of being a witch, but not guilty in manner and form as she stands 
indicted." 

During the spring or summer of this year Penn visited the interior of 
the province and embodied the result of what he saw, in a letter to the 
Free Society of Traders in London, wdiich, as an authentic description of 
the country and an account of its actual status, is one of the most inter- 
esting documents relating to the period, extant and is, therefore, given 
in full: 

'■A letter from William Penn, Proprietor and Governor of Pennsylvania, 
in America, to the Committee of the Free Society of Trtiders of that pro- 
vince, residing in London: containing a general de-'^cri'ption of the said 
province, its soil, air, water, seasons and produce, both natural and artifi- 
cial, and the good increase thereof. With an account of the natives, or 
aborigines : 
''My hind Friends: 

"The kindness of yours, by the ship 'Thomas and Ann, doth much 
oblige me; for by it I perceive the interest you take in my health and 
reputation, and the prosperous beginning of this province ; which, you 
are so kind as to think, may much depend upon them. In return of 
which I have sent you a long letter, and yet containing as brief an 
account of myself, and the affairs of this province, as I have been able, 
to make. 

"In the first place, I take notice of the news, you sent me; whereby I 
1 Janney. Haz. Reg. of Penn'a. YI, 209. i Jaoney.— Col. Ileo. 



60 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY 

find, some persons have liad so little wit, and so mucli malice, as to report 
my death ; and, to mend the matter, dead a Jesuit too. One might have 
reasonably hoped that this distance, like death, would have been a pro- 
tection against spite and envy; and, indeed, absence being a kind of 
death, ought alike to secure the name of the absent, as the dead; because 
they are equally unable, as such, to defend themselves: but they that 
intend mischief do not use to follow good rules to effect it. However, to 
the great sorrow and shame of the inventors, I am still alive, and no 
Jesuit; and I thank God, very well. And, withoat injustice to the 
authors of this, I may venture to infer that they that wilfully and falsely 
report, would have been glad it had been so. But I perceive many frivo- 
lous and idle stories have been invented since my departure from Enrj- 
land ; which, perhaps, at this time are no more alive than I am dead. 

"But, if I have been unkindly used by some I left behind me, I found 
love and respect enough where I came; an universal kind welcome, every 
sort in their way. For here are some of several nations, as well as divers 
judgments: nor were the natives wanting in this; for their kings, queens, 
and great men, both visited and presented me; to whom I made suitable 
returns, &c. 

"For the Province^ the general condition of it, take as followeth: 

I. "The country itself, its soil, air, water, seasons and produce, both 
natural and artificial, is not to be des})ised. The land containeth divers 
sorts of earth, as sand, yellow and black, poor and rich: also, gravel, both 
loamy and dusty; and, in some places, a fast fat earth like our best 
vales in England; especially by inland brooks and rivers: God, in his 
wisdom, having ordered it so, that the advantages of the country are 
divided; the back lands being generally three to one richer than those 
that lie by navigable rivers. We have much of another soil ; and that is 
a black hazel-mould upon a stony or rocky bottom. 

II. "The air is sweet and clear, the heavens serene, like the south 
parts of Eratice, rarely overcast; and as the woods come, by numbers of 
people, to be more cleared, that itself will refine. 

III. "The waters are generally good; for the, rivers and brooks have 
mostly gravel and stony bottoms; and in number hardly credible. We 
have also mineral waters, that operate in the same manner with Barnet 
and North Hall, not two miles from PJLiladel])hia. 

IV. "For the seasons of the year having, by God's goodness, now 
lived over the coldest and hottest that the oldest liver in the 2')rovince 
can remember, I can say something to an Enr/lish understanding: 

"First, Of the Fall — for then I came in — I found it, from the 2-ith of 
October to the beginning of December, as we have it usually in England, 
in September, or rather like an English mild Spring. From December 
to the beginning of the month called March, we had sharp, frosty weather; 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 61 

not foul, tliick, black weather, as our nortli-east winds bring with tliem 
in England; but a sky as clear as in summer, and the air dry, cold, 
piercing and hungry; yet I remember not that I wore more cloaths 
than \\\ England. The reason of this cold is given, from the great lakes, 
that are fed by the fountains of Canada. The Winter before was as mild, 
scarce any ice at all ; while this, for a few days, froze up our great river 
Delaioare. From that month to the month called June, we enjoyed a 
sweet Spring; no gusts, but gentle showers, and a fine sky. Yet, this 
I observe, that the winds here, as there, are more inconstant. Spring and 
Fall, upon that turn of nature, than in Summer or Winter. From thence 
to this present month, (August) which endeth the summer, (commonly 
speaking) Ave have had extraordinary heats, yet mitigated sometimes by 
cool breezes. The wind that ruleth the Summer season is the south- 
west; but Spring, Fall and Winter, it is rare to want the north-western 
seven days together. And whatever mists, fogs or vapours foul the 
heavens, by easterly or southerly Avinds, in tAVO hours time are blown 
aAvay; the one is folloAved by the other: a remedy that seems to have a 
peculiar providence in it, to the inhabitants ; the multitude of trees yet 
standing, being liable to retain mists and vapours ; and yet not one-quarter 
so thick as I expected. 

V. " The natural produce of the country, of vegetables, is trees, fruits, 
plants, floAA^ers. The trees of most note, are the black Avalnut, cedar, 
cypress, chesnut, poplar, gum-Avood, hickory, sassafras, ash, beech, and 
oak of divers sorts, as, red Avhite and black; Spanish, chesnut, and 
SAvamp, the most durable of all. Of all Avhich there is plenty for the use 
of man. 

" The fruits, that I find in the Avoods, are the Avhite and black mul- 
berry, chesnut, Avalnut, plums, straAvberries, cranberries, hurtleberries, 
and grapes of divers sorts. The great red grape (now ripe) called by 
ignorance, the /ox grape., because of the relish it hath Avith unskilful pal- 
ates, is in itself an extraordinary grape; and by art, doubtless, may be 
cultivated to an excellent Avine, if not so sAveet, yet little, inferior to the 
Froritiniac, as it is not much unlike in taste, ruddiness set aside ; which, 
in such things, as Avell as mankind, differs the case much. There is a 
Avhite kind of Muskadel, and alittle black grape, like the cluster grape of 
England, not yet so ripe as the other ; l)ut they tell me, Avhen ripe, 
SAveeter, and that they onl}^ Avant skilful Vinerons, to make good use of 
them. I intend to venture on it Avith my Froichmaii, this season, Avho 
shcAvs some knoAvledge in those things. Here are also peaches very 
good, and in great quantities; not an Indian plantation Avithout them; 
but Avhether naturally here at first I knoAV not. IIoAA^ever, one may have 
them, by bushels, for little: they make a pleasant drink; and I think, 
not inferior to any peach a'ou have in Engkmd, except the true Neiving- 



02 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Ion. It is disputable with me, whether it be best to fall to fining the 
fruits of the country, especially the grape, by the care and skill of art, 
or send for foreign stems and sets, already good and approved. It seems 
most reasonable to believe, that not only a thing groweth best, where it 
naturally grows, but will hardly be equalled by another species of the 
same kind, that doth not naturally grow there. But, to solve the doubt, 
I intend, if God give me life, to try both, and hope the consequence 
will be as good wine as any European countries of the same latitude. 
do yield. 

VI. "The artificial produce of the country is wheat, barley,^ oats, rye, 
peas, beans, squashes, pumkins, water-melons, musk-melons, and all 
herbs and roots, that our gardens in England usually bring forth. 

VII. "Of living creatures, fish, fowl, and the beasts of the woods; 
here are divers sorts, some for food and profit, and some for profit only; 
for food, as well as profit, the elk, as big as a small ox; deer, bigger than 
ours; beaver, raccoon, rabbits, squirrels; and some eat young bear, and 
commend it. Of fowl of the land, there is the turkey, (forty and fifty 
pounds weight) which is very great ; pheasants, heath-birds, pigeons and 
partridges, in abundance. Of the water, the swan, goose, white and grey; 
brands, ducks, teal, also the snipe and curloe, and that in great numbers ; 
but the duck and teal excel; nor so good have I ever eat in other coun- 
tries. Of fish, there -is the sturgeon, herring, rock, shad, cats-head, sheeps- 
head, eel, smelt, perch, roach ; and in inland rivers, trout, some say salmon, 
above the falls. Of shell-fish, we have oysters, crabs, coccles, conchs and 
muscles ; some oysters six inches long ; and one sort of coccles as big as the 
stewing oysters ; they make a rich broth. The creatures for profit only, by 
skin or fur, and that are natural to these parts, are the wildcat, panther, 
otter, Avolf, fox, fisher, minx, muskrat; and of the water, the whale, for 
oil; of which we have good store; and two companies of whalers, whose 
boats are built, will soon begin their work; which hath the appearance 
of a considerable improvement : to say nothing of our reasonable hopes 
of good cod, in the bay. 

VIII. "We have no want of horses; and some are very good and 
shapely enough ; two ships have been freighted to Barhadoes with horses 
and pipe-staves since my coming in. Here is also plenty of cow-cattle, 
and some sheep ; the people plow mostly with oxen. 

IX. "There are divers plants, that not only the iwfZ/ans tell us, but 
we have had occasion to prove, by swellings, burnings, cuts, &c., that 
they are of great virtue, suddenly curing the patient ; and, for smell, I 

1 Edward Jones, Son-in-law to Thomm Wynne, livinf^ on the Sculkil, had, with ordi- 
nary cultivation, for one grain of English barley, seventy stalks and ears of barley : 
and it is common in this country, from one bushel sown, to reap forty, often fifty, and 
sometimes sixty. And three pecks of wheat sow an acre here. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 6S 

have observed several, especially one, the wild -invrtle: the other I 
know not what to call, but are most fragrant. 

X. " The woods are adorned with lovely flowers, lor color, greatness, 
figure and variety. I have seen the gardens of London best stored with 
with that sort of beauty, but think they may be improved by our woods : 
I have sent a few to a person of quality this year, for a trial. 

"Thus much of the country; next, of the natives, ov ahorigiacs. 

XI. "The natives I shall consider, in their persons, language, manners, 
religion and government, with my sense of their original. For their 
pei'sons, they are generally tall, straight, welhbuilt, and of singular pro- 
portion; they tread strong and clever, and mostly walk with a lofty chin. 
Of complexion, black, but by design; as the Gypsies, in England. Thev 
grease themselves with bear's fat clarified; and using no defence against 
gun or weather, their skins must needs be swarthy. Their eye is little 
and black, not unlike a straightdooked Jew. 'j^lic thick lip, and flat 
nose, so frequent with the East Indians and blacks, are not common to 
them: for I have seen as comely Furoj^ean-like faces among them, of 
both, as on your side the sea; and truly an Italian complexion hath not 
much more of the white ; and the noses of several of them have as mucli 
of the Roman. 

XII. "Their language is lofty, yet narrow; but, like the Ilehreic, in 
signification full; like shortdiand, in writing, one word serveth in the 
place of three, and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the 
hearer: imperfect in their tenses, wanting in their moods, participles, 
adverbs, conjunctions, interjections. I have m^ide it my business to un- 
derstand it, that I might not want an interpreter, on any occasion; and 
I must say, that I know not a language spoken in Europe, that hatk 
words of more sweetness or greatness, in accent and emphasis, than theirs ; 
for instance, Octocockon, Rancocas, Oricton, Shak, Marian, Poquesien; all 
which are names of places, and have grandeur in them. Of Avords of 
sweetness, Anna, is mother; Issimus, a brother; Xeleap, friend; Usqvf - 
oret, very good; Pane, bread; Metsa, eat; Malta, no; Halta, to have; 
Payo, to come; Sepassin, Passijon, the names of places; Ihmane, ISecanf!, 
Menanse, Secatereus, are the names of persons ; if one ask them for any- 
thing they have not, they will answer, Malta ne hatla : Avliich to translate 
is, not 1 have; instead of I have not. 

XIII. "Of their customs and manners there is much to be said; I will 
begin with children; so soon as they are born they wash them in water; 
and while very young, and in cold weather to cliuse, the}' })lunge them in. 
the rivers, to harden and embolden them. Having wrapt them in a clout, 
they lay them on a strait, thin board, a little more than the length and 
breadth of the child, and swaddle it fast, upon the board, to make it 
straight; wherefore all Indians have flat heads; and thus they carrv 



64 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

them at tlieir backs. The children will go, very young, at nine months 
commonly; they wear only a small clout round their waist till they are 
big; if boys, they go a fishing, till ripe for the woods; which is about 
fifteen; then they hunt; and after having given some proofs of their 
manhood, by a good return of skins, they may marry ; else it is a shame 
to think of a wife. The girls stay with their mothers, and help to hoe 
the ground, plant corn and carry burdens ; and they do well to use them 
to that young, which they must do when they are old ; for the wives are 
the true servants of the husbands; otherwise the men are very affection- 
ate to them. 

XIV. " When the young women are fit for marriage, they wear some- 
thing upon their heads, for an advertisement, but so, as their faces are 
hardly to be seen, but Avhen they please. The age, they marry at, if 
women, is about thirteen, and fourteen ; if men, seventeen and eighteen ; 
they are rarely elder. 

XV. "Their houses are mats, or barks of trees, set on poles, in the 
iashion of an Englisli barn, but out of the power of the winds ; for they 
are hardly higher than a man ; they lie on reeds, or grass. In travel they 
lodge in the woods, about a great fire, with the mantle of dufiils tliey 
Avear b}'^ da}^ wrapt about them, and a few boughs stuck round them. 

XVI. "Their diet is maize, or Indian corn, divers ways prepared; 
sometimes roasted in the ashes ; sometimes beaten and boiled with water; 
which they call liomine ; they also make cakes, not unpleasant to eat. 
They have likewise several sorts of beans and pease, that are good nour- 
ishment ; and the woods and rivers are their larder. 

XVII. "If an European comes to see them, or calls for lodging at their 
house, or ivicjivam^ the}^ give him the best place and first cut. If they 
come to visit us, they salute us with an Itali; which is as much as to say, 
Oood he to yon.^ and set them doAvn; which is mostly on the ground, close 
to their heels, their legs upright ; it may be they speak not a word, but 
observe all passages. If you give them any thing, to eat, or drink, well : 
for they will not ask ; and be it little or much, if it be with kindness, 
they are well pleased, else they go away sullen, but say nothing. 

XVIII. "They are great concealers of their own resentments; brought 
to it, I believe, by the revenge that hath been practised among them. 
In either of these they are not exceeded by the Italians A tragical 
instance fell out since I came into the country : a king's daughter, think- 
ing herself slighted by her husband, in suffering another woman to lie 
down between them, rose up, went out, plucked a root out of the ground, 
and ate it ; upon which she immediately died : and, for which, last week, 
he made an offering to her kindred, for atonement, and liberty of mar- 
riage ; as two others did to the kindred of their wives that died a natural 
death. For, till widowers have done so, they must not marry agaiQ. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. G5 

Some of tlie young women are said to take undue liberty before mar- 
riage, for a portion ; but when married, chaste. When with child they 
know their husbands no more, till delivered ; and during their month 
they touch no meat they eat but with a stick, lest they should defile it ; 
nor do their husbands frequent them till that time be expired. 

XIX. "But in liberality they excel; nothing is too good for their 
friend: give them a fine gun, coat, or other thing, it may pass twenty 
hands before it sticks : light of heart, strong affections, but soon spent. 
The most merry creatures that live, feast and dance perpetually ; they 
never have much, nor want much : wealth circulateth like the blood ; all 
parts partake ; and though none shall want what another hath, yet exact 
observers of property. Some kings have sold, others presented me Avith 
several parcels of land ; the pay or presents I made them were not 
hoarded by the particular owners ; but the neighboring kings and their 
clans being present, when the goods were brought out, the parties chiefly 
concerned, consulted what, and to whom, they should give them. To 
every king then, by the hands of a person for that work appointed is a 
proportion sent, so sorted and folded, and with that gravity that is 
admirable. Then that king subdivideth it in like manner amouo- his 
dependants, they hardly leaving themselves an equal share with one of 
their subjects; and be it on such occasions as festivals, or at their common 
meals, the kings distribute and to themselves last. They care for little; 
because they want but little; and the reason is, a little contents them. 
In this they are sufficiently revenged on us ; if they are ignorant of our 
pleasures, they are also free from our pains. They are not disquieted 
with bills of lading and exchange, nor perplexed with chancery suits, 
and exchequer reckonings. We sweat and toil to live; their pleasure 
feeds them; I mean their hunting, fishing and fowling; and this table is 
spread every Avhere. They eat twice a day, morning and evening; their 
seats and table are the ground. Since the Europeans came into these 
parts they are grown great lovers of strong liquors^ rum especially; and 
for it exchange the richest of their skins and furs. If they are heated 
with liquors, they are restless till they have enough to sleep ; that is their 
cry. Some more and I will go to sleep ; but, when drunk, one of the most 
wretched spectacles in the world! 

XX. "In sickness, impatient to be cured; and for it, give any thing 
especially for their children ; to whom they are extremely natural. They 
drink, at those times, a teran^ or decoction of some roots in spring water • 
and, if thc}^ eat any flesh, it must be of the female of any creature. If 
they die, they bury them with their apparel, be they man or woman; and 
the nearest of kin fling in something precious with them, as a token of 
their love. Their mourning is blacking of their faces ; which they continue 
for a year. They are choice of the graves of their dead ; for, lest they 

G 



QQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

should be lost by time, and fall to common use, tliey pick off the grass 
that grows upon them, and heap up tlie fallen earth, with great care and 
exactness. 

XXI. "These poor people are under a dark night in things relating to 
religion; to be sure the tradition of it: jei they believe a (7oc? and immor- 
tality^ without the help of metaphysics: for, they say. There is a Great 
King that made them^ icho dwells in a glorious country to the southvjard of 
tliem; and that the souls of the good shall go thither, where tltey shall live 
again. Their ivorshvp consists of two parts, sacrifice and cantico. Their 
sacrifice is their first fruits ; the first and fattest buck they kill goeth to 
the fire; where he is all burnt, with a mournful ditty of him that per- 
formeth the ceremony; but with such marvellous fervency and labor of 
body, that he will even sweat to a foam. The other part is their cantico^ 
performed by round dances, sometimes words, sometimes songs, then 
shouts; two being in the middle that begin; and, by singing and drum- 
ming on a board, direct the chorus. Their postures in the dance are 
very antick and differing, but all keep measure. This is done with equal 
earnestness and labor, but great appearance of joy. In the fall, when 
the corn cometh in, they begin to feast one another. There have been 
two great festivals already; to which all come that will. I was at one 
myself: their entertainment was a great seat by a spring, under some 
shady trees, and twenty bucks, with hot cakes of new corn, both wheat 
and beans, which they make up in a square form, in the leaves of the 
stem, and bake them in the ashes; and after that they fall to dance. But 
they that go must carry a small present in their money; it may be six- 
pence; which is made of the bone of a fish: the hlack is with them as 
gold; the white, silver ; they call it all wam.pum. 

XXII. "Their government is by Kings, which they call Sachama ; 
and those by succession, but always of the mother's side. For instance, 
the children of him who is now king will not succed, but his brother by 
the mother, or the children of his sister, whose sons (and after them the 
children of her daughters) will reign ; for no woman inherits. The rea- 
son they render for this way of descent, is, that their issue may not be 
spurious. 

XXIII. "Every King hatli his Council; and that consists of all the 
old and wise men of his nation ; which, perhaps, is tAvo hundred people. 
Nothing of moment is undertaken, be it war, peace, selling of land, or 
traffick, without advising with them : and, which is more, with the young- 
men too. It is admirable to consider how powerful the Kings are, and 
yet how they move by the breath of their people. I have had occasion to 
be in council with them, upon treaties for land, and to adjust the terms 
of trade. Their order is thus : The King sits in the middle of an half 
moon, and hath his council, the old and wise, on each hand; behind 



OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 67 

them, or at a little distance, sit tlie younger fry, in the same figure. 
Having consulted and resolved their business, the King ordered one of 
them to speak to me ; he stood up, came to me, and, in the name of his 
King, saluted me; then took me by the hand, and told me, 'lie was 
ordered by his King to speak to me; and that now it was not he,'but the 
King, that spoke ; because what he should say was the King's mind.' 
He first prayed me, 'to excuse them, that they had not complied with 
me the last time, he feared there might be some fault in the Interpreter, 
being neither Indian nor English; besides, it was the Indian custom to 
deliberate, and take up much time in council before they resolve; and 
that if the young people, and owners of the land had been as ready as 
he, I had not met with so much delay.' Having thus introduced his 
matter, he fell to the bounds of the land they had agreed to dispose of, 
and the price; Avhich now is little and dear; that which would have 
bought twenty miles, not buying now two. During the time that this 
person spoke, not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile; the 
old, grave; the young, reverent, in their deportment. They speak little, 
but fervently, and with elegance. I have never seen more natural sa- 
gacity, considering them without the help (I was going to say, the spoil) 
of tradition ; and he will deserve the name of wise that outwits them in 
any treaty, about a thing they understand. When the purchase was 
agreed, great promises passed between us, ' of kindness and good neigh- 
borhood, and that the Indians and English must live in love as long as 
the sun gave light :' which done, another made a speech to the Indians, 
in the name of all the Sachamahers, or Kings ; first to tell them what 
was done; next, to charge and command them, 'to love the Christians, 
and particularly live in peace with me, and the people under my govern- 
ment ; that many Governors had been in the river ; but that no Gov- 
ernor had come himself to live and stay here before; and having now 
such an one, that had treated them well, they should never do him, or 
his, any wrong.' — at every sentence of Avhich they shouted and said 
A7ne7i, in their way. 

XXIV. " The justice they have is pecuniary : In case of any wrong or 
evil fact, be it murder itself, they atone by feasts, and presents of their 
■waniimra; which is proportioned to the quality of the oftence, or person 
injured, or of the sex they are of. For, in case they kill a woman, they 
pay double ; and the reason they render, is, ' that she breedeth children ; 
which men cannot do.' It is rare that they fall out, if sober; and, if 
drunk, they forgive it, saying, 'It was the drinh, and not the man^ that 
abused them.' 

XXY. " We have agreed that, in all differences between us, six of 
each side shall end the matter. Do not abuse them, but let them have 
justice, and you win them. The worst is, that they are the worse for the 



68 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Christians; who have propagated their vices, and yielded them tradition 
for ill, and not for good things. But as low an ebb as these people are 
at, and as inglorious as their own condition looks, the Chnstians have 
not outlived tlteir sight, with all their pretensions to an higher manifesta- 
tion. What good, then, might not a good people graft, where there is so 
distinct a knowledge left between good and evil? I beseech God to 
incline the hearts of all that come into these parts, to outlive the 
knowledge of the natives, by a fixed obedience to their greater knowledge 
of the will of God ; for it were miserable, indeed, for us to fall under the 
just censure of the poor Indian conscience, while we make profession of 
things so far transcending. 

"XXVI. "For their original, I am ready to believe them of the Jewish 
race; I mean, of the stock of the ten tribes; and that, for the following 
reasons: First, they were to go to a ' land not lyJantcd, nor hnoirn ;' which 
to be sure, xisia and Africa were, if not Enropc ; and he that intended 
that extraordinar}^ judgment upon them, might make the passage not 
uneasy to them, as it is not impossible in itself, from the eastermost parts 
of Asia to the westermost of America. In the next place ; I find them of 
the like countenance, and their children of so lively resemblance, that a 
man Avould think himself in DuJcc^s place, or Berry street, in London, when 
he seeth them. But this is not all; they agree in rites; the}'- reckon 
h J moons ; they offer their Jirst fruits ; they have a kind of feast of taber- 
nacles ; they are said to lay their «7/a7* upon tivelve stones: their rnourn- 
ing a year: customs of zcomen, with many other things that do not now 
occur. 

"So much for the natives; next, the old planters will be considered in 
this relation, before I come to our colony, and the concerns of it. 

XXVII. " The first planters, in these parts, were the Butch : and soon 
after them, the /Swedes and Finns. The Dutch applied themselves to 
traffic ; the Stoedes and Finns to husbandry. There were some disputes 
between them, some years, the Dutch looking upon them as intruders 
upon their purchase and possession : Avhich was finally ended in the sur- 
render made by John Rizeing, the Swedish Governor, to Peter jStyvesanf, 
Governor for the States of Holland, anno 1655. 

XXVIII. " The Dutch inhabit mostly those parts of the province that 
lie upon, or near the lay ; and the Sioedes, the freslies of the river Dela- 
■icare. There is no need of giving any description of them, who are bet- 
ter known there than here; but they arc a plain, strong, industrious 
people; yet have made no great progress Fin culture or propagation of 
fruit trees ; as if they desired rather to have enough than plenty or trajB6.c. 
But, I presume the Indians made them the more careless, by furnishing 
them with the means of profit, to icit, skins and furs, for rum and such 
strong liquors. They kindh' received me, as well as the English who 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY, 69 

were few, before tlie people concerned with me came among tliem. I 
must needs commend their respect to authority, and kind behaviour to 
\h.Q English : they do not degenerate from the old friendship between 
both kingdoms. As they are people proper and strong of body, so they 
have tine children, and almost every house full ; rare to find one of them 
without three or four boys and as many girls; some, six, seven and 
eight sons. And I must do them that right ; I see few young men more 
sober and laborious. 

XXIX. "The Butch have a meeting-place for religious worship at 
Xeiu-castle ; and the Swedes^ three; one at Christina, one at Tenecum, and 
one at Wicoco, within half a mile of this toAvn. 

XXX. "There rests that I speak of the condition we are in, and what 
settlement we have made : in which I will be as short as I can, for I fear, 
and not without reason, that I have tried your patience with this long- 
story. The country lieth, bounded on the east by the river and bay of 
Delaicare and Eastern sea; it hath the advantage of many creeks, or rivers 
rather, that run into the main river or bay ; some navigable for great 
ships, some for small craft. Those of most eminency are, Christina, 
Brandyioine, Skilpot, and Sculhil; any one of which have room to lay 
up the royal navy of England, there being from four to eight fathom 
water. 

XXXI. " The lesser creeks, or rivers, yet convenient for sloops and 
ketches of good burden, are Lewis, Mespilion, Cedar, Dover, Cranbrook, 
Feversham and Georges, below; and Chichester, Chester, Toaccaony, Parn- 
niapecha, Portquessin, Neshirnench and Pennherry, in the freshes; many 
lesser, that admit boats and shallops. Our people are mostly settled 
upon the upper rivers; w^hich are pleasant and sweet, and generally 
bounded with good land. The planted part of the province and terri- 
tories is cast into six counties, Philadelphia, BucJcingham, Chester, Nciv- 
castle, Kent and Sussex, containing about four thousand souls. Two 
General Assemblies have been held, and with such concord and dispatch 
that they sat but three weeks ; and at least seventy laws were passed 
without one dissent in any material thing. But of this, more hereafter, 
being yet raw and new in our gear. However, I cannot forget their sin- 
gular respect to me in this infancy of things ; Avho, by their own private 
expenses, so early considered mine, for the public, as to present me with 
an impost upon certain goods imported and exported — which, after my 
acknowledgment of their affection, I did as freely remit to the province, 
and the traders to it. And for the well government of the said counties, 
courts of justice are established in every count}', with proper officers, as 
justices, sheriffs, clerks, constables, &c., which courts are held every two 
months. But, to prevent law suits, there are three peacemakers chosen 
by every county court, in the nature of common arbitrators, to hear and 



70 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

end differences betwixt man and man. And spring and fall tliere is an 
Orphans' Court in each county, to inspect and regulate the affairs o f 
orphans and tvidoivs. 

XXXII. " Philadelphia^ the expectation of those that are concerned in 
this province, is at last laid out, to the great content of those here that 
are anyways interested therein. The situation is a neck of land, and 
lieth between two navigable rivers, Delav-arc and /Sculkil, whereby it 
hath two fronts upon the water, each a mile, and two from river to river. 
Delaivare is a glorious river ; but the Sculldl being an hundred miles 
boatable above the falls, and its course north-east^ towards the fountain 
of t^nsquahanna (that tends to the heart of the province, and both sides 
our own) it is like to be a great part of the settlement of this age. I say 
little of the town itself, because a platform will be shewn jou by my agent ; 
in which those who are purchasers of me Avill find their names and in- 
terests. But this I will say, for the good providence of God, that of all the 
many places I have seen in the world, I remember not one better seated; so 
that it seems to me to have been appointed for a town, whether we re- 
gard the rivers, or the conveniency of the coves, docks, springs, the loft- 
iness and soundness of the land, and the air, held by the people of these 
parts to be very good. It is advanced, within less than a year, to about 
four score houses and cottages, such as they are ; where merchants and 
handicrafts are following their vocations as fast as they can ; Avhile the 
country men are close at their farms; some of them got a little Avinter 
corn in the ground last season; and the generality have had an handsome 
summer-'crop, and are preparing for their winter corn. They reaped 
their barley this year in the month called May; the wheat in the month 
following; so that there is time, in these parts, for another crop of divers 
things before the winter season. We are daily in hopes of shipping to 
add to our number ; for, blessed be God, here is both room and accom- 
modation for them — the stories of our necessity being either the fear 
of our friends, or the scare-crows of our enemies — for the greatest hard- 
ship we have suffered hath been salt meat ; which by fowl, in winter, 
and fish, in summer, together with some poultry, lamb, mutton, veal, and 
plenty of venison, the best part of the year, hath been made very pas- 
sable. I bless God, I am fully satisfied Avith the country and entertain- 
ment I got in it: for I find that particular content, Avhich hath always 
attended me, Avhcre God, in his providence, hath made it my place and 
service to reside. You cannot imagine my station can be, at present, 
free of more than ordinary business ; and, as such I may say, it is a 
troublesome Avork. But the method things are putting in Avill faciliate 
the charge, and give an easier motion to the administration of affairs. 
However, as it is some men's duty to ploAV, some to soa\^, some to Avater, 
and some to reap ; so it is the Avisdom, as well as the duty, of a man to 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 71 

yield to tlie mind of Providence, and cheerfully, as Avell as carefully, em- 
brace and follow tlie guidance of it. 

XXXIII. "For your particular concern, I might entirely refer you to 
the letters of the President of the Society ; but this I will venture to say, 
your provincial settlements, both within and without the town, for situa- 
tion and soil are without exception. Your city lot is a whole street, and 
one side of a street, from river to river, containing near one hundred 
acres, not easily valued ; which is besides your four hundred acres, in the 
city liberties, part of your twenty thousand acres in the country. Your 
tannery hath such plenty of bark, the saw mill, for timber, and the 
place of the glass house., are so conveniently posted for water carriage, the 
city lot., for a dock., and the tohalery, for a sound and fruitful Ixink, and the 
town Lewis, by it to help your people, that, by God's blessing, the affairs 
of the Society will naturally grow in their reputation and profit. I am 
sure I have not turned my back upon any offer that tended to its pros- 
perity; and though I am ill at projects, I have sometimes put in for a 
share with her ofi&cers, to countenance and advance her interest. You 
are already informed what is fit for you further to do : whatsoever tends 
to the promotion of wine, and to the manufacture of linen, in these parts, 
I cannot but wish 3'ou to promote; and the French people are most 
likely, in both respects, to answer that design. To that end I would 
advise you to send for some thousands of plants out of France., Avith some 
able Vincrons., and people of the other vocation : But because, I believe, 
you have been entertained with this, and some other profitable subjects 
by your President,^ I shall add no more, but to assure you, that I am 
heartily inclined to advance your just interest, and that you will always 
find me Your I' ind cordial friend., 

William Penn." 

''Philadelphia^ tlte 16th 0/ the Sixth, month., called August., 1683." 

The controversy with Lord Baltimore, concerning boundaries, was a 
subject of great anxiety to Penn, who resisted the high-handed and 
aggressive measures of the former with gentle and courteous firmness. 

In the beginning of 1684 a number of people from Maryland made a 
forcible entry on several plantations in the lower counties, whereupon the 
Governor and Council at Philadelphia sent a written remonstrance to 
Lord Baltimore's demand, with orders to William Welsh to use his in- 
fluence to reinstate the persons who had been dispossessed, and in case 
mild measures should prove unavailing, legally to prosecute the invaders ; 
the remonstrances had, temporarily, the desired effect, but some inhabit- 
ants were threatened the next month with similar outrages, if they should 
persist in refusing to be under Lord Baltimore. The government issued 

1 Nicholas jMooic. 



72 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

u declaration, sliowing Penii's title, and such other requisites as were 
thought most likely to pi-event such illegal proceedings in future.^ 

The important interests involved in this controversy and other weighty 
matters requiring Penn's presence in England, he provided for the admin- 
istration of the government. The executive power was lodged with the 
Provincial Council, of which Thomas Lloyd, a Quaker from Wales, was 
made president — to whom the charge of the great seal was specially com- 
mitted. }k[arkhani was created secretary of the province and the territo- 
ries; Thomas Holmes, suryeyor general; Thomas Lloyd, James Clay- 
poole, and Robert Turner, commissioners of the land office ; and Nicholas 
Moore, William Welsh, William Wood, Robert Turner, and John Eck- 
ley, provincial judges for two years. The proprietary sailed for Europe 
on the 12th of June. 

At his departure, the province and territories were divided into twenty- 
two townships, containing seven thousand inhabitants, of whom two thou- 
sand five hundred resided in Philadelphia, which comprised already 
three hundred houses.^ 

From Penn's farewell letter to his colony, written on board the Ketch 
Endeavour, avc make the following extract, which Avill be read not with- 
out emotion: 

^'^ Dear Friends: My love and life is to 3'ou, and with 3'ou; and no 
water can quench it, nor distance wear it out, or bring it to end : I 
liave been with you, cared over you, and served you with unfeigned love ; 
and you are beloved of me, and near to me, beyond utterance. I bless 
you, in the name and power of the Lord; and my God bless 3'Ou with his 
righteousness, peace and plenty, all the land over. Oh, that you would 
eye him, in all, through all, and above all the works of 3^our hands ; and 
let it be your first care how you may glorify God in your undertakings : 
for to a blessed end are you brought hither; and if you see and keep but 
in the sense of that Providence, your coming, staying and improving will 
be sanctified; hut if any forget Ood^ and call not n2Jon his navie, in truth, 
he ivill 2>our out his plagues upon theui and they shall hnoiv tcho it is that 
judgeth the children of men And, thou, Philadel- 
phia, the virgin settlement of this province, named before thou wert 
born, what love, what care, what service, and what travail has there been 
to bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would abuse and 
defile thee ! 

"Oh, that thou mayst be kept from the evil that Avould overwhelm 
thee ; that, faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the life of righteousness, 
thou mayst be preserved to the end. :My soul prays to God for thee, 
that thou mayst stand in the day of tryal, that thy children may be 
blessed of the Lord, and thy people saved by his power; my love to 
1 Proud. 2 Proud. Gordon. 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. io 

thee has been great, and the remembranco of tliee aftects mine heart and 
mine eye! the God of eternal strength keep and preserve thee, to his 
glory and thy peace." 

After a passage of seven weeks Penn reached England. 

Charles II died Dec. (3, 1684 (O. S.) and was succeeded by James, duke 
of York, Avhose accession was greatly dreaded hj the Protestants, Avho 
apprehended a revival of the persecutions during the reign of Mary. 
Penn might have taken advantage of these apprehensions to induce more 
emigrants to settle in Pennsylvania, but he was disinterested and used his 
influence with the King to grant liberty of conscience to all religionists 
and more especially to the Quakers. Penn had stood high in the King's 
favor long before he ascended the throne, for the friendship which James 
entertained for the father, who had bravely fought under his flag, was 
enjoyed in a still higher degree by the son, who by that means succeeded 
in obtaining from the King's Council a favorable decree in his dispute 
Avith Lord Baltimore.^ 

On the first day of the second month, 1685, the lines of separation 
between the county of Philadelphia and those of Bucks and Chester, were 
confirmed by the Council :- 

** The county of Chester was to begin at the mouth, or entrance of 
Bough Creek, upon Delaware river, being the upper end of Tenecu)n 
island; and so up that creek, dividing the said island from the land of 
Andrein Boone and company; from thence along the several courses 
thereof, to a large creek called Mill-creeh; from thence, along the several 
courses of the said creek, to a west-south-west line ; which line divides 
the liberty lands of Philadelphia from several tracts of land, belonging 
to the Welsh and other inhabitants; and from thence east-north-east, by 
a line of marked trees one hundred and twenty perches, more or less; 
from thence north-north-west by Haverford township, one thousand 
perches, more or less ; from thence east-north-east by the land belonging 
to John Humphrey, one hundred and ten perches, more or less; from 
thence north-north-west by the land of John Ecklej^, eight hundred and 
eighty perches, more or less ; from thence continuing said course to the 
bounds of Scidkil river; which said Sculkill river afterward to tlie 
natural bounds." 

The period of Penn's absence from the C(jlony is marked cliiefl}^ hj 
unhappy dift'erences between the legislature and the executive, and 
between the members from the territories and those of the province. ^ 
The more important events and incidents are now presented in chrono- 
logical order. 

[1685.] Penn had appointed Kicholas Moore from London, a laAvyer 
and President of the Company of Free Traders and a member of the Assem- 
] Ebeliiig-. 2 Col. Rec. I.— 136. 3 Day. 

/ 



7-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

bly, to the office of Chief Justice, The Assembly, jealous of its preroga- 
tives, disregarded the fundamental laws of the colony in enacting statutes 
v/ithout previously publishing them as required by the Constitution. 
Moore, by opposing some of the measures of the Assembly and more 
particularly their attempt to alter the organization of the courts of justice, 
had incurred the enmity of the House, which proceeded to impeach him. 
" He was charged with violence, partiality and negligence, in a cause in 
which the Society of Free Traders was interested.^ Ten articles were 
preferred against him, which he refused to answer, though frequently 
summoned by the Council, and he was saved from conviction by some 
technical obstacle in the form of proceeding. But this did not protect 
him from punishment. He was expelled from the Assembly, and was 
interdicted all places of trust by the Council, until he should be tried upon 
the articles of impeachment, or should give satisfaction to the board. 
His offence was not of an heinous character, since he retained the confi- 
dence of the proprietary: and, in noticing his punishment, we should 
remark, that he had incurred the displeasure of the House by having 
entered thrice in one day his single protest upon its minutes against the 
passage of bills, Avhich had been introduced without the publication 
directed by the charter. The anger of the Assembly was extended to 
Patrick Robinson, clerk of the provincial court, who had refused to pro- 
duce before them the minutes of that court. They voted him to be a 
l)ablic enemy and a violator of their privileges, and ordered him into the 
custody of the sheriff. When brought before the House he complained 
of arbitrary and illegal treatment, refused to answer the questions put to 
him, and, in a fit of sullenness, cast himself at full length upon the floor. 
An address was presented to the Council requesting that the prisoner 
might be disqualified to hold any public office within the province or 
territories ; but this punishment was not inflicted, as Robinson subse- 
quently held the clerkship of the Council and other offices. Neither 
Moore nor Robinson ^vere Quakers ; they were charged with enmity to 
that sect, or, in the language of Penn, ' were esteemed the most unquiet 
and cross to Friends.' There were other disturbances at this time in the 
province. A certain John Curtis, a justice of the peace, was charged 
with uttering treasonable and dangerous words against the King. He 
was ordered to be tried by commissioners from the Council, and, though 
no bill was found against him, he was dismissed from his office and com- 
pelled to give surety of the peace, in the sum of three hundred pounds. 
Charges were made against several officers of government for extortion; 
and gross immoralities were practised among the lower class of people 
inhabiting the caves on the banks of the Delaware. These things were 
reported with great exaggeration in England, by the enemies ol" Penn 
1 Gordon. Proud. Ebelin;;'. Votes. 



OF LANCASTER COUN'TV. 75 

and the Quakers ; they prevented emigration, and greatly aftected the 
reputation of the society of Friends and the proprietary." 

Penn changed the form of executive government to a board of iivo 
commissioners, any three of whom were empowered to act [IGSd] Tlie 
board consisted of Thomas Lloyd, Nichohis Moore, James (^lavpoole, 
Eobert Turner and John Eckley. 

The next session of the legishitiire [108b] was marked by the usual 
want of unanimity and the objectionable acts of the Assembly laying on 
its members a solemn injunction of secrecy. This measure was not 
without an exhibition of imdignified violence, resisted by the Council, and 
the lack of harmony greatly obstructed legislation. Ijloyd, in conse- 
quence, rec[uested to be released from the public affairs of government. 
His request was reluctantly granted, and on his recommendation, the 
proprietary changed the plural executive into a single deputy, making- 
choice of Captain John Blackwell, formerl}' an officer of Cromwell, under 
whom he had earned a distinguished reputation in England and Ireland. 
He was in New England when he received his commission dated July 
25, 1688.1 

^^ Blackwell met the Assembly in the third month, 1689; but, by rea- 
son of some misunderstanding or dissension between him and some of 
the Council, the public affairs were not managed with the desired har- 
mony and satisfaction ; and but little done during his administration, 
which continued only till the twelfth-month this year, when he returned 
to England and the government of the province, according to charter, 
devolved again on the Council, Thomas Lloyd, President. 

*' The appointment of BlacJauell, who was no Qualcer, to be Deputy Gov- 
ernor, appears, by the proprietary's letters to his friends, in the ])rovince, 
to have been because no suitable person, who was of that society, would 
undertake the ofl&ce." - 

"By the rbvolution of 1688, which drove James from the throne, the 
proprietary lost all influence in the English court. His intimacy with 
that unhappy monarch covered him with dark suspicion.*^ His religious 
and political principles were misrepresented; he was denounced as a 
Catholic, a Jesuit of St. Omers, and a self-devoted slave to despotism, and 
was charged with conspiring the restoration of James. It is now unne- 
cessary to disprove these accusations ; for though his enemies caused him 
to be thrice examined before the privy council, and to give bail for his 
appearance in the king's bench, he was discharged by that court, no evi- 
dence appearing against him. The ties which bound him to Europe 
having been thus broken, he prepared to revisit his province, accom- 
panied by another colony of five hundred persons, which he had assem- 
bled by publication of new proposals. A convoy was appointed by 
1 Proud. Gordon. •:: Proud. 3 Gordon. 



7(3 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY 

government for his ] protection, and he was on the eve of sailing, when 
his enterprise was marred by another persecution. A wretch, named 
Fuller, subsequently declared infamous by parliament, and pilloried, ac- 
cused him, on oath, with being engaged in a conspiracy of the papists in 
Lancashire to raise a rebellion, and restore James to the crown. He 
narrowly escaped arrest on his return from the funeral of George Fox, 
the celebrated founder of the society of Friends. Hitherto he had met 
his accusers Avith a courage worthy of his character and his innocence, yet 
such was his dread of the profligac}' of the witness who now appeared 
against him, that he deemed it prudent to seek retirement and privacy. 
His contemplated colony failed, and the expenses of its outfit were lost.'' 

After Blackwell's departure the Council elected Thomas Lloyd, their 
president, and according to the constitution, assumed executive functions 
[1690.] But six counsellors from the lower counties, without the knowl- 
edge of the president, formed themselves into a separate Council, [1091] 
appointed judges for those counties and made ordinances. 

The President and Council of Pennsylvania fortliAvith published a 
oroclamation declaring all the acts of the six secedino' members illea'al. 
The latter made proposals towards an accommodation, in which they 
principally required that the judges and all officers of the Government 
should be appointed by the nine counsellors from the lower counties. 
But this was not allowed them. On the other hand, Penn tried to restore 
a good understanding between the two colonies, between whom the 
breach was widening, by giving them the choice of three modes of execu- 
tive government, viz: by a joint council, by five commissioners, or by a 
lieutenant-governor. The majority ftivored the last mode, but seven of 
the members for the lower counties protested against it, and declared for 
the commissioners, which form of government, in case the members for 
Pennsylvania should persist in favor of a lieutenant-governor, they 
meant to introduce into their territories until the will of the proprietary 
should ])e known. Their principal objections against a lieutenant-gov- 
ernor were the expense of his support and the fear lest the officers should 
be arbitrarily dismissed. The ettbrts on the part of the Council of Penn- 
sylvania to effiict a good understanding proving fruitless, the three upper 
counties choose Lloyd for their Governor, while the lowcv countievS 
rejected him. Penn, therefore, perceiving it i'mpossible to bring about a 
union, confirmed the appointment of Llojd, and conferred the govern- 
ment of the lower counties on William Markham, the former Secretarv 
of the province, who had joined with the protesting members. This was 
done by William Penn much against his will and had the consequence 
he predicted, viz : that the King, as will presently appear, annexed the 
two colonies to the Government of New York.^ 

lEbolino-. Proud. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 77 

The scliism among the Quakers, occasioned by George Keith, deserves 
to be briefly noticed. The first public school in the city of Philadelphia 
was established in 1689, and placed under the direction of George Keith, 
a Scotchman by birth and a surveyor in the colony of New Jersey. He 
was much respected among the Quakers as a talented and scholarly man, 
who had distinguished himself as a writer and as the companion of Wil- 
liam Penn in his travels in German}-. But he had an overbearing dis- 
position and irascible temper, and was fond of disputation. He held it 
unlawful for the civil authority to use force in the execution of the law 
and fell off from the principles of his sect, maintaining among other 
things that the inward lirjlit was not necessary to salvation. This was 
very galling to the Quakers with whom he had been connected for eight 
and tAventy years. They arraigned him before the monthly meeting, 
with the only result of increasing his exasperation, to which he gave 
vent in bitter and disrespectful language. The cause was referred to the 
yearly meeting at Burlington, and to the general meeting at London. 
Keith, waxing more wrathful and vituperative, and gathering separate 
meetings, he was at last formally disowned in 1692, while he succeeded 
in forming a considerable party of adherents in Pennsylvania, and in 
making his ecclesiastical difficulties a matter of civil concern. 

In the preceding year [1692] a small sloop had been stolen by a pirate 
from the wharf in Philadelphia, and a warrant of hue and crv had been 
issued to take the criminal, who was seized and brought into the city. 
Keith denounced this act of the magistracy as violating the principles of 
the Quakers against carrying arms and the emplo3"ment of force. He 
actually indulged in insulting and menacing language against the Gov- 
ernor, and sought in printed pamphlets to bring the magistrates and the 
government into contempt. The printer (William Bradford, who had 
set up the first printing press in Philadelphia) was brought into court, 
and treating the court contemptuously, he was ordered to be imprisoned, 
although the sentence was not carried into effect; his printing press had 
been some time before taken from him. Keith also, and one of his 
friends, in consequence of a printed defence entitled "Plea of the Inno- 
cent," in which they personally abused Samuel Jennings, one of the 
judges, were brought into court, fined in the sum of five pounds each, 
but the fines were never exacted. 

Keith and his adherents now made a great outcry, complainhig of re- 
ligious persecution; but the numerous publications which appeared at 
the time show it to have been unfounded; the judges, however, deemed 
it necessary in August, 1692, to issue a declaration setting forth Keith's 
illegal conduct in slandering and insulting the Governor and other au- 
thorities, declaring him to have only been punished for those parts of 
his writings which contained these offences, and not for any of his 



78 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

expressed opinions, and that they had only in view to protect the magis- 
tracy from insult and abuse. 

Keith remained two years longer in the colony with his separate con- 
'i-regation, and then went to England, where, unable to justify himself 
before the Quakers, he took orders in the Church of England. In 1702 
he was sent to America as a Missionary, by the Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel among the heathen, although he labored not among 
the Indians, but sought to win converts to the Church of England among 
the Quakers. He remained here two years, which he employed in 
travelling through the colonies, but chiefly in Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey, preaching with indefatigable zeal and denouncing his former co- 
religionists with the unrelenting bitterness of a renegade. His mission 
being ended, Keith returned to England, was settled in a living in Sussex, 
continuing to fulminate in his pamphlets against the Quakers.^ 

William Penn foresaw that these dissensions would furnish the crown 
a pretext for depriving him of his province. His fears were soon verified. 
William and Mary seized with avidity this opportunity to punish him 
for his attachment to the late king ; and they were well pleased to clothe 
un act of naked power with such justification as the disorders of the 
])rovince presented. 

Their majesties' commission to Benjamin Fletcher, governor-general 
of New York, constituting him governor of Pennsylvania and the terri- 
tories, was notified to Thomas Lloyd on the 19th of April, [1693.] There 
was no notice, in this commission, of William Penn, nor of the provincial 
constitution. Fletcher was empowered to summon the General Assembly 
elected by the freeholders, to require its members to take the oaths and 
subscribe the tests prescribed by act of parliament, and to make laws in 
conjunction with the assembly, he having a veto upon their acts; and 
was directed to transmit copies of such laws, for the approbation of the 
crown, within three months from their enactment. Official information 
of this change was not given to the constituted authorities of the prov- 
ince, either by the king or proprietary; yet on the arrival of Colonel 
Fletcher at Philadelphia, the government was surrendered to him with- 
out objection ; but most of the Quaker magistrates refused to accept from 
him the renewal of their commissions. The proprietary condemned this 
ready abandonment of his rights, and addressed a cautionary letter to 
Fletcher, warning him of the illegality of his appointment; which might 
have restrained the latter from exercising his authority, had it been 
timely received, as he was attached to Penn by personal favors.^ 
■ At the very beginning a misunderstanding arose between the Governor 
and the Assembly who attempted the introduction of a mode of sum- 
moning and electing the representatives at variance with the fundamental 
1 Ebeling. Proud. i' Gordon. Proud. Min. of Council. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 79 

laws of tlie province, wliicli lie was bound to observe.^ The Assembly 
consisting of members from the upper and lower counties, but reduced to 
about sixteen in number, on convening, took steps to maintain their own 
and the people's rights. The Governor, on the majority of the members 
refusing to take the oaths, honored their conscientious scruples in permit- 
ting them simply to subscribe, but told them that this was an act of grac-^ 
and not of right which must not be used as a precedent. 

In this Assembly two important subjects were considered; the confir- 
mation of the old laws and a grant of aid in men or money to the Kin:;- 
for the then existing war with France. The Assembly used the latter in 
order to secure the former, hoping that Fletcher would yield this point 
for the sake of obtaining the other, as his province of New York was 
much exposed to the Indians who were supported by the French in Can- 
ada. Fletcher maintained a firm attitude, insisting upon the rejection of 
eight of the old lav/s, chiefly penal, as in conflict with and less rigorous 
than the laws of England. Long negotiations ensued but he finally con- 
firmed them all (one concerning shipwrecks excepted) subject to the 
King's pleasure. The Assembly, on their part, granted the required 
subsidy, after considerable delay, they insisting that their grievances 
should first be redressed. Fletcher claimed the right of alterino- the 
new laws, even without the deliberations of the Assembly. This was 
strenuously resisted by a party in the Assembly, which, though in the 
minority, had their protest against Fletcher's pretensions entered upon 
the journal of the House. The Governor threatened to annex the pro- 
vince to New York, and then the moderate party, rather than submit to 
this, preferred receiving the confirmation of their rights and liberties as 
a favor at the hands of the Governor.^ 

Prior to his departure for New York, Fletcher appointed William 
Markham, the proprietary's kinsman, Lieutenant-Governor, [1694.] 

Governor Fletcher, being engaged at New York, did not meet the 
Assembly at its first session of this year.^ At the second he earnestly 
solicited them to make further appropriations for the public defence. 
He endeavored to excite their emulation by the example of New Jersey, 
which had freely contributed troops and money, and tried to engage their 
compassion, by describing the sufferings of the inhabitants about Albany, 
from whence "fourscore families," he said, "had been driven, rather by 
the negligence of their friends, than by the force of their enemies." " Expe- 
rience having taught him, that it was vain to ask men, whose religion 
forbade the use of arms, to organize a military force, or appropriate funds 
for its support, he sought to frame his demands in a less questionable 
shape. Putting out of view all warlike intentions, he solicited their 

lEbeling-. Proud. 2Ebeling. Proud. Votes. 

3 Gordon. Clarkson. Penu's letter, Sept. 5, 1695. 



30 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

charity "to feed the liimgry and clothe the naked," b}^ supplying the 
Indian nations with such necessaries as might influence them to continue 
their friendship to the province. But even these instances proved pow- 
erless. For, although another tax, similar to the last, was voted, no part 
of it was appropriated to the war or relief of the Indians. As a con- 
siderable sum had been given to Fletcher, justice demanded that the 
services of the proprietary deputies should also be rewarded. The House, 
therefore, directed two hundred pounds each should be given to Mark- 
ham and Lloyd, and that the balance to be raised by the bill should 
defray the general expenses of the government. Fletcher rejected their 
bill, because the whole sum was not granted to their majesties, Avith a 
request that they would appropriate it to the use of the deputies, and to 
the defence of New York and Albany; and the house, refusing to modify 
it, and asserting their right to appropriate their money at their pleasure, 
was dissolved. The proprietary, whose political views were rarely ob- 
scured by his religious principles, reprehended strongly this resolute 
refusal; nor was he blind to the eftects which such opposition to the 
wishes of the crown might have upon his particular interests." 

"The clouds of suspicion, Avhich had long enveloped AVilliam Penn, 
were at length broken. He had many friends among the nobles who 
surrounded the king, and his true character Avas at last made known to 
William. He was heard before the privy council, and was honourably 
acquitted; and was restored to his proprietary rights by patent, dated 
August, 1694, in which the disorders in the province were ascribed 
solely to his absence." 

Shortly before his re-instatement, Penn lost his Avife, Gulielma Maria, 
in the twelfth month of the preceding year. 

Penn appointed William Markham his Lieutenant Governor of Penn- 
sylvania and territories, on Ninth-month 24th, 1694. 

The restoration of the former government did not bring with it con- 
tentment and a good understanding between the different branches of the 
Legislature. Fletcher was disliked because he had innovated upon the 
legislative forms, but the Assembly summoned by Markham, in Septem- 
ber, 1695, was as much dissatisfied with him, although he had summoned 
them according to forms prescribed by the charter. The great bone of 
contention still being the subsidy to be granted to the King. Penn's 
letter shows that he disapproved of their conduct. Markham presented 
to the Assembly a new act of settlement, which was readily agreed to, 
but not finally adopted until the following year, because the Governor, 
no doubt on account of their obstinancy in refusing to pass the subsidy 
act, unexpectedly dissolved the assembly. The next legislature was 
more complying, perhaps because the Governor after the example of 
Fletcher, and conformably to the new form of government, summoned a 



OF LANCASTER COUNTV. 81 

smaller number of members of both houses. After a long remonstraucc to 
the Governor had been found without effect, the proposal of a joint com- 
mittee of the *^wo branches of the Legislature was acceded to, bj which it 
was agreed to accept the new constitution, provided Pcnn should approve 
of it, and immediately a new subsidy of £300, was granted for the sup- 
port of the royal government and of the suffering Indians. This was 
done by a tax of one penny on the pound on all assessed property.^ 

"The new Constitution^ was more democratic than the former one. 
The Council, chosen biennially, consisted of two, and the Assembly, 
elected annually, of four members from each county. The rio-ht of the 
latter to originate bills, to sit on its own adjournments, and to be indis- 
soluble during the term for which it was elected, was explicitly estab- 
lished; and the powers and duties of the several officers were accurately 
defined. This instrument was never formally sanctioned by the proprie- 
tary, and it continued in force only until his arrival in the province, in 
1699 (or rather until 1701, when a new and more lasting one was sub- 
stituted in its place.) Under it the people were content, and calmly and 
industriously applied themselves to the improvement of the country. 
And their best eulogium is the paucity of material for history, which 
their annals for several years afford. The Governor made another 
attempt, unsuccessfully, to obtain money for military purposes; the 
Assembly pleaded the poverty of their constituents, but professed their 
readiness, in future, to obey the commands of the king, not incompatible 
with their ability and religious persuasion." 

The document will be found in full in Division X., No. 5. 

On the fifth of the First month, 1695-6, he consummated his second 
marriage, at Bristol, with Hannah, the daughter of Thomas Callowhill, 
and grand daughter of Dennis Hollister, an eminent merchant of that 
city.^ She was said to be a religious young woman, of excellent quali- 
ties ; with whom he lived during the rest of his life ; and had issue by 
her, four sons and one daughter. 

In the Second month, 1696, his eldest son, by his former wife, named 
Springett, died at Worminghurst, in Sussex, of a consumption, in the 
twenty-first year of his age. 

William Penn, accompanied by his second wife and children, sailed 
from England in the ship Canterbury in September, and after a tedious 
voyage of more than three months, arrived in the Delaware on the 1st 
day of the 10th month (December, O. S. 1699). The length of the voyage 
was providentially ordered, for had it been shorter, Penn and his family 
would have been exposed to the perils of the yellow fever, which had 
lately raged with great fury in Philadelphia. Thomas Story, in his jour- 
nal, speaks of its effects as follows: "In this distemper had died, six 
1 Ebeling. Proud. Votes. " Gordon. 3 Proud. 

f-r 
i 



32 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

seven, and sometimes eight a day, for several weeks; there being few 
houses, if any, free of the sickness. Great was the majesty and hand of 
the Lord, great was the fear that fell upon all .flesh; I saw no lofty, or 
airy countenance, nor heard any vain jesting, to move men to laughter; 
nor witty repartee, to raise mirth; nor extravagant feasting, to excite 
the lusts and desires of the flesh above measure; but every face gather- 
eth paleness, and many hearts were humbled and countenances fallen and 
sunk as such that waited every moment to be summoned to the bar and 
numbered to the grave." 

Penn was cordially Avelcomed, it being generally believed that lie had 
come resolved to spend the remainder of his life in the province.^ Still 
he did not encounter that warm affection and unbounded confidence? 
among the colonists, which on his first visit had enabled him to lead 
them entirely according to his will. 

The first Assembly, Avhich met in January, 1700, had princii)ally in 
view to increase the severity of the laws against piracy, and the violation 
of the British statutes concerning navigation. 

The proprietary, believing everything ready for the introduction of a 
new form of government, free from the defects of the former forms, and 
calculated to impart strength and unity to the administration, called an 
extraordinary meeting of the Assembly in May, 1700, which consisted oi" 
a larger number of members than those which preceded it, and held a 
session of unusual length. The new Charter, although frequently dis- 
cussed by the two houses jointly and separately, was not carried through 
at this and the next General Assembly which was held in October of the 
same year, at Newcastle. The formation of a code of laws securing the 
titles to landed property and a grant for the support of the government 
in addition to the new charter, were the chief objects of said Assembly. 
Its enactment failed to be accomplished chiefly on account of the exacting 
and unreasonable conditions stipulated by the lower counties. - 

"The proprietary now procured a system regulating the treatment of 
slaves, to be incorporated in the discipline of the society, thereby allevi- 
ating the situation of those whose masters were not yet convinced of the- 
iniquity of slavery. Although these measures could not abolish the 
horrid traffic, they discouraged the wealthy and respectable inhabitants 
from prosecuting it, and fostered a spirit of humanity which led to the 
moral, religious and physical improvement of the slave. To the dictates 
of philanthropy Penn endeavored to give the force of law. He proposed 
to the Assembly two bills; one regulating the marriages of negroes; 
rightly judging that connubial ties and domestic affections, promoted by 
the inhibition of promiscuous sexual intercourse, were the most efficient 
means to establish pure morals; the other, establishing a mode for the 
lEbelins;-. -Gordon. Proud. Clarkson. Votes. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. • 83 

ti'ial and puiiisliincnt of the offences of slaves, substituting the judgment 
of the law for the will of their masters. The latter of these bills only- 
received the legislative sanction. It is difficult to assign reasons for the 
[■ejection of the former. Its provisions could not reduce the value of 
slaves as property, nor license insubordination. Perhaps the existing 
laws against incontinence were deemed adequate to restrain the impro- 
prieties the bill Avas designed to remedy. 

'"J"'he proprietary also endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to obtain 
additional legislative restrictions upon the intercourse with the Indians, 
in order to protect them from the arts of the whites. Nor was lie more 
happy in his renewed exertions to instruct the aborigines in the doctrines 
of Christianity ; their language, according to the report of the interpreter^ 
not alTording terms to convey its mysteries. This reason, however, was 
not well founded, and was the subterfuge of the agent to cover his own 
ignorance or ind<ilence. The success of the venerable Elliot, and of the 
Moravian missionaries, has jjroven that the Indian language is compe- 
tent for the communication of the most abstract ideas. But, resolute to 
improve their temporal condition, Penn conferred frequently with the 
several nations of the province and its vicinity; visiting them familiarly 
in their forests, participating in their feasts and amusements, and enter- 
taining them with much hospitality and state at his mansion at Penus- 
bury. He formed a new treaty with the Susquehanna, the Shawanese, the 
Oanawese, and tribes of the Five nations. This treaty provided for per- 
petual peace and good offices between the parties, confirmed to the Indi- 
ans the benefits and subjected them t(3 the penalties of the English law, 
in their intercourse with the whites. It stipulated that both parties should 
refuse credence to unauthorized reports of hostility intended by either : 
that the Indians should neither aid nor siLffer strange tribes to settle in 
any part of the province without permission from the governor ; that no 
European should engage in the Indian trade without the license of the 
government ; and lastly, that the sale of the lands lately made to the pro- 
prietary in the neighborhood of the Conestogo should be confirmed. In 
the spirit of this treaty, the provincial council formed a company of traders 
exclusively authorized to conduct the Indian trade, and instructed to 
repress the inebriety of the natives, and to impress upon them a sense of 
the Christian religion by examples of probity and candor." [1701.] 

In the spring of this year William Penn took a journey into the inte- 
rior of the province, as appears from a letter of Isaac Norris, who says: 
" I am just come home from Susquehanna, where I have been to meet the 
Governor. We had a roundabout journey, having pretty well traversed 
the wilderness. We lived nohhj at the Kiwfs palace at Conestogo, from 
thence crossed it to the Schoolkill."^ 

1 .lanney. 



84 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY 

Penii's situation now became uncomfortable in consequence of the news 
he received from England, which urged his preparations for a speedy 
return. 

"Since the revolution, it had been a fjivorite measure of the crown to 
purchase the proprietary governments in America.^ Jealousy of the power 
of these governments had grown with their growth ; and a bill was now 
before the lords to change them into regal ones. The friends of Penn, 
and others interested in the province, had succeeded with dif&culty in 
obtaining a postponement of the bill until his return, which they earn- 
estly represented to him should be immediate." 

Penn forthwith convened the legislature on September, 1(5, 1701. " The 
completion of a new constitution, and the enactment of such laws as 
required his special sanction, made the session important and laborious. ^ 
The address of the proprietary was most frank and conciliatory. He 
apologized for having summoned them before the customary time, 
expressed his regret at being so unseasonably called away, and assured 
them of his unceasing love and regard. 'Think,' said he, 'therefore, 
(since all men are mortal,) of some suitable expedient and provision for 
your safety, as well in your privileges as property, and you will find me 
ready to comply with whatever rhay render us happy by a nearer union 
of our interest.' Yet actuated by his duty to the crown, he again drew 
their attention to the king's demand for money, and mentioned a late 
treaty of peace, concluded with the Indians by the governor of New York 
in behalf of all the provinces, as w^orthy of their acknowledgments. The 
House replied to the address with grateful thanks, but refused the war 
contribution for the reasons already given." 

While the Assembly was in session the Sachems of the Susquehanna 
and Shawnese Indians and others came to take leave of Penn.^ He spoke 
to them in Council, and told them, "that the Assembly was then enact- 
ing a law, according to their desire, to prevent their being abused by 
selling of rum among them ; that he requested them to unite all their 
endeavors, and their utmost exertion, in conjunction with those of the 
government, to put the said law in execution." 

At the same time he likewise informed them, "that now, this was like 
to be his last interview with them, at least before his return ; that he 
had always loved and been kind to them ; and ever should continue so 
to be, not through any politic design, or on account of self-interest, but 
from a most real affection :" " and he desired them, in his absence, to 
cultivate friendship with those whom he should leave behind in author- 
ity; as they would always, in some degree, continue to be so to them, as 
himself had ever been. Lastly, that he had charged the members of 
Council, and then also renewed the same charge, that they should, in all 
iGoidon. 2 Proud. Col. Rec. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 85 

respects, be kind to them, and entertain tliem witli all courtesy and de- 
monstrations of good- will, as himself had ever done ; which the said mem- 
bers promised faithfully to observe. Then, after making them some 
presents, they withdrew." 

The Assembly prepared an address detailing their wants and wishes, 
which related particularly to the appointment of a Lieutenant-Governor 
in his absence, the security of their land-titles, and the allowance of ten 
for every hundred acres connected with them, which they claimed by 
virtue of the Governor's promise. They proposed the establishment of 
a patent office and that the quit-rents should be made redeemable. The 
lower counties in the twenty-one articles of which the address consisted, 
had asked much for themselves in direct opposition to the proprietary's 
interest ; yet he granted the most of what was asked, refusing only some 
unjust demands and others of a private character, with which the Legis- 
lature had no right to interfere. The Assembly, on the other hand, 
pressed their demands, although Penn's complaisance went so far as to 
invite them to nominate his Lieutenant, which however, they modestly 
declined.^ 

While they were debating on a bill to confirm the laws at Newcastle 
and the majority seemed to be in favor of its passage, the misunderstand- 
ing between the representatives of the two colonies was again revived, 
with more violence than ever, so that several of the members for the 
lower counties left the House. It needed all of Penn's weight of char- 
acter and earnest interposition to prevent an open rupture. He promised 
to agree to the separation of the tAvo colonies.^ " But then," continued the 
proprietar}^, "it must be upon amicable terms, and a good understanding. 
That they must first resolve to settle the laws ; and that, as the interest 
of the Province, and that of those lower counties would be inseparably the 
same, they should both use a conduct consistent vv^ith that relation." &c. 

They appear to have remained obstinate, by the following letter of the 
proprietary, written the next day, and directed to the Speaker, to be 
communicated to the whole House, viz: 

"Friends: Your union is what I desire; but your peace and ac- 
commodating one another, is what I must expect from you. The repu- 
tation of it is something ; the reality much more. And I desire you to 
remember and observe what I say. Yield in circumstantials, to preserve 
essentials; and, being safe in one another, you will always be so in esteem 
with me. Make me not sad, now I am going to leave you ; since it is for 
you, as well as for, 

'^Your Friend and Projrrietarij and Governor, 

William Penn." 

''Odoher loth, 1701." 

1 Votes. Proud. Ebeling. 2Eberiii)g. Proud. 



86 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Matters Avere adjusted temporarily with the provision for a conditionaJ 
separation, if they chose it, within the space of three years. 

"The constitution, which had been under consideration for more than 
eighteen months, was finally adopted on the twenty-eighth of October, 
six parts in seven of the Assembly having formally surrendered the pre- 
vious charter granted by Penn. The new charter was as comprehensive 
on the subject of civil and religious liberty as the former ones. Whilst 
it secured, by general provisions, the most important of human rights, it 
left minor subjects to be detailed and enforced by the laws."' 

The Charter itself, which remained in force until the final separation 
of Pennsylvania from Great Britain, is given in full in Division X, No. 6. 

Penn likewise, by letters-patent, under the great seal, established a Coun- 
cil of State, composed of ten members, chiefly Quakers, and his intimates 
friends, of whom four made a quorum; who were empowered " to consult 
and assist, with the best of their advice, the proprietary himself or his dep- 
uties, in all public aftairs and matters relating to the government." And, 
in his absence, or on the death or incapacity of his deputy, they, or any five 
of them, were authorized to execute all the proprietary powers in th(^ 
administration of the government. The members of the council were 
removable at the will of the governor, who might increase their number- 
at pleasure.^ 

Andrew Hamilton, one of the proprietaries of East Jersey, and foi"- 
merly Governor of East and West Jersey, having been appointed Deputy 
Governor, and James Logan, Provincial Secretary and Clerk of the 
Council, William Penn sailed for England in the ship Dalmahoy, and 
arrived at Portsmouth about the middle of December. The bill for 
reducing the proprietary into regal governments, pending in Parliament, 
was entirely dropped. King William died on the 18th of the first month, 
1701-2, and was succeeded by the Princess Anne, of Denmark, with 
whom William Penn was in great favor. 

Governor Hamilton's administration was very brief, for lie died in the 
twelfth month of this year [1702.] ^ His chief efforts had been unsuccess- 
fully directed to the consummation of a union bct^v'een the province and 
territories. Upon his death the government devolved upon the Council, 
Edward Shippen being President. 

"During this time of dispute, or endeavors for an union between the 
representatives of the province and territories, not much other public 
business of importance appears to have been transacted in the affairs of 
the government. The latter persisted in an absolute refusal to join with 
the former, in legislation, till it was finally, ii\ the year 1703, agreed and 
settled between them, that they should compose different and distinct 
Assemblies, entirely independent of each other, pursuant to the liberty 
1 Gordon. 2 Proud. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 87 

iillowed by a clause in the charter for that purpose; which chiuse was 
.said to have been there inserted by tlic particular and special means of 
the Representatives of the territories, with previous full intention of the 
.reparation which ensued; and in this capacity they have ever acted since 
tiuU time."' 

"The proprietary's choice of a successor to Governor Hamilton fell on 
Mr. John Evans, a young man of six and twenty years of age, and of 
Welsh extraction.^ He was earnestly recommended to Secretary Logan, 
luider whose direction he had promised to place himself. He arrived in 
the province in February, and soon after increased the number of the 
<.'ouncil, calling to that board, with others, William Penn the younger, 
who had accompanied him to the province. Pursuant to the instructions 
of the proprietary, he earnestly applied himself to re-unite the province 
and territories; and his want of success in this measure produced an 
r.nfavorable disposition towards the former, which embittered his whole 
administration." 

John Evans Avas a young man, uncommonly />ealous and active iu 
whatever aft'ected the proprietary's interests; deficient neither in Avit nor 
talents, he lacked experience, prudence and tact; his private life was 
moreover, highly offensive to the steady and quiet ways of the sober and 
moral Quakers. He early attached himself to the interest of the lower 
»'0unties, and induced their Assembly to pass laws manifestly designe<l 
to produce unpleasant effects in the province. England being then at 
war with France and Spain, he had been ordered by the Queen to raise 
a militia in Pennsylvania, but his effort proved unsuccessful, [1706.] H'-- 
atlected to treat the peaceful principles of the Quakers with contempt, 
and unable to argue them out of their principles, endeavored to gain his 
object by a stratagem, concerted with Robert French, of Newcastle, 
Thomas Clark, a lawyer of Philadelphia, and other associates.^ 

"On the day on which the annual fair was held in Philadelphia, French 
despatched a messenger, in great haste, and seeming consternation, to the 
Governor, with news that the enemy's ships were in the Delaware, and 
making for the city. This intelligence was instantly published, and 
Evans, mounted on horseback, with his sword drawn, rode through the 
streets in well-feigned alarm, commanding and entreating the people of 
all ranks and opinions to arm for the public defence. A general panic 
immediately prevailed. The shipping disappeared from the wharves, the 
boats and small craft crowding into the neighboring creeks, and the 
larger vessels running up the river above Burlington, Plate and other 
valuables were thrown into wells and privies, whilst the owners sought 
security in the nearest covert; and several pregnant women were un- 

1 Proud. 2 Gordon. Proud. 

3 Gordon. Votes. Proud. Logan MS8. 



38 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

timely delivered by their fears. A few incredulous men preserved their 
presence of mind, and laboured to restore order to the affrighted city. 
The falsehood of the report was ascertained before night, and its authors 
were compelled to seek in absence their own safety from the vengeance 
of the people. 

"This experiment on the principles of the Quakers was wholly unsuc- 
cessful ; the greater part attending their religious meeting, as was their 
custom on that day of the week, persisted in their religious exercises, 
amid the general tumult, instead of flying to arms as the Governor had 
anticipated. Four members only repaired with weapons to the rendez- 
vous. The conduct of Secretary Logan on this occasion, as represented 
by the Assembly, was extraordinary and indefensible. A Quaker of 
high moral character, learned and enlightened, he submitted to play a 
puerile and subordinate part in this shameful farce. Under pretence of 
observing the enemy, he went upon the river, and communicated with 
the Governor by concerted signals, and staying a sloop whose arrival 
would have exposed the falsehood, he displayed from her masts simu- 
lated French colours." 

This action, which made Evans odious to the people of Philadelphia, 
occurred almost simultaneously with an unwise and unlawful measure, 
which greatly offended the merchants of the province. He had author- 
ized the Assembly at Newcastle to erect a fort near the town, where it 
could be of little use to the safety of the two provinces. For the main- 
tenance of this fort, inward bound ships, not owned by residents, were 
obliged to deliver there half a pound of powder for each ton measure- 
ment. The provincialists remonstrated against this abuse in vain. At 
length Eichard Hill, William Fishbourne, and Samuel Preston, three 
spirited Quakers, resolved to remove the nuisance by a method different 
from any that had yet been attempted. Hill and his companions, on 
board the Philadelphia, a vessel belonging to the former, dropped down 
the river and anchored above the fort. Fishbourne (some say Isaac 
Norris) and Preston went ashore and informed French, the commander, 
that their vessel Avas regularly cleared, demanding to pass uninter- 
ruptedly. This being refused, Hill Avho had been bred to the sea, stood 
to the helm and passed the fort with no other injury than a shot through 
the mainsail. French pursued in an armed boat, was taken alone on 
board, while his boat, cut from the vessel, fell astern, and was led pris- 
oner to the cabin. Governor Evans, apprized of the matter, followed 
their vessel by land to Newcastle, and after she had passed the fort, pur- 
sued her in a boat to Salem, where he boarded her in great anger and 
behaved with great intemperance. Lord Cornbury, Governor of New- 
Jersey, who claimed to be Vice-Admiral of the Delaware, being then at 
Salem, the prisoners were taken before him, and having, together with 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 89 

Governor Evans, been severely reprimanded, and giving promise of fu- 
ture good behavior, was dismissed with the jeers of the captors. After 
this spirited action the fort no longer impeded the navigation of the 
Delaware.^ 

On the 27th of June, 1707, the Governor in company of several friends 
and servants set out on a journev to the Indians, occasioned by a message 
from the Conestogo and other Indians upon the Nantikokes' desi"-ned 
journey to the five nations.- He visited in turn the following places: Pe- 
quehan on the Pequea, Dekonoagah on the Susquehanna, about nine miles 
distant from Pequehan, Conestogoe and Peixtan, had friendly intercourse 
witli them and seized one Nicole, a French Indian trader, against whom 
heavy complaints had l)een made. His capture was attended with diiS- 
culties, but he Avas finally secured and mounted upon a horse with his legs 
tied under the belly l-^ From the articles of remonstrance, addressed to 
the proprietary by the Assembly, mentioned below, it seems, hoAvever, 
that the Governor's conduct among the Indians was not free from censure, 
it being described as " abominable and unwarrantable." 

The unhappy misunderstanding between the Governor and his Secre- 
tary Logan on the one hand, and the Assembly on the other, almost par- 
alyzed legislative action and led to the most lamentable exhibition of ill 
temper on the part of the Assembly, which first produced articles of 
impeachment against Logan, and afterwards, determined to have Evans 
removed, a remonstrance against both addressed to William Penn. The 
language of that instrument was intemperate, many of its charges exag- 
gerated, and some unfounded. "This remonstrance wasnotonl}^ unjust, 
but also unwise and inconsiderate;* for it tended to produce the very 
steps Avhich they Avere desirous to guard against ; by provoking the Gov- 
ernor to relinquish a troublesome and ungrateful province to the crown 
of England, AA'hich had long wished to repossess it." 

In the beginning of this year, 1709, Governor Evans Avas remoA^ed and 
Charles Gookiu appointed his successor.^ Gookin Avas a native of Ireland 
and somewhat advanced in. years. He had been formerly in the army 
and AA-as, in the language of Penn, a man of pure morals, mild temper 
and moderate disposition. When he arrived, the legislature Avas in session. 

The Assembly, instead of Avaiting for the propositions of the Governor, 
hastened to present to him a statement of grievances in Avhich they re- 
peated the Aveightiest of their complaints against his predecessor, and 
demanded immediate satisfaction. In A^ain Gookin endeavored to con- 
vince tliem that he had no right to sit in judgment over the acts of his 
predecessor. These beginnings AA'cre not promising. Lloyd Avas almost 
always at the head of the Assembly and Logan had as much influence on 

1 Proud. Gordon. 2 Col. Rcc. 11.-39:3. 3 Col. Rce. II.— ;390. 

4Ebeling. 5Prond. Ebeling. 



00 AUTHENTIC HLSTOliV 

Gookiii as on his predecessor. The spirit of discontent which reigned in 
the Assembly probabl.y originated in the embarrassment of Penn, whose 
nu;ans were now greatly curtaik-d l)y his generosity towards his province 
and the cause of the Quakers. Alread\' in 1707 he was involved in a 
heavy lawsuit with the executors of his former steward, Avho preferred 
large claims against him. tlic iujustice of which he could not sufficiently 
])rove, since even the Court of Chancery could not liberate him from 
imprisonment until he liad satisfied the complainants. The income of hi.s 
European estate was inadequate to }tay his other debts and he had to . 
borrow ;£6G00 sterling, Ibr whicli he mortgaged his province. The 
knowledge of his situation may have ]irom})ted the Assembly to extort 
more privileges Irom him and t'> liuiit his prer(^gative. On the other 
hand, necessity compelled him to bo attentive to the collecticui of his 
revenue from the province and to increase it as much as possible. This 
(;onduct of the Assembly, however, contributed not a, little to disgust him 
Avitli the whole undertaking.^ liepeatedly urged to restore the province 
To tlic crown, but long struggling against the abandonment of the 
))rilliant ho})es he had cherished to found a religious nation and a model 
of true freedom, his growing necessities and the constant opposition of the 
legislature oi' Pennsylvania finally compelled him to take that step. 
Several circumstances which tK'curred during the administration oi' 
<TOokin, contributed to jn-oduce this ivsolution. The Queen required the 
aid of the province towards the conquest ol' I'anada, in which the New 
KngUind colonies assisted her with zeal. Pennsylvania was required to 
luruish and support loO men at an estinuited expense of £4000. The 
Assenibly voted a free gift to the queen of £800. 'J'o this was added the 
Governor's salary of £200, which, howevei", they would not allow until 
he slKjuld have i)assi>d the bills presented to him and redressed the!]- 
grievances, which bor(! chiefly on the retention of Logan. The latter 
being about to visit England on the proprietary's business, at the next 
sitting ol the Asseuibly, demanded a trial, instead of granting which the 
As.sembly ordered the sheriff to take him into custody; the Governor 
prevented his arrest l)y issuing a supersedeas. This put the Assembly 
quite out of temper and arrested all business besides the entering on theiV 
miniites of a. protest against the Governor's illegal and arbitrary measures. 
Logan went to London, fully justified his conduct, and returned to the 
l)rovince confirmed in his office and enjoying more than ever the favor 
of the government. 

Penn addressed a touching letter to the Assembly, in which he detailed 
and described their unjust and illegal pretensions, taxed them with ingrati- 
tude, took the part of Logan, and finally informed them that, if they 
should persist in their opposition to his government,'-^ he must seriously 
1 labeling. -2 Ebeliuo-. Gordon. 



OF LAXCASTEJi COUNTV. . 91 

consider wIklI he sliouhi do with regard to his province and his determi- 
nation should be governed by the conduct of the future Assembly. 

This letter eft'ected an instantaneous change in the minds of the people; 
a. new Assembly was chosen [1710;] harmony of action ensued between 
this Assembly and Gookin; they completed by their laws the organization 
of the courts of justice, and voted to the Queen tlie sum of £2000, although 
they were well informed oi' her determination to go to Avar with France. 

In thr month of June, 1711, the Governor visited Conestogo and as the 
juinutes o1' his journey exhibit the lirst official account of actual settlers 
in Lancast^M- (.•ounty. they are given in full: 

At Conestogo, June 18, 1711. 

P]u-:si:.\T: 'i'hc lion. Charles Gookin, Esq., Lieut, Governor, and Joseph 
Growdon, Jvichard Hill, Griffith Owen, Caleb Pusey, Esqs. 

A present of 50 pounds of powder, 1 piecci of Stroudwater, 1 piece of 
IJuffils, 1(H) pounds of shot- — being laid upon the floor, the Governor, by 
Indian Harry, the Interpreter, thus s})oke: 

"(jovernor Penn, upon all occasions, is willing to show how great a 
regard he bears to you; he therefore has sent this small present (a 
foreruunej- of a greater one to come next spring) to you, and hath re- 
quired me to acquaint you that he is about to settle some people upon 
the branches of the Potomac, and doubts not but the same mutual friend- 
ship which has all along as brothers passed betwixt the inhabitants of 
this Government and you, will also continue betwixt you and those he 
is about to settle ; he intends to present five belts of wampum to the Five 
Nations, and one to you of Conestogo, and requires your friendship to 
the Palatines^ settled near Pequae.'''' 

To which they answer: 

'■ Tliat they are extremely well pleased with the Governor's speech; but 
a.s tlicy are at present in war with the Toscororoes and other Indians, 
they think that place not safe for any Christians, and are afraid if any 
damage should happen to these, the blame may be laid upon them, that 
.settlement being situated betwixt them and those at war wdth them, Afi 
to the Palatines, ihc7j are, in their opinion, safely seated, but earnestly 
desire that the death of Le Tore may be now adjusted, for that they shall 
not think tliem.selves safe till it is. 

July 18th, Tuesday about twelve. 

The Senoquois and Shawnois met the Governor and Council. Opessah, 
chief of the Shawnois, by Martin Chartier, interpreter, thus spoke : 

" Were it possible for us by presents, or any other way, to atone for 
the lives of those men our young people unadvisedly slew, we would be 
partly willing to make satisfaction, and such a condescension would 
forever be gratefully remembered and more eagerly engage us, and for 
the i'uture render us more careful. The uneasiness we had on that ac- 



92 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

count was such that we could not sleep until the last time the Governor 
and his people were up here, and which time we had some hopes given 
us of adjusting the matter, since the murderers are all dead, save one, 
who is gone to Messassippi." 

To which the Governor answered : 

That the laws of England were such that whosoever killed a man 
must run the same fate ; yet considering the previous circumstances to 
that murder, the length of the time since the account, the distance of 
place where acted from the Government, and before my coming here^ 
and the persons all, save one, who is absconded since, are dead, I am 
willing to forbear further prosecution on enquiring into it, but withal 
caution you if any such thing hereafter falls out, you may be assured I 
shall as well know how to do justice, as I have now showed you mercy. 
For which they return the Governor their hearty thanks, and Opessah 
assures that if hereafter any such thing should happen, he himself would 
be executioner, and burn them that should dare do it. 

The Senequois acquaint: 

"That Opessah being thereto solicited by John Hans Steelman, had sent 
out some of his people, either to bring back or kill Francis De Le Tore 
and his company. Opessah, he affirms, was entirely innocent, for that 
John Hans came to his cabin, where he and his ycrung people (who were 
there going a hunting,) were in council, told him that some of his slaves 
and dogs (meaning Le Tore and company) were fled, therefore desired 
him forthwith to send some of his people to bring them back or kill 
them, and take goods for their trouble, at which motive Opessah being 
surprised, told him that he ought, by no means, to discourse after that 
manner before young people who were going to the woods, and might, 
by accident, meet those people, and therefore ordered him to desist, utter- 
ly denying his reqiiest." 

The Senoquois also acquainted the Governor that Le Tore had taken 
a boy from them, and had sold him at New York, and requested the 
Governor would enquire after him, that he might hear irom him again. 

"The expedition to Canada proved most disastrous.^ Colonel Nichol- 
son, under whom served Colonels Schuyler, Whiting, and Ingoldsby, mus- 
tered at Albany two thousand colonists, one thousand Germans, from the 
palatinate, and one thousand of the Five Nation Indians, who commenced 
their march towards Canada on the twenty-eighth of August. The troops 
from Boston, composed of seven veteran regiments, of the duke of Marl- 
borough's army, one battalHon of marines, and two provincial regiments, 
amounting to six thousand four hundred men, sailed on board of sixty- 
eight vessels, the thirtieth of July, and arrived off the St. Lawrence on 
the fourteenth of August. In ascending the river, the fleet, by the un- 

1 Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 93 

skilf Illness of the pilots, or the obstinacy and distrust of the Admiral, was 
entangled amid rocks and islands on the northern shore, and ran immi- 
nent hazard of total destruction. Several transports, and near a thou- 
sand men perished. Upon this disaster the remainder bore away for 
Cape Breton, and the expedition, by the advice of a council of naval and 
military officers, was abandoned on the ground of the want of provisions, 
and the impossibility of procuring a seasonable supply. The admiral 
sailed directly for England, and the colonists returned to Boston, whilst 
Colonel Nicholson, thus deserted, was compelled to retreat from Fort 
George. The want of skill, fortitude, and perseverance are eminently 
conspicuous in the British commanders of this enterprise." 

In 1712, William Penn entered into an agreement with the Queen to 
cede to her the province of Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties for the 
sum of £12,000 sterling. But before the legal forms were completed an 
apopletic stroke prostrated his vigorous mind and reduced him to the 
feebleness of infancy.^ 

Queen Anne died on the first of August, 1714, and was succeeded by 
George the First. 

Governor Gookin [1716] arrayed against himself all the Quaker interest 
in the province in consequence of construing a provision in the statute 
of 7 and 8 William III., "that no Quaker, hj virtue thereof^ could be 
qualified or permitted to give evidence in any criminal case, or serve on 
juries, or hold any place or office of profit in the Government." This 
act had been made perpetual in Great Britain, and was extended to the 
Colonies for five years by an act of Parliament of 1 George I. In the 
opinion of Gookin, the extension of this act to the provinces repealed 
the provincial law and disqualified, the Quakers from giving testimony 
in criminal cases, from sitting on juries, and from holding any office. 
Notwithstanding the desertion of his Council and the remonstrances of the 
Assembly, Gookin tenaciously adhered to his construction of the statute. 
His good genius had now entirely abandoned him, for he now charged 
Eichard Hill, speaker of the Assembly, Isaac Norris and James Logan 
with disloyalty to the King and devotion to the pretender. These alle- 
gations were utterly unfounded and the Assembly, whither the parties 
charged had carried their complaint, completely exonerated them, [1717.] 
Expostulation with Gookin having proved vain, his Council unanimously 
joined in an address to William Penn, praying his recall.^ He met the 
Assembly for the last time in March, 1717, and extorted from their com- 
passion the sum of two hundred pounds, a valedictory donation.^ 

Sir William Keith, on the first of May, 1717, superseded Governor 
Gookin. He was the son of Sir William Keith of the North of Scotland, 
had held for some time the office of the King's surveyor of the customs 
1 Gordon. '^ Logan MSS. 



94 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ior the Soutliern provinces, and on his occasional visits to Philadelphia 
manifested much interest in the political discussions of the province and 
acquired the good will of Logan, Norris and other prominent inhabitants. 
He was strongly recommended for the position of lieutenant-governor by 
the provincial Council and chief inhabitants,^ by their friends in London, 
by William Penn, jr., Mr. Logan and others. Keith was the first Governor 
who ventured to espouse the side of the popular party and to support its 
interests with the proprietary and the crown, on disputed subjects. He 
arrived at Philadelphia on the 31st day of May and convened an Assem- 
bly on June IQth.^^ Having thoroughly studied the errors of his prede- 
cessors, he sought to benefit by their experience. 

" Keith displayed the policy he meant to pursue in his lirst address to 
the assembly. 'His tender regard for their interest,' he said, ' they being 
engaged in harvest at his arrival, had induced him to postpone the satis- 
faction he proposed to himself in meeting the Assembly; and he should 
always endeavor to make the time they must necessarily bestow on the 
public service as easy and pleasant to them, as he hoped it would be 
profitable and satisfactory to the country. If an affectionate desire to 
oblige and serve the people could qualify him for his station, he might 
expect that his and the country's interest would be effectually united, as 
those who sincerely desired to serve either, must necessarily serve both. 
The warmth of his inclination towards them might be inferred from hw 
expensive application during the last year, to introduce to the prince 
regent the humble address of the Assembly to the king, which had been 
80 graciously received by his exertions ; by the diligence and expense 
with which he had obtained his commission, without other prospect or 
advantage than that of serving them,^ and by the fatigue he had already 
undergone to promote their service. But these things were trifles, com- 
pared with their indispensable obligation to support the dignity and au- 
thority of the government, by such a reasonable and discreet establish- 
ment as the nature of the thing and their own generosity would direct; 
and whatever they might be disposed to do of that kind, he hoped might 
no longer bear the undeserved and reproachful name of a burden on the 
people ; but that they would ratlier enable him to relieve the country 
from real burdens, by empowering him to introduce a better economy 
and more frugal management in the collection of taxes, which were then 
squandered by the oiBcers appointed to assess and collect them.' 

"The assembly testified their satisfaction with this speech, and his kind 
and conciliatory manners, by an immediate grant of five hundred and 
fifty pounds, payable from the lirst moneys received in the treasury, 
which they replenished by an additional bill of supply. In return, Keith 
Iramed an nddress to the throne on the interesting subject of affirmation, 
1 Gordon. 2 Proud. 



OF LA^X•ASTER COUNTY, 05 

whicli had tlie good fortune to please the House in all respects, save tluit 
the plural number "was used instead of the singular."^ 

"On the 80th day of the 5th month, (July) 1718, at Jiushconib, jiear 
Twyford, in Buckinghamshire, in England, died the truly honorable Pro- 
prietary and Founder of the province of Pennsylvania, William Pcnn, 
aged about seventy-four years. He had, in the year 1712, as before 
mentioned, been seized with some fits of the a})oplectic kind ; which, for 
the last six years of his life had so aftected his mental faculties, especi- 
ally his memory, as to render him, in great measure, incapable of public 
business; which, with the gradual decline of his strength (^f bodv, con- 
tinued to increase till the last period of his days: during which time, 
nevertheless, he is said to have been mostly sensible, intelligent, and, by- 
his behavior and expressions at different times to those who were present 
with him, manifested that he retained, till his death, the happy enjoy- 
ment of that divine and mental felicity, which resulted from the nature 
of his religion and manner of life. "^ 

The following sketch of Penn, by Gordon, will doubtless ]»ri)V(' iutci-- 
esting to the reader : 

William Penn, "as a leader of a Clnistian sect, has left no mean i-epu- 
tation. His ability, courage, zeal, and perseverance have made liiui 
conspicuous among religious reformers, but, as an apostle of civil lib- 
erty, the world has an interest in him which can never fade, whilst order 
and freedom are dear to the human race.'^ 

" From his father he inherited a disposition ardent and enthusiastic, 
enterprising and courageous, reflecting and persevering. The energy'- of 
mind which advanced the one to the rank of rear-admiral at twenty- 
three years of age, rendered the other conspicuous amid the founders of 
a new religion, soon after he attained his majority. The father was dis- 
tinguished by the love of glory and of arms ; the son was not insensible 
to the value of fame, but sought it by diffusing the blessings of peace, 
and of religions and civil liberty. In this Avork he labored with 
the firmness and devotion of heroism, struggling to attain its ol^jeet, 
utterly regardless of himself. His voluntary abandonment of rank 
and fortune, his spirited and manly opposition to the abuses of the 
law, his patience under its inflictions, his learning, industry, and 
perseverance in the maintenance of his principles, acc^uired for him in 
early life the respect of the public, and the friendship of men of eminence 
and worth who did not approve his religious peculiarities. His religion 
made him obnoxious to the laws, and induced him to examine the prin- 
ciples on which, not only the laws, but the government that enacted 
them, were founded : and he discovered and adored the great truths, tliat 
the happiness of society is the true object of civil ])0wcr, and that free- 
1 Gordon. Votes. -'Proud. :5 Gordon. 



96 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

dom exists only ' ivherc the laws rule, and the inoi^e are parties to the 

laws.'' 

" On these foundations was his colony erected. His merit will be the 
more justly appreciated by adverting to the state of the American colo- 
nies planted antecedently to the year 1780. These were Massachusetts, 
New Hampshire, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina. The New England provinces 
sprang Irom the natural and selfish desires of their founders to withdraw 
themselves from power and oppression. Eeligious toleration and civil 
liberty were not appreciated by them as rights essential to the happiness 
of the human race. The rights of conscience the puritans of these pro- 
vinces demanded were such as protected themselves from the gibbet and 
lash, which they applied to force the consciences of others. Their civil 
rights they regarded as exclusive property, acquired by purchase, the 
evidence of which was in their charter. Whilst Penn was offering to 
the world a communion of religious and civil freedom, the saints of Mas- 
sachusetts excluded from the benefits of their government all who were 
not members of their church, and piously flagellated or hanged those 
who were not convinced of its infallibility. Eoger Williams, proscribed 
and expelled for his own opinions, was the first to teach that the civil 
magistrate might not interfere in religious matters, and that to punish men 
for opinion was persecution. New York, without a charter or an assem- 
bly, was subject to the caprice of its governors, in civil as in ecclesiasti- 
cal matters. New Jersey had a free, a liberal, but an impracticable 
constitution. The attempt to establish in that province the basis of a 
free government, though unsuccessful, and throwing the administration 
into the hands of the crown, was not useless. The people were intro- 
duced to the knowledge of sound political principles, which were never 
altogether abandoned. Maryland, possessing the most liberal and the 
best digested constitution that has emanated from a British monarch, 
and the most independent of the royal power, had been involved in civil 
war and religious persecutions during the revolution, and was now 
reduced to order and good government, by the resumption of executive 
power by the Calverts. But the Catholic faith of its governors and 
principal inhabitants, rendered its policy suspected by Protestants. Caro- 
lina was the subject of a most fanciful experiment of the renowned Locke, 
who framed for it an aristocratical constitution, totally inconsistent with 
the light of the age in which he lived; establishing an hereditary nobility, 
with large and unalienable landed estates, and the church of England as 
the religion of the state. Penn wisely modelled the royal charter for his 
province, as closely as possible upon the Maryland grant; and, though 
at the first institution of the government, he was doubtful of the pro- 
priety of giving the assembly the power to originate laws, experience 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 97 

soon taught him the wisdom of this measure. His government secured 
the blessings of property and personal freedom alike to Christian and to 
infidel; placed all persons on an equality before the laws, and admitted 
Christians of every denomination to a full participation of political rights. 
The experience of a hundred and fifty years, during which polit- 
ical science has been widely extended, has added nothing essential to 
human happiness which his system had not provided ; unless it be found 
in those constitutions which make no discrimination in the religious faith 
of the citizens. 

But the excellence of Penn's system is not confined to the provisions 
of his charters. His laws were dictated by wisdom and humanity. The 
unequal and dangerous disposition of wealth, arising from the feudal 
principles of primogeniture, was abolished ; the equal claims of children 
to the property of their common parent were acknowledged, and by this 
return to common sense and natural right the dangers of accumulated 
wealth were avoided. But the philosophical mind of the Pennsylvania 
lawgiver is, perhaps, most discernible in his criminal code. A scale 
graduating the punishment to the ofience, seemed in Europe to be unde- 
sired by the legislator. Death impended alike over the purloiner of a 
few grains of metal, and the murderer who robbed a family of its support 
and the country of a citizen; over the infraction of a revenue law, and 
the attempt to subvert the State. Death was ever ready to ofter himself 
to the indolence of the law-giver, who fovmd it less laborious to hang 
than to reclaim the criminal; to apply a common punishment, than to 
investigate its propriety. Eeason revolts at this indiscriminate punish- 
ment, and the humanity of the Marquis Beccaria, Montesquieu, and others, 
have contributed to convince the world that its welfare is best promoted 
by a due apportionment of the punishment to the crime, and its certain 
application to the offender. Before these benevolent theorists gave their 
labors to the public — before they were born — Penn had practically ex- 
hibited the beneficial results of the principles which they have advocated. 
He established a new code, in which the punishment of death was affixed 
to murder only; injuries to individuals were punished by compelling the 
criminal to make an adequate compensation to the party grieved, or by 
imprisonment at hard labor; in all cases varying the punishment with 
the enormity of the offence. In the classification of crimes, there are, 
perhaps, some errors inseparable from enthusiasm; but humanity and 
wisdom are eminently conspicuous in the legislator. The boldness and 
originality of his genius will be more thoroughly understood by a glance 
at the policy of the age and country in which he lived. When he com- 
posed his plan of government, the despotic principles of the Stuarts were 
prevailing over the nation, liberty of conscience was proscribed by the 
laws, and almost every crime was punishable by death. In opposition to 
8 



98 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

all this, he dared to consult his own reason, and follow the dictates of his own 
judgment, the soundness of which every revolving year has confirmed. 

Penn was ambitious, and animated by the love of fame. He sacrificed 
his time and his fortune in its pursuit ; at least so much of them as was 
unnecessarily employed at the courts of James and Anne. The obscu- 
rity of his province was unattractive ; and, in the height of his favor with 
James, he was for a moment unregardful of the free principles on which 
it was founded. Had he applied himself, unreservedly and exclusively, 
to cultivate the scion he had planted, its growth would have been more 
rapid ; and, under its shade, distant from the vexations and vicissitudes 
of English politics, he would have enjoyed the reward of his labor, com- 
petence, and the respect of the world. Pecuniary distress, at times, com- 
pelled him to give utterance to undignified and unjust complaints. The 
political benefits he had conferred upon his province, in his opinion, im- 
posed on its inhabitants an obligation to be requited with money; his 
proprietary character claimed to be recognized by the establishment of 
some revenue. His people, on the contrary, felt these pretensions as a 
double charge, and were unwilling to maintain a resident and non-resi- 
dent Governor, the latter of whom had an estate in the soil of the prov- 
ince, which increased in a great and indefinable ratio. 

In his demeanor, William Penn was grave, but not austere ; affable, 
but not familiar ; and, whilst his intercourse with his friends was marked 
by the formality and peculiar phraseology in use with his sect, his cor- 
respondence with men of the world showed him to have been perfectly 
acquainted with polite manners. As a writer, he was much esteemed by 
his church ; as a minister, he was bold, industrious and successful ; he 
was beloved by his family and a wide circle of friends. He had been 
twice married. His first wife was Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter of 
Sir "William Springett, of Darling, in Sussex. The fruit of this marriage 
was tAvo sons and one daughter ; Springett, William, and Letitia. Spring- 
ett died in 1696, aged twenty-one years; William and Letitia, and three 
grand-children, children of his son William, survived him. His second 
wife was Hannah, daughter of Thomas Callowhill, of Bristol, by whom 
he had five children ; John, Thomas, Margarette, Eichard and Dennis, 
who, with their mother, were living at their father's death. 

At his decease, his province was encumbered by his mortgage of 1708, 
and his contract with the crown for the sale of the government. His 
will, dated 1712, was made antecedently to, but in contemplation of, this 
contract. He provided for the issue of his first marriage by the devise 
of his English and Irish estates; which, producing fifteen hundred pounds 
sterling per annum, were estimated of greater value than his American 
possessions. From the latter he made provision for the payment of his 
debts, and for his widow and her children. The government of the 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 99 

province and territories lie devised to the earls of Oxford, Mortimer and 
Pawlet, in trust, to sell to tlie queen, or any other person. His estate in 
the soil he devised to other trustees, in trust, to sell so much as should 
be necessary for the payment of his debts; to assign to his daughter 
Letitia, and the three children of his son William, ten thousand acres 
each, and to convey the remainder, at the discretion of his widow, to her 
children, subject to an annuity to herself of three hundred pounds ster- 
ling per annum. He appointed her sole executrix and legatee of his 
personal estate. 

Three questions arose on his devise of the government: 1, AVhether 
it was valid against tlie heir-at-law, who claimed by descent? 2, Whether 
the object of the trust had not been already effected, by the contract of 
the proprietary with the queen? 3, Whether, by consequence, his in- 
terest was not converted into personality ? In which case it passed in 
absolute property to the widow. From their doubts on these points, the 
trustees refused to act, unless under a decree of the court of chancery, 
whose interposition was also required by the commissioners of the 
treasury, before payment of the balance due on the purchase, to the 
executrix. A suit in this court was accordingly instituted, which kept 
the family property in a state of great uncertainty for many years; 
during which Mrs. Penn, as executrix and trustee, assumed the superin- 
tendence of provincial affairs. In the year 1727, the family disputes, the 
proprietary's will having been established in the exchequer, were compro- 
mised ; and the crown lawyers and ministry concurring in opinion, that the 
proprietary's agreement was void, from his inability to make a proper sur- 
render of the government, it devolved, on the death of William Penn the 
younger and his son Springett, to John, Thomas and Eichard Penn." 

The almost unbounded confidence of the province in Keith enabled 
him [1720] to establish two measures hitherto repugnant to the Assem- 
bly ;^ an equity court, dependent on the Governor's will, of which he Avas 
chancellor, and a militia organized by like authority. 

The great influx of foreigners alarmed the Assembly who dreaded their 
settlement on the frontier.^ Attempts to naturalize them were treated 
with coldness. Even the Germans, whose industry and utility were pro- 
verbial, could not remove the prevailing jealousy. Many palatines, long 
resident in the province, applied for naturalization in 1721, but not until 
1724 was leave granted to bring in a bill, provided they should individu- 
ally obtain from a justice of the peace a certificate of the value of their 
property and nature of their religious faith. A bill to that effect pre- 
sented to the Governor in the following year, was forthwith returned by 
him on the ground that in a country where English liberty and law pre- 
vailed, a scrutiny into the private conversation and faith of the citizens,, 
i..oi v/. 1 Gordon. 



100 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

and particularly into their estates, was unjust and dangerous in precedent. ^ 
The House yielded to the force of his reasons, and did not insist upon 
their bill, but it was not until some time afterwards that the privileges of 
isubjects were granted to the palatines. Indeed, the timidity of the As- 
sembly induced them to check the importation of foreigners by a duty on 
:all coming to reside in the province. 

A disagreement relating to hunting-grounds, between the Southern 
and Pennsylvania Indians, threatened to disturb the peace of the province. 
To avert this,'^ Keith paid a visit to the Governor of Virginia, with whom 
he framed a convention, confining the Indians on the north and south of 
the Potomac to their respective sides of that river ; which the Pennsyl- 
vania and Five Nation Indians, at a general conference, held at Conestogo 
on the sixth of July, 1721, fully ratified. This visit was made with much 
state. Keith was attended by a suite of sevent}^ horsemen, many of them 
well armed, and was welcomed on his return, at the upper ferry on the 
Schuylkill, by the mayor and aldermen of the city, accompanied by two 
hundred of the most respectable citizens. 

The following extract from the Warrant for surveying the Manor of 
Springetsbury, issued by Sir William Keith to Col. John French, Fran- 
cis Worley and James Mitchell, Esqrs., bearing date Conestogo June 18, 
1722, describes the boundaries of said Manor. The said persons assisted 
by neighboring inhabitants were authorized, empowered and commanded 
"to cross the Eiver Susquahannah, and to survey or cause to be surveyed, 
marked and located, the quantity of 70,000 acres or thereabouts, in the 
name and for the use of the Honorable Springett Penn, Esq., which shall 
bear the name and be called the Mannor of Springettsbnry, Beginning 
your survey as near as you can upon the South West Bank of the Eiver 
Susquahannah, over against the mouth of Conestogoe Creek; from thence 
by a line W. S. W. Distance Ten miles more or less; from thence by a 
line N. W. b. N. Twelve miles more or less ; thence by a line E. N. E. 
.until you meet with the uppermost Corner tree of my settlement called 
ISfewberry; from thence S. E. b. S. along my head Line until you come 
:at my Southern Corner tree in the woods ; from thence down the Side 
Line of my Land E. N. E. until you come at the River Susquahannah, 
and from thence by the Said River's side unto the place where you first 
began, which Line will be the fourth side of the said Survey, and when 
it is done and finished, you are to make a Return thereof upon the back 
of this Warrant unto the Govr. and Council of Pensilvania ; For which 
this shall be unto you, the sd. Colo. John French, Francis Worley, 
every of you, a sufficient Warrant, Power and authority." 

The Return: 

" In obedience to the within Warrant to us directed, We did, upon the 
1 Votes. 2 Proud. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 101 

nineteenth and twentieth days of this instant, June, begin and compleat the 
survey of the Mannor of Springetsbury, upon the River Susquahannah, 
in manner following, viz : From a Red Oak upon the said River (by a 
Run's side called Peun's Run) marked S. P. ; W. S. W. Ten .Miles to a 
Chesnut (by a Run's side called French's Run) mark S. P. ; from thence 
N. W. and b. N. to a Black Oak mark'd S. P. twelve miles; from thence 
E. N. E. to Sir William Keith's western Corner Tree in the Woods, Eight 
miles ; from thence along the S. E, and N. E. lines of the said Sir William 
Keith Tract called Newberry unto the River Susquahannah again, and 
from thence along the River Side to the place of beginning, The wliole 
containing Seventy Five Thousand live Hundred and Twenty acres, 
according to the Plan thereof hereunto annexed, all Avhich is humbly 
submitted by 

Yr. Excellency's Most Humble & Obedient Servants, 

John French, 
Fran. Worley, 

Ja. Mitchell. 
At Newberry, June 21st, 1722. 

"The Governor of Maryland prepared at this time to make surveys on 
the Susquehannah, within the bounds claimed by Pennsylvania, and 
within the present county of York.^ Keith resolved to resist this attempt 
by force, and ordered out a militia company from Newcastle. His 
Council, however, discouraged every resort to violence, even should the 
Marylanders employ force to effect their object. The Indians became 
alarmed at the proposed encroachment from Maryland, and after much 
hesitation, consented to convey to Keith, that he might have a better 
title to resist the Marylanders, a large tract of land for the use of 
Springett Penn, the grandson of William Penn, afterwards known by the 
name of Springettbury manor. 

" The fears of the province were soon after again aAvakened by a 
quarrel between two brothers named Cartledge, and an Indian near Con- 
estogo, in which the latter Avas killed, with many circumstances of cru- 
elty. The known principles of revenge professed by the Indians, gave 
reason to apprehend severe retaliation. Policy and justice required a 
rigid inquiry, and the infliction of exemplary punishment on the mur- 
derers. The Assembly commanded a coroner's inquest to be holden on 
the body, though two months buried in the interior of the country, and 
the arrest of the accused. Messengers were despatched to the Five Na- 
tions to deprecate hostilities, and, to prevent further irregularities, the 
prohibition of the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians was re-enacted 
with additional penalties. The Indians invited Keith to meet them with 
the Governors of Virginia, New York, and the New England Colonies, 

1 Gordor. 

/ 



]^02 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY 

in Council, at Albany where, with great magnanimity, they pardoned the 
offence of the Cartledges, and requested they might be discharged without 
further punishment. The address of the King merits a place here : ' The 
great King of the Five Nations,' said the reporter, 'is sorry for the death 
of the Incfian that was killed, for he was of his own flesh and blood: he 
believes the Governor is also sorry; but, now that it is done, there is no 
help for it, and he desires that Cartledge may not be put to death, nor 
that he should be spared for a time and afterwards executed; one life is 
enough to be lost; there should not two die. The King's heart is good 
to the Governor, and all the English.' ^ The Governor was attended on 
his journey to Albany by Messrs. Hill, Norris and Ilamihon, of his 
Council. 

" A part of the emigration to the Colonies was composed of servants, 
who were of two classes. The first and larger, poor and oppressed in 
the land of their nativity, sometimes the victims of political changes, or 
religious intolerance, submitted to a temporary servitude, as the price of 
freedom, plenty, and peace. The second, vagrants and felons, the dregs 
of the British populace, were cast by the mother country upon her colo- 
nies, with the most selfish disregard of the feelings she outraged. From 
this moral pestilence the first settlers shrunk with horror. In 1682 the 
Pennsylvania Council proposed to prohibit the introduction of convicts, 
but the evil was then prospective to them only, and no law was enacted. 
But an act was now passed, which, though not prohibitory in terms, was 
such in effect. A duty of five pounds was imposed upon every convicted 
felon brought into the province, and the importer was required to give 
surety for the good behaviour of the convict for one year ; and to render 
these provisions effectual, the owner or master was bound under a pen- 
alty of twenty pounds, to render, on oath or affirmation, within twenty- 
four hours after the arrival of the vessel, an account to the collector of 
the names of the servants and passengers. But such account was not 
required when bond was given conditioned for the re-exportation of such 
servants Avithin six months," 

Commercial embarrassments now ensued, [1722] caused by various 
circumstances, but chiefly by a deficiency in the circulating medium,^ This 
difficulty Keith proposed to overcome by the introduction of paper-money. 
The Assembly proceeded with the utmost caution and circumspection in 
this important affair, for with full knowledge of the examples and mis- 
takes of the other Colonies, they felt it chiefly incumbent upon them to 
prevent the depreciation of their bills "which nothing could so much 
effect as an over-quantity, defect of solid security, and of proper provis- 
ion to recall and cancel them; so in this, their first experiment of the 
kind, they issued only £15,000, on such terms as appeared most likely 
1 Gordon. 2 Pioud. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 103 

to be eftectual to keep up their credit, and gradually to reduce and sink 
them. For which purpose the act, among several others, was passed by 
the Governor, on the second day of the first month [March] 1722-23. 
But from the advantage which was soon experienced by this emission, 
together with the insufficiency of the sum, the government was induced, 
in the latter end of the same year, to emit £30,000 more on the same 
terms." 

Keith, in espousing the popular cause, secured the approbation and 
confidence of the Assembly, but unfortunately incurred the displeasure 
of the proprietary party and its leader, Logan. Complications arose, 
which eventuated in the triumph of the latter and the deposition of the 
former, who was decidedly the best of the proprietary deputies. "Differ- 
ing from the great body of the people whom he governed, in religion and 
manners, he acquired their esteem and confidence. If he sought popu- 
larity, he promoted the public happiness; and his courage in resisting the 
demands of the family, may be ascribed to a higher motive than private 
interest. The conduct of the Assembly towards him was neither honor- 
able nor politic; for his sins against his principals were virtues to the 
people, with whom he was deservedly a favorite ; and the House should 
have given him such substantial marks of their gratitude as would have 
tempted his successors to walk in his steps. But fear of further offence 
to the proprietary family, the influence of Logan, and a quarrel between 
the Governor and Lloyd, turned their attention from him to his suc- 
cessor."^ 

After his removal, Keith resided some time in the province, returned 
to England and is said to have died poor, in London, about the year 171:9. 

Patrick Gordon was appointed successor of Keith by the family, and 
formally proposed to the crown, by Springett Penn, their heir-at-law. 
He seems to have first met the Assembly in the beginning of the 6th 
month, 172(), though he arrived in the province, with his family, some 
time before.^ 

"As the colonists extended themselves through the interior of the 
country, [1727,] they came more frequently and more closely in contact 
with the natives, and, in despite of the efforts of the government, oppo- 
sition of habits, interests, and dispositions, led to occasional violence, by 
either party, and sometimes to bloodshed. A person named Wright had 
been killed beyond Conestogo, at a place called Snaketown, by the Penn- 
sylvania Indians. The course directed by the Assembly, on this occa- 
sion, to obtain redress, was that established for the prosecution of Indian 
offenders generally. The criminal was demanded of the town or nation 
to which he belonged, with a threat that, unless he were surrendered 
within a specified time, the proper officer would be empowered to appre- 
1 Gordon. Franklin. Mod. Hist. 2 Proud. 



104 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

hend him ; and, when surrendered, he was tried by an English jury. The 
colonists Avere much annoyed by non-resident Indians, who frequently, in 
small and armed parties, roved on the borders of the settlements, and, 
stimulated by drink and cupidity, committed outrages upon the persons 
and property of the inhabitants. A case of this kind had called forth 
the inhabitants on the Mahanatany, [1728,] a creek emptying into the 
Schuylkill thirty miles from Philadelphia, and, in the affray, several of 
the whites, as well as Indians, were wounded. During the alarm and 
irritation occasioned by this affair, three unoffending Indians, of a friendly 
provincial tribe, were inhumanly killed in the woods by four whites. 
The Governor, who had, on the first disturbance by the strange Indians 
proceeded to Mahanatany, ordered three of the murderers to be arrested ; 
the fourth escaped. The vengeance of the Indian chiefs, to whom the 
deceased were related, was much dreaded; but it was averted by the 
interposition of the Five Nations, and a new treaty."^ 

A few days before the last-mentioned incident, the Governor received 
intelligence in a letter from Mr. Wright, at Conestogo that in conse- 
quence of an impending quarrel between the Conestogo and Shawanese 
Indians, occasioned by the latter having killed two of the former, the 
white settlers were filled with consternation and were leaving their houses, 
and that his presence Avas required for the composition of the differences 
and the preservation of peace. The necessary arrangements being com- 
pleted, the Governor, accompanied by some members of the Council and 
other gentlemen, to the number of about thirty, left Philadelphia on the 
22d of May, and the following night came to the house of Andrew Cor- 
nish, about a mile distant from the Indian town. The 2-ith and 25th 
days were spent in waiting for some other persons expected at the 
Treaty and in mutual civilities, and on the 26th the Treaty began as fol- 
lows : ^ 

At a Council held at the Indian Town of Conestogoe, May 26th, 1728. 

PRESENT : 

The Hon'ble Patrick Cordon, Esq., Lieut. Gov., some Members of 
Council and divers other Gentlemen. 

PRESENT ALSO: 

Ganyataronga, 1 

Tawenna, ! Chiefs of the Conestogoe 

Tanniatchiaro, \ Indians. 

Taquatarensaly, alias Capt. Civility, j 

Oholykon, -^ 

Peyeashickon, \- Chiefs of some of the Delaware Indians on 

Wikimikyona, J Brandy wine. 

1 Gordon. 2 Col. Rec. Ill, 310-314. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 105 

Howickyoma, 

Skayanannego, 

Onneygheat, |- Chiefs of the Ganawese Indians. 

Nanamakamen, | 

Peyhiohin.ic;, J 

Weysow-walow, "^ 

Keyscykakalow, )- Chiefs of the Shawanese. 

Nichtamskakow, J 

Shakawtawlin, or Sam, Interpreter from the English into the Dela- 
ware. 

Captain Civility, Interpreter from the Delaware into the Shawanese 
and Mingoe (alias Conestogoe.) 

Pomapechtoa, Interpreter from the Delaware into the Ganawese Lan- 
guage. 

Mr. Nicholas Scull, -i 

Mr. John Scull, |- Assistant Interpreters. 

Mr. Peter Bizallion, J 

The Governor spoke as follows : 

"My Friends and Brethren: You are sensible that the Great Wil- 
liam Penn, the Father of this Country, when he first brought his people 
with him over the broad sea, took all the Indians and the old inhabitants 
by the hand, and because he found them to be a sincere, honest people, 
he took them to his heart and loved them as his own. He then made a 
strong league and chain of Friendship with them, by which it was agreed 
that the Indians and the English, with all the Christians, should be as 
one people. 

"Your Friend and Father, Wm. Penn, still retained a warm affection 
for all the Indians, and strictly commanded those whom he sent to govern 
this people to treat the Indians as his children, and continued in this kind 
love for them until his death. 

"His sons have now sent me over in their stead, and they gave me 
strict charge to love all the Indians as their brethren, and as their Father 
William Penn loved 3^ou. I would have seen you before this time, but 
I fell sick soon after I came over, and continued so till the next Spring. I 
then waited to receive some of the Five Nations who came to see me at 
Philadelphia, and last Fall I heard you were all gone out a hunting. 

"I am now come to see you, and to renew the ancient Friendship 
which has been between William Penn's people and you. I was in 
hopes that Sassoonan and Opekasset, with their people, would have been 
likewise here; they have sent me kind messages and have a warm love 
for the Christians. I believe they will come to me at Philadelphia, for 
since they could not get hither I have desired them to meet me there. 
" I am now to discourse with my brethren, the Conestogoes, Delawares, 



106 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Ganawese and Shawanese Indians upon Susquehanna, and to speak in 
love to tliem. 

"My Brethren: You have been faithful to your Leagues with us, your 
hearts have been clean, and you have preserved the chain from spots 
or rust, or if there were any you have been careful to wipe them away ; 
your leagues with your Father William Penn and with his Governors, 
are in writing on record, that our children and our children's children 
may have them in everlasting remembrance. And we know that you 
preserve tlie memory of those things amongst you by telling them to 
3^our children, and they again to the next generation, so that they re- 
main stamped on your minds never to be forgot. 

"The chief heads or strongest links of this chain I find are these nine, 
viz : 

1st. "That all William Penn's people or Christians, and all the Indians 
should be brethren, as the children of one father, joined together as with 
one heart, one head and one bodv. 

2d. " That all paths should be open and free to both Christians and 
Indians. 

3d. " That the doors of the Christians' houses should be open to the 
Indians, and the houses of the Indians open to the Christians, and they 
should make each other welcome as their friends. 

4:th. " That the Christians should not believe any false rumors or re- 
ports of the Indians, nor the Indians believe any such rumors or reports 
of the Christians, but should first come as brethren to enquire of each 
other ; and that both Christians and Indians, when they hear any such 
false reports of their brethren, they should bury them in a bottom- 
less pit. 

5th. "That if the Christians hear any ill news that may be to the hurt 
of the Indians, or if the Indians hear any such ill news that may be to 
the injury of the Christians, they should acquaint each other with it 
speedily as true friends and brethren. 

6th. " That the Indians should do no manner of harm to the Christians 
nor their creatures, nor the Christians do any hurt to any Indians, but 
each treat the other as their brethren. 

7th. "But as there are wicked people in all nations, if either Indians or 
Christians should do any harm to each other, complaint should be made 
of it by the persons suffering, that right may be done, and when satisfac- 
tion IS made, the injury or wrong should be forgot, and be buried as in 
a bottomless pit. 

8th. "That the Indians should in all things assist the Christians, and 
the Christians assist the Indians against all wicked people that would 
disturb them. 

9th. "And lastly, that both Christians and Indians should acquaint 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 107 

their children with this league and firm chain of friendship made between 
them, and that it should always be made stronger and stronger and be 
kept bright and clean, without rust or spot between our children and 
children's children, while the creeks and rivers run, and while the sun, 
moon and stars endure. 

"And for a confirmation on our parts of all these several articles, we 
bind them with these several parcels of goods, viz : 

"20 Strowd Matchcoats, 20 Dufl:ells, 20 Blankets, 20 Shirts, 1 cwt. of 
Gunpowder, 2 cwt. of Lead, 500 Flints, 50 Knives." 

After Avhich the Governor proceeded and said : 

"My Brethrex: I have now spoke to the league and chain of friend- 
ship, first made by your father, AVilliam Penn, with your fathers, which 
is confirmed. I am now to acquaint you with an unhappy accident that 
has afflicted me and all good people amongst us, and we lament and mourn 
with you on the heavy misfortune. 

"About forty days ago we heard that the Twechtweys were coming as 
enemies against this country. I believe it is false, for we never hurt the 
Twechtweys ; and about eighteen days since I received an express from 
the Iron works at Mahanatawny, acquainting me that eleven foreign In- 
dians, painted for war, and armed with guns, pistols and swords, were 
come amongst our inhabitants, plundering them and taking away their 
provisions by force, whereupon some of our people, to the number of 
twenty men, with arms, went to speak to them civilly, but the Indians 
fired upon them and wounded some of them ; our men likewise fired on 
the Indians and wounded some of them also; but the Indians fired first. 
It was very ill done to fire. 

"As soon as I had this account I took horse and went to Mahanatawny, 
with several gentlemen of Philadelphia, but the Indians were gone off". 
I found our people believed there were more coming, and therefore some 
hundreds met together with their arms to defend themselves in case the 
Indians should attack them. 

"As I was returning home I heard news that grieved me exceedingly. 
I was told that two or three furious men amongst us had killed three or 
four Indian friends and hurt two girls. I went back mourning, and sent out 
men to take the murderers, who were accordingly taken, and "^re now in 
irons in a dungeon to be tried by the laws of the great King of all the 
English, as if they had killed so many of his own subjects. I have like- 
wise caused search to be made for the dead bodies, and two women were 
found murdered, who b}'^ my order were laid in a grave and covered with 
shirts and strowds. I hear likewise that the dead body of an Indian man 
has been found and is buried. 

"You know there are wicked people among all nations; there are ill 
people amongst you, and you are sometimes forced to put them to death. 



108 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The English are a great people, and there are likewise wicked men 
amongst them. I mourn for this misfortune, and will do all I can to 
comfort the relations of the dead when I see them, which I hope will be 
at Philadelphia with Sassoonan and Opekasset. 

"About eight months ago I received an account that an English man 
was killed by some Indians, at the House of John Burt, in Snake town. 
I heard John Burt was very abusive to the Indians, and I sent to appre- 
hend him, but he fled; if he can be taken he will be punished. But 
since there was a man killed, we expect the Indians will do us justice 
by apprehending the murderers that they may be punished, for we must 
be just and faithful to each other, that this spot may be wiped away and 
the chain be kept bright and clean. 

"Yoii know, my brethren, that one link of the chain is, that when the 
Indians are uneasy they should tell it to us, and when we are uneasy we 
will tell it to them. I therefore desire your hearts may be open, that I 
may know if you have any cause of grief which I will endeavor to 
remove, for I am your brother. 

" I have issued a Proclamation requiring all our people to use you well, 
which shall be read unto you before I go away. I will prevent any 
hurt being done to our friends the Indians, because those who do not 
behave themselves agreeable to what is therein commanded, will be 
severely punished. 

At a Council held at the Indian Town of Conestogoe, May 27th, 1728. 

PRESENT : 

The Ilouble Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut Governr. 

And the same as before. 

Tawenna, in the name and on the behalf of all the Indians present, 
spoke to the Governor, which was rendered into English by John Scull, 
interpreter, and is as follows : 

" Give ear my brethren of Philadelphia— the Conestogoe Indians, the 
Shawanese, the Ganawese and DelaAvares have somewhat to say, which 
they will speak presently. 

" They say they look upon the Governor as if William Peim himself 
were present. They are four Nations and among them there are several 
loohsh people, as if they were just sprung from the earth; but that since 
their first friendship with William Penn, they never have received any 
wrong or injury from him or any of his people. 

"That several foolish people among them committed follies and indis- 
cretions, but they hope these will never interrupt the friendship which is 
between their people and us, for that they and all William Penn's people 
are as one people, that eat, as it were, with one mouth, and are one body 
and one heart. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 109 

" Then, presenting a belt of wampum of eight rows, they say : They 
would not have the Governor grieve too much for the rash inconsiderate 
actions that of late have been committed ; they must be buried and forgot, 
for that what has happened was done by their friends; if it had been done 
by their enemies the}^ would have resented it, but that we and they are 
one; that they have always met with justice and kindness from William 
Penn, and from all the Governors whom he has sent here, and thus do all 
the Indians of Conestogoe, Delaware, the Shawanese and Ganawese say. 

"That they are extremely glad and satisfied with what the Governor 
said to them yesterday ; it greatly rejoiced their hearts ; that they have had 
no such speech made to them since the time that the great William Penn 
was amongst them ; all was "good and nothing was amiss. 

"Then, presenting four strings of wampum, they say: They will visit 
the Governor at Philadelphia after the harvest is over, and then they will 
speak fully to him as their brother and friend, for the Conestogoes, Dela- 
wares, Shawanese and Ganawese will then come to him, and he may look 
up the Conestogoe road and expect them ; that what happened at John 
Burt's house was not done by them; it was done by one of the Meny- 
sincks, who are of another Nation, and therefore they can say nothing 
to it." 

After this Answer of the Indians some of the gentlemen present moved 
the Governor, that seeing there was now a numerous company of our 
inhabitants met together, he would be pleased to })ress the Indians to 
declare to him if they suffered any grievance or hardship from this Gov- 
ernment, because several reports had been industriously spread abroad 
as if they had some just cause of complaint. And the Governor having 
ordered the interpreters to acquaint them herewith ; they all answered 
that they had no cause of complaint, that William Penn and his people 
had still treated them well, and they had no uneasiness. 

The Governor then told them that he was well pleased with what they 
had said unto him, and that since the Indian, who killed the Englishman 
at Burt's house is not of their Nation, he would demand justice from that 
Nation to which he belonged. 

The Proclamation w^as then interpreted unto them, which seemed to. 
please them very much. 

Then the Governor having ordered some rum, bread, tobacco and 
pipes to be delivered to them, and likewise one strowd matchcoat and one 
shirt to Civility, one strowd matchcoat and shirt to Shakatawlin or Sam, 
and one shirt to Pomapechtya, the three Indian interpreters; he took all 
the Indian chiefs by the hand, and desired them that when they returned 
home they should acquaint all their people with what had now passed 
between them and us, that the remembrance thereof might endure for- 
ever. 



110 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The proclamation referred to was as follows : 

"By THE IIoxouRABLE PATRICK GoRDON, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor 
of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties of Newcastle, Kent and 

Sussex, upon Delaware. 

"A PROCLAMATION. 

"Whereas, by the especial favour of Divine Providence and its bless- 
ings on the endeavors of our late honorable Proprietor, and the first 
adventurers with him in the settlement of this colony, the inhabitants 
thereof have hitherto enjoyed a continued course of peace and tran- 
quility, secured from all hostilities, either by invasion or insurrection : 
to which nothing under the Divine hand has more effectually contributed 
than the prudent care that was then taken by the Proprietor, to enter 
into a firm alliance and sincere friendship with all the Indian natives, at 
that time a numerous people. And Whereas, by the several treaties 
then made, it was specially provided and agreed, that the said natives 
should be considered in all dealings, and converse with them as our 
friends and brethren without distinction; and by the like care in the 
government, the same treaties have from time to time been continued 
and confirmed, and by the sober and prudent conduct of the ancient 
settlers and their successors, the first established friendship has been 
hitherto without any interruption supported and maintained, to the great 
benefit, as well as honor and reputation of this Government and its Euro- 
pean inhabitants, as also of the said natives, who have not to this time 
been guilty of any failure or breach on their parts of the said treaties. 
But Whereas, by reason of some rude insults from a few strange In- 
dians, who had ranged amongst our inhabitants, some actions tending to 
hostilities ensued; whereupon the people assembled themselves in com- 
panies, under an apprehension that those robbers might be followed by 
much greater numbers. And since these motions, a most barbarous 
murder has been committed by some furious men on the bodies of three 
harmless and quiet natives, our friends ; for which the malefactors have 
been happily seized and are in safe custody, in order to be tried and 
suffer condign punishment. Now, for prevention of all further other 
breaches of the established friendship between us and the said natives, I 
do, by virtue of the powers and authorities to me derived from the 
King's sacred Majesty, and the Honble the Proprietors and Governors in 
chief of this province and adjacent counties, hereby strictly charge and 
command all and singular his Majesty's subjects, the Europeans of what- 
soever nation they be, who reside in the said province or counties, that 
on no pretence they abuse any Indian native of the Nations around 
us, viz: the Dela wares, Conestogoes, Ganawese, Sh wamese, Mingoes 
or those of the Five Nations, or any other con g and demean- 
ing themselves peaceably amongst us, but that on all jccasions thev 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. Ill 

treat all the said Indians with the same civil regard that they would 
an English subject; and that by all means they avoid that unbe- 
coming practice of expressing or shewing their weak unhandsome fears, 
by which they greatly expose themselves to remarks that are dishonor- 
able. But because, on the late alarms, apprehensions have been raised 
of insults from foreign Indians: To the end, that the inhabitants may 
not in any case (should it unfortunately happen) be unprovided, I do 
hereby direct and require all llis Majesty's liege subjects within the said 
province and counties, that they be at all times duly furnished with 
suitable arms and ammunition for their defence, to be used in case of 
real necessity by the order and direction of proper officers, who shall be 
duly appointed for that purpose. And that they fail not to appear with 
them in proper time and place, if there should be occasion to use them, 
in defence of themselves, their families and country. 

"Given in Council at Philadelphia, under my hand and the Great Seal 
of the said Province, the sixteenth da}^ of May, in the first year of the 
reign of our sovereign Lord George, the Second by the grace of God, 
over Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the faith, &c., 
Annoq Dom., 1728. 

" God save the King." 

Up to this period the present limits of Lancaster county, and indeed a 
large section of Pennsylvania, formed part of Chester county. The 
county seat was Upland or Chester on the Delaware, 15 miles S. W. from 
Philadelphia. The inconveniences arising from this circumstance are 
stated in the subjoined minutes relating to the erection of Lancaster 
county. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, Feb. 6th, 1728-9. 

PRESENT : 

The Honorable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor, 
James Logan, William Fishbourn, ^ 

Eichard Hill, Clement Plumsted, 1 -r^^",. 

Isaac Norris, Samuel Hazle, i 

Samuel Preston, J 

A petition of the inhabitants of the upper parts of Chester county was 
laid before the Board and read, setting forth, that by reason of their great 
distance from the county town, where Courts are held, offices are kept, 
and annual elections made, they lie under very great inconveniences, 
being obliged in the recovery of their just debts, to travel near one hun- 
dred miles to obtain a writ; that for want of a sufficient number of Jus- 
tices, Constab'efv "ud other officers, in those parts, no care is taken of the 
high-ways; To3?f^^yhips are not laid out, nor bridges built, when there is 
an apparent iie^'^essity for them ; and further that for want of a Goal 



■^12 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

there, several vagabonds and other dissolute people harbour among them, 
thinking themsefves safe from justice in so remote a place ; and therefore 
praying°that a Division Line be made between the upper and lower part 
of the said county, and the upper part thereof erected into a county, with 
all the immunities, rights and privileges which any other county of this 
Province does now enjoy. 

The Board taking the same into consideration, are of opinion that the 
Governor is fully empowered by virtue of his commission, to grant the 
prayer of the petition, if the same shall appear necessary ; but as it is a 
matter of some moment and will require a mature deliberation, it was 
moved and agreed that the further consideration thereof should be de- 
ferred till to-morrow at nine o'clock, beforenoon, to which time the 
Council is adjourned. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, February 7th, 1728-9. 

PRESENT: 

The honorable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor. 
James Logan, Clement Plumsted, ^ 



Kichard Hill, Ealph Asheton, 



\- Bsq'rs. 



Isaac Norris, Samuel llazle, j 

Wm. Fishbourn, J 

The Minutes of the three preceding Councils being read and approved, 
the Board, according to order, entered into the consideration of the peti- 
tion in the Minute of yesterday, touching the Division of Chester county, 
and after the same had been fully considered and debated, the Board 
came to the following Resolution : That, as well for the reasons set forth 
in said petition, as the security, peace and good order of the whole Gov- 
ernment, there doth appear a real neccessity that a new county should be 
erected, according to the prayer of said petition ; and although the power 
of erecting counties is wholly vested in the Proprietory, and therefore in 
the Governor, as his Lieutenant, yet, inasmuch as this will require the 
establishment of Courts of Judicature, with other alterations, for which 
a due provision will best be made by a Law, it may be convenient that 
the Governor should acquaint the House of Representatives now sitting, 
with the application made to him, that the same may be carried on with, 
and strengthened by the joint and unanimous concurrence of the whole 
Legislature. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, February 20th, 1728-9. 

PRESENT: 

The Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esq. Lieut. Governor. 
Richard Hill, Clement Plumsted, ^ 

Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, [ Esq'rs. 

Samuel Preston, Samuel Hazle. J 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 113 

The minutes of the preceding Council being read and approved, the 
Governor informed the Board that pursuant to the resolve of last Coun- 
cil, he had acquainted the House of Representatives with his intention to 
erect the upper part of the County of Chester into a separate county, in 
which they had concurred, and desired that an equal number of the in- 
habitants of the lower and upper part might run the division line ; and, 
therefore, he was now to recommend to the Board to choose fit and well 
qualified persons for that service, and to consider of proper directions 
for their guidance therein. And after due consideration thereof — 

It is ordered that Henry Hayes, Samuel Nutt, Samuel Hollingsworth, 
Philip Taylor, Elisha Gatchel, James James, John Wright, Tobias Hen- 
dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards and John 
Musgrave, or the major part of them, calling to their assistance John 
Taylor, the Surveyor of Chester County, meet at some convenient place 
near Octeraroe Creek or River, and cause a marked line to be run from 
the most northerly or main branch of the said Creek northward, or to the 
east or west thereof, as it shall be found most convenient, to the next 
high ridge of barren or uninhabited hills that trend from thence to 
Schuylkill River, keeping as near as may be to the ridge of the said hills, 
and to proceed along the ridge thereof, yet with as few changes in the 
course as their situation will admit, and fixing the same to the most con- 
spicuous, natural and durable marks that may be the least subject to 
uncertainty or variation : to be bounded southward by the southern 
bounds of the province, and eastwardly the said Octeraroe creek; and 
from thence the northern line to be by them run as aforesaid, to the said 
hills, from thence the main northern or easterly branch thereof, above the 
forks of the said river, to lie open to the westward and northward till 
further order shall be given therein ; and to make Report of their pro- 
ceedings to this Board. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, May 2d, 1729. 

PRESENT: 

The Hon'ble Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut. Governor. 
Richard Hill, Thomas Laurence, ^ 

William Fishbourne, Samuel Hazle, [-Esq'rs. 

Clement Plumsted, ~ J 

A Return being made oy^he Order dated the 20th day of February 
last, for running a Division Li!re in the County of Chester, and settling 
the boundaries of the county to be erected in the back parts of this 
Province towards Sasquehannah, pursuant to the minute of Council of the 
20th of said February, the same was read, approved and confirmed, and 
is in these words: 

" Pursuant to a Warrant from the Honorable Patrick Gordon, Esquire, 
9 



114 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Pensilvania and counties of New- 
castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware, bearing date the 22d day of Feb- 
ruary last past, We whose names are hereunto subscribed, met together 
on the 17th day of March, 1728-9, near the head of the Northern Branch 
of Octeraroe Creek, and with the assistance of John Taylor, Surveyor of 
the County of Chester, run a Line from the said Branch to the Eivcr 
Schuylkill, according to the courses following, viz : Beginning on a 
corner marked White Oak standing on the Eastern side of the said 
Branch on the land of John Minshall, thence north-east by north live 
hundred and eighty perches to a Chestnut Oak standing on the top of a 
barren mountain at the head of the branches of the said Octeraroe creek 
thence along the said mountain north-east by east three hundred and forty 
perches to a Chestnut tree, thence north north-east four hundred and forty 
perches to a White Oak, by a branch of Pequea creek, thence continuing 
the sa,me course along the said mountain four hundred and eighty perches 
to a Chestnut Oak, thence north by east seven hundred perches to a white 
oak near a small branch of Brandywine creek, thence north by west six 
hundred and sixteen perches to a Chestnut tree standing on the top of a 
mountain at the head of the Western Branch of the said Brandywine 
Creek, thence east north-east along the said mountain two thousand two 
hundred and twenty perches to a Chestnut tree near the Western Branch 
of the French Creek, thence north-east by east three hundred and fifty 
perches to a red Oak, thence north-east one hundred and ninety perches 
to a Chestnut Oak near another Branch of the said French Creek, thence 
north-east by north two thousand one hundred perches to a corner 
marked White Oak, standing by the said Eiver Schuylkill, about three 
quarters of a mile below the house of John Burroughs." 

Henry Hays, Tobias^Hendricks, 

Samuel Hollingsworth, Samuel Blunston, 

Philip Taylor, Andrew Cornish, 

Elisha Gatchel, Thomas Edwards, 

James James, John Musgrave. 

John Wright. 
"And the upper parts of this Province described as aforesaid, are hereby 
declared to be erected, and are accordingly erected into a County by the 
name of LANCASTER COUNTY. And 'Tis Obdered that the sarne be 
signified to thellouse of Representatives, and the Return laid before them 
for their direction in describing the boundaries thereof in the Bill now 
before them for establishing Courts of Judicature, &c., within the them." 
Ihe County owes its name, according to tradition, to John Wright a 
native of Lancashire in England, who arrived in the province in 17M, 
settled a Chester and removed to Columbia in 1726. A sketch of his 
life will be found m the Biographical Division of this work 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 115 

At a Council lield at Philadelphia, May 8th, 1729. 

PRESENT : 

The Hoii^le PATRICK GORDON, Esq., Lieut. Governor. 

William Fishbourne, Ralph Asheton, ') 

Clement Plumsted, Samuel Hazle. |- Esq'rs. 

Thomas Laurence, j 

A Bill sent up from the House entitled an act for erecting the upper 
parts of the Province of Pennsylvania, lying towards Sasquehannah, Con- 
estogoe, Dunnegal, &c., into a county was read, to which it was proposed 
and agreed that a clause should be drawn up and sent to the House to 
be inserted therein, for continuing all such suits and actions as are now 
depending in the county of Chester, against any inhabitant of the county 
of Lancaster, and that the same may be brought to issue in the said 
county of Chester; which, with some other small amendments, were or- 
dered to be carried down with the Bill. 

Then the Governor recommended to the Board to consider of proper 
persons to be appointed Justices of Peace of the said county of Lancaster, 
and be commissionated for the office ©f Sheriff' and Coroner, and the fol- 
lowing persons were named for Justices, viz : John Wright, Tobias Hen- 
dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, Caleb 
Peirce, Thomas Reid and Samuel Jones, Esquires. 

Robert Barber was likewise appointed Sheriff, and Andrew Galbraith 
Coroner, and Commissions were ordered to be prepared accordingly. 

May 10th, 1729, the House of Representatives waited on the Governor, 
and the Speaker presented among others the following Bill to be passed 
into law, which was accordingly by the Governor passed into a Law of 
this Province, and warrant was issued for affixing the great seal thereto. 

"An Act for erecting the ITpper Parts of the Province of Pennsyl- 
vania, lying towards Sasquehanna, Conestogoe, Dunnegal, etc. into a 
county. 

"Whereas, A great number of the inhabitants of the Upper Part of 
Chester county have by their Petition humbly represented to the Gov- 
ernor and Assembly of this Province, the great hardships they lie under 
by being at so great a distance from the town of Chester, Avhere the 
Courts of Justice are held, and the Public offices kept ; and how hard and 
difficult it is for the sober and quiet inhabitants of that part of the county 
to secure themselves against the thefts and abuses almost daily committed 
upon them by idle and dissolute persons, who resort to the remote parts 
of the Province, and by reason of the great distance from a Court or 
Prison, do irequently find means of making their escape; for the re- 
moving which inconveniency, and relief of the said inhabitants, Be it en- 
acted by the Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of the Prov- 
ince of Pennsylvania, etc., by and with the advice and consent of the 



116 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Freemen of the said Province, in General Assembly met, and by the Au- 
thority of the same, That all and singular the lands within the Province 
of Pennsylvania, lying to the Northward of Octoraro creek, and to the 
Westward of a line of marked trees, running from the North Branch of 
the said Octoraro creek, north-easterly to the river Schuylkill, be erected 
into a county, and the same is hereby erected into a county named, and 
from henceforth to be called Lancaster county; and the said Octoraro 
creek, the line of marked trees, and the river Schuylkill, aforesaid, shall 
be the Boundary Line or Division between the said county and the 
counties of Chester and Philadelphia. 

"II. And he it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the said 
County of Lancaster, shall have and enjoy all and singular the Jurisdic- 
tions, Powers, Eights, Liberties, Privileges and Immunities whatsoever, 
which any other County within the Province of Pennsylvania doth, may 
or ought to enjoy, by any Charter of Privileges, or the laws of this 
Province, or by any other ways or means whatsoever, excepting only in 
the number of Kepresentatives to serve in the General Assembly of this 
Province, in which case, it is hereby provided and enacted by the authority 
aforesaid, that, until it shall be otherwise ordered by the Governor and 
Assembly of this Province, the Freemen and Inhabitants of the said 
county, qualified by the Laws of this Province to elect, shall annually 
meet at or near the Court House of the said county, at the same time the 
other counties of this Province shall meet for such like purpose, or at 
such place where the Courts shall be held, until such Court House shall 
be erected, and there proceed to choose Inspectors, and to elect four 
Eepresentatives or Delegates to serve them in Assembly, in the same 
manner, as by the said Charter and Laws of this Province is directed : 
which said four Eepresentatives, when so chosen, shall be Members of 
the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, and sit and act as such, as fully 
and freely, as any of the Eepresentatives for the other counties within 
this Province do, may, can or ought to do. 

"III. And be it furthar enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all taxes 
already laid within the bounds of the said County of Lancaster, by an 
Act of General Assembly of this Province, which are not already paid, 
shall be collected by the respective collectors within the bounds afore- 
said, and paid into the hands of the Treasurer of Cliester County ; and that 
all persons concerned in the levying, receiving and paying of the said taxes, 
shall have the same power and authority, and be under the same penal- 
ties and restrictions, for the collecting and paying the same, as by the 
said acts, by which the said Taxes were assessed, are expressed and 
directed, until the whole be collected and paid as aforesaid. 

" IV. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the several 
Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Goal Deliverv, and 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 117 

the Courts of Common Pleas for tlie said County of Lancaster, shall be 
holden and kept on the first Tuesday in the months of Februari/, Mai/^ 
August and November^ in every year, at some proper place within the said 
County, until a convenient Court House shall be built ; and when the 
same is built and erected in the county aforesaid, the said several Courts 
shall then be holden and kept at the said Court Ilouse on the days be- 
forementioned : And the Election of Eeprcsentatives to serve in General 
Assembly, Assessors and all other officers of the said County, who are 
or shall be appointed to be annually elected, shall be made and elected 
at or near the said Court Ilouse, at the same time and in the same man- 
ner, as by the Charter of Privileges and Laws of the Province of Penn- 
sylvania, is directed to be done in the other Counties of this Province. 
And it shall be lawful for the Freemen of the said County for the first 
year, to choose three persons for Commissioners, for raising County Kates 
and Levies for the said County. 

"V. And he it further enacted hy the authority aforesaid^ That it shall 
and may be lawful to and for Galeh Pierce, John Wright, Thomas Ed- 
wards and James Mitchell, or any three of them, to purchase aud take 
assurance to them and their Heirs, of a Piece of land, situate in some 
convenient place in the said County, to be approved of by the Governor 
in Trust and for the use of the said County, and thereon to erect and 
build, or cause to be erected and built, a Court House and Prison, suffi- 
cient to accommodate the public service of the said County, for the ease 
and conveniency of the Inhabitants. 

"VI. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That for the 
defraying the charges of purchasing the Land, building and erecting the 
Court House and Prison aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for 
the Commissioners and Assessors of the said County, or a majority of 
them, who are hereby required to assess and levy so much money as the 
Trustees, or any three of them, shall judge necessary for purchasing the 
Land and finishing the said Court House and Prison. Provided ahcays, 
The sum of money so raised do not exceed Three Hundred Pounds, cur- 
rent money of the Province. 

"VII. Provided always, and be it further enacted by the authority cf ore- 
said. That no action or suit now commenced and depending in the county 
of Chester, against any Person living within the bounds of the said 
county of Lancaster, shall be stayed or discontinued by this Act, or by 
anything herein contained, but the same actions alread}^ commenced or 
depending, may be prosecuted, and judgment thereupon rendered, as if 
this Act had not been made, and that it shall and may be lawful for the 
Justices of Chester county to issue any judicial process, to be directed to 
the Sheriff' of Lancaster county, for carrying on and obtaining the efl;ect 
of their suits; which Sheriff' shall be obliged to yield obedience in exe- 



118 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

cuting of the said writs, and make due return before tlie Justices of tlie 
Court of the said county of Chester, as if the Parties had been living and 
residing within the same." 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, March 20th, 1728-29. 

PRESENT: 

The Hon'ble. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor. 

Eichard Hill, AYilliam Fishbourn, ^ 

Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, f Esq'rs. 

Samuel Preston, Samuel Hazle, J 

The Governor laid before the Board a letter he had yesterday received 
from the Governor of Maryland, touching the new County to be erected 
in this Province, which being read, and it appearing that the same pro- 
ceeds upon a misinformation, as if the persons who were to run the 
Division Line were to begin at the mouth of Octoraroe Creek, which is 
claimed as within the limits of Maryland, instead of the head of the said 
Creek, as mentioned in the order for laying out the same, the Board are 
of opinion that a copy of said order be sent to the Governor of Maryland, 
accompanied with a letter from the Governor to show him what caution 
has been used in directing the boundaries of the said County, so that no 
umbrage might thereby be given to the Government of Maryland. 

January 16th, 1729-30. — A Petition of several Germans praying to 
be naturalized, having been presented to the Governor, His Honour after 
a strict inquiry into their characters and advising thereon, thought fit to 
send the following Message to the House : 

"Gentlemen: Upon application made to me in behalf ®f several Ger- 
mans, now inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, that they may enjoy 
the rights and privileges of English subjects, and for that end praying to 
be naturalized; I have made enquiry and find that those whose names 
are subjoined to a Petition that will be laid before your House are princi- 
pally such who many years since came into this Province under a parti- 
cular agreement with our late Honourable Proprietor at London and have 
regularly taken up lands under him. It likewise appears to me by good 
information, that they have hitherto behaved themselves well, and have 
generally so good a character for honesty and industry as deserves the 
esteem of this Government, and a mark of its regard for them. I am 
therefore inclined from these considerations to ftivor their request, and 
hope you will join with me in passing a Bill for their Naturalization. 

"I have likewise received a favorable character of John Neagley, Ber- 
nard Reser and John Wistre, of Philadelphia county, whose munes may 
be inserted in the said Bill with those now recommended. 

"P. Gordon." 



VIEW OF THE COUNTRY 
round LANCASTER in 1730. 

Frovi a Sketch mike Office of the Secretarf 
of til e CoTnmonweaZth. 




OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 



119 



CHAPTER IV. 

FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF LANCASTER COUNTY TO THE TER- 
MINATION OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. 

Opinion was divided respecting the most suitable place for a Court 
House. Wright's Ferry, the residence of the first Sheriff of the county, 
was strongly recommended, and the Sheriff felt so confident that the 
Ferrj would be selected as the site "that he had a strong wooden build- 
ing put up near his residence, which was intended for the county Goal. 
It is only a few years since this building was pulled down."^ [1729,] 

The house of John Postlewhait, in the townshp of Conestogoe, now the 
residence of Jacob Fehl, Esq., being an old settlement, the original site 
of an Indian wigwam and close to the Indian town of Conestogoe, was 
selected for the purpose, and a temporary Court House and Goal, built 
of logs, were erected there. 

The following extracts from the Sessions and Road Docket of the Court 
of Quarter Sessions exhibit the state of things at that period. 

At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, held at the 
house of John Postlewhait, in the township of Conestogoe, for the county 
of Lancaster, the fifth day of August in the third year of the reign of our 
Sovereign Lord George the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain, 
France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Before John 
Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Read and Samuel 
Jones, Esquires, Justices of our said Lord the King, the Peace of our 
same Lord the King in the county aforesaid to keep, as also divers felo- 
nies, trespasses and other misdemeanors, in the said county committed 
to hear and determine assigned, etc. 

The Court being opened, the Sheriff, to wit, Robert Barber, Esq. returns 
the Writ of Venire Facias to him directed, with the panel thereunto 
annexed, and the following persons were sworn and afiirmed on the 
Grand Inquest, viz: 



James Mitchell, 
George Stewart, 
Edward Smout, 
Edmond Cartlidge, 
James Pattison, 
Andrew Gailbraith, 
Thomas Baldwyn, 



t Sworn. 



John Hendricks, 
James Hendricks, 
Francis Jones, 

Samuel Tavlor, 



1 

}- Affirmed. 

I 
J 



1 Rev. D. Goheen. 



120 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



James Roddy, 

Patrick Campbell, 

William Hey ^g^^^^_ 

John Gailbraith, 

Matthew Attinson, 

Ephraim Moor, 

The following persons were by the Court appointed Consta^bles, Over- 
seers of the Poor, and Supervisors of the High Ways for the respective 
Townships, viz.: 







OVKRSEEKS OF THE 


SUPERVISORS OP THE 


TOWNSHIPS. 


CONSTABLES. 


POOR. 


HIGHWAYS. 


Hempfield 


Joshua Low, for 


Edward Smout 


Joshua Lowe 




.John Brubaker 




Henry Nieff 


Conestogoe 


Alb't Hendricks 


David Jones 


John Linville 


Martock 


George Middletou 






Drumore 


Patrick Ewings 






Sadsbury 


Robert Young 






Laycock 


Henry Jones, for 




Israel Robinson 




Hans Good 




Daniel Feiry 


Lampeter 


John Wall, for 


Steijhen Atkinson 


Edmond Cartlidge 




Wendell Bowman 




Adam Brand 


Manheim 


Thomas Gale 






Salisbury 


James Gant 






Warwick 


Richard Carter 






Cocalico 


Eman'l Carpenter 






Earl 


Martin Grove 






Lebanon 


John McCurry 






Robinson 


Francis Hughs 






Tulpehocken 


Michael Shaver 






Carnarvon 


George Hudson 






Peslitanck 


1 Thomas Garner 


Peter Allen 




Donegall 


j Patrick Campbell 







DOMINUS REX \ And now at this day Morris Cannady being in- 

vs. |- dieted by the Grand Inquest for this county for 

MORRIS CANNADY. ) having feloniously taken, stolen, and carried 
away fourteen pounds, seven shillings, the goods and chattels of Daniel 
Cookson, was brought to the bar in custody of the sheriff", and being 
asked how he would hereof acquit himself, pleaded thereunto instantly 
not guilty, and for trial put himself upon the country, and Joseph Grow- 
don, Jr., Esq., who, for our Sovereign Lord, the King, in this behalf 
prosecutes in like manner; and thereupon a jury being called, imme- 
diately came, viz: John Lawrence, Robert Blackshaw, Thomas Gale, 
John Mitchell, Joseph Burton, Edward Dougherty, Richard Hough, 
Joshua Minshall, Richard Carter, Joseph Worke, David Jones, Lawrence 
Bankson, who to say the truth of and upon the premises being duly 
elected, tried, sworn or afl&rmed upon their oath and affirmation, respect- 
ively do say, that the said Morris Cannady is guilty of the felony afore- 
said in manner and form as he stands indicted ; and thereupon it is con- 
sidered by the Court that the said Morris Cannady pay to the Governor, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 121 

for the support of this Government, (the money stolen having before 
been restored unto the said Daniel Cookson, the right owner thereof) the 
sum of fourteen pounds seven shillings, and that he further pay the costs 
of this prosecution, together j^with two pounds eighteen shillings, by the 
court allowed the said Daniel Cookson, for his loss of time, charges and 
disbursements in the apprehending and prosecuting the said Morris Can- 
nady, and that the said Morris stand committed to the custody of the 
sheriff of this county, until he make satisfaction for the sums aforesaid 
by the court in manner aforesaid adjudged, and moreover shall be ])ub- 

licly whipped on his bare back with twenty-one stripes well 

laid on. 

Upon the petition of Morris Cannady, setting forth that he hath no 
estate or effects whatsoever, to satisfy the fine to the Ilonorable, the 
Governor of this Province, and to discharge the costs of prosecution 
against him, and humbly praying the relief of this Court in the premises ; 
it is therefore ordered j9e?' curiam^ that the said Morris be sold by the said 
sheriff of this county, to the highest bidder for any term not exceeding 
six years, and that the money thence arising be applied for or towards 
payment of the fine and costs aforesaid ; and that the sheriff make return 
of his doings herein to next court. 

1730, November 3. — At a court held at Lancaster— Robert Barber, 
late sheriff of the county, reports to the Court, that pursuant to a former 
order he had sold Morris Cannady for the time limited by said order to 
one John Lawrence, of Peshtank, for sixteen pounds, of which sum he 
had only received the value of fourteen pounds, five shillings, and the 
said John being insolvent, the remainder could not be had; he therefore 
prays this court would order the Costs of suit and other charges against 
the said Cannady to be settled and the state thereof represented to the 
Governor, that the said sherift' may be no further liable than he hath 
effects to answer. 

Ordered, i^er cicriam, that Tobias Hendricks and Andrew Galbraith, 
Esqrs., settle the said accounts and certify their proceedings to the Gov- 
ernor in behalf of the said sheriff, according to his prayer. 

Petition presented to Court by the subscribers, "praying that they 
may be recommended to the Governor as suitable persons to trade with 
the Indians," was allowed 7)1?/' curiam. 

James Pattjson, Edmond Cartledge, Peter Chartiere, John Lawrence, 
Jonas Davenport, Oliver AVallis, Patrick Boyd, Lazarus Lowry, William 
Dunlap, William Beswick, John Wilkins, Thomas Perrin, John Harris. 

At the same session petitions were presented to the Court praying to 
be recommended to the Governor as proper persons to keep public houses 
of entertainment, which were severally granted per curicnn, in favor 
of John Postlewhait, John Miller, Jacob Funk, Christian Stoueman, 



122 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Jacob Biere, Edward Dougherty, Samuel Taylor, Francis Jenes, Mary 

Denny. 

Upon the petition of divers inhabitants of this county setting forth the 
necessity of a high- way through Hempfield township, from the first un- 
surveyed land near Sasquehannah to Christian Stoneman, his mill, and 
from the said mill to Daniel Cookson's at the head of Pequea, and praying 
that fit persons may be appointed to view and lay out the same accord- 
ingly. It is ordered 7Jer curiam that Edmond Cartledge, William Hughes, 
Charles Jones, Henry Neife, John Brubaker and James Pattison, do view 
the said place, and if they, or any four of them are satisfied that there 
is occasion for the said road, they lay out the same and make return by 
course and distance under their hands to the next court. 

Whereas, At a meeting of the magistrates and others at the house of 
John Postlewhait, on the ninth of June past, (1729) it was agreed that for 
the present supply of this county, the sheriff' should erect a building 
sufficient to hold prisoners and should be allowed towards the defraying 
the expense, the sum of five pounds, public money, which building is 
now near built. It is therefore agreed and ordered by this Court that the 
said sheriff' shall witli all expedition finish the said building, which when 
finished shall thenceforth be reputed the common goal of the county of 
Lancaster, till the public prison be built, and with this order the Sheriff" 
agrees. 

At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held in Conesto- 
goe, the fourth day of November : 

"Upon the petition of sundry Germans, inhabitants of this county, 
setting forth that they had taken the legal qualifications required of for- 
eigners and praying this Court would please to recommend them to the 
Hon'ble Governor in order to obtain his favor for Naturalization 

" Ordered ^^er curimn that a Kecommendation pursuant to the said Pe- 
tition be drawn and signed by the Clerk of the County in behalf of the 
Court to present to the Governor in favor of of the above petitioners for 
the Intent abovesaid." 

" Upon complaint of the Sheriff to this Court that the County was un- 
provided with Locks, Bolts and Irons necessary to secure felons, etc., It 
is ordered that the said Sheriff' procure two sufficient Locks and a Chain 
suitable for the aforesaid use, to be paid by the County." 

"At the request of the Sheriff of the County to this Court setting forth 
that he had, according to a former order of this Court, finished the 
Prison according to bargain, and that the Court would please to view the 
same, that he may obtain an order on the Treasurer for pay for the same. 
Ordered jyer curimn that Tobias Hendricks and Andrew Gailbraith view 
the said Prison and make report to the Commissioners and Assessors 
accordingly." 



OF LAXCASTER COUXTV. 12b 

At a Couwcil held at Philadelphia, Febry. 19th, 1729-30. 

PRESEXT : 

The Honble. Patrick Gordox, Esq., Lieut. Governor. 

James Logan, Clement Plumsted, "] 

Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, '[ 

Samuel Preston, Ealph Asheton, .' Esq'rs. 

William FishLourn, J 

The Governor acquainted the Board that whereas, by the liaw for 
erecting Lancaster County, John Wright, Caleb Pierce, Thomas Ed- 
wards and James Mitchel, or any three of them, are empowered to pur- 
chase for the use of the said County, a convenient piece of Land to be 
approved of by the Governor, and thereon to build a Court House and 
Prison, and that now the said John Wright, Caleb Pierce and James 
Mitchel, have by a Certiiicate under their hands, signified that they have 
agreed upon a Lot of Land for the uses aforesaid, lying on or near a 
small run of water, between the plantations of Roody Mire, Michael 
Shank and Jacob Imble, about ten miles from Sasquehannah Eiver, and 
prayed his approbation of the same. The Governor therefore referred 
the matter to the consideration of the Board, whether the situation of the 
place those gentlemen had pitched on for a town might be fit to be con- 
firmed, and that a town should accordingly be fi^sed there. But the 
question being asked to whom the land they had 'inade choice of now 
belongs, and who has the property of it, because it may be in such hands 
as will not part with it, or at least on reasonable terms for that use, and 
this not being known by an}^ at the Board, it was deferred till such time 
as that point coidd be ascertained. But as it is presumed for anything 
that is yet known, to be unsurveyed land, and that the right is only in 
the Proprietor, it is the opinion of the Board that it is more proper to 
be granted by the Proprietor for such uses than by any other person. 

Mem. — The Governor having understood that the right to the Land 
pitclied upon for the Townstead of Lancaster remains yet in the Proprie- 
taries, was advised to approve of the place agreed on by Messrs. Wright, 
Pierce and Mitchell, and the same was confirmed accordingly, by a writing 
dated May 1st, 1730.1 

At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held at Lancaster, 
the third day of November in the fourth year of his Majesty's reign, 
Anno 1730, before John Wright, Thomas Edwards, Tobias Hendricks, 
Andrew Cornish, Andrew Galbraith and Caleb Pearce, Esqs., Justices of 
our Lord the King, the Peace of our said Lord the King in the County 
aforesaid to keep, as also divers felonies, trespasses and other misde- 
meanors in the said County committed, to hear and determine assigned. 

The Court being opened the Sheriff, with John Galbraith, Esq., returns 

iCol. Records. 



124 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

the writ of Venire facias to him directed, with the panel thereunto an- 
nexed, and the following persons Avere sworn and affirmed on the Grand 
Inquest. 

Edward Smout, James Paterson, Randel Chambers, Ephraim Moore, 
Eichard Hough, George Stites, Christ. Vanlere, James Gait, James 
Whiteal, Thomas Johnston, William Wilkins, Willitam Richardson, 
Jut. John Kile, Ilatwell Yernon, Daniel Cookson, John Jones, John 
Musgrove, Afd. 

The foregoing persons constituted the first Grand Jury in Lancaster^ 
and here follows one of the cases tried at Lancaster at the Sessions opened 
May 2d, 1732.1 

DOMINUS REX \ Sur. — Indictment for uttering and paying four 
vs. j- several counterfeit Bills, of the Tenor and in Imita- 

ROBERT TEAS. ) tion of genuine bills of credit of the Province of 
Pennsylvania, in value equal each to ten shillings, knowing the said bills 
to be false and counterfeit, comes and says that he is not guilty in man- 
ner and form as by the said Indictment is supposed, and of this puts 
himself upon the country. And Joseph Crowdon, Esq., who tor our 
Sovereign Lord the King in their behalf prosecutes in like manner, etc. 
And now a Jury, who being called, viz : John Wall, Matthew Atkinson, 
David Vernor, George Sea, Robert Eyres, Edmund Cartlidge, jr., James 
Mayes, Aron Price, Francis Neift", jr., George Middleton, Christopher 
Fransiscus and Samuel Robinson, upon their oath and solemn affirmation 
came and who to say the truth of and upon the premises being chosen, 
tried, sworn and affirmed upon their respective oaths and affirmations, 
Do say that the aforesaid Robert Teas is guilty in manner and form as 
by the said indictment is supposed. 

It is therefore considered by the Court here that the aforesaid Robert 
Teas shall be set upon the Pillory and have both his ears cut off and be 
publicly whipped on his bare back with Thirty-one lashes well laid on; 
and moreover shall forfeit and pay the sum of One Hundred Pounds 
current money of America, one half thereof to the use of the Govern- 
ment and the other half to the discoverers, and shall pa}^ the parties grieved 
double the value of the said Bills, together with the costs and charges of 
prosecution, and stand committed till the same be executed and paid. 

The case being referred to the Governor, at the November Sessions of 
the same year, was disposed of as follows: 

It being certified to this Court by Letter from the Governor that he had 
consented to suspend that ]mrt of the sentence passed against Robert 
Teas which directed the cutting off his ears and imposed a fine of One 
Hundred Pounds upon condition he should depart the said province, and 
w^as not found within any part of the same after a certain time appointed 
1 Sessions and Road Docket. 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 125 

by this Court. Ordered per curiam, That the said Robert Teas depart 
out of this province by the tenth day of December next. 

To the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of the Province of 
Pennsylvania. 

Whereas, By an act of General Assembly of this Province for erect- 
ing the Upper Part of the Province into a county, called the county of 
Lancaster,^ It was enacted that it might and should be lawful to and for 
Caleb Pearce, John Wright, Thomas Edwards and James Mitchell, or 
any three of them, to purchase a piece of land, situate in some convenient 
place, in the said county, to be approved of by the Governor, whereon 
to build a Court House and Prison for the use of said county. 

These may certify the Governor that we, the subscribers, after much 
pains and diligent search for a proper place for the aforesaid use, for the 
ease and accommodation of the majority of the inhabitants, have agreed 
upon a certain lot of land lying on or near a small run of water, between 
the Plantations of Rudy Mire, Michael Shank and Jacob Imble, and being 
about ten miles from the Susquehannah river, which we conceive the 
most convenient for the use aforesaid. And we pray the Governor would 
please to approve and confirm the same, that we may proceed to pur- 
chase and build as the said law directs. 

Caleb- Peirce, 
John Wright, 
James Mitchell. 
Approved by the Governor on Feb. 17th, 1729-30. 

The bodies of three Indians, two men and one woman, having been 
found buried in a certain run,^ covered with some logs and stone, the 
Coroner's inquiries showed that they were the bodies of three Indians, 
an old man, his son, a young man, and his daughter, a girl about 14 years 
old, and had been murdered by the old man's squaw for the sole purpose 
that she might marry another man. 

A letter from Capt. Civility to the Governor: 

May it Please ye Hon'ble Governor : Some time since I was at our 
county town of Lancaster, when I heard much talk that both Dutch and 
English was agoing to settle on ye other side of Susquehannah. Likewise 
Mr. Wright and Mr. Blunston hath surveyed a great deal of land and de- 
signs to dispose of it to others, which giveth me and my brethren a great 
deal of trouble, it being in our road in our hunting, lest our young men 
should break the chain of friendship which hath long existed between us. 

We are grieved that Mr. Wright should not mind his word, for when 
he first came to our parts he often said that no person should settle on 
that side of the river without our consent, but now we find he to be ye 
first and to encourage others. 

iPenn'a. Archives. apenu'a. Archives, i. pp. 267-200. 



126 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

When your Honour was with us at Conestogoe 3^our desire was that we 
should not hurt any of 3'our people, which we carefully have observed, 
and likewise that Ed. Parnell who was settled there, should go ofl" which 
he did, which now grieves our hearts to see how little our counsels is 
minded. We hear that one of William Penn's family is coming in this 
country, but the truth of it we know not; we long to hear the truth of it 
for we should be glad to see any of William Penn's family. 

We are now agoing out to hunt, so desire you to suppress your peo- 
ple from settling there until we return from our hunting and then some 
of our chiefs will come down to you and have some further treaty about 
ye matter. 

From your Loving Brother, in behalf of ye rest of my Brethren, 

Decattelees, alias Capt. Civility. 

CoNESTOGCE, Sept. ye 28, 1730. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, January 29th, 1730-31. Present: 
The Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, etc. 

A petition of the Magistrates, Grand Jury, and other inhabitants of the 
County of Lancaster, was presented to the Board and read, setting forth 
that not- having the conveniency of any navigable water, for bringing 
the produce of their labors to Philadelphia, they are obliged at a great 
expense to transport them by land carriage, which burthen becomes 
heavier through the want of suitable roads for carriages to pass. That 
there are no public roads leading to Philadelphia yet laid out through 
their County, and those in Chester County, through which they now pass, 
are in many places incommodious. And therefore praying that proper 
persons may be appointed to view and lay out a Eoad for the publick 
service, from the town of Lancaster till it falls in with the High Road in 
the County of Chester, leading to the Ferry of Schuylkill at high street, 
and that a Review may be had of the said Public Road in the County of 
Chester : The prayer of which petition being granted : 

It is ORDERED that Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber, 
Hans Graaf, Caleb Peirce, Samuel Jones and Andrew Cornish of the 
County of Lancaster, or any five of them, view and lay out by course 
and distance, a convenient high Road from the said town of Lancaster to 
the Division Line between the Counties of Chester and Lancaster: And 
that Thomas Green, George Ashton, William Paschal, Richard Buffing- 
ton, William March, Samuel Miller and Robert Parke of the County of 
Chester, or any five of them, do then join the above named persons of 
Lancaster County, or any five of them, in continuing to lay out as afore- 
said, the said Road from the Division Line aforesaid, till it falls in with 
the King's high Road in the County of Chester, leading to Philadelphia, 
and make Return thereof to this Board, And they the above named 
persons of the County of Lancaster, or any five of them, together with 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 127 

the above named persons of the County of Chester, or any five of them, 
are further impowered jointly to review the said high Eoad within the 
List mentioned County, and to Report to this Board what aherations may 
be necessary to be made therein, to suit the conveniency of carriages, 
and for the better accommodation of the inhabitants of this Province. 

The vexatious question of the boundary line [1732-33] between Penn- 
sylvania and Maryland, at this period began to involve Lancaster county 
in serious difiiculties, the nature of which Avill be best understood from 
the following documents : 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, January . 9th, 1732-33. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable the Proprietary. 

The Lieutenant Governor. 

James Logan, Thomas Laurence, "] 

Isaac Norris, Ralph Asheton, | 

Samuel Preston, Samuel Ilazle, .' ^^ ^^^*' 

Ilenry Brooke, Clement Plumsted. J 

The Governor acquainted the Board, that some days since he had re- 
ceived a letter from the Lord Baltimore, complaining of a riot committed 
within his lordship's Province of Maryland by people of Pennsylvania, 
but the circumstances not being mentioned, or any information given 
from whence the matter might be clearly understood, he had thought 
proper in a few lines, to acknowledge the receipt of his lordship's letter, 
and to defer giving a particular answer till a due enquiry should be made 
into the affair. 

That having gathered from the precept enclosed in his lordship's letter, 
that the persons complained of were inhabitants of Lancaster County, he 
had dispatched an express to the justices there, requiring them to furnish 
him with an exact account of the whole; that the messenger being now re- 
turned, had brought a letter from the justices together with several affida- 
vits, all of which he thought highly proper now to lay before the Board, 
whom he had called together to advise with on the answer to be made to 
Lord Baltimore. 

The letter from his lordship being read in these words : 

"Annapolis, Deer, ye loth, 1732. 

" Sir : By the enclosed precept, founded upon informations given upon 
oath to a magistrate here, you will see that a most outrageous riot hath 
lately been committed in my Province by a great number of people call- 
ing themselves Pennsylvanians. 

"It appears, by the same information, that some of your magistrates, 
instead of preventiag or discouraging these violences, countenance and 
abet the authors of them ; whether with or without the approbation of 
your government, you best know. 



128 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

"For my own part, I think myself in honor and justice obliged, and I 
am determined to protect such of his Majesty's subjects who are my own 
tenants, in all their rights; and therefore, to the end the persons com- 
plained of may be punished, if upon a fair tryal they shall be found 
guilty, I desire that they, or such of them as can be found in your Pro- 
vince, may be sent without loss of time into this, as the only and proper 
place, where the fact with which they are charged is cognizable, and 
where my officers will be ready to receive them, particularly the sheriffs 
and justices of my counties of Baltimore and Cecil. 

"I also desire that such of your magistrates as shall appear to have en- 
couraged the commission of these or any other violences in my province 
by the people of Pennsylvania, may be punished for their abuse of 
authority; and that you'l favor me with a categorical answer to these my 
just demands by this bearer. Your humble servant, 

Baltimore." 

" Addressed thus : 
" To His Excellency Patrick Gordon, Esq., at Philadelphia." 

The Precept referred to in the foregoing Letter, follows in these words: 

"Maryland, ss: 

"Whereas Charles Jones, James Patison, Alxr. McKey, John Capper, 
John Hart, John Pattan, James Pattan, James Patison, jr., John Trotter 
and William Macmanac being, or pretending themselves to be, inhabi- 
tants of Pennsylvania, together with several other persons unknown, are 
charged upon the oath of John Lowe of Baltimore county, planter, taken 
before me, Kobert Gordon, Esq., one of his Lordship's Justices of the 
Provincial Court of Maryland, who having assembled themselves, armed 
with weapons, offensive and defensive, in a riotous manner, on the plan- 
tation of him the said John Lowe, in the said county, in the nigkt of the 
twenty-sixth of November last, and violently and riotously assaulting 
and beating the said John Lowe, his wife and family, and imprisoning 
the said John Lowe and his two sons, to the great terror and damage of 
the said John Lowe and his family, against his Lordship's peace, good 
rule and government : 

" These are therefore in his Lordship's name, to will and require all 
Sheriffs, Coroners, Constables, and other his Lordship's Officers, to make 
diligent search and enquiry within their respective Counties and pre- 
cincts, for the said Charles Jones, James Pattison, Alexander M'Key, 
John Capper, John Hart, James Pattan, James Pattison, Jr., John Trot- 
ter and William Macmanac, and all other persons concerned in the said 
riot, and to apprehend them or any of them who shall be found within 
this Province, and to carry them or any of them before some one of his 
Lordship's Justices of the Provincial Court, or some one Justice of the 
Peace of the County where they or any of them shall be found, in order 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 129 

to be dealt with according to law; hereof the said officers are not to fail 
at their peril. Given under my hand and Seal, at Annapolis, this Four- 
teenth day of December, in the Eighteenth year of his Lordship's Do- 
minion, Anno Domini, 1732." 

The Governor's answer to his Lordship's said Letter, is as follows : 

"Philadelphia, Decemr. 23d, 1732. 

"My Lord: It gives me no small concern that the first letter I have 
the honor to receive from your Lordship, should be on so disagreeable a 
subject as a complaint against any of his Majesty's subjects under my 
Government, for disorders committed in the Province of Maryland ; and 
I must assure your Lordship you have been exceedingly misinformed if 
you can imagine it possible that I should countenance an outrage of such 
a sort as your letter seems to represent it, for I believe I shall be fully 
capable to satisfy your Lordship that my conduct in relation to your 
Province, since I had the honor to serve the Proprietors of Pennsylvania 
as their Lieutenant Governor, has demonstrated a very different disposi- 
tion. 

"To the matter of the complaint I am very much a stranger, and as 
jour Lordship was not pleased to transmit copies of the information, or 
anything else that might sufficiently enable me to judge of it more clearly, 
I shall therefore immediately, notwithstanding the distance and rigor of 
the season, dispatch a message to the Magistrates of the County of Lan- 
caster, requiring them without delay to make a full enquiry, and furnish 
me with everything for the perfect understanding the state and cir- 
cumstances of the whole aftair; and I have no reason, from the past 
conduct of those gentlemen, to believe but that it will be found much 
dift'erent from what has been represented to your Lordship. These when 
received shall be forthwith communicated, and then I may have occasion 
to make some further observations on your Lordship's letter, and the 
nature of these unhappy disputes which, notwithstanding all possible 
caution to the contrary, may arise for want of the Division Lines being 
actually run, whereby every inhabitant might distinctly know what Ju- 
risdiction he lives under. 

"This being all I am at present able to say on the subject till the re- 
turn of my messenger, I am. My Lord, 

"Your Lordship's 

"Very humble Servant, 

"P. Gordon." 

Addressed thus, 

"To the Eight Honourable 

"The Lord Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland." 

Then was read the letter of John Wright and Samuel Blunston, Esqrs., 
to the Governor, in the following words: 
10 



130 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

"May it please the Governor: 

"Being informed by the Governor's letter to us, that the execution of. 
a warrant directed to Charles Jones, Constable of Hempfield, for appre- 
hending two sons of John Lowe, of this county, pretending themselves 
inhabitants of Maryland, hath been represented to Lord Baltimore as a 
violent and riotous assault committed against his Lordship's Peace, good 
Kule and Government. 

"We have therefore, made strict inquiry into the manner of the exe- 
cution thereof, which, together with the cause of issuing the said war- 
rant, and all other things relating thereunto, are herewith faithfully 
transmitted. 

"In the year 1729, when the Governor was pleased to issue an Order 
to divide this part of the Province from Ches-ter County, and for erecting 
the same into a distinct County, and appointed Magistrates and Officers, 
for the Conservation of the Peace, the more easy administration of Jus- 
tice and better securing the sober and quiet inhabitants in those remote 
parts of the Province, from the thefts and abuses committed by idle and 
dissolute persons who resorted hither to keep out of the hands of Justice, 
the Southern boundaries of the said County were by the said Order to 
be, Octoraro Creek and the Province of Maryland, and including the in- 
habitants, to lie open to the Westward. But as the line between the 
two Provinces was not known, no authority was claimed over those 
few families settled to the Northward of Octoraro, by or under pretence 
of Maryland Eights, but they remained (by us) undisturbed, though 
many inhabitants of Pennsylvania lived some miles to the Southward 
of them. 

"At that time there were no English inhabitants on the West side of 
Sasquehannah River in these parts, for about two years before Edward 
Parnel and several other families who were settled on the West side of 
the River, near the same, at a place called (by the Indians) Coneohela, 
(who for several years had paid uninterrupted acknowledgment to this 
Province) were at the request of the Conestogoe Indians, removed by 
the Governor's Order from the said place ; the Indians insisting on the 
same to lie vacant for their convenience, as their right by treaties with 
this Government formerly made. But about two years since, Thomas 
Cressop and some other people of loose morals and turbulent spirits, 
came and disturbed the Indians, our friends and allies, who were peace- 
ably settled on those lands from whence the said Parnel and others had 
been removed, burnt their cabbins and destroyed their goods, and with 
much threatening and ill usage drove them away, and by pretending to 
be under Maryland Government. (As they were got far from their laws 
sought to evade ours.) But as that land had been formerly settled by 
the good people of this Province, and none till Cressop and his company 



■ OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 131 

had settled by a Maryland Claim so far to the Northward by near thirty 
. miles, we concluded them to be men of desperate fortunes, who would 
rather defend their actions by force than trust them to the law, and that 
opinion hath since been corroborated by others following their example,, 
and settling on that side the river, Avho, when charged with oftcnces or 
debt, would screen themselves under the same pretence, yet those men 
Avould fly to our laws for redress against their own party, and they who 
had fled from their creditors and the Laws of Maryland into this Pro- 
vince, when such creditors pursued them hither, have refused obedience 
to our officers and cried Maryland. Thus they proceeded to play booty, 
disturbing the peace of the Government; carrying people out of the 
Province by violence; taking away the guns from our friends, the In- 
dians ; tying and making them prisoners without any offence given ; and 
threatening all who should oppose them, and by underhand and unfair 
practices, endeavoring to alienate the minds of the inhabitants of this 
Province, and draw them from obedience to their party. Their insolence 
increasing, they killed the horses of such of our people whose trade with 
the Indians made it necessary to keep them on that side of the river, 
for carrying their goods and skins; assaulted those who were sent to 
look after them, and threatened them highly if they should come there 
again. 

" This usage obliged James Patterson to apply to us for a Warrant to 
apprehend and bind to the Peace two young men, who had been the most 
active. We, well knowing that according to the agreement lately made 
between our Proprietors and Lord Baltimore, and by the explanatory 
Maps thereon struck, those settlements were above twenty miles to the 
Northward of the place of the intended line, therefore believed it our 
duty as conservators of the Peace to use legal authority for the security 
of His Majesty's subjects, and curbing the insolence of lawless and unruly 
offenders, and accordingly issued a Warrant to apprehend Daniel and 
William Lowe. The manner of executing thereof will best appear by 
the affidavits herewith sent. 

" When they were brought before us they were used with all the lenity 
the case would bear, and dismissed on the security of their own friends 
for their future good behaviour and appearance at our next Court of 
General Quarter Sessions. 

"Could Ave have supposed such a procedure would have given the 
least offence to Lord Baltimore, or that he would have looked upon 
those persons as his subjects, and under his protecton, who in his own 
opinion (according to the testimony of Thomas Cressop) live beyond 
the bound of this Dominion, we should not have acted herein, but have 
represented the case to the Governor, and waited the direction of his 



132 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

wiser judgment, to whose just censure we submit, and conclude with all 
due regard. 

The Governor's most assured friends, 

" Jno, Wright, 
"Sa. Blunston. 

"Hempfield, 80th December, 1732." 

Address thus : 
" To the Hon'ble Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of Pennsylvania." 

After which were read likewise, the affidavits of James Hendricks, 
William McMannack, John Capper, John Brubaker, Charles Jones, John 
Patten, Alexander McKey, Joshua Minshal, Frances Ward, Eebecca 
Hendricks, Joshua Lowe and Tobias Hendricks, setting forth : That James 
Patterson being informed one or more of his horses wore killed near 
John Lowe's plantation, and that his two sons, Daniel and William, had 
been seen presenting a gun to fire at another, but were prevented by 
being discovered, sent some persons thither to enquire into the truth of 
the matter, who finding one of them lying dead near Lowe's house, made 
some expostulations with his sons on that head, who were so far from 
disowning the fact, that they said they would kill all the horses that came 
upon that land, and having assaulted and grossly abused Patterson's mes- 
sengers, threatened they would tie and whip all those he should send over 
thither; that upon complaint hereof made, a Warrant was issued for 
apprehending the two persons who had been thus guilty of that Assault ; 
that the Constable to whom the Precept was directed, having formerly 
met with resistance from those people, and fearing new insults, (for 
Thomas Cressop and his associates had threatened to shoot any officer of 
Pennsylvania who should come into those parts to do his duty,) though 
he only took his staff himself, yet thought it necessary to have a suitable 
strength with him, and being assisted by James Patterson, senior and 
junior, William McMannack, Alexander McKey, John Capper, John Hart, 
John Patten, James Patten and Matthew Bailey, and no others, amongst 
whom were only three guns, and these not loaded, serving only as an 
appearance of defence, went quietly to the house of Lowe the Father, 
and the door being open, he then apprehended Daniel and William his 
two sons; that no disturbance was made but what was occasioned by the 
resistance of the prisoners, and those who came to their relief, and in 
preventing Lowe's wife from going out to raise the neighborhood ; that 
in their return, Thomas Cressop, William Canon and Edward Evans 
followed them to rescue the prisoners, and wounded John Hart, but were 
obliged to desist; that Lowe's house where his sons were taken, is several 
miles more northerly than Philadelphia, (which appears by a well known 
Line that had been run above forty years since, on a due West course 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 133 

from this City to Sasquebaniiah, in order to a more certain discovery of 
the country,) and that there are about four hundred people living more 
Southerly than Lowe's house, who pay taxes in the County of Lancaster, 
and have always acknowledged themselves inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 

The Board having fully considered the said Letters and Affidavits, and 
making some observations on the style and manner of the Lord Balti- 
more's Letter, which they conceived too peremptory, were inclineable to 
think that his Lordship had left room for no other Answer than barely 
to acquaint him that the supposed riot was committed within the reputed 
and known bounds of Pennsylvania, and consequently, not cognizable 
by him. Yet, since his Lordship's interposition in this affair might proba- 
bly be owing to some very wrong impressions, and that he might not 
have had leisure since his arrival, so thoroughly to consider things of 
this nature, The Board were of opinion that a Letter, stating the facts as 
proved from the Affidavits, with some close, consequential reasoning 
thereon, should be prepared and laid before the Board at their next 
meeting. 

The Governor then proceeded to inform the Board, that an unhappy 
fray had arisen on the borders of Kent County, in this Government, and 
those of Dorsett in Maryland, of which Mr. Shurmer, the Clerk of that 
County, had given an account in a Letter to the Clerk of this Board, and 
the same being read is in substance : 

That one John Newton purchased some land of a person who told him 
he held it under Maryland, on which Newton, as a tenant of that Province, 
paid his Levies, at least for one year, to the officers of Dorsett County, 
but that upon enquiry he found he had been imposed on, for that the 
land he was possessed of had never been granted by Maryland to any 
person whatsoever ; whereupon, believing himself to be entirely free, he 
chose rather to belong to the County of Kent, and accordingly got the 
Surveyor, but without any Warrant or other grant, to run out some lines, 
of which notice was taken in the Surveyor's Books there, and from that 
time for some years, had paid his Levies to Kent county ; that some of the 
officers of Dorsett county lately demanding a levy of him, as one of their 
inhabitants, he made his case known to some of the Justices of Kent, who 
appointed a Constable in his neighborhood for the preservation of the 
Peace ; that the under sheriff of Dorsett continuing to insist on the same 
demand, at length carried him off by force; that the Constable taking a 
sufficient number of assistants pursued them, and not without some vio- 
lence, rescued the man and brought him back to his house. 

The Board expressed their concern that occasions of difference should 
arise between the two Provinces, especially at this juncture, when it is to 
be expected the execution of that Agreement concluded between the Pro- 
prietors, will soon terminate all contentions of this sort; and it being 



134 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

moved that the Justices of Kent County should be wrote to for a more 
particular account of this matter, and that they should be cautioned to 
use their utmost endeavors to prevent all broils with our neighbors of 
Maryland, it was recommended to the Governor to give the necessary 
directions herein. 

This correspondence is very volumnious, but hardly necessary to be 
transferred to our columns, as it narrates only the beginning of troubles 
which for a long time remained uncomposed. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, Oct. -ith, 1738. 

present: 

The Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esqr. Lieut. Governor, etc. 

A return of the high road layed out from the town of Lancaster in the 
county of Lancaster, pursuant to an order of this Board, bearing date 
the 29th day of Januarj^, 1730-1, being this day read in these words: 

"To the Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut. Governor of the 
Province of Pennsylvania, in Council. 

"Whereas, upon the petition of the Magistrates, Grand Jury and 
other Inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, presented to the Govern- 
or in Council, praying ' that proper persons might be appointed to view 
and lay out a road for the public service, from the town of Lancas- 
ter, till it should fall in with ye high road leading to the Ferry of Schuyl- 
kill, at High street, and that a review might be had of the said Public 
Eoad in the county of Chester. 

"The prayer of which petition being granted, it was ordered that 
Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Eobert Barber, Hance Graaff, Caleb 
Pierce, Samuel Jones and Andrew Cornish, of the county aforesaid, or 
any five of them, should view and lay out by course and distance, a con- 
venient high road, from the town of Lancaster, to the Division Line be- 
tween the said county, and the county of Chester, and that Thomas 
Green, George Aston, William Paschall, Richard Buffington, William 
Marsh, Samuel Miller, and Robert Parke, of the county of Chester, or 
any five of them, should then join the above named persons of Lancaster 
county, or any five of them, in continuing to lay out the said road from 
the Division Line aforesaid, till it should fall in with the King's high 
road, in the county of Chester, leading to Philadelphia, and make return 
thereof to that Board. 

"And the above named persons were also impowered jointly to review 
the said high Road within the county of Chester, and report the altera- 
tions necessary to be made therein. 

" Now these may certify, that pursuant to the said petition and order, 
Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber, Hance Graaff and 
Samuel Jones, of the said county of Lancaster, met at the town of Lan- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 135 

caster aforesaid, on the fourth day of this instant, and from thence viewed 
and laid out a road from the Court House in the said town, along the 
course of the street East 3 Degrees, Northerly 144 perches, thence East 
8 Degrees, North 108 perches, thence East, 16 Degrees, South 282 
perches, to the East side of Conestogoe creek, thence East 5 Degrees, 
South 25 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 190 perches, thence 
East 6 Degrees, South 1271 perches, thence East 4 Degrees, South 696 
perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 90 perches, thence East 74 per- 
ches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 820 perches, thence East 13 Degrees, 
North 80 perches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 406 perches, thence East 
8 Degrees, South 94 perches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 80 perches, 
thence East 32 Degrees, South 118 perches, thence East 13 Degrees, 
South 160 perches, thence East 364 perches, thence East 19 Degrees, 
South 490 perches, thence South 41 Degrees, East 40 perches, thence 
East 27 Degrees, South 68 perches, to the aforesaid Division Line, near 
the English Church, and then being joined by George Aston, Richard 
Buffington, William Marsh, Samuel Miller and Eobert Parke, of Chester 
county, continued the same through Chester county. East 27 Degrees, 
South 50 perches, thence East 51 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence East 
5 Degress, North 188 perches, thence East 25 Degrees, South 246 perches, 
thence East 7 Degrees, North 80 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, South 
60 perches, thence East 25 Degrees, South 74 perches, thence East 38 
Degrees, South 48 perches, thence South 44 Degrees, East 42 perches, 
thence East 25 Degrees, South 190 perches, thence East 35 Degrees, 
South 48 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 32 perches, thence East 
5 Degrees, North 216 perches, thence East 17 Degrees, South 60 perches, 
thence East 13 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 
130 perches, thence East 26 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence South- 
cast 52 perches. South 26 Degrees, East 40 perches, thence East 35 De- 
grees, South 56 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 36 perches, thence 
East 5 Degrees, South 121 perches, to the West branch of Brandy wine 
creek, thence East 26 Degrees, South 41 perches, thence East 8 Degrees, 
South 32 perches, thence East 82 perches, thence East 17 Degrees, South 
46 perches, thence East 8 Degrees, South 58 perches, thence East 20 De- 
grees, North 72 perches, thence East 5 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence 
East 15 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence East 30 Degrees, South 146 
perches, thence East Southerly down the several Courses of a hill 210 
perches, thence East 5 Degrees, North 288 perches, thence East 13 De- 
grees, South 30 perches, thence East 11 Degrees, South 100 perches, 
thence East 26 Degrees, South 56 perches, thence East 51 Degrees, South 
20 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 66 perches, thence East 10 
Degrees, South 42 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 194 perches, 
thence East 15 Degrees, North 188 perches, thence East 40 Degrees, 



136 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

North 100 perches, to the East Branch of Brandy wine creek, near Thomas 
Moore's Mill, thence East 17 Degrees, North 86 perches, thence East 43' 
Degrees, North 11-1 perches, thence East 85 Degrees, North 392 perches,, 
thence East 16 Degrees, North 216 perches to the aforesaid public 
Eoad, near the house of John Spruce, containing in the whole thirty-two 
statute miles. 

"And we conceive the same, as it is now laid out through the said 
Counties, is done the nearest and most commodious way, and in the best 
manner to answer the purposes intended thereby, which the situation of 
the Land would admit of, and as little to the inconvenience of the inhab- 
itants as possible, without damaging the said Eoad ; we therefore hum- 
bly pray the same may be confirmed. 

" And we further beg leave to say, that being unprovided with a copy 
of the Kecords of the aforesaid Public Road, through Chester county, 
and the Lands contiguous to the said Road being mostly improved, and 
at present under Corn, we find ourselves uncapable to discover where the 
same hath been altered from its true course, (to the damage thereof,) and 
also conclude the present season of the year Improper for a Review. 
Given under our hands the ninth day of June, Anno Dom. 1733. 
" Tho. Edwards, Geo. Aston, 

Edward Smout, Richard Buffington, 

Robert Barber, William Marsh, 

Hans Graaft", Samuel Miller, 

Samuel Jones, Robert Parke." 

The Board, on due consideration had of the said return, together with 
the draught accompanying it, doth approve and confirm the Road laid 
out, as in the said return mentioned, which is hereby declared to be the 
King's Highway or Public Road, and it is ordered that the same be 
forthwith cleared, and rendered commodious for the Public Service. 

And to the end that the said Road may be continued to the Ferry on 
Schuylkill at High street : It is further ordered, that the Records of 
the Public Road through the county of Chester, and till it falls in with 
the Road of Philadelphia county, leading to the said Ferry be searched, 
and that the same persons of Chester county, who have already laid out 
the Road so far as in the above Return is mentioned, be continued on that 
service, to bring the Road to the verge of Philadelphia county, and when 
it falls in therewith, that Richard Harrison, Hugh Evans, Robert 
Roberts, Samuel Humphreys, David George and John Warner, or any 
four of them, continue the said Road to the Ferry aforesaid, at High 
street, and make report of the same to this Board. 

At a council, held at Philadelphia, May 14, 1734,^ the Proprietary 
(Thomas Penn) informed the Board of some very unneighborly proceed- 

1 Col. Rec. 3, p. 543. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 137 

ings of the province of Maryland in not only harassing some of the in- 
habitants of this Province who live on the borders, but likewise in 
extending their claims much farther than had ever heretofore been pre- 
tended to by Maryland, and carrying off several persons and imprisoning 
them ; that some time since they carried off John Hendricks and Joshua 
Minshall from their settlements on Sasquehannah, and still detain them 
in the Goal of Annapolis ; that of late two others have been taken from 
the borders of Newcastle County, and carried likewise to Annapolis; 
that as these men will probably be brought to a trial at the ensuing Pro- 
vincial Court of Maryland, he had spoke to Andrew Hamilton, Esq., to 
appear for them, but as these violent proceedings tend manifestly to the 
breach of his Majesty's peace, and rendering all the borderers insecure, 
both in their persons and estates, he was now to advise with the Council 
on such measures as are most fit to be proposed, for maintaining peace 
between his Majesty's subjects of both Provinces. 

Then was read a letter from the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland to 
the Lieutenant Governor of this Province, dated the 24:th of February 
last, with an answer of the latter thereto, dated the 8th of March follow- 
ing, on which some observations being made, the Proprietor said that he 
intended to make use of the opportunity of Mr. Hamilton's going to 
Annapolis, to press the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland to enter into 
such measures as should be most advisable, for preventing such irregular 
proceedings for the future, and as he designed that his Secretary, Mr. 
Georges, should accompany Mr. Hamilton, he had drawn up instructions 
for them, which being laid before the Board, were read, as was likewise 
a draught of a Letter from the Lieutenant Governor of this Province to 
the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, On consideration thereof had, 
the Board are of opinion that the proposed measures are absolutely neces- 
sary at this time, for securing the peace of his Majesty's subjects, and the 
said instructions, together with the foregoing Draught, being approved 
and ordered to be entered on the Kecords of Council, the Governor is 
desired to grant such credentials to the persons entrusted with the ne- 
gotiations, as may show them fully authorized by this Government for 
the purposes in the said instructions contained. 

Messrs. Hamilton and Georges, the persons named in the preceding 
paragraph, had been appointed Commissioners for the Proprietaries to 
execute certain articles of agreement concluded between the said Propri- 
etaries and Lord Baltimore, bearing date May 10, 1732, for the running, 
marking and laying out the Lines, Limits and Boundaries between the 
two Provinces, visited Annapolis, and on their return presented the 
report of their negotiations, which was far from satisfactory. Thereupon 
in consequence of a Representation addressed to him by the Assembly, 
the Governor under date Aug. 19th, 1733, wrote letters to the Justices 



138 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY 

of the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and of New Castle, Kent, and Sux- 
sex, on Delaware, as follows: 

" Gentlemen : You are not, I believe, insensible how much the whole 
country has been disappointed in the just hopes which had been enter- 
tained of seeing a final period put to those long depending disputes be- 
tween this Government and that of Maryland, touching their respective 
boundaries, by the execution of the solemn agreement concluded between 
the Proprietaries of each. It is however no small satisfaction to me, that 
I can now acquaint you that this agreement, with the proceedings of the 
Commissioners thereon, having been laid before his Majesty's Attorney 
and Solicitor General, we have had the pleasure of lately receiving their 
opinion, that the Agreement still remains valid and binding on both Pro- 
prietaries, although their Commissioners, by reason of difference in sen- 
timents, have not carried it into execution. Now as the Northern bounds, 
formerly set by the Lord Baltimore to himself differ not much from those 
latel}^ agreed upon, I know not how we can judge better or with more 
certainty, of any bounds by which we can limit our present jurisdiction, 
than near the place where it is known they will fall when the lines shall 
be actually run. 

" In the mean time that a stop may be put to any further insults on 
the people of this Government, and to incroachments on Lands within 
the bounds of the same, I am again to renew to you those pressing in- 
stances I have repeatedly made, that agreeable to the duty of your sta- 
tions, you exert your utmost endeavors for preserving peace through- 
out your county, and protecting all the inhabitants in their just and right 
possessions, in the legal and necessary defence of which every person 
ought to be encouraged to appear with boldness, and to be assured of 
receiving all the countenance that lawful authority can give. And as 
the late disturbances have been in a great measure owing to the unjust 
attempts of those, who pretending right to, or claiming disputed Lands, 
under that pretence have come many miles into this Province, and with 
force possessed themselves of Lands for which they can have no lawful 
grant from any other persons but our Honourable Proprietors only, and 
have likewise committed very great violences upon sundry of our inhab- 
itants, you are to give strict orders for apprehending and securing all 
such who have been principals or accessaries therein, as well as those 
who hereafter shall presume to offer any injury to the persons or pro- 
fessions of his Majesty's peaceable subjects, or encroach on any lands 
within the known and reputed limits of your county, that they may be 
brought to condign punishment. But as in the year 1724, it was agreed 
' that for avoiding all manner of contention or difference between the 
inhabitants of the two Provinces, no person or Persons should be dis- 
turbed or molested in their Possessions they then held on either side,' 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 139 

jou are desired still to have a particular regard to those entitled to the 
benefit of that agreement, while they behave themselves peaceably, 

"And to the end that these directions be punctually observed and 
complied with, you are to order the Sheriff of the county, with his offi- 
cers, frequently to visit your Borders, and those parts where either late 
disturbances have happened, or anything to the prejudice of the people 
is like to be attempted, giving all needful assistance wherever it may be 
requisite. I should likewise promise myself much good from some of 
your number making a progress through these parts, when your conve- 
niency would admit, or any exigency may require it, depending on your 
prudence, that whatever measures you shall take for the defence of the 
inhabitants, and for seizing and securing offenders, will be such as that 
we may be at no loss whenever called upon to justify them. 

"I am. Gentlemen, Your loving Friend, and humble Servt., 

"P. Gordon." 

The intercourse with the Indians continued to be of an amicable nature, 
notwithstanding occasional disturbances, almost uniformly caused by the 
too liberal distribution of rum. A specimen of the kindliness with 
which the children of the forest turned to the white man is furnished in 
the following extract from a speech of Hetaquantagechty : 

" That he comes hither from the Six Nations, on business relating to 
the last Treaty held between them and this Government ; that on his road 
hither he heard the melancholy news of the Governor's loss, by the death 
of his Spouse; that he once resolved to turn back lest the Governor's 
affliction should prevent him from attending to business, but thinking it 
better to proceed forward, he is pleased to find the Governor present with 
them ; that he takes part in his griet^ and if he had a handkerchief good 
and fine enough to present to the Governor, he would give it to wipe 
away his tears ; then presenting some strings of Wampum to the Gov- 
ernor, he desired that the Governor would lay aside his grief and turn 
his thoughts to business, as he had done before." 

The Governor receiving the Strings of Wampum, thanked him for the 
kind concern he had expressed on his account. 

We have again to chronicle a riot arising from the unsettled condition 
of the boundary line between the two provinces, [1735,] as set forth in a 
deposition of John Powell, undersheriff" of Lancaster County made before 
the Justices of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in open court, where 
Daniel Dulany, Esqr., Attorney General of Maryland was present, as 
follows : 

"John Powell, Undersheriff" of the County of Lancaster, in the 
Province of Pennsylvania, being solemnly Sworn on the Holy Evangel- 
ists maketh oath, that on Tuesday morning, the twenty-third of this 
instant, September, he accompanied Robert Buchanan Esqr., High Sheriff 



140 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

of the said County, and four others, to wit : Arthur Buchanan, Matthew 
George, John Mitchel, and Alexander Mitchel, who the day before went 
over Sasquehannah Kiver, in a peaceable manner, and without any arms 
whatsoever, to execute His Majesty's Writs on some debtors living on the 
West side of that River, inhabitants of the said County; -that the said 
Sheriff having served a Writ on one Andrew M'Gill, who not being able 
to give bail to the action, was sent under custody of the two Mitchels to 
Lancaster Goal, he, the said Sheriff, with the others, went the day follow- 
ing to serve another Writ at the suit of William Branson, of the City of 
Philadelphia, Merchant, on one Jacob Lochman, Blacksmith, living about 
seven miles westerly from the house of John Hendricks, and about 
twenty-three miles to the Northward of the Octararoe Line, which this 
deponent is informed was run by the Grandfather of the present Lord 
Baltimore, as the Northern boundary of Maryland. That having served 
the said Writ on Lochman, who being likewise unable to give bail to the 
action, they were bringing him to Lancaster Goal, when within about 
two or three miles west of John Hendrick's house, one Mark Evans, 
planter, met them and asked the Sheriff where he was carrying Lochman; 
the Sheriff said he was carrying him to Goal unless he would give bail; 
to this Evans replied that he believed bail could be found, which he had 
no sooner said, than about twenty or thirty men on horseback, armed 
with cutlasses and clubs, appeared at a little distance advancing towards 
them, and coming up fell upon the Sheriff and his assistants, in a most 
furious and violent manner, and having beat and grievously wounded 
them, and rescued Lochman, the said Sheriff and his company were forcfed 
to betake themselves to flight; but the Sheriff's horse failing him he fell 
again into their hands; upon which he, this deponent, with Arthur 
Buchanan and Matthew George, stopped at some small distance, and saw 
four men at once beating the said Sheriff with heavy clubs, who with his 
hands lifted up was endeavoring to save his head; that being overpow- 
ered by numbers and violently pulled off his horse, he was so cruelly 
used that Arthur Buchanan with this deponent, were resolved to go back 
and suffer with him ; but as they drew near the Sheriff called out to his 
Brother, the said Arthur, not to hazard more lives, his own he hoped 
would be suflUcient for them. And that hereupon some of those rioters 
pursued him, this deponent, and with a very heavy cudgell struck him 
so severe a blow across his back, that he has ever since been under very 
great pain. And that the said Arthur Buchanan and Matthew George 
were so extreamly beat and bruised likewise, that it was not without the 
utmost diffiiculty that they were able to escape. And this deponent 
further says, that when he left Sasquehannah there were no accounts of 
the High Sherifi', nor was it known whether he was dead or alive, but this 
deponent verily believes the said Sheriff is mortally wounded, or at least 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 141 

that be must be in a very languishiug coudition, having received many 
wounds and blows. That most of the persons who thus attacked the said 
Sherift' and his assistants are unknown to the deponent, except these seven 
following, to wit : Mark Evans, above named, Michael Rysner, Francis 
Clapsaddle, Christian Croll, Bernard Weyman, Nicholas Kens and Mar- 
tin Schutz, who all live on the West side of Sasquehannah Kiver, not 
above one mile to the Southward of the house of John Hendricks. 

Jo'n. Powell." 

The deponent aforesaid being asked under what Government these 
people owned themselves, 

" Answered that he knows they call themselves Marylanders, because 
when he was some time ago over Susquehannah, he had taken a prisoner, 
one Francis Clapsaddle, by virtue of a Writ for Debt from Lancaster 
County, that one of the persons that rescued the prisoner in the deposi- 
tion aforesaid mentioned, was one of the same persons who rescued the 
said Francis Clapsaddle, and the same time presented a gun at the de- 
ponent, and told him that they belonged to Maryland, and would not 
suffer any Ofl&cer of Pennsylvania to come over the river; and that in 
particular the man who presented the gun at the deponent when Clap- 
saddle was rescued, calling himself a Marylander, and was one of the 
persons who assaulted the Sheriff and this deponent, in the manner set 
forth in the aforesaid deposition. 

"The foregoing Deposition, and Interrogatory and Answer thereunto, 
were taken in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, held at Philadelphia 
the 24th day of 7br, 1735, Daniel Dulany, Esq., Attorney General of the 
Province of Maryland, being present, who being desired to cross-examine 
the Deponent (if he thought fit,) declined the same. 

Jos'a. Laurence, pton." 

The Governor hereupon desired the advice of the Board, in what man- 
ner it might be most proper to proceed in the present case, against the 
rioters, most of whom though pretending to be inhabitants of Maryland, 
are notwithstanding actually settled on lands lying I'ar within the unques- 
tionable bounds of this Province. 

The Board expressed their just resentment on so heinous a provocation, 
and observing that this procedure is of the same nature with many 
others that of late have been countenanced and encouraged by the Gov- 
ernment of Maryland, who seem inclined, notwithstanding all the strong 
instances that have been made for preserving His Majesty's peace, to 
continue in their violences, are of opinion that if the sheriff of Lan- 
caster is detained by any officer of Maryland, within the limits of that 
Province, a demand should be forthwith made, by letter to the Governor 
of Maryland, for setting him at liberty, and that precepts be issued by 
the Justices of the Supreme Court, before whom the examinations in 



142 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

this affair have been taken, for apprehending such of the rioters whose 
names are known, or can with certainty be discovered, and in case they 
cannot be apprehended by virtue of such warrants, that a Proclamation 
be issued by the Governor promising a reward of twenty pounds, to be 
paid out of the Public Treasury of this Province, for apprehending every 
person concerned in the said riot, so as that he be convicted thereof in any 
Court of this Province. E. 

On the death of Governor Gordon, the administration of the Govern- 
ment, [1736,] legislation excepted, devolved on the Council, of which 
James Logan, being the eldest Counsellor, was president. Mr. Logan 
entered upon his functions on August 5th, 1736, and continued in of&ce 
until August, 173(8, when he was superseded by the appointment of Mr. 
Thomas. The only event to be chronicled is another disgraceful contest 
between Pennsylvanians and Marylanders along the debated ground.^ 
"Many palatines had settled west of the Susquehannah (now York county) 
under Pennsylvania titles, but in order to avoid the payment of taxes 
imposed by the province, they accepted titles from Maryland and attorned 
to Lord Baltimore ; but, becoming satisfied that adhesion to him might 
ultimately prejudice their interests, they formally renounced their alle- 
giance, and sought protection from Pennsylvania. This tergiversation 
irritated the Maryland authorities, and the sheriff of Baltimore county, 
with three hundred men, marched to eject the palatines from their pos- 
sessions. The sheriff of Lancaster county (Samuel Smith) drew out his 
posse for their protection, and without violence succeeded in inducing the 
Maryland party to return without attempting their purpose, on a pledge 
of the Germans, that they would consult together, and give an answer to 
Lord Baltimore's requisition, to acknowledge his authority. But, an as- 
sociation was soon after formed, with the knowledge of Governor Ogle, 
consisting of at least fifty persons, headed by a captain, Thomas Cressap, 
expressly for driving out the Germans, and dividing their lands among 
the associaters, two hundred acres being promised to each. In the pros- 
ecution of their design, they killed one Knowles, who had resisted them. 
Cressap was in his turn, assailed by the sheriff of Lancaster, and after a 
sharp contest, in which one man was killed, and Cressap himself wounded, 
was made prisoner, and conveyed to Philadelphia jail. 

" Governor Ogle, on receipt of this intelligence, despatched Edmund 
Jennings and Daniel Dulany to Philadelphia, to demand reparation, and 
the release of Cressap. Both were refused by the President and Council, 
who earnestly remonstrated against the encroachments of the people of 
Maryland, encouraged and protected by their Governor. 

"Governor Ogle immediately ordered reprisal. Four German settlers 
were seized and carried to Baltimore, and a band of the associaters, under 

1 Gordon. Col. Rec. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 143 

one Higginbotliam, proceeded forcibly to expel the Germans. Again 
the Council ordered out the Sheriff of Lancaster, and the power of his 
county, with directions to dispose detachments in proper positions to 
protect the people ; and they despatched Messrs. Lawrence and Ashton, 
members of the Board, to support him in the execution of their orders. 
When the Sheriff entered the field the invaders retired, but returned as 
soon as his force was withdrawn. Captures were made on both sides; 
the German settlers were harassed perpetually ; in many instances driven 
from their farms, and in others deterred from every attempt to plant or 
improve. 

"In May, 1737, the Council sent Samuel Preston and John Kiusey on 
an embassy to Governor Ogle, to treat on some measure which might 
preserve the quiet of the border, until the pleasure of the King should 
be known, to whom both parties had appealed. But Governor Ogle re- 
quiring some concessions incompatible with the rights of the proprie- 
taries of Pennsylvania, the deputies returned without having made any 
agreement. In the succeeding October a party of Marylanders, to the 
number of sixteen, under the direction of one Eichard Lowder, broke 
into the jail at Lancaster, and released the rioters who had been appre- 
hended by the Sheriff, among whom was a brother of their leader. For- 
tunately, when indignation was prompting the inhabitants on both sides 
of the line to further breaches of the peace, an order of the King in 
Council, on the subject of the boundary, induced both parties to refrain 
from further violence, to drop all prosecutions, and to discharge their 
respective prisoners on bail. 

" This order was made on the report of the committee on plantations, 
of the eighteenth of August, 1737, and required the Governors of the 
respective Provinces effectually to check the disturbances on the borders, 
and to refrain from granting lands in dispute, even in the territories, 
until the king's pleasure should be further known.*' 

George Thomas, Esqr., a planter of Antigua, was appointed Governor 
of Pennsylvania and territories in 1737, but his assumption of office was 
delayed by the remonstrance of Lord Baltimore against the right of the 
Proprietaries to the lower counties. He met the Assembly of the 
province on the sixth of August, 1738. 

The Eoyal order respecting the disturbances on the border, above re- 
ferred to, and the action taken on it by the Provincial Council on August 
29th, will be perused with interest ■} 

At the Court at Kensington the 25th day of May, 1738. 

PRESEXT: 

The King's most Excellent Majesty. 
Arch Bishop of Canterbury, Earl of Selkirk, 

1 Col. Reo. IV.— p. 298, etc. 



144 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Lord President, Earl of Ilaj, 

Lord Steward, Earl Fitz Walter, 

Lord Chamberlain, Viscount Lousdale, 

Duke of Bolton, Viscount Tonington, 

Duke of Devonshire, Lord Harrington, 

Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer, 

Earl of Scarbrough, Sr. Charles Wills, 

Earl of Granthum, Henry Pelham, Esq. 

Earl of Cholmondeley, Sr. Charles Wager. 

Upon reading at the Board a Report from the Right Honorable the 
Lords of the Committee of Council, for Plantation Affairs, dated the 4th 
of this instant, in the words following, viz : 

"Your Majesty having been pleased by your orders in Council of the 
17th of March, 1736-7, and the 21st of July, 1737, to refer unto this 
Committee several Petitions from the President, Council, and General 
Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, and likewise from the Gov- 
ernor and Council, and the Commissary and Clergy of the Province of 
Marvland, which Petitions represent (among other things) that great dis- 
orders and outrages have been committed upon the Borders of the said 
respective Provinces, and humbly praying your Majesty's most gracious 
interposition and commands, for the preservation of the peace on the 
said Borders until the boundaries of the said Provinces shall be finally 
settled and adjusted, The Lords of the Committee of Council did, on the 
29th of the said month of July, take the matter of the said complaints 
into their consideration, and thereupon reported to your Majesty what they 
thought most advisable for your Majesty to do, in order to jDrevent the 
further continuance of the said disorders, and to preserve peace and tran- 
quility on the said Borders until the boundaries should be finally settled. 
And your Majesty having approved of what was proposed by the said 
Report, was pleased, by your order in Council of the 8th of August, 1737, 
to direct as follows, viz : 

"That the Governors of the respective provinces of Maryland and 
Pennsylvania, for the time being, do not, upon pain of incurring his 
Majesty's highest displeasure, permit or suffer any tumults, riots or other 
outrageous disorders to be committed on the borders of their respective 
provinces, but that they do immediately put a stop thereto, and use their 
utmost endeavors to preserve peace and good order amongst all his 
majesty's subjects under their government inhabiting the said borders. 
And as a means to preserve peace and tranquility on the said borders, 
his Majesty doth hereby enjoin the said Governors that they do not make 
grants of any part of the lands in contest between the proprietors res- 
pectively, nor any part of the three lower counties, commonly called New- 
castle, Kent and Sussex, nor permit any person to settle there, or even to 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 145 

attempt to make a settlement thereon, till his Majesty's pleasure shall be 
further signified. And his Majesty is further pleased to direct that this or- 
der, together with duplicates thereof, be delivered to the Proprietors of the 
said Provinces, who are hereby required to transmit the same forthwith 
to the Governors of the said respective Provinces accordingly. 

" That since the issuing the said Order, your Majesty hath been pleased 
to refer unto this Committee an Address of the Deputy Governor, and 
of the upper and lower Houses of Assembly of the Province of Marv- 
land, relating to a continuance of the said disorders, and also two Peti- 
tions, the one in the name of John Thomas and Richard Penn, Esq'rs, 
proprietors of the Province of Pennsylvania, praying your majesty's 
further pleasure may be signified, relating to your Majesty's afore-recited 
order in Council of the 18th August, 1837, and the other in the name of 
the agent of the said Province of Pennsylvania, complaining of fresh dis- 
orders committed by the inhabitants of Maryland against those of Penn- 
sylvania. Whereupon, the Lords of the Committee did, on the 23d of 
February last, proceed to take all the papers relating to the complaints 
made by each of the said provinces into their consideration, and were 
attended by counsel on both sides, and likewise by the proprietors of the 
said provinces, and the counsel desiring that some reasonable time might 
be allowed the proprietors to confer together, in order to come to some 
agreement amongst themselves, that so the peace and tranquility of both 
provinces may be preserved until such time as the boundaries can be 
finally settled, the Lords of the Committee thought proper to comply with 
such their request. And being again this day attended by all parties, the 
counsel acquainted the Committee that the proprietors of each province 
had accordingly met and agreed to the following propositions, viz : 

"1st. That so much of his Majesty's order in Council of the 18th of 
August, 1737, as orders the Governors of the respective Provinces of 
Maryland and Pennsylvania for the time being, do not, upon pain of in- 
curring his Majesty's highest displeasure, permit or suffer any tumult, 
riots or other outrageous disorders, to be committed on the borders of 
their respective provinces, but that they do immediately put a stop 
thereto, and use their utmost endeavors to preserve peace and good 
order among all his Majesty's subjects under their government inhabit- 
ing the said borders, do stand in force and be observed. 

"2d. That there being no riots that appear to have been committed 
within the three lower counties of Newcastle, Kent and Sussex, on Del- 
aware, it is therefore not thought necessary to continue the latter part of 
the said order in Council as to the said three lower counties, but the same 
former order in Council, so far as relates to the said three lower counties, 
be discharged without prejudice to either of the proprietors, as if the 
same had never been made. 
11 



146 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

" 3d. That all other lands in contest between the said proprietors now 
possessed by or under either of them, shall remain in the possession as 
they now are (although beyond the temporary limits hereafter men- 
tioned); and also the jurisdiction of the respective proprietors shall 
continue over such lands until the boundaries shall be finally settled; 
and that the tenants of either side shall not attorn to the other, nor shall 
either of the proprietors or their officers receive or accept of attornments 
from the tenants of the other proprietor, 

"4th. That as to all vacant lands in contest between the proprietors 
not lying within either of the three lower counties, and not now possessed 
by or under either of them, on the east side of the Kiver Sasquehannah, 
down so far South as fifteen miles and one quarter of a mile south of the 
latitude of the most southern part of the City of Philadelphia, and on the 
West side of the said river Susquehannah, down so far South as 
fourteen miles and three-quarters South of the latitude of the most 
Southern part of the City of Philadelphia; the temporary jurisdic- 
tion over the same is agreed to be exercised by the proprietors 
of Pennsylvania, and their Governor, courts and officers. And as 
to all such vacant lands in contest between the proprietors, and not now 
possessed by or under either of them on both sides of the said River 
Sasquehannah, south of the respective southern limits in this paragraph, 
before mentioned, the temporary jurisdiction over the same is agreed to 
be exercised by the proprietor of Maryland, and his Governor, courts 
and officers, without prejudice to either proprietor, and until the boun- 
daries shall be finally settled. 

"5th. That the respective proprietors shall be at free liberty to 
grant out on the common and usual terms all or any vacant lands within 
the said Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland in contest between the 
said Proprietors (that is to say, within their own respective sides of the 
said several limits mentioned in the last foregoing paragraph). For the 
which lands and the profits of the same, also each proprietor shall account 
to the other, who may be adjudged to be the proprietor thereof, upon 
the final determination of the boundaries between the two Provinces. 

"6th. That all prisoners on both sides on account of being con- 
cerned in any riots or disturbances relating to the bounds, or for any act 
or thing done thereat, or for any other act touching the right of either 
of the said Provinces in relation to their bounds, be forthwith released 
and discharged on entering into their own respective Recognizances in a 
reasonable sum, to appear and submit to trial when called upon by 
further order from his Majesty. 

" 7th. That this be declared to be a provisional and temporary order, 
to continue until the boundaries shall be finally settled, and be declared 
to be without prejudice to either party. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 147 

"8th. That His Majesty be most humbly moved to discharge so much 
of the order of the 18th of August, 1737, as varys from this agreement, 
and that several other petitions of complaint now depending before His 
Majesty in Council relating to any disturbances, may be withdrawn by 
the respective petitioners. 

" To which proposition the proprietors of each Province signified their 
consent before the Committee, and declared their readiness to carry the 
same into execution, if your Majesty shall be pleased to approve thereof; 
and the Committee considering that the agreement may be a proper ex- 
pedient for restoring peace and tranquility between the said Provinces, 
and for preventing any of the like disturbances for the future, do there- 
fore agree humbly to lay the same before your Majesty for your Eoyal 
Approbation. 

"His Majesty this day took the said report into consideration, and in 
order to preserve peace and tranquility between the said provinces, and 
to prevent any the like disturbances for the future, is pleased with the 
advice of His Privy Council, to approve of the said agreement entered 
into between the proprietors of the said respective Provinces ; and His 
Majesty is hereby pleased to order that the Proprietors of the said re- 
spective Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania do cause the said 
agreement to be carried into execution; Whereof the said Proprietors, 
and all others whom it may concern, are to take notice and govern them- 
selves accordingly. 

James Vernon." 

Ordered that a Proclamation be prepared reciting his Majesty's said 
order, to be published to-morrow at the Court House of this city, and 
that printed copies be made of it to be transmitted to the proper officers, 
to be published in like manner in the several counties of this Province, 
and the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware. 

By the Honourable George Thomas, Esq., Lieutenant Governor and 
Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and the Counties 
of New castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware. 

A PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas, By the express Orders of the Hon. the Proprietaries, no 
warrant or license has issued out of the Land-office for taking up or set- 
tling any lands in the County of Lancaster, to the Westward of the Kit- 
tochtinny Hills, otherwise called the Endless or Blue Mountains, so that 
all such as have presumed to possess themselves of any lands there, are 
manifest Intruders ; and, as such, liable by the laws to be removed, and 
in case of refusal, to be committed to Prison and severely fined; And 
Whereas, the Indians at the Treaty made with them in the month of 
July last, did complain that they were greatly disturbed and injured by 



148 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

the People's settling at Juniata and in other parts of the County of Lan- 
caster to the Westward of those hills, and became earnest petitioners that 
all such persons might be made to remove from thence ; I, favouring the 
request of the said Indians, and to the end that all persons concerned 
may have sufficient notice of the dangers they incur from their resent- 
ment and the violation of the Laws, have thought fit to issue this my 
Proclamation, hereby strictly requiring all persons who have presumed 
to possess themselves of any lands situate in the places aforesaid, or in 
any part of the said County of Lancaster to the Westward of the afore- 
said ridge of mountains, or who have seated themselves on any tracts 
appropriated to the use of the Indians on this side of those hills, forth- 
with to leave their possessions and to remove off them with their families 
and effects, as they will answer the contrary at their highest Peril^ And 
as by reason of the approaching winter, some may not be able to provide 
themselves with fit habitations or with the necessaries of life, if they 
should be compelled immediately to leave their houses and plantations, 
the removal of such as are in these circumstances is respited to the first 
day of May next, the longest time that will be allowed any one to con- 
tinue in the possession of any lands so situate as aforesaid; And I do 
hereby require the Sheriff of Lancaster County to publish this proclama- 
tion at the Court House of the said county, and cause copies thereof to 
be affixed at the most public places, and particularly at Juniata, and 
from thence all along on the banks of the river Sasquehanna to Wyomen, 
and at Licking Creek Hills near the Kiver Patowmeck, that none may 
pretend ignorance thereof. 

Given at PHILADELPHIA under my Hand and the Great Seal of the 
said Province, the Fifth Day of October, 1742, in the Sixteenth Year 
of the reign of our Sovereign Lord GEOEGE the Second, by the grace 
of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, KING, Defender of the 
Faith, etc. 

George Thomas. 

God save the King. 

Prior to the Act of 13 Geo. II, for the naturalization of persons set- 
tling in the American Colonies, aliens were naturalized in Pennsylva- 
nia by special bills. By that act it was provided, that all persons 
residing seven years in the colonies, taking an oath, or, if Quakers, 
an aSirmation, of allegiance and abjuration, and professing the Chris- 
tian religion as prescribed by the act of the first of William and Mary, 
should be considered as natural-born subjects. The Dunkards, Mora- 
vians and Mennonites, now numerous in the Province, were excluded 
from the benefits of this act, by their scruples in regard to oaths. For 
remedy of this "An act for naturalizing such Protestants as are settled, 
or shall settle within the province, who, not being of the people called 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 149 

Quakers, do conscientiously refuse the taking of an oath," was passed 
Feb. 3, 1742-4:3. 

The relation between the Governor and the Assembly was unhappily 
without cordiality and characterized by mutual distrust, [1742.] His 
policy, at this stage, was the removal from office of persons opposed to 
his views, and among the victims of his intolerance was John Wright, a 
member of the Assembly, a Justice of the Peace and President of the 
Common Pleas in Lancaster county. He was noted for common sense, 
and amiability of character, blended with firmness. In his charge 
to the grand jury, before the publication of the new commissions, he 
said : ^ 

"I was ahvays a friend to power, well knowing that good and whole- 
some laws, duly executed, are so far from being a restraint upon true 
liberty, that they are only as regulating springs to the passions, and pro- 
ductive of it. And our worthy founder and first proprietary tells us, 
that he composed his frame of government with a view to support power 
in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of 
power; and these two are generally seen to attend each other, as causes 
and effects. And a noted professor of the law^ in this Province some 
years ago, when he espoused the cause of liberty, and loaded with age 
and infirmities, took a long journey in defence of it, has these words on 
power: *It may justly be compared to a great river, which, while kept 
within due bounds, is both beautiful and useful ; but when it overflows 
its banks, is then too impetuous to be stemmed, it bears down all before 
it, and brings destruction and desolation where it comes.' 

"If then, these are the ill efiects of lawless power, every wise man 
ought to be on his guard to prevent them, by keeping up the banks of 
liberty and common right, the only bulwark against it. 

"It was in defence and support of this great bulwark, against the at- 
tempts of power, under a pretence of serving his majesty, but done in 
such a manner, as I apprehend, cannot be supposed ever intended or 
expected by our most gracious sovereign, whose distinguishing character 
is to protect, and not to oppress; and whatever burden the necessity of 
the times requires to be laid upon the subjects under his immediate and 
just administration, is laid equally and impartially. I say it was to the 
opposition given by the House of Eepresentatives to the manner in which 
these attempts were made, and the just concern and dislike showed 
thereto, that we may impute the late changes made in the commissions 
of the peace, throughout the province, whatever other pretences they 
may be glossed with. 

"For this cause, my friends and countrymen, for the cause of English 
liberty, for the standing in the civil defence of right and property, are 
1 Gordon 2 Andrew Hamilton, on the trial of Zengar, at New York. 



150 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

we dismissed; and I rejoice, and am heartily glad, that I have been one 
of those who are thought worthy of displeasure. 

"And now to conclude, I take my leave in the words of a judge in 
Israel. ' Here I am, witness against me ; whom have I defrauded ; whom 
have I oppressed ; or, of whose hands have I received any bribe to blind 
my eyes withal ? and I will restore it.' " 

During the war between France and Great Britain, declared by the 
two powers respectively on the 20th and 21st of March, 1744, the public 
mind was much agitated by the hostile disposition of the Indians, which 
had been awakened by several unpleasant rencontres with the whites, 
and affected alike Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Governor 
Thomas, through the instrumentality of Conrad Weiser, the provincial 
interpreter, brought about a conference at Lancaster in the spring of 
1744, which was attended by the Governor of Pennsylvania and agents 
from Virginia and Maryland. It was very satisfactory to all parties; 
differences were composed and the alliance of the Indians against the 
French with the Indians in league with them was secured. The minutes 
of this conference are very interesting, particularly from the circum- 
stance that it was held at Lancaster, and are given in full in Division 
X., No. 7. 

James Webb complained to the General Assembly [1749] of the undue 
election and return of a member from Lancaster County, stating that 
recourse was had to violence and fraud, many persons voting five to ten 
times each, making 2300 votes out of 1000. The election was confirmed, 
but the managing officers were brought to the house and reprimanded. ^ 

On August 19, 1749, an act was passed erecting all and singular the 
lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, west of the Eiver Sas- 
quehanna and South and East of the South Mountain, into a County, 
called YOEK, bounded Northward and "Westward by a line to be run 
from the Sasquehanna, along the ridge of the said South Mountain, until 
it shall intersect the Maryland line. Southward by the said Maryland line, 
and Eastward by the said Eiver Sasquehanna. 

On January 27, 1749-50, an act was passed erecting all and singular 
the lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania to the Westward of 
Sasquehanna, and Northward and Westward of the County of York, into 
a county, called CUMBE ELAND, bounded Northward and Westward 
with the line of the Province ; Eastward partly with the Eiver Sasque- 
hanna, and partly with the said county of York, and partly by the line 
dividing the said Province from that of Maryland. 

Much destitution prevailed in the County during 1750 and 1751, and 
led to the following action : "In pursuance of a resolution passed at a 
large and respectable meeting of the freemen of Lancaster County, in the 

1 Watson. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 15i 

Town of Lancaster, it was stated that a number of the settlers had severely 
suffered both from the hardships of a new settlement and the hostilities 
of the Indians, and therefore resolved. That a house of employment be 
provided for the industrious, in indigent circumstances. The building 
was accordingly erected by the benevolent spirit which disposed all sects 
and all countries to contribute their aid for so excellent a purpose. A 
farm was procured and farming implements provided; also, manufactur- 
ing articles for the encouragement of honest but indigent industry. Lan- 
caster became soon remarkable for the excellence of its stockings, made 
in that establishment."^ 

On March 11, 1752, an act was passed erecting all and singular the 
lands, lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, within the Metes and 
Bounds as is hereinafter described, be erected into a County, called 
BERKS, bounded as follows: by a line, at the distance of Ten superficial 
Miles, South-west from the Western bank of the River Schuylkill, oppo- 
site to the mouth of a creek, called Monacasy, to be run North-west to 
the extremity of the Province, and South-east, until it shall intersect the 
line of Chester County, then on one straight line, crossing the River 
Schuylkill aforesaid, to the upper or North-westward Line of M^CalVs 
Manor, then along the said Line to the extremity thereof, aiid continuing 
the same course to the Line dividing Philadelphia and Bucks Counties, 
then along the said Line, North-west, to the extent of the County afore- 
said. 

The cereal crops were very abundant in 1751 and 1752. An extract 
translated from the German in the Chron. Ephrat., 190, is quite a curi- 
osity. 

"The years 1751 and 1752 have been so fruitful in wheat and other 
grain, that men in wanton carelessness sought to waste the supply; for 
the precious wheat, which might have supported many poor, they used to 
fatten hogs which afterwards they consumed in their sumptuousness. 
Besides, distilleries were erected everywhere, and thus this great blessing 
was turned into strong drink, which gave rise to much disorder." 

These years of plenty were followed by a season of scarceness, cover- 
ing the years 1753-1755, and on the heels of it came Indian hostilities. 

News was received at Lancaster about October the 20th, that the In- 
dians had massacred and scalped many of the inhabitants not more than 
forty miles above Harris' Ferry, (Harrisburg). The condition of things 
at this time will best appear from the subjoined documents : 

A letter to Governor Morris from Conrad Weiser, Esquire, of Read- 
ing : 

"Honoured Sir: I take this opportunity to inform you I received 
news from Shamokin that six families have been murdered on John 
1 Rupp, quoting an unnamed authority. 



152 , AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Penn's creek on the west side of Sasquehannah, about four miles from 
that river, several people have been found scalped and twenty-eight are 
missing; the people are in a great consternation and are coming down, 
leaving their plantations and corn behind them. Two of m}^ Sons are 
gone up to help one of their cousins with his family down. I hear of 

none that will defend themselves but George Gabriel and . The 

people down here seem to be senseless and say the Indians will never 
come this side of the Sasquehannah river, but I fear they will since they 
meet with no opposition nowhere. I don't doubt jowr Honor heard of 
this melancholy aftair before now by the way of Lancaster, perhaps more 
particular, yet I thought it my duty to inform you of it, and when my 
Sons come back I will write again if they bring anything particular. I 
have heard nothing of the Indians that are gone out to fight against the 
French on Ohio. Their going I fear has been the occasion of this 
murder, I have nothing to add, but am, 

"Honoured Sir, Your very humble Servant, 

" Conrad Weiser. 

"Heading, October 22d, 1755." 

A petition to Governor Morris from the inhabitants living on the west 
side of the Sasquehannah : 
" To the Honourable ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS, Esquire, Lieutenant 

Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, &c. 

" The petition of we the Subscribers, living near the mouth of Penn's 
creek on the west side of Sasquehannah, humbly sheweth : 

" That on or about the sixteenth of this instant, (October,) the enemy 

came down upon said creek and killed, scalped and carried away 

all the men, women and children, amounting to 25 persons in number, 
and wounded one man who fortunately made his escape and brought us 
in the news ; whereupon we, the subscribers, Avent out and buried the 
dead, whom we found most barbarously murdered and scalped. We 
found but 13 which were men and elderly women, and one child of two 
weeks old, the rest being young women and children we suppose to be 
carried away prisoners ; the House (where we suppose they finished their 
murder,) we found burnt up, and the man of it named Jacob King, a 
Swissar, lying just by it ; he lay on his back barbarously burnt and two 
Tomhawks sticking in his forehead; one of the Tomhawks marked 
newly with W. D. we have sent to your Honour. The terror of which 
has drove away almost all these back inhabitants except us, the subscri- 
bers, with a few more who are willing to stay and endeavor to defend 
the land; but as we are not able of ourselves to defend it for want of 
guns and ammunition, and but few in number, so that without assistance 
we- must fly and leave the country to the mercy of the enemy. We, 
therefore, humbly desire your Honour would take the same into your 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 153 

great consideration, and order some speedy relief for the safety of these 
back settlements, and be pleased to give us speedy orders what to do, 
and as in duty bound we will for ever pray, &c., 

"George Glewell, 
"Ar. Gates Auchmuty, 
"John McCahon, 
"Abraham Soverhill, 
"Edmund Mathews, 
"Mark Curry, 
"William Doran, 
"Dennis Mucklehenny, 
"John Young, 
"Jacob Simmons, 
"Conrad Craymer, 
"George Fry, 
"George Snobble, 
"George Aberheart, 
" Dan'l. Braugh, 
"George Lyne, 
" Cutfrith Fryar. 
"October 20th, 1755. 

" I and Thomas Forster, Esq., Mr. Harris, Mr. McKee, with upwards 
of forty men, went up tke 23d instant to Captain McKee at New Provi- 
denee, in order to bury the dead lately murdered on Mahonia creek, but 
understanding that the corps were buried we determined then to return im- 
mediately home. But being urged by John Sckalamy and the old Belt to 
go up to see the Indians at Shamokin and know their minds, we went on 
the 2'ith and stayed there all night, and in the night I heard some Dela- 
wares talking, about twelve in number, to this purpose : ' What are the 
English come here for?' Says another, 'to kill us I suppose;' says 
another, ' can't we then send off some of our nimble young men to give 
our friends notice that can soon be here ?' Then soon after they sung 
the War Song, and four Indians went off in two Canoes w^ell armed; the 
one Canoe went down the river and the other across ; on the morning of 
the 25th we took our leave of the Indians and set off homewards, and 
were advised to go down the east side of the river; but fearing a snare 
might be laid on that side, we marched off peaceably down the west side, 
having behaved in the most civil and friendly manner towards them 
while with them, and when we came to the mouth of Mohonia creek, we 
were fired on by a good number of Indians that lay among the bushes, 
on which we were obliged to retreat with, the loss of several men; the 
particular number I cannot exactly mention, but I am positive I saw 
four fall, and one man struck on the head with a Tomahawk in his flight 



154 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

across the river. As I understood the Delaware tongue, I heard several 
of the Indians that were engaged against us speak a good many words in 
that tongue during the action. 

"Adam Terrence. 
" The above Declaration was attested by the Author's voluntary quali- 
fication, no Magistrate being present, at Paxton, this 26th October, 1755, 
before us. "John Elder, 

"Thos. McArthur, 
"MiCHL. Grahams, 
" Alex. McClure, 
" Michael Teaff, 
"William Harris, 
"Thomas Black, 
"Saml. Lenes, 
"Samuel Pearson, 
"William McClure." 
"N. B. — Of all our people that were in the action there are but nine that 
are yet returned." 

A Letter to James Read, Esq., at Reading, from Conrad Weiser, Esq., 
at Heidleburg. 

"Heidleburg, October 26, at 11 o'clock at night. 
"Mr. James Read — Loving Friend: This evening, about an hour ago, 
I received the news of the enemy having crossed Susquehannah and 
killed a great many people, from Thomas McKee down to Hunter's Mill. 
Mr. Elder, the Minister of Paxton, wrote this to another Presbyterian 
Minister in the neighborhood of Adam Read, Esq. The people were 
then in meeting, and immediately desired to get themselves in readiness 
to oppose the enem}^, and to lend assistance to their neighbors. Mr. 
Read sent down to Tulpahoccon, and two men, one that came from Mr. 
Read, are just now gone, that brought in the melancholy news. I have 
sent out to alarm the townships in this neighborhood, and to meet me 
early in the morning at Peter Spicker, to consult together what to do, 
and to make preparations to stand the enemy with the assistance of the 
most High. I writ you this that you may have time to consult with 
Mr. Seely and other well-wishers of the people, in order to defend your 
lives and others; for God's sake let us stand together and do what we 
can, and trust to the hand of Providence; perhaps we must in this neigh- 
borhood come to Reading, but I will send armed men to Susquehannah, 
or as far as they can go, for intelligence. Pray let Sammy have a copy 
of this, or this draft for his Honor the Governor. I have sent him about 
3 hours ago Express to Philadelphia, and he lodges at my son Peter's. 
Dispatch him as early as you can. I pray beware of confusion, be calm, 
you and Mr. Seely, and act the part as fathers of the people. I know 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 155 

you are both able, but excuse mo for giviug this caution, time requires 
it. I am, Dear Sir, your very good friend and humble servant, 

Conrad Weiser." 

A Letter to Governor Morris from James Eead, Esq., wrote on the 
same sheet of the foregoing letter from Mr. Weiser. 

"Sir: I must not detain the bearer a moment ; I have sent the orio-inal 
letter from Mr. Weiser, that no mistakes may arise by any doubts of the 
justness of a copy. 

"I shall raise our Town in an hour, and use all prudent measures for 
our defence. I could wish your Honour could order us two or three 
swivel Guns and Blunderbusses, with a few Muskets and some Powder, 
Swan Shot. Nothing shall be wanting in me, who have the misfortune 
of being Major of two associated Companies ; but I know not how my peo- 
ple will behave, as they are under an infatuation of an extraordinary sort. 

"I am, may it please your Honour, your Honour's most obedient and 
most humble Servant, James Read." 

" Many wagons that are got thus far are bound back again immedi- 
ately upon hearing the news. 

Reading, October 27th, 1755, 6 A. M." 

A Letter from Governor Morris to Conrad Weiser, Esquire. 

"New Castle, October 29th, 1755. 

"Sir: I have your two Letters of the 26th instant, that to Mr. Read 
being sent forward to me with the other, and I am heartily concerned at 
the melancholy situation of the inhabitants in the remoter parts of the 
Province. If the Assembl}^ had paid any the least regard to my recom- 
mendations, as everything that has happened was reasonably to be ex- 
pected, the people would not at this time have remained without protec- 
tion or such a quantity of innocent blood have been spilt. However, I 
have upon this occasion summoned them to meet on Monday next, and 
hope they will now (though late) make some provision for the safety of 
the Province, and in the meantime must commend your care and dili- 
gence, and recommend it to you and the people in your neighborhood to 
do everything for their defence that their circumstances and situation 
will admit of Let me know from time to time what is done and the 
motion of the enemy, and you may assure the people that whenever the 
Assembly enables me to act vigorously in their defence I shall most 
readily do it, and if they do not my best advice and assistance shall be 
employed in their protection. I have neither Arms nor ammunition at 
my disposal, or I should have sent you some of both before now. 

"I shall set out for Philadelphia this day or to-raorrow, 
" And am, Sir, your friend and servant, 

Robert Hunter Morris." 

"Conrad Weiser, Esq." 



15(3 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, Friday 31st October, 1755, A. M. 

PRESENT: 

The Honorable Robert Hunter Morris, Esquire, Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor, &c. 

Eobert Strettel, \ 

Richard Peters, > Esquires. 

Lynford Lardner, ) 

The Minutes of Council held at Newcastle on Tuesday last were read, 
together with the papers there entered. 

The Governor laid before the Council a Letter from Dr. Boude, of 
Lancaster, containing a Letter sent by Express from Mr. Elder, Minister 
at Paxton, giving an account of a large body of French and Indians were 
coming against this Province and had already passed the Allegheny Hills, 
which was read in these words : 

A Letter from Dr. Boude, of Lancaster, forwarding one from the Rev 
Mr. Elder, of Paxton, to William Allen, Esq. 

"Lancaster, 26th October, 1755. 

"Sir: As Mr. Shippen and his son are out of Town I thought it my 
duty to transmit you a copy of a letter just came to town, is as follows: 

"Paxton, 25 October, 1755. 

" '•Mr. Shippen : Mr. John Harris and Thomas Forster, Esq., they went 
up the River last Thursday with a company of men to bury the dead 
murdered there lately, and sent a letter to Mr. Carson, the copy of which 
is as follows : ' Mr. Carson : We have an account from our Indians that 
there is a large body of French and Indians coming down against us on 
this side of the Allegheny Mountains. We are going this day to Sha- 
mokin, where there is a body of Indians assembled, to know their minds 
and to send out Spies to view the enemy and know their numbers. The 
running Indians that came down and saw them says that there is a great 
number, and compares them to the Trees. I and our neighbors desire 
you'll send our families word that we expect to be down, God wiUing, on 
Sabbath night next, and it would be well done to send notice of this news 
to Virginia and through this Province, that they might prepare them- 
selves for the worst event. Sir, please to disperse copies of this through 
the Province as soon as possible, and you'll oblige 
"'Your humble Servant, 

John Elder.'" 

"'P. S.— The Letter to Carson is dated the 21st inst." 
" I am, sir, your very humble servant, 

Sam'l. Boude." 
"To William Allen, Esq." 

Sundry other Letters of the same import were likewise read, and the 
following ones ordered to be entered : 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 157 

A Letter to the Governor from Mr, John Harris at Paxton : 

"Paxton, Oct. 28tb, 1755. 

"May it please your Honor: This is to acquaint you that on the 
24:th day of October I arrived at Shamokin in order to protect our fron- 
tiers up that way till they might make their escape from their cruel ene- 
mies, and to learn the best intelligences I could. The Indians on the 
West Branch of Sasquehannah certainly killed our inhabitants on Mr. 
Penn's creek, and there is a hatchet and two English scalps sent by them 
up the North Branch to desire them to strike with them if they are men. 
The Indians are all assembling themselves at Shamokin to Council; a 
large body of them was there four days ago. I can't learn their inten- 
tions, but it seems Andrew Montour and Monacatootha is to bring down 
news from them ; there is not a sufficient number of them to oppose the 
enemy, and perhaps they will join the enemy against us; there is no de- 
pendence on Indians, and we are in imminent danger. I got certain 
information from Andrew Montour and others that there is a body of 
French with 1,500 Indians coming against us. Picks, Otto ways, Orandox, 
Delawares, Shawonese, and a number of the Six Nations, and are now 
not many days' march from this Province and Virginia, which is appoint- 
ed to be attacked at the same time; some of the Shawmokin Indians 
seemed friendly and others appeared like enemies. Montour knew many 
days of the enemy's being on their march against us before he informed 
me, for which I said as much to him as I thought prudent, considering 
the place I was in. On the 25th of this instant, in my return, with about 
forty men, at Mr. Penn's creek, we were attacked by about twenty or 
thirty Indians, received their fire, and about fifteen of our men and 
myself took to trees and attacked the villains, killed four of them on the 
spot, and lost but three men retreating about half a mile through woods 
and crossing Sasquehanna, one of which was shot from oft' an horse riding 
behind myself through the river. My horse before was wounded, and 
falling in the river, I was obliged to quit him and swim part of the way. 
Four or five of our men were drowned crossing the river. I hope our 
journey, though with fatigue and the loss of our substance, and some of 
our lives, will be of service to our country by discovering our enemy, 
who will be our ruin if not timely prevented. I just now received in- 
formation that there was a French oflicer, supposed a Captain, with a 
party of Shawonese, Delawares, &c., within six miles of Shamokin, two 
days ago, and no doubt intends to take possessiori of it, which will be of 
dreadful consequence to us if suft'ered; therefore I thought proper to 
dispatch this messenger to inform your honor. The Indians here I hope 
your honor will be pleased to cause them to be removed to some place, 
as I don't like their company ; and as the men of those here was not 
against us, yet did them no harm or else I would had them all cut oft". 



]^58 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The old Belt of Wampum promised me at Shamokin to send out spies 
to view the enemy, and upon his hearing of our skirmish was in a rage, 
fathered up thirty Indians immediately and went in pursuit of the enemy, 
I am this day informed. I expect Montour and Monocatootha down 
here this week with the determination of their Skamokin Council. The 
inhabitants is abandoning their plantations, and we are in a dreadful 
situation. 

"I am your Honour's most obedient and humble Servant, 

" John Harris. 

"P. S. — The night ensuing our attack the Indians burnt all Geo. Ga- 
briel's House, danced round them, &c." 

A letter to Edward Shippen, Esqr., of Lancaster, from Mr. John Harris, 

of Paxton. 

"Paxton, October 29th, 1755. 

" Sir : We expect the enemy upon us every day, and the inhabitants 
are abandoning their Plantations, being greatly discouraged at the ap- 
proach of such a number of cruel savages, and no siga of assistance. The 
Indians are cutting us off every day, and I had a certain account of about 
1,600 Indians beside French being on their march against us and Vir- 
ginia, and now close on our borders, their Scouts scalping our Families 
on our Frontiers daily. Andrew Montour and others at Shamokin de- 
sired me to take care that there was forty Indians out many days, and 
intended to burn my house and destroy myself and family. I have this 
day cut holes in my house, and is determined to hold out to the last ex- 
tremity if I can get some men to stand by me, few of which I yet can at 
present, every one being in fear of their own families being cut off every 
hour (such is our situation.) I am informed that a French officer was 
expected at Shamokin this week with a party of Delawares and Shawo- 
nese, no doubt to take possession of our river ; and as to the state of the 
Sasquehannah Indians, a great part of them are actually in the French 
interest ; but if we should raise a number of men immediately as will be 
able to take possession of some convenient place up Sasquehannah and 
build a strong Fort in spite of French or Indians, perhaps some In- 
dians may join us, but it is trusting to uncertainty to depend upon them 
in my opinion. We ought to insist on the Indians declaring either for 
or against us. As soon as we are prepared for them we must bid up for 
scalps and keep the woods full of our people hunting them or they will 
ruin our Province, for they are a dreadful enemy. We impatiently look 
for assistance. I have sent out two Indian spies to Shamokin, they are 
Mohawks, and I expect they will return in a day or two. Consider our 
situation and rouse your people downwards and not let about 1,500 vil- 
lains distress such a number of inhabitants as is in Pennsylvania, which 
actually they will if they possess our provisions and frontiers long, as 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 159 

they now have many thousands of bushels of our corn and wheat in pos- 
session already, for the inhabitants goes off and leaves all. 
"I am, sir, your most humble servant, 

"John Harris." 

A Letter to Governor Morris from Conrad Weiser, Esqr,, at Reading. 

'■^ May it please the Governor: Since the date of my last Letter, which 
I sent Express by Sammy Weiser, dated last Sunday evening, 5 o'clock, 
and about 11 the same Night I sent a Letter to Mr. Read in this Town, 
who forwarded it to your Honor by the same opportunity. The following 
account of what has happened since I thought was proper to lay before 
your Honor to wit : After I had received the news that Paxton people 
above Hunter's Mill had been murdered, I immediately sent my servants 
to alarm the neighborhood. The people came to my house by break of 
day. I informed them of the melancholy news and how I came by it, 
(fee. They unanimously agreed to stand by one another and march to 
meet the enemy if I would go with them. I told them not only myself 
but my sons and servants should go. They put themselves under my 
direction. I gave orders to them to go home and fetch their Arms, 
whether firuns, Swords, pitchforks, axes, or whatsoever might be of use 
against the enemy, and for three days provision in their Knapsacks, and 
meet me at Benjamin Spicker's at three of the Clock that afternoon, about 
six Miles above my House in Tulpohocon Township, where I had sent 
word for Tulpohocon people also to meet. I immediately mounted my 
Horse and went up to Benjamin Spicker's, where I found about one 
hundred people who had met before I came there ; and after I had 
informed them of the intelligence I had, and promised to go with them 
as a common Soldier, and to be commanded by such officers and leading 
men whatever they might call them as they should chuse, they unani- 
mously agreed to join Heidleberg People, and accordingly they went 
home to fetch their Arms and Provisions for three days, and came again 
at 3 o'clock. All this was punctually performed, and about two hundred 
men were at Benjamin Spicker's by two of the Clock. I made the ne- 
cessary disposition, and the people were divided into Companys of thirty 
men each Company ; they chosed their officers, that is a Captain over each 
Company and three inferiors under him, each to take care of ten men 
and lead them on or fire as the Captain should direct. I sent privately 
for Mr. Kurtz, the Lutheran Minister, who lived about a Mile off, who 
came and gave an Exhortation to the men, and made a Prayer suitable 
to the time ; and then we marched towards Sasquehannah, having first 
sent about fifty men to Tolkeo in order to possess themselves of the 
Capes or Narrows of Swahatawro, where we expected the enemy would 
come through, with a Letter to Mr, Parsons, who happened to be at his 
plantation. We marched about ten Miles that evening; my Company 



IQQ ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

was now increased to upwards of Three hundred men, and mostly well 
armed though about twenty men had nothing but axes and pitchforks. 
All unanimously agreed to die together and engage the enemy wherever 
they should meet with them — never to enquire the number but fight 
them, and so obstruct their marching further into the inhabited parts till 
others of our Brethren should come up and do the same, and so save the 
Lives of our Wives and Children. This night the Powder and Lead 
came up that I sent for early in the morning from Eeading, and I ordered 
it to the care of the Officers to divide it among those that wanted it most. 
On the 28th by break of day we marched, our Company increasing all 
along. We arrived at Adam Eead's Esqr., in Hanover Township, Lan- 
caster County, about 10 o'clock ; there we stopped and rested till all came 
up. Mr. Bead had just then received intelligence from Sasquehannah by 
Express, which was as follows, to wit : 'that Justice Forster, Capt. McKee, 
John Harris, and others, to the number of forty-nine, went up to Sham- 
okin to bury the Dead bodies of those that had been killed by the enemy 
on John Penn's Creek, and coming up to George Gabriel's, about five 
miles this side Shamokin and on the West side Sasquehannah, they heard 
that the Dead bodies had been buried already, and so they went along to 
Shamokin, where they arrived last Friday evening, and were seemingly 
well received, but found a great number of strange Indians, though Dela- 
wares, all painted Black, which gave suspicion, and Thomas McKee told 
his companions that he did not like them, and the next morning, that is 
last Saturday, they got up early in order to go back, but they did not see 
any of the strangers ; they were gone before them. Andrew Montour was 
there painted as the rest, advised our people not to go the same Road they 
came, but to keep this side Sasquehannnah and go the old Road, but when 
they came to the parting of the Roads a majority was for going the nighest 
and best road, and so crossed Sasquehannah contrary to Andrew Montour's 
counsel in order to go down on the west side of that river as far as Ma- 
honioy; when they came to John Pena's creek, in going down the bank 
they were fired upon from this side by Indians that had way -laid them; 
some dropped down dead, the rest fled and made towards Sasquehannah, 
and came to this side, and so home as well as they could. Twenty-six 
of them were missing and not heard of as yet last Monday evening. Upon 
this we had a consultation, and as we did not come up to serve as guards 
to Paxton people, but to fight the enemy if they were come so far as we 
first heard, we thought best t0 return and take care of our own Town- 
ships. After I had given the necessary caution to the People to hold 
themselves in readiness as the enemy was certainly in the Country, to 
keep their Arms in good order, and so on, I discharged them, and so we 
marched back with the approbation of Mr. Read ; by the way we were 
alarmed with a report that above five hundred Indians had come over 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 161 

the mountain at Tolkeo to this side, and had already killed a number of 
people. We stopt and sent a few men to discover the enemy, but on 
their return it proved to be a false alarm, occasioned by that Company 
I had sent that way the day before, whose Guns getting wet they fired 
them off, which was the case of my Company ; on their returning they 
fired off their Guns, nat considering the ill consequence, and the whole 
Township through which we marched were very much alarmed. In 
going back I met several Messengers from other Townships about Con- 
estogo, who came for intelligence and to ask me where their assistance 
was necessary, promising that they would come to the place where I 
should direct. I met also at Tulpehocon above one hundred men well 
armed as to Fire arms, ready to follow me, so that there were in the 
whole about 500 men in Arms that day all marching up towards Sasque- 
hannah. I and Mr. Adam Read counted those that were with me. We 
found them 320. 

"I cannot send any further account, being uncommonly fatigued. I 
should not forget, however, to inform your Honor that Mr. Read has 
engaged to keep proper persons riding between his house and Sasque- 
hannah, and if anything material shall occur he will send me tidings at 
Heidleburgh or here, which I shall take care to dispatch to you. I find 
that great care has been taken at Reading to get people together, and 
near two hundred were here yesterday morning ; but upon hearing that 
the people attending me were discharged, the people from the country 
went off without consulting what should be done for the future, through 
the indiscretion of a person who was with them and wanted to go home, 
and near the Town they met a large Company coming up and gave such 
accounts as occasioned their turning back. I think most of the inhabit- 
ants would do their duty, but without some Military Regulations we shall 
never be able to defend the Province. I am sure we are in great danger, 
and by an enemy that can travel as Indians do we may be surprised 
when it would be impossible to collect any number of men together to 
defend themselves, and then the country would be laid waste. I am quite 
tired and cannot say more than that 

"I am Your Honor's most Obedient Servant, 

"Conrad Weiser. 

"Reading, October 30th, 1755." 

" This year an expedition w^as undertaken against the French posses- 
sions in Nova Scotia.^ The territorial claims of the English extended 
northward to the St. Lawrence ; but the French endeavored to restrict 
them to the peninsula of Acadie. Whilst the two crowns were fruitlessly 
discussing their several claims in Europe, the French occupied and pre- 
pared to defend the disputed territory. Though the enterprise against, 

1 Gordon. 

12 



1(32 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

it was planned in Massachusetts, to be executed by the troops of that 
colony, in conjunction with the regiments of Shirley and Peperell, the 
command was given to Lieutenant-colonel Monckton, a British officer. 
His second was Lieutenant-colonel Winslow, a major-general of the pro- 
vincial militia. The provincial troops, amounting to near three thousand 
men, embarked at Boston on the twentieth of May, and arrived in the 
basin of Annapolis Eoyal, on the twenty-eighth of the same month. 
They were afterwards joined by three hundred British soldiers with a 
small train of artillery. In little more than a month, with the loss of 
three men only, they obtained possession of the whole province of Nova 
Scotia, according to their own definition of its boundaries. This easy 
conquest elated the Colonies, and produced sanguine anticipations from 
their future efforts. 

" It would have been well for humanity and the honor of the British 
name, had the victors enjoyed their triumph in mercy. But they dis- 
graced their conquest by scenes of devastation and misery, scarce paral- 
leled in modern history. The inhabitants of Nova Scotia were chiefly 
descendants of French parentage. By the treaty of Utrecht, (1713) they 
were permitted to retain their lands, taking the oath of allegiance to their 
new sovereign, with the qualification that they should not be compelled 
to bear arms against their Indian neighbors, or their countrymen; and this 
immunity was, at subsequent periods, assured to their children. Such was 
the notoriety of this compact, that, for near a half century, they had borne 
the name, and, with few exceptions, maintained the character, of neutrals. 
But, at length, excited by their ancient love of France, their religious 
attachments, and their doubts of the English rights, some of these mild, 
frugal, industrious, and pious people, were seduced to take arms. Three 
hundred were found in Beau Sejour at its capture; but it was stipulated 
that they should be left in the same situation as when the army arrived, 
and should not be punished for any thing subsequently done. Yet a 
Council was called by Lawrence, lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, at 
which the admirals Boscawen and Moyston assisted, to determine the fate 
of these unfortunate people. Sound policy and military law demanded 
the punishment of the leaders of the insurgents, but humanity forbade 
the extension of this punishment wider than the offence — the involvement 
of the innocent and the guilty. Of a population exceeding seven thousand, 
not more than three hundred had taken arms; and, of these, some were 
compelled to assume them by the enemy, from whom many had suffered 
much in consequence of their refusal to resist the English. The Council 
required the elders of the people to take the oath of allegiance to the 
British monarch without the exemption which, during fifty years, had 
been granted to them and their fathers. Upon their refusal, it was re- 
solved to expel them from their country, to confiscate their property, 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 163 

money and houseliold goods excepted, to waste their estates, and burn 
their dwellings. Their public records and muniments of title were 
seized, and the elders treacherously made prisoners. In transporting- 
them to their several destinations, the charities of blood and affinity 
were wantonly torn asunder; parents Avere separated from their child- 
ren, and husbands from their Avives: among many instances of this 
barbarity, was that of Eene La Blanc, who had been imprisoned four 
years by the French for his English attachments. The family of this 
venerable man, consisting of twenty children, and about one hundred 
and fifty grand-children, were scattered in different colonies, and himself 
with his wife and two children, only, were put on shore at New York. 
On ship-board, the prisoners were without the necessaries of life, and so 
crowded, that all could not lie doAvn at once ; and many of the Aveak and 
aged ended their miseries Avith their lives ; and such Avere the sufferings 
of others, that of five hundred allotted to Pennsylvania, as her portion 
of the burthen, more than one-half died soon after their arrival. So far 
as it was possible, they AA'ere relieved by the kindness of the Pennsyl\''a- 
nians. The}^ Avere landed at the lazaretto on Province island, and placed 
in the hospital, under the superintendence of Anthony Benezet, since well 
known by his humane and ardent efforts against the slave trade. Unjust 
and severe as these measures were to the neutrals, the consequences did 
not terminate in their sufferings. Governor Lawrence, Avith great pre- 
sumption, and a total disregard of the rights of the neighboring provinces, 
imposed a heavy and durable burthen upon them, in the maintainance of 
this devoted race, for AA-hich they Avere never requited. In Philadelphia 
"the neutrals" long remained a separate people. They petitioned the 
CroAvn in vain for redress, refused for a long time to labor, but, finall}^, 
settled in Ioav huts, in a quarter of the tOAvn Avhere a vestige continued 
until the year eighteen hundred."^ 

"In this county the citizens petitioned the Legislature for the passage 
of an Act to disperse the inhabitants of Nova Scotia, throAvn upon them. 
An Act was passed March 5, 1756, by Avhich Calvin Cooper, James Webb 
and Samuel Le Fevre, Avere appointed to carry its several provisions into 
execution. The Act empowered and required them, or a majority of 
them, or their survi\'ors, and enjoined it, that Avithin tAventy days after 
the passage of the Act, to order and appoint the disposition of the inhab- 
itants of Nova Scotia imported and permitted to be landed, in such 
manner and proportions as to them appeared most equitable under certain 
limitations, to have regard to such lands and plantations, or other em- 
ployment as they might procure for them towards maintaining them- 
selves and families, and thereby easing the Province of the heaAy charge 
of supporting them. The Act further provided in these Avords: And 

1 Rupp. 



164 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

for the more eftectual settling and employing said inhabitants, it was 
enacted that the overseers of the poor of the several townships of Lan- 
caster county were required and enjoined to accept of, provide for, and 
receive into their respeclave townships such of the Nova Scotians as were 
to be allotted, and sent into their townships, by an order under the hands 
and seals of at least two of the above named persons ; provided, that not 
more than one family was allotted to the care of the overseers of the 
poor of any one township. They were to secure them employment, as 
was most suitable to the circumstances of the families and persons allotted, 
and appointed for their respective townships, as directed. The overseers 
were directed to keep just and true accounts of all such unavoidable 
charges and expenses as might have accrued; which accounts were di- 
rected to be transmitted under oath, or affirmed, to the persons nomi- 
nated. 

"Those who had been bred to farming, farms at a reasonable rate were 
to be rented for them, and some small assistance was to be afforded them 
toward settlement thereof. The commissioners were authorized to pur- 
chase or procure such stock or utensils of husbandry for making settle- 
ments, provided the supplies allotted to any single family did not exceed 
in the whole ten pounds. The expenses incurred were to be defrayed 
and paid out of the money given to the King's use by an Act of Assembly. 

"Their condition was such as to make it necessary for the Assembly 
to pass another Act, January 18, 1757 : Whereas, it has been found by 
experience that the Act of March 4, 1756, has not answered the good 
intentions of the Legislature of uniting them with his Majesty's loyal 
subjects by granting the said inhabitants of Nova Scotia equal privileges 
and immunities with the inhabitants and settlers of the Province, and the 
grievous burdens of maintaining them in the manner hitherto used is 
greater than the good people of this province, under their present dis- 
tressed circumstances, are well able to bear, and for as much as there 
are numbers of children among them whose real advantage and interest 
it would undoubtedly prove to be brought up in industry and frugality, 
and bound out to learn husbandry, or some other profitable art, whereby 
they might become reputable inhabitants, entitled to the rights of the 
British subjects, and their parents thereby eased of the charge of their 
maintenance as well as the public, which by proper care may be in a 
good degree relieved from the present heavy expenses." 

The overseers of the poor were required to bind out the children of 
indigent Nova Scotians to kind masters and mistresses, on condition that 
they were taught to read and write the English language and such repu- 
table and profitable occupations as would enable them at the expiration 
of the term of their apprenticeship to support themselves; males were 
bound out till twenty-one, females till eighteen. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 165 

It was also provided that those who by reason of age, impotence, or 
any bodily infirmity, were unable to support themselves, should, like 
other poor of the township, be supported, but at the charge of the Prov- 
ince. 

After the defeat of Braddock on the 9th of July, 1755, began the series 
of atrocious and barbarous hostilities which has already been described 
in authentic extracts. The Siehen Tager Baptists of Ephrata provided 
hospitable shelter for the fugitives from Tulpehocken and Paxton, 
although they were themselves in imminent peril ; the enemy was only 
thirteen miles distant, and the poor people were hourly apprehensive 
of being surprised by the savage foe. The Government despatched a 
company of infantry to Ephrata for the protection of the people. 

In Lancaster the people erected a block-house early in December. The 
subjoined letters from Edward Shippen to James Hamilton, supply inter- 
esting particulars: 

"Honored Sir: I received the favor of yours of the 24th November, 
and we are all much pleased by your willingness to contribute to the 
building of a block-house. The savages who committed the murders in 
Paxton are now believed to be very numerous, perhaps one hundred. A 
number of families, but thirty-five miles from us, are entirely cut off. 
Farmers are flying from their plantations to Heading. An alarm, last 
night, about twelve o'clock; we assembled in the square, say, three hun- 
dred, but with fifty guns; it was shocking to hear at such. a moment, 
when in expectation of the savages, that we had neither a sufficiency of 
guns nor ammunition. Thanks be to God, the alarm was false. The 
block-house will be built on the north side of the north end of Queen 
street. There will be a wide ditch around it, a small draw bridge; one 
important use is to place our wives, girls and children within, that they 

may be in safety These are fearful times. God only knows 

how they will end. I am yours, 

Edward Shippen." 

Another, dated Lancaster, December 5, 1755: 

"Honored Sir: The fort we have agreed to build, is as follows: For 
the stockade, the logs split in the middle, and set on end, three feet in 
the ground, pMiced on the north side of the town, between Queen and 
Duke street; with curtains 100 feet. The planks of the bastions, lOfeetj 
and the saws of said bastions, 30 feet each. 

Yours, &c., Edward Shippen." 

"t/rtmes Hamilto7i^ Esq., Bush Hill. 

The marauding parties of French and Indians hung on the frontiers 
during the winter, and in the month of January [1756] attacked the set- 
tlements on the Juniata river, murdering and scalping such of the in- 
habitants as did not escape, or were not made prisoners. To guard 



IQQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ao'ainst these devastations, a chain of forts and block-houses were erected 
at an expense of eighty-five thousand pounds, by the Province of Penn- 
sylvania, along the Kittatiny hills, from the river Delaware to the Mary- 
land line, commanding the principal passes of the mountains, garrisoned 
with from twenty to seventy-five Provincials, as the situation and 
importance of the places respectively required. 

On April 13, [1756] the Governor informed the Council and the As- 
sembly of intelligence received that a number of people from the back 
counties had resolved to meet at Lancaster on the 16th inst., to march to 
Philadelphia and make some demands of the Legislature, Benjamin 
Chew, Alexander Stedman, Edward Shippen and William West were 
sent to Lancaster to inquire into the causes of the proposed meeting, and 
these gentlemen reporting their proceedings on the 21st, the Governor 
convened the Assembly for May 10th next ensuing, to take measures for 
putting the western part of the Province into a sulficient state of defence, 
and thereby to meet the demands of the people. 

And we have to regret another instance of the deliberate inhumanity 
which has distinguished the belligerents on the North American conti- 
nent, in regard to their employment of the Indians.^ The cruelty of the 
savage was stimulated by the promise of reward ; and, by proclamation, 
a premium was ofi'ered for the prisoners and scalps taken from the Indian 
enemy. This was rather an invitation to murder, than to take and pro- 
tect prisoners. For as the scalp was worth the living body, no consid- 
eration of religion or humanity induced the Indians to suffer the slightest 
inconvenience from their prisoners. 
The Proclamation ran thus : 

" Memorandum. On the fourteenth instant, the Proclamation of War 
against the Delawares was pubhshed at the Court House in the presence 
of the Council, Supreme Judges, Magistrates, Officers, &c., and a large 
concourse of people, and is as follows : 

"i??/ the Honoumhle ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS, Esquire, Lieuten- 
ant Governor and Commander-in- Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, 
and Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delmoare: 

"A PROCLAMATION. ^ 

" Whereas, the Delaware tribe of Indians, and others in confederacy 
with them, have for some time past, without the least provocation and 
contrary to their most solemn Treaties, fallen upon this Province, and in 
a most cruel, savage and perfidious manner, killed and butchered great 
numbers of the inhabitants, and carried others into barbarous captivity; 
burning and destroying their habitations and laying waste the country. 
And Wliereas, notwithstanding the friendly remonstrances made to them 

1 Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 167 

loj this Government, and the interposition and positive orders of our 
faithful friends and allies the Six Nations, to whom they owe obedience 
and subjection, requiring and commanding them to desist from any 
further acts of hostility against us, and to return to their allegiance, the 
said Indians do still continue their cruel murders and ravages, sparing 
neither age nor sex; I have, therefore, by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Council, thought fit to issue this Proclamation ; and do hereby 
declare the said Delaware Indians and all others who, in conjunction with 
them, have committed hostilities against his Majesty's subjects within 
this Province, to be enemies, rebels and traitors to his most sacred 
Majesty; and I do hereby require all his Majesty's subjects of this Pro- 
vince, and earnestly invite those of the neighboring Provinces, to embrace 
all opportunities of pursuing, taking, killing, and destroying the said 
Delaware Indians and all others confederated with them in committing 
hostilities, incursions, murders, or ravages upon this Province. And 
Whereas, sundry of our good friends and allies, the Six Nations and 
other friendly Indians, are seated upon and do inhabit the country to the 
northward of the mouth of a river falling into the Sasquehannah, called 
Cayuga Branch, and those of the Six Nations now in town have desired 
that our hostilities against the said enemy Indians might not therefore be 
carried on more northerly than a line extending from the mouth of the 
.said Cayuga Branch, at an Indian town called Diahoga or Tohiccon, to 
the station point between the Provinces of New York and Jersey, at the 
Indian town called Cashetunk, upon Delaware; the said Indians promis- 
ing us their hearty and best assistance. I do, therefore, hereby declare 
that the Indians livino- and being to the northward of a line drawn from 
the mouth of the said Cayuga Branch to the said Station Point are not 
included in this Declaration of War. 

^^And Whei-eas, many Delaware and other Indians, abhorring the un- 
grateful, cruel and perfidious behavior of that part of the Delaware tribe 
and others that have been concerned in the late inhuman ravages, have 
removed into the settled and inhabited parts of the country, put them- 
selves under the protection of this and the neighboring governments, 
and live in a peaceable manner with the King's subjects; I do therefore 
declare, that the said friendly Indians that have so separated themselves 
from our said enemies, and all others who shall join or act with us in the 
prosecution of this just and necessary war, are expret^sly excepted out of 
this declaration, and it is recommended to all officers and others to afford 
them protection and assistance. Ayid Whereas, the Commissioners ap- 
pointed with me to dispose of the Sixty Thousand Pounds lately granted 
by Act of General Assembly for his Majesty's use have, by their letter 
to me of the tenth instant, agreed to pay out of the same the several 
rewards for Prisoners and Scalps hereinafter specified; and, therefore, 



IQQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

as a further inducement and encouragement to all his Majesty's liege 
people, and to all the several tribes of Indians who continue in friend- 
ship and alliance with us, to exert and use their utmost endeavor to 
pursue, attack, take and destroy our said enemy Indians, and to release, 
redeem and recover such of his Majesty's subjects as have been taken 
and made prisoners by the same enemies; I do hereby declare and 
promise that there shall be paid out of the said Sixty Thousand Pounds 
to all and every person and persons, as well Indians as Christians not in 
the pay of the Province, the several and respective Premiums and Boun- 
ties following, that is to say: For every male Indian enemy above twelve 
years old who shall be taken prisoner and delivered at any forts garri- 
soned by the troops in the pay of this Province, or at any of the county 
towns to the keepers of the common jails there, the sum of One Hundred 
and Fifty Spanish Dollars or Pieces of Eight ; for the scalp of every male 
Indian enemy above the age of twelve years, produced as evidence of 
their being killed, the sum of One Hundred and Thirty Pieces of Eight ; 
for every female Indian taken prisoner and brought in as aforesaid, and 
for every male Indian prisoner under the age of twelve years taken and 
brought in as aforesaid. One Hundred and Thirty Pieces of Eight ; for 
the scalp of every Indian woman, produced as evidence of their being 
killed, the sum of Fifty Pieces of Eight; and for every English subject 
that has been taken and carried from this Province into captivity that 
shall be recovered and brought in and delivered at the City of Philadel- 
phia to the Governor of this Province, the sum Of one Hundred and Fifty 
Pieces of Eight, but nothing for their scalps; and that there shall be paid 
to every Officer or Soldier as are or shall be in the pay of this Province 
who shall redeem and deliver any English subject carried into captivity 
as aforesaid, or shall take, bring in, and produce any enemy prisoner, or 
scalp as aforesaid, one-half of the said several and respective premiums 
and bounties. 

" Given under my Hand and the Great Seal of the Province, at Philadel- 
phia, the Fourteenth day of April, in the Twenty-Ninth year of His 
Majesty's reign, and in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven 
Hundred and Fifty-Six. 

"EoBT. H. Morris." 
"By His Honor's Command, 

" Richard Peters, Secretary. 

"God Save the King." 
The disposition which the Province thus displayed towards the Indians, 
alarmed even those who continued friendly. These had been gathered 
in from the Susquehannah to the city, lest they should be mistaken for 
enemies; and now, without assigning any reason, they suddenly resolved 
to join the Six Nations. Their departure relieved the city of a consider- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 169 

able burden, yet care was taken that they should depart in good humor, 
and that their leaders, Scarroyady and Montour, should be amply re- 
warded for their services. No opportunity was lost by the Assembly to 
propitiate the Indians. Cayenquiloquoas, an influential chief among the 
Six Nations, had placed two sons at Philadelphia to be educated, who 
Avere hitherto supported at the joint expense of the Province and Propri- 
etaries. But, the latter refusing further to contribute, the former assumed 
the whole charge. The services of Montour and Scarroyady merited the 
acknowledgments of the whites. At the risk of their lives, they had, in 
December, visited the several tribes of Indians seated along the Susque- 
hannah, with a view to persuade them from assuming arms; and thence 
proceeded, as the deputies of the Six Nation Indians residing in Pennsyl- 
vania, to the great Council at Onondago, to represent the conduct of the 
Delawares and Shawanese to the confederated nations. In consequence 
of their remonstrances, the Council despatched a party of their warriors, 
consisting of deputies from each of the Six Nations, to the Susquehannah, 
to enjoin the Delawares and Shawanese to desist from hostilities; and, in 
case of their refusal, to declare war against them in the name of the Six 
Nations. 

Soon after the Governor received information that Sir William John- 
son, through the mediation of the Six Nations, had succeeded in disposing 
the Shawanese and Delawares to an accommodation;^ and that these 
tribes had promised to refrain from further hostilities. On the part of the 
Province, the Governor suspended the war against the Indians, by proc- 
lamation, which he sent to the Indians at Diogo, on the Susquehannah, 
and the Assembly cheerfully supplied the means for holding a treaty of 
pacification; and earnestly pressed upon the Governor, for his sanction, 
a bill for regulating the trade and intercourse with the Indians, by which 
they expected to allay whatever resentment the Indians might still feel, 
and to provide against future discontents. 

The return of the Shawanese and Delawares to pacific dispositions Avas 
greatly promoted by the conduct of the principal Quakers. Israel Pem- 
berton and others invited some friendly Indians to their tables, and, in a 
free and social converse with them, through the instrumentality of Conrad 
Weiser, awakened their earnest wishes for peace. These Indians were 
despatched with a message from Scarroyady to the hostile tribes, commu- 
nicating the desires of the Quakers that they should return to their early 
affections. This coirference was held with the permission of the Governor ; 
but, by the advice of his Council, the subject was left entirely to the 
management of Friends. 

The conference at Easton had hardly been concluded when new acts 
of murder were committed on the south side of the Blue Mountain.'-^ The 
1 Gordon. Col. Records. 2 Heckewelder. 



170 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

settlers on the frontier fled in consternation to the interior, and so great 
was the panic that of 3,000 able-bodied men, who were in 1755 in the 
country west of the Susquehaunah, there remained in 1756 less than 100. 

The necessity of a militia law was,^ in a great measure, obviated by 
^^ the forces raised by the Governor and Provincial Commissioners. They 
consisted of twenty-five companies amounting to fourteen hundred men. 
Eight companies under the command of Major James Burd, called the 
Augusta regiment, were stationed at Fort Augusta ; eight companies on 
the west side of the Susquehannah, commanded by Lieutenant-colonel 
Armstrong, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, 
were thus divided: two companies at Fort Lyttleton, on Aughwick 
creek, which empties into the Juniata river ; two companies on Conoco- 
cheague creek, which communicates with the Potomac ; two companies 
at Fort Morris, in Shippensburg, and two companies at Carlisle. Nine 
companies, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, 
commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Conrad Weiser, were thus distributed : 
one compan}^ at Fort Augusta; one at Hunter's mill, seven miles above 
Harrisburg, on the Susquehannah; one half company on the Swatara, at 
the foot of the North Mountain ; one company and a half at Fort Henry, 
close to the gap of the mountain, called the Tothea gap; one company 
at Fort William, near the forks of the Schuylkill river, six miles beyond 
the mountain; one company at Fort Allen, at Gnadenhutten, on the 
Lehigh; the other three companies were scattered between the rivers 
Lehigh and Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, some at farm- 
houses, others at mills, from three to twenty in a place.^ 

The negotiations for peace, which had been commenced with Teedy- 
uscung, the chief of the Delaware and Shawanese tribes on the Susque- 
hannah, had neutralized these, but the Province was still exposed to con- 
tinued devastation, from the French and Western Indians, who roamed 
in small parties over the country, avoiding or attacking the forts and 
armed Provincialists as they judged most safe. The counties of Cumber- 
land, Berks, Northampton, and Lancaster, were, during the spring and 
summer months of 1757, kept in continual alarm, and some of the savage 
scalping parties were pushed on to within thirty miles of Philadelphia. 
Many of these wretches paid with their lives the just penalty of their 
temerity. But their sufferings bore no comparison with those of the 
unfortunate inhabitants. Incessant anxiety pervaded every family in 
the counties Ave have mentioned; their slumbers were broken by the 
yell of demons, or by the dread of an attack, scarce less horrid than their 
actual presence. The ground was ploughed, the seed sown, and the 
harvest gathered, under the fear of the tomahawk and rifle. Scarce any 
outdoor labor was safely executed, unless protected by arms in the hands 
1 Proud. 2 Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 171 

of the laborers, or by regular troops. Women visiting their sick neigh- 
bors were shot or captured ; children driving home cattle from the field 
were killed and scalped ; whilst the enemy, dastardly as cruel, shrunk 
from every equality of force.^ Many of the richest neighborhoods were 
deserted, and property of every kind given up to the foe. Many in- 
stances of heroism were displayed by men, women, and children, in 
the defence of themselves and their homes, and in ])ursuing and com- 
batting the enemy. 

In May [1757] a conference with the Indians was held at Lancaster. 
It Avas attended by Governor Denny, six members of the Council, the 
Speaker and five members of the House of Eepresentatives, the Magis- 
trates of Lancaster, many other gentlemen, and on the part of the Indians 
by deputies of the Mohawks, Oneidoes, Tuscaroroes, Onondagoes, Cayu- 
gas, with some Senecas, Nanticokes and Delawares. Little Abraham, a 
Mohawk Sachem, and Thomas King, an Oneida Sachem, -were speakers 
for the Indians. During the conference four persons, killed at Swatara 
by hostile Indians, were brought to Lancaster, Avhereupon the chief 
Sachems called a meeting with a number of their warriors at the Indian 
camp, where they expressed their condolence, thus: 

"Brethren: We have called this meeting, with tears in our eyes, on 
account of seeing so many of our brethren killed by the evil spirit ; and 
we take this opportunity, as Ave have a good deal of business yet to do, 
to Avipe the Tears from your Eyes, so that to-morrow, Avhen Ave meet in 
Council, Ave may see each other Avith the same Good Will Ave have hith- 
erto done." 

iMai'ch 29, 1757, the Indians made a breach at Rocky Springs, where one man was 
killed and eleven taken prisoners. April 2d, 1757, William McKinnie and his son were 
killed near Chambers' fort. April 17th, Jeremiah Jack, near Potomac, was taken cap- 
tive, and two of his son's killed, and a man and a woman were drowned in the Poto- 
mac, while endeavoring to escape. April 23d, Jolm Martin and William Blair Ave re 
killed, and Patrick McClelland wonnded in the shoulder, who afterwards died of his 
Avound, near Maxwell's fort, on Conococheague creek. May 14th, Major Campbell and 
one Tussey were killed or taken captive, with fourteen others, near Potomac. May 
12th, John Martin and Andrew Paul, both old men, were taken from Conococheague. 
May 13th, tAvo men killed near McCormick's fort, Conodoguinet. INIay 16th, eleven 
Ijersons killed at Paxton, Lancaster county. June 9, James Holiday, and fourteen 
men killed and taken; James Long's son and another man killed in a quarry at Fort 
Frederick. Nineteen men killed in a mill at Quitiphilla, Lancaster county, and four 
were killed in Shearman's valley ; all done in one week. June Gtli, two men Avere 
killed, and five taken prisoners, near Shippensburg. July 18th, six men killed or taken 
from a field, near Shippensburg. July 19th, nineteen men killed and taken while 
reaping in a field near Shippensburg. August 17th, William Waugh's barn was burnt, 
in the Tract, York county, by Indians. September 9th, one boy and girl taken from 
Donegal, Lancaster county. October 1st and 2d, a very great slaughter, near Opiken, 
in Virginia, Avhere more than sixty were killed and taken. November 9th, John 
Woods, his AA'ife and Mother-in-laAV, and John Archer's wife Avere killed, four children 
taken, and nine men killed, near McDovfeWn (ovt.— Loudon's JS'arrattve, II. 200-208. 



272 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Gave a String of Wampum. 

"Beethrex: Now we have wiped the Tears from your Eyes, agree- 
able to the ancient Custom of our Fore-Fathers, we clean the blood off 
your Council Seats, that you may sit with Comfort and hear Avhat we 
have to say to 3^ou. 

" No doubt but the French King, who takes delight in Mischief, has 
taken this opportunity to send his children down to commit these mur- 
ders, with the expectation of breeding a difference between you, our Breth- 
ren, and us ; but we desire you will hold fast by the Chain of Friendship 
subsisting between us, and disappoint him in his designs." 

Gave a Belt of Wampum. 

On the next day Little Abraham spake as follows : 

"Brethren: Each of you made us a Speech yesterday on the same 
subject, both which Speeches I now propose to answer at once. 

"Brothers: Some years ago, in the Jerseys, one of the Head Men of 
the Delawares had been out a hunting ; on his return he called to see a 
gentleman, a great friend of his, one of your People, who he found in his 
field. When the gentleman saw him he came to meet him ; it was rainy 
weather, and the Delaware Chief had his gun under his arm. They met 
at a Fence, and as they reached out their hands to each other the Dela- 
ware's gun went off by accident and shot him dead. He was very much 
grieved at the accident, and went to the house and told the gentleman's 
wife what had happened, and said he was willing to die, and did not 
choose to live after his friend. She immediately sent for a number of 
the inhabitants; when they were gathered, some said it was an accident . 
and could not be helped ; but the greatest number were for hanging 
him, and he was taken by the Sheriff and carried to Arabo}^, where he 
Avas tried, and hanged. 

" There was another misfortune that happened. A party of Shawa- 
nese, who were going to war against their enemies, in their way through 
Carolina, called at a house, not suspecting any harm as they were among 
their friends ; a number of the inhabitants rose and took them prisoners, 
on account of some mischief that was done there about that time, sus- 
pecting them to be the people that had done the mischief; and carried 
them to Charles Town and put them in Prison, where the Chief Man, 
called the Pride, died. The relations of these people were much exas- 
perated against you our Brethren, the English, on account of the ill- 
treatment you gave their friends, and have been continually spiriting up 
their Nations to take revenge. 

"Brothers: You desired us to open our hearts, and inform you of 
everything we knew that might give rise to the quarrel between you 
and our Nephews and Brothers. 

"We must now inform you that, in former times, our Forefathers con- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 173 

quered the Delawares, and put Petticoats on them. A long time after 
that, they lived among you our Brothers, but upon some difterence be- 
tween you and them, we thought proper to remove them, giving them 
lands to plant and hunt on, at Wyoming and Juniata, on Sasquehannah. 
But you, covetous of land, made Plantations there and spoiled their 
Hunting Grounds; they then complained to us, and we looked over 
those lands, and found their complaints to be true. At this time they 
carried on a correspondence with the French, by which means the French 
became acquainted with all the causes of complaint they had against 
you ; and as your people were daily increasing their settlements, by this 
means you drove them back into the arms of the French ; and they took 
the advantage of spiriting them up against you, by telling them, ' Chil- 
dren, you see, and we have often told you, how the English, your Breth- 
ren, would serve 3^ou; they plant all the country, and drive you back; so 
that in a little time you will have no land. It is not so with us ; though 
we build Trading Houses on your land, we do not plant it; we have our 
Provisions from over the Great Waters.' 

" We have opened our Hearts, and told you what complaints we have 
heard they had against you, and our advice to you is, that you send for 
the Senecas and them, treat them kindly, and rather give them some 
part of their fields back again than difter with them. It is in your power 
to settle all the differences with them, if you please." 

Gave two Belts of Wampum, one for Sir Wm, Johnson, and the other 
for the Governor. 

Little Abraham spoke again as follows: 

"Brothers: As to what passed between jon and Teedyuscung last 
Fall respecting the purchase of Lands, we know nothing of. They are 
not here, and if we inquire, we can only hear what you say on that head. 
We should have been glad our Nephews, the Delawares, and Brothers, 
the Shawanese, had been here at this time, that we might have heard the 
complaints on both sides ; then we should have been able to judge who 
was in the fault, and we are determined to see justice done to the party 
aggrieved. As they are not here we can say nothing about it ; but you 
yourselves, between whom the business was transacted, must be the best 
judges." 

Gave a string of Wampum. 

''Brothers: You acquaint us there are certain persons empowered 
by the King, to purchase Lands here from the Indians ; we are unac- 
quainted with that. Neither do we know how our Father, the King of 
England, has divided his Provinces. You say if you have done the 
Indians any injustice you are willing to make them satisfaction. We 
are glad to hear it, and as you have writings to refresh your memories 
about every transaction that has happened between you and our Neph- 



274 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ews and Brothers, the Delawares and Sliawanese, we recommend it hear- 
tily to you to do justice. We are much concerned to see how you are 
used by them and the French, every day having your people killed, and 
you sitting with your heads between your legs, and receiving the blow 
without resenting it, as if you could not or would not fight to defend 
yourselves. 

"Brother Onas: We desire that you may not think of great expe- 
ditions far off". Use your best endeavors to defend your Frontiers and 
protect the lives of your people. It is better for you to give up some 
points to them than to contend, provided they should be in the wrong, 
and settle all differences subsisting between you as soon as possible." 

Gave a Belt. 

He added: 

" Brother Onas : Take pattern by Sir William Johnson ; he always 
keeps large parties patrolling across the Frontiers where he lives, and 
you do not hear of any murders being committed there. That is the 
way to defend yourselves. The enemy is afraid to enter the settlements 
there and if you pursue the same measures they will be afraid to come 
into your settlements." 

Thomas King then spoke as follows: 

"Brethren : We have considered what you said to us about our re- 
questing the Delawares and Shawanese to bring down and deliver up all 
the English prisoners they have, agreeable to their promises to Sir 
William Johnson. We will do everything in our power that may in- 
duce them to do it, but perhaps it will not be in our power to prevail on 
them to give them up. 

" Once more we would desire that you would send for the Senecas and 
them, and endeavor to settle all those differences. It is in our power to 
do it. When it is done you will certainly see some of your own flesh 
and blood again," 

Gave a belt of Wampum. 

"Brethren: It is true, we were present when the Delawares and 
Shawanese brightened the chain of friendship with Sir William Johnson, 
and promised to turn the edge of their hatchet against the French. But 
you must know that last Fall, though they went out to war with us, they 
always turned back, and did not perform what they had promised, so that 
we cannot account for what they will do now. But for our parts, the 
Six Nations, we have been engaged in the war with you, and are always 
ready when we see an EngHsh Flag to join our Brothers, and go with 
them and share the same iate." 

Gave a belt of Wampum. 

On Friday the 20th of May, the Governor spoke as follows: 

"Brethren of the Six United Nations: I return you my hearty 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 175 

thanks for the kind and open manner in which you have informed us of 
the causes from whence the dissatisfaction of our brethren, the Dela wares 
and Shawanese, first arose ; but as you have observed they are not pres- 
ent, it must be deferred until we have the pleasure of seeino- them. I 
shall only assure you that I think your advice good, and shall with great 
satisfaction conform to it, by sending for the people you have so earn- 
estly recommended to be sent for. 

"I think with you that our Frontiers should be carefully and strongly 
guarded, and it shall be my particular care to endeavor to have this 
done, in which I shall take kindly any assistance you Avill give me." 

Gave a belt of Wampum. 

"Brethren: Soon after the present troubles first broke out between 
us and the French, some of the Six Nation Indians requested of this 
Government to build a strong house at Shamokin, and a storehouse, with 
Indian Goods, and to give an invitation to Indians, as well of United 
Nations as Delawares, to come and live there; I must now inform you 
that in compliance with their request, this Government has built a strong 
house where goods will soon be sent, and sold as cheap as anywhere on 
this continent; to this place I have appointed Mr. Thomas McKee to 
conduct as many of you as shall choose to return that way, and shall 
leave it to you to settle as many families as shall incline to live there, 
promising you that care shall be taken by this Government that as many 
as stay shall be furnished with such necessaries as they may want till 
they can support themselves." 

Gave a belt of Wampum. 

" Brethren : I shall immediately report the whole that has passed 
at these Conferences to Sir William Johnson, who is glad of all occasions 
to show his attachment to our Friends, the Indians, and promote His 
Majesty's service. It is that gentleman's peculiar province to treat and 
finish all treaties with the Indians. 

"Let me add, my brethren of the United Nations, that you shall find 
no deceit in me, and I shall be happy if my conduct deserves your esteem 
and approbation." 

Gave a belt of Wampum. 

" Brethren: I have ordered the Presents provided by the good People 
of this Province to be carried to the Indian Camp, early in the morning, 
and inform you that a part of these Presents is given by those who are the 
descendants of the inhabitants that first came over to this Country with 
your old friend William Penn, as a particular testimony of their regard 
and affection for the Indians." 

After the Governor had delivered his speech, Mr. Croghan spoke in 
behalf of Sir William Johnson, as follows : 

"Sachems and Warriors of the United Nations: You see 



176 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

how the French, the enemies of mankind, set on their Children to 
murder, in a barbarous manner, your Brethren that are settled on the 
frontiers of this and the neighboring Provinces. Brethren, I must now 
desire you, in the name of the Great King of England, your Father and 
my Master, that, on your return to your own Country, you will be active, 
and not suffer any of the French or their Children to pass over your lands 
to murder your Brethren, and that you will let Teedyuscung and his 
people know. I expect he will do the same. Tell them it is not nor will 
not be their interest to carry on this War against their Brethren, the 
English. Their Father, the French King, makes fools of them, and will, 
in the end, make slaves of them ; but you. Brethren, are convinced that 
the English have always treated you as their Brethren, and I expect a 
due regard and performance to this request on your side." 

Gave a belt of Wampum. 

Little Abraham made the following answer to the Governor : 

"Brother Oxas: We return you our hearty thanks for accepting of 
our advice in sending for the Dela wares, Shawanese, and Senecas, and we 
hope, when you meet them, you will be able to settle all differences to 
your satisfaction. 

"Brother Oxas : We likewise return you our hearty thanks for your 
kind invitation to us to settle at Genossa, and your promise to supply 
those that will stay, or come and settle there, with Provisons and Goods. 
We accept of the invitation, and will take it into consideration as we go 
home, how many of us will stay there or come back from our Towns to 
settle there; and we return you thanks for appointing our Brother, 
Thomas McKee, to take care of us, as he is a person very agreeable 
to us." 

He then spoke to Mr. Croghan, in answer to Sir William Johnson's 
speech, as follows: 

"Brother Wariaighiyagey: We have all oiven attention to what 
you have said to us by Anaquarunda, and you may depend upon our 
being on the active, and doing every thing in our power to prevent the 
French or their Children coming to murder our Brethren, and we will 
recommend it strongly to Teedyuscung and his people to do the same. 

"Brother: We must desire you will assist our Brother Onas in set- 
tling the differences between him and our Nephews and Brothers, the 
Delawares and Shawanese, which will be the only method to prevent 
these cruel murders daily committed on our Brethren." 

After the Message for Teedyuscung was delivered to the Messengers, 
the Sachems of the several Tribes made the following speech: 

"Brother : As we have finished the business for this time, and we 
design to part to-morrow, you must be sensible that we have a long 
journey and a hilly country to pass over, and several of our old men 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 177 

very weak, we hope that you will not send us from your frontiers with- 
out a walking Stick.^ 

In answer Mr. Croghan acquainted them that the good people of thia 
Province had provided some kegs for them on the frontiers, which 
would be given them by the persons employed to conduct them through 
the settlements. 
Below are the 
^^Instructions from the Honourable WILLIAM DENNY, Esquire^ Lieu- 
tenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsyl- 
vania and three Lower Counties, to Mr. Thoinas McKee. 
" You are to conduct such of the Indians as return by the way of the 
Sasquehannah, as far as Shamokin. I understand there are several spots 
of land near Fort Augusta, already cleared and fit for planting. I would 
have you purchase a proper quantity of Indian Corn, and see that it be 
planted as soon as you get there. I leave it to you to choose a proper 
place for the Indians to settle at ; you know what will be at first wanted, 
and are to provide it. You must not leave them till they be commodi- 
ously settled to their satisfaction. You are to furnish Carriages and 
Provisions for them in their Journey. You are to apply to Mr. Croston, 
the Contractor for supplying the Garrison with Provisions, who is hereby 
ordered to furnish Cattle and Flour for the use of the Indians, not only 
in their journey, but after they are settled, in such quantities as you shall 
demand. In case of his not being able to do this at first, you are to 
apply to Major Burd, who is desired to deliver what is wanted for their 
imimediate use, till the other Provisions arrive that are to be furnished 
by the Contractor. You are so well acquainted with the wants of In- 
dians, that I must leave the whole to your management, in which I must 
recommend it to you to be as frugal as possible. The more the Indians 
hunt, the more it will conduce to their health. When their demands are 
reasonable, and for things absolutely necessary, they are to be granted, 
but not otherwise. Much depends upon their first setting out; if their 
Conduct be orderly, and their Expenses light and easy, the better the 
Province can continue it, and others be encouraged to come and settle 
there; but if they be too much indulged, and not laid under the Neces- 
sity of hunting, they will quarrel with one another, and no other Indians 
join them, or at least not such as will be of service to the cause. You 
are to draw upon the Commissioners for such sums as you lay out, giving 
them advice of your draughts, and a just and full account of the par- 
ticulars, for which the Money has been laid out. 

"All Officers, civil and military, are enjoined to be aiding and assist- 
ing to you and the friendly Indians under your care, and to do you and 
them, all the good Offices they shall stand in need of; particularly, it is 

1 Meaning a keg of Rum. 

13 



I'lQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

hereby required of all the Officers and Soldiers in the Garrison at Augusta, 
to give you all the assistance possible in the Execution of these Orders, 
and to be of good behaviour to the Indians, as they are on all occasions 
to demean themselves towards His Majesty's Subjects with the utmost 
care and kindness. 

" Given under my Hand and Seal at Arms, at Lancaster, this Twenty- 
first Day of May, 1757. 

" William Denny." 

The conference at Lancaster was followed by another held in July 
[1757] at Easton, attended by Teedyuscung and about 300 Indians, with 
the result that hostilities should cease and the Indians take up the 
hatchet against the French. A solemn treaty was held the following 
year at Easton. It lasted from Oct. 7 to Oct. 26, 1758, and was attended 
on the part of the English by the Governors of Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey, George Croghan, the agent of Sir William Johnson, six members 
of the Governor's Council, six members of the House of Representatives, 
Commissioners from New Jersey, and a large number of Magistrates and 
citizens from Pennsylvania and the neighboring Provinces, and on the 
part of the Indians by representatives of the Mohawks, Oneidoes, Onan- 
dagoes, Senecas, Tuscaroras, Nanticokes and Conoys, Tuteloes, Chugnuts, 
Delawares and Unamies, Minosinks, Mohickons, Wapings or Pumptons, 
and others, numbering men, women and children, all told 509. In con- 
sequence of this treaty peace and friendship were restored between the 
English and the Indians, and Thomas King at the final meeting in behalf 
of the United Nations (now eight in number) said "that the Nations were 
vastly pleased that all the ancient treaties made there, at Albany, and 
elsewhere were renewed, as well as that the old Council Fire at Phila- 
delphia was kindled again, and a good Road made to it, that might be 
travelled without danger; these in particular, as well as every other 
matter transacted at these conferences, we will make known to our own 
Nations and to every other in Friendship and Alliance with us, and we 
are sure they will be very well received." 

After the capture of Fort Du Quesne by General Forbes, on Novem- 
ber 25, it was garrisoned by 450 men, chiefly Provincial troops, from 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, under the command of Colonel 
Mercer.i The remainder of the army was marched into the interior, and 
quartered at Lancaster, Reading, and Philadelphia. There being no 
barracks at the former places, the soldiers were billetted upon the in- 
habitants, who complained grievously of the irregularity of the men, and 
the caprice, favour, and oppression of the officers. The Assembly, having 
remonstrated in vain on these enormities, finally directed barracks to be 
erected at Lancaster. 

1 Gordon. Hazard's Reg. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 179 

Mr. Bailsman was appointed Barrack-Master. 

The following statistics of Lancaster county in 1760 will be read witli 
interest. 

436,346 acres of land; 5,635 Taxables; £1. 2s. Od, each taxed; amount 
of Tax, £6178. 10s. Od. 

In August 1762, Governor Hamilton held a Treaty with the Indians 
at Lancaster, the purport of which appears from the subjoined Message 
of the Governor to the Assembly : 

A Message fro7n the Governor to the Asseriibbj. 

"Gentlemen: In pursuance of sundry Invitations from this Govern- 
ment to the Indians living to the Westward, on and near the Waters of 
the Ohio, Deputies from several of those Nations (whom we have not 
seen since the Commencement of the late War) met me at Lancaster on 
the ninth of last month, where, in divers Conferences held for that pur- 
pose, the peace and Friendship, which formerly subsisted betwixt us, but 
which of late had unhappily been interrupted, were fully renewed and 
established. 

"A very considerable number also of the Six Nation Indians, from the 
Northward, and others residing on the river Susquehannah and its Branches, 
attended at the same time and place, who likewise renewed with us the 
ancient Chain of Friendship which had so long subsisted between them 
and his Majesty's Subjects. And I have the pleasure to acquaint you 
that, as a Testimony of the Sincerity of the professions both of the West- 
ern and Northern Indians, sundry of our people who had been taken 
Captive during the late War, have already been delivered up to me, and 
solemn Engagements entered into, on the part of the Indians, to restore, in 
a short time, all such others as still remain in their Towns and Countries. 

"For further particulars I refer you to the Copy of the Treaty here- 
with delivered to you. 

"James Hamilton."* 

" September 21st, 1762." 

Indian hostilities were general at this time [1763] and marked by every 
species of cruelty; fire, the tomahawk and the scalping-knife Avere the 
instruments of the savages. Scalping parties traversed the land, sur- 
prised the people at night, at their meals or in the fields, put them to the 
knife and set fire to houses, barns, corn, hay and to whatever was com- 
bustible. Under these circumstances it need not occasion surprise that 
even the neutral Indians, remnants of the Delaware and Six Nation 
tribes and dwelling among the whites, for whom they professed attach- 
ment, became objects of suspicion and hatred, especially when the neu- 
trality of some of them, at least, was justly suspected. 

The settlers at Paxton, goaded to desperation by repeated murders 
perpetrated by Indians, resolved to punish the murderers. Scouts brought 



X80 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

in the intelligence tliat they had been traced to Conestogo, the settlement 
of the professed friendly Indians, who harbored and, it was believed, en- 
couraged and aided the hostile Indians. Thus was kindled the implacable 
hatred of the Paxton men against all Indian blood and against the Mo- 
ravians and Quakers, who were disposed to conciliate and protect the 
Indians, and as the Paxton men thought, frequently at the expense of the 
lives of the settlers. 

The Conestoga Indians lived at Conestogo, in Manor township ; their 
extirpation was the savage design of the Paxton men, more particularly 
of the younger and more hot-blooded men of the Eev. Colonel Elder's 
corps of Eangers, led by Lazarus Stewart, a daring partisan and a man 
of considerable influence in the Paxton settlement. 

On the morning of Wednesday, December 14th, a number of armed 
men attacked the village of Conestogo, massacred some women and 
children and a few old men, among them the chief Sheehays. The ma- 
jority of the Indians were abroad at the time of the attack. The magis- 
trates of Lancaster sent for the survivors and placed them for safe keeping 
in the newly erected workhouse. 

Below is the official account of the affair communicated to the Gov- 
ernor in a letter from Edward Shippen, Esq. : 

"Lancaster, 14th December, 1763, Evening. 

"Honoured Sir: One Robert Edgar, a hired man to Captain Thomas 
M'Kee, living near the Borough, acquainted me to-day that a Company 
of People from the Frontiers had killed and scalped most of the Indians 
at the Conestogoe Town early this morning; he said he had his informa- 
tion from an Indian boy who made his escape ; Mr. Slough has been to 
the place and held a Coroner's Inquest on the Corpses, being six in 
number ; Bill Sawk and some other Indians were gone towards Smith's 
Iron "Works to sell brooms; but where they are now we can't under- 
stand ; and the Indians, John Smith, and Peggy, his wife, and their child, 
and young Joe Hays, were abroad last night too, and lodged at one 
Peter Swar's, about two miles from hence; these last came here this 
afternoon, whom we acquainted with what had happened to their Friends 
and Relations, and advised them to put themselves under our protection, 
which they readily agreed to ; And they are now in our Work House by 
themselves, where they are well provided for with every necessary. 
Warrants are issued for the apprehending of the murderers, said to be 
upwards of fifty men, well armed and mounted. I beg my kind Com- 
plements to Mr. Richard Penn, and I am with with all due regards, 
" Sir, Your Honour's Obliged 

" Friend, and most humble Servant, 

" Edw'd Shippen." 

" The Honorable John Penn, Esqr., Governor." 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 181 

At the same meeting of the council in Philadelphia, Monday, Decem- 
ber 19th, the Governor laid before the Board the following letter from 
the Conestogo Indians : 

" To the Honorable JOHN PENN^ Esquire^ Lieutenant Oovernor and 
Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania^ &c., &c. 

"Brother: We (the Conestogoe Indians) take the present oppor-' 
tunity, by Capt. Montour, to welcome you into this Country by this 
String of Wampum, and as we were settled at this place by an Agree- 
ment of Peace and Amity established between your Grandfathers and ours, 
we now promise ourselves your favour and protection, and as we have 
always lived in peace and quietness with our brethren and neighbours 
round us during the last and present Indian wars, we hope now, as we 
are deprived from supporting our families by hunting, as we formerly 
did, you will consider our distressed situation, and grant our women and 
children some cloathing to cover them this winter. The Government 
has always been kind enough to allow us some provisions, and did for- 
merly appoint people to take care of us, but as there is no person to 
take that upon him, and some of our Neighbours have encroach'd upon 
the Tract of Land reserved here for our use, We would now beg our 
Brother the Governor to appoint our Friend Captain Thomas M'Kee, 
who lives near us and understands our Language, to take care and see 

Justice done us. 

" SoHAYS, y^ his Mark. 

"Indian, ^^ his Mark. 

or Cuyanguerrycoea, 

his 
" Saguyasotha, IxI or John." 
Mark. 
"Conestogoe, Nov. 30th, 1763." 

Upon receiving intelligence of the outrage committed at Conestogo, 
the Governor, on December 19th issued the following proclamation. 

By the Honourable John Penn, Esquire, Lieutenant Governor and 
Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties of 
New Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delaware. 

''A PROCLAMATION. 
"Whereas, I have received information, that on Wednesday the 
fourteenth day of this month, a number of People, armed and mounted 
on Horseback, unlawfally assembled together and went to the Indian 
Town in the Conestogoe Manor, in Lancaster County, and without the 
least Reason or Provocation, in cool blood barbarously killed Six of the 
Indians settled there, and burnt and destroyed all their Houses and Ef- 
fects. And ivhereas^ so cruel and inhuman an Act committed in the 
Heart of this Province, on the said Indians, who have lived peaceably 



182 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

and inoffensively among us during all our late Troubles, and for many- 
years before, and were justly considered as under tbe protection of this 
Government and its Laws, calls loudly for the vigorous Exertion of the 
civil Authority to detect the Offenders and bring to condign Punishment, 
I have therefore, by and with the advice and consent of the Council, 
thought fit to issue this Proclamation, and do strictly charge and enjoin 
all Judges, Justices, Sheriffs, Constables, Officers, Civil and Military, and 
all other his Majesty's liege Subjects within this Province, to make dili- 
gent Search and Enquiry after the Authors and Perpetrators of the said 
Crime, their Abettors and Accomplices, and to use all possible means to 
apprehend and secure them in some of the Public Gaols of this Province, 
that they may be brought to their Tryals, and be proceeded against 
according to Law. 

^^And whereas^ a number of Indians who lately lived on or near the 
Prontiers of this Province, being willing and desirous to preserve and 
continue the ancient Friendship which heretofore subsisted between them 
and the good People of this Province, have, at their earnest request, been 
removed from their Habitations and brought into the County of Phila- 
delphia, and seated for the present, for their better Security, on the 
Province Island and in other places in the neighborhood of the City of 
Philadelphia, where Provision is made for them at the Publick Expence. 
I do therefore hereby strictly forbid all Persons whatsoever, to molest 
or injure any of the said Indians, as they will answer the Contrary at 
their Peril. 

" Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the said Province, at Phil- 
adelphia, the twenty-second day of December, Anno Domini, one thou- 
sand seven hundred and sixty-three, And iu the Fourth Year of His 
Majesty's Eeign. 

"John Penn." 
"By His Honour's Command. 

"Joseph Shippen, Junr., Secretarj^ 
"God save the King." 

The proclamation proved waste paper, for the Paxton men assembled 
in greater numbers, and breathing slaughter and vengeance, drew near 
Lancaster on the evening of December 26th, and on the following morn- 
ing, Avhen the whole community was engaged in the solemnities of the 
sanctuary, suddenly galloped into town, "seized the keeper of the Work 
House, overpowered him, rushed into the prison and speedily accomplished 
the Avork of death ; the poor Indians, to the number of fourteen, were 
butchered in cold blood, and the Paxton men, elated at their success, left 
the town in the same haste with which they had entered it." Gordon says 
that " it is not i)ossible to exculpate the magistrates of the town from 
the charge of criminal negligence, since it was in their power to have 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 183 

prevented this assassination, or to have arrested the perpetrators. Captain 
Robinson, with a company of highlanders, on their way from Pittsburg, 
being then at Lancaster, put himself in the way to receive the com- 
mands of the civil authority, which made no efibrt to use the force thus 
offered it." 

The foregoing account, we believe, is substantially accurate, but in 
order that the reader may be enabled to form an independent opinion, we 
subjoin the documentary evidence. 

Postscript to a letter from John Hay, Esqr., Sheriff of Lancaster County , 
to the Governor: 

" December 27th, 1763, P. M. 

"Honoured Sir: Since writing the above, the poor Indians whom we 
imagined were placed in safety are destroyed. A number of Persons to 
the amount (by their appearance), of fifty or sixty, armed with Eifies, 
Tomahawks, &c., suddenly, about two o'clock, rushed into the Town and 
immediately repaired to the Work House where the Indians were con- 
fined, and notwithstanding all opposition of myself and the Coroner, with 
many others, broke open the Work House, and have killed all the Indi- 
ans there, being the fourteen mentioned in the List to have survived the 
former affair at their Town. After which they in a body left the Town 
without offering any insults to the inhabitants, and without putting it in 
the power of any one to take or molest any of them without danger of life 
to the Person attempting it ; of which both myself and the Coroner by 
our opposition were in great danger. 

"I have since the above affair taken from Messrs. Miller & Beatty the 
above mentioned Papers and Belts of Wampum, which I shall keep till 
I have orders from your Honour, and any thing further that I can find 
belonging to the Indians, shall be properly taken care of. 

" As it is rumored that the people with a superior force intend an attack 
on the Province Island, with a view to destroy the Indians there, I think 
proper to mention it to your Honour, and shall do all in my power not 
only to apprehend the offenders but to preserve the Peace of the County. 

"I beg your Honours directions, which I shall endeavour ])unctually 
to observe, being 

"Your Honours Most Obed't Humble Serv't, 

"John Hay. 

" To the Hou'ble JOHN PENN, Esqr., Governor of the Province of 
Pennsylvania, &;c." 
•List of the Indians killed at the Indian Town in Conestogoe Manor: 

Their Indian Names: 

Sheehays, Sheehays, 

George, Wa-a-shen, 

Harry, Tee-Kau-ley, 



184 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

A son of Sbeehays, Ess-canesh, 

Sally, an Old Woman, Tea-wonsha-i-ong, 

A Woman, Kannenquas. 

List of the Indians belonging to the Conestogoe Town in the Work 
House at Lancaster: 

Captain John, Kyunqueagoah, 

Betty, his Wife Koweenasee, 

Bill Sack Tenseedaagua, 

Molly, his Wife Kanianguas, 

John Smith Sasquies-hat-tah, 

Peggy, his Wife Chee-na-wan, 

Little John, Capt. John's Son Quaachow, 

Jacob, a Boy Shae-e-kah, 

Young Sheehays, a Boy Ex-undas, 

Chrisly, a Boy Tong-quas, 

Little Peter, a Boy Hy-ye-naes, 

Molly, a little Girl Ko-qoa-e-un-quas, 

A Little Girl, Karen -do-uah, 

Peggy, a little Girl Caun-kie-sung. 

The names taken from Peggy, Wife of John Smith ) pme. 

and Betty, Wife of Captain John. j John Hay. 

Lancaster, 27th December, 1763. 

Letter from Edward Shippen, Esqr., to the Governor: 

"Lancaster, 27th December, 1763, P. M. 
''Honoured Sir: I am to acquaint your Honour that between two 
and three of the clock this afternoon, upwards of a hundred armed men, 
r^^c! 1^"'^^^''^^^' ^^^^ ^^^y fast into Town, turned their horses into 
Mr. Sloughs (an Lm-keeper) yard, and proceeded with the greatest pre- 
cipitation to the Work House, stove open the door and killed all the 
Indians, and then took to their horses and rode off, all their business was 
done and they were returning to their horses before I could get half 
way down to the Work House; the Sheriff and Coroner, however, and 
several others, got down as soon as the rioters, but could not prevail 
with them to stop their hands; some people say they heard them declare 
they would proceed to the Province Island, and destroy the Indiaxis 

"I am with great Eespect, Sir, 

"Your Honour's most Obedient humble Servant, 

'<Tu«iT 11 T ^ "Edw'd Shippen."" 

1 he Honorable Jno. Penn, Esqr., Gov'r." 

Statement of William Henry, Esqr, of Lancaster. 
"There are few, if any murders to be compared with the cruel murder 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 185 

oommitted on the Conestogo Indians in the jail of Lancaster, in 1763, 
by the Paxton boys, as they were then called. From fifteen to twenty 
Indians, as report stated, were placed there for protection. A regiment 
of Highlanders were at that time quartered at the barracks in the town, 
and yet these murderers were permitted to break open the doors of the 
city jail and committed the horrid deed. The first notice I had of this 
afl'air was, that while at my father's store, near the court house, I saw a 
number of people running down street towards the jail, which enticed 
me and other lads to follow them. At about six or eight yards from the 
jail, we met from twenty-five to thirty men, well mounted on horses, 
and with rifles, tomahawks, and scalping knives, equipped for murder. 
I ran into the prison yard, and there, oh what a horrid sight presented 
itself to my view ! Near the back door of the prison lay an old Indian 
and his squaw, particularly well known and esteemed by the people of 
the town on account of his placid and friendly conduct. His name was 
Will Soc; across him and squaw lay two children, of about the age of 
three years, whose heads were split with the tomahawk, and their scalps 
taken off. Towards the middle of the jail yard, along the west side of 
the wall, lay a stout Indian, whom I particularly noticed to have been 
shot in his breast; his legs were chopped with the tomahawk, his hands 
cut off, and finally a rifle ball discharged in his mouth, so that his head 
was blown to atoms, and the brains were splashed against and yet hang- 
ing to the wall, for three or four feet around. This man's hands and 
feet had also been chopped off with a tomahawk. In this manner lay 
the whole of them, men, women and children spread about the prison 
yard ; shot, scalped, hacked and cut to pieces." 

Extract from an authentic publication^ printed at the time in Philadel- 
phia, entitled, ''A NARRATIVE of the late massacres in LANCASTER 
COUNTY, of a number of Indians, friends of THIS PRO VINCE;' etc. 

" The Magistrates of Lancaster sent out to collect the remaining Indi- 
ans, brought them into the town, for their better security against any 
further attempt; and, it is said, condoled with them on the misfortune 
that had happened, took them by the hand, and promised them 'protection. 

" They were put into the Work House, a strong building, as the place 
of greatest safety. 

"These cruel men again assembled themselves, and hearing that the 
remaining fourteen hidians were in the work house at Lancaster, they 
suddenly appeared before that town on the twenty-seventh of December. 
Fifty of them, armed as before, dismounting, went directly to the Work 
House, and by violence broke open the door and entered with the utmost 
fury in their countenances. When the poor wretches saw they had no 
protection nigh, nor could possibly escape, and being without the least 
weapon of defence, they divided their little families, the children cling- 



186 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ing to their parents ; they fell on their faces, protested their innocence, 
declared their love to the English^ and that in their whole lives, they had 
never done them injury ; and in this posture they all received the hatchet ! 
Men, women and children were every one inhumanly murdered in cold 
blood! 

" The barbarous men who committed the atrocious fact, in defiance of 
government, of all laws human and divine, and to the eternal disgrace of 
their country and color, then mounted their horses, huzzaed in triumph, 
as if they had gained a victory, and rode off unmolested ! 

" The bodies of the murdered were then brought out and exposed in 
the street, till a hole could be made in the earth to receive and cover them. 
But the wickedness cannot be covered, and the guilt will lie on the whole 
land till justice is done on the murderers. The blood of the innocent will 
cry to heaven for vengeance^ 

Statement in the Lancaster Journal, seeking to exculpate the magis- 
trates and to account for the unwillingness of the military to interfere. 

"Mr. Eeynolds, the writer of the above had been informed by some 
of the aged and respectable inhabitants of Lancaster, that the outrage 
had been perpetrated upon Sunday ; what gave rise to this opinion, was 
the circumstance of the magistrates being in church when the alarm was 
given. The 25th of December 1763, (Christmas day) was Sunday, but 
at that period owing principally to the disturbed state of the Province 
the Churches were frequently open for worship on other days of the 
week. Tuesday the 27th of December, 1763, while the Eev. Mr. Barton 
was ofl&ciating in the Episcopal Church, the doors were thrown open 
with violence, and several voices were heard exclaiming, 'Paxton Boys,' 
'Murder,' 'the prison is attacked,' 'They are murdering the Indians,' 
&c., &c. Edward Shippen, Esq., then Chief Magistrate of the Borough, 
immediately left the church, and hastened to the quarters of Captain 
Eobinson, and besought him to hasten to the rescue of the Indians, but 
that officer replied, "D— n them I would not care if the whole race were 
slain, for my company has suffered enough by them already. I will not 
stir one step.' 

"The magistrates of Lancaster did all that lay in their power, both to 
prevent the murder and to apprehend the rioters. By a reference to 
Loskiel's Indian Missions, page 216, it appears, that on November the 
eleventh, when the Indians who were sent to Philadelphia to be lodged 
in the Barracks, by the positive command of the Governor, that the 
soldiers refused to admit them. 

" On page 220 it is further stated, that the Indians were ordered to New 
York for safety, and when they had left Philadelphia, that they met with 
Captain Robertson and seventy Highlanders, who were ordered to escort 
them ; that these soldiers behaved very wild and unfriendly. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 187 

" On page 222 it is stated that Captain Robertson's company was now 
relieved by one hundred and seventy men from Gen. Gage's army, com- 
manded by Captain Schlosser. ' These soldiers had suffered much from 
the savages near Lake Erie, which rendered them averse to the Indians.' 

"These facts will show clearly that the military authority was unwil- 
ling to attempt the avengeance of the Paxton Boys. 

"It is a little remarkable that three of the persons who were most 
deeply concerned in the murder of the Indians at Lancaster, William 
Hays, the Sheriff, and two persons of the name of Smith and Howard, 
met with an untimely fate; Hays was killed in a Saw Mill, Smith drown- 
ed himself, and Howard fell on a knife, which he had in his hand, by 
accident, which caused his death. 

" Wm. Hays, jr. the son of the Sheriff, and Donnelly the jailor, were 
also suspected of being in the plot. 

" The Paxton Boys, after the commission of the murder, gave three 
cheers, and said 'We have presented the citizens of Lancaster with a 
Christmas Box, and we shall present the Philadelphians with a New 
Year's Gift.'" 

Narrative of Smith, one of the Paxton Boys. 

" I was an early settler in Paxton, a member of the Congregation of 
the Rev. Mr. Elder. I was one of the chief actors in the destruction of 
Conestogo and in storming the Work House at Lancaster. I have been 
stigmatized as a murderer. No man, unless he were living at that time 
in Paxton, could have an idea of the sufferings and anxieties of the 
people. For years the Indians had been on the most friendly terms ; 
but some of the traders were bought by the French ; these corrupted the 
Indians. The savages unexpectedly destroyed our dwellings and mur- 
dered the unsuspicious. When we visited the wigwams in the neighbor- 
hood, we found the Indians occupied in harmless sports or domestic work. 
There appeared no evidence that they were an}^ way instrumental in the 
bloody acts perpetrated on the frontiers. 

" Well do I remember the evening when stopped at my door, 

judge my surprise when I heard his tale: 'Tom followed the Indians to 
the Big Island ; from thence they went to Conestogo ; as soon as we heard 

it, five of us, , , , , , rode off for the village. I left 

my horse under their care, and cautiously crawled where I could get a 
view ; I saw Indians armed ; they were strangers ; they outnumbered us 
by dozens. I returned without being discovered ; we meet to-night at 

; we shall expect you with gun, knife and* ammunition.' We met, 

and our party, under the cover of the night, rode off for Conestogo. Our 
plan was well laid; the scout, who had traced the Indians, was with us; 
the village was stormed and reduced to ashes. The moment we were 
perceived, an Indian fired at us and rushed forward, brandishing his 



Igg AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

tomahawk. Tom cried, ' mark him,' and he fell by more than one ball ; 

ran up and cried out, ' it is the villain who murdered my mother.' 

This speech roused to vengeance and Conestogo lay harmless before us. 
Our worst fears had been realized ; these Indians, who had been housed 
and fed as the pets of the Province, were now proved to be our secret 
Ibes; necessity compelled us to do as we did. 

"We mounted our horses and returned. Soon we were informed that 

a number of Indians were at the Work House at Lancaster. was 

sent to Lancaster to get all the news he could. He reported that one of 
the Indians concerned in recent murders was there in safety. Also, that 
they talked of rebuilding Conestogo, and placing these Indians in the 
new buildings. 

"A few of us met to deliberate; Stewart proposed to go to Lancaster, 
storm their castle^ and carry off the assassin. It was agreed to ; the whole 
plan was arranged. Our clergyman did not approve of our proceeding 
further. He thought everything was accomplished by the destruction of 
Conestogo, and advised us to try what we could do with the Governor and 
Council. I with the rest was opposed to the measure proposed by our 
good pastor. It was painful to us to act in opposition to his will, but 
the Indian in Lancaster was known to have murdered the parents of 
, one of our party. 

"The plan was made. Three were chosen to break in the doors, five to 
keep the keepers, etc., from meddling, Capt. Stewart to remain outside 
with about twelve men, to protect those within, to prevent surprise, and 
keep charge of the horses. The three were to secure the Indian, tie him 
with strong cords and deliver him to Stewart. If the three were resisted, 
a shot was to be fired as a signal. I was one of them who entered ; you 
know the rest ; we fired ; the Indians were left without life, and we rode 
hastily from Lancaster. Two of the Indians killed in Lancaster were 
recognized as murderers. 

"This gave quiet to the frontiers, for no murder of our defenceless 
inhabitants has since happened." 

The foregoing account was communicated by a father to his son, in 
Carlisle, and by the latter to Eedmond Conyngham. 

The Eev. Mr. Elder mentioned in the preceding statement was a Pres- 
byterian minister and held the commission of a Colonel. In a letter on 
this subject addressed by him to Governor Penn, dated January 27, 1764, 
occurs this passage: 

" The storm which has been so long gathering, has at length exploded. 
Had government removed the Indians from Conestogo, which had 
been frequently urged without success, this painful catastrophe might 
have been avoided. AVhat could I do with men heated to madness? 
All that I could do, was done; I expostulated; but life and reason were 



OF LANCASTER COtTNTY. 189 

set at defiance, and yet the men in private life are virtuous, and respect- 
able ; not cruel, but mild and merciful. The time will arrive when each 
palliating circumstance will be calmly weighed. This deed, magnified 
into the blackest of crimes, shall be considered as one of those youthful 
ebullitions of wrath caused by momentary excitement, to which human 
infirmity is subjected." 

A calm survey of all the facts of the case, as far as known, compels us 
to reach a different conclusion. The twenty or thirty men engaged in 
the bloody transactions at Conestogo and Lancaster, were lawless men, 
and their lawless conduct cannot be justified any more than their indis- 
criminate slaughter of suspected murderers and helpless old men, women 
and innocent children. The transactions referred to are foul blots on 
the page of our provincial history. 

It should be stated that the Eev. Mr. Elder, in a letter to Col. Burd, 
asserts that the Paxton Boj^s did not cut the bodies of the Indians to 
pieces, adding, "the inference is plain, that the bodies were thus mangleil 
after death by certain persons to excite a feeling against the Paxton 
Boys. This fact, Stewart says he can and will establish in a fair trial at 
Lancaster, York and Carlisle." 

There is no doubt that Stewart imposed upon the amiable Mr. Elder, 
to w^hose command of Eangers he and the other persons concerned in 
the Lancaster murders belonged; but it is difiicult to believe Stewart whose 
record by no means redounds to his credit. He was emphatically a man 
of violence and lawlessness; he joined the Connecticut men, was a prom- 
inent actor in the civil wars of Wyoming and slain there, during the 
Eevolution, in the disastrous battle of July 3, 1778. 

The bodies of the murdered Indians were collected and buried in oiw 
grave, at the corner of Chestnut and Duke streets, in Lancaster. Peter 
Maurer told I. Daniel Rupp that he sau- them buried in the same place, 
where the workmen, engaged in making excavations for the Railroad, 
dug them up in May 1833.^ 

When the news of the second Indian massacre reached the Governor, 
he issued another proclamation, as inefficacious in its results as the former, 
in these words: 
''By the Honourable JOHK PEN K^ Esquire, Lieutenant Governor and 

Comraander-in- Chief of the Province of Peimsylvania, and Counties of 

Newcasth, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware. 

"A PROCLAMATION: 

" Whereas, on the twenty-second day of December last, I issued a Proc- 
lamation for the apprehending and bringing to Justice a number of Persona 
who, in violation of the Public Faith, and in defiance of all Law, had 
1 Rupp's History of Lancaster County, p. 360. 



1QQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

inhumanly killed Six of the Indians who had lived on Conestogoe Manor 
for the Course of many Years, peaceably and inoffensively, under the 
Protection of this Government, on Lands assigned to them for their 
Habitation. Notwithstanding which, I have received Information that 
on the Twenty-seventh of the same month, a large party of armed men 
again assembled and met together in a riotous and tumultuous manner, in 
the County of Lancaster and proceeded to the Town of Lancaster, where 
they violently broke open the Work House, and butchered and put to 
death fourteen of the said Conestogoe Indians, Men, Women, and Children, 
who had been taken under the immediate Care and Protection of the 
Magistrates of the said County, and lodged for their better Security in the 
said Work House, till they should be more effectually provided for by 
order of the Government : And tvhereas, common Justice loudly demands, 
and the Laws of the Land, (upon the preservation of which not only the 
Liberty and Security of every Individual, but the being of the Govern-, 
ment itself depend), require that the above offenders should be brought 
to condign Punishment ; I have, therefore, by and with the advice of the 
Council, published this Proclamation, and do hereby strictly charge and 
command all Judges, Justices, Sheriffs, Constables, Officers Civil and Mili- 
tary, and all other his Majesty's faithful and liege Subjects within this 
Province, to make diligent Search and enquiry after the Authors and Per- 
petrators of the said last mentioned offence, their Abettors and Accom- 
plices ; and that they use all possible means to apprehend and secure them 
in some of the public Gaols of this Province, to be dealt with according 
to Law. And I do hereby further promise and engage, that any Person 
or Persons who shall apprehend and secure, or cause to be apprehended 
and secured, any three of the Ringleaders of the said party, and prose- 
cute them to conviction, shall have and receive for each the publick reward 
of Two Hundred Pounds; and any Accomplice, not concerned in the 
immediate shedding the Blood of the said Indians, who shall make dis- 
covery of any or either of the said Ringleaders and apprehend and prose- 
cute them to conviction, shall, over and above the said reward, have all 
the weight and influence of the government, for obtaining his Majesty's 
pardon for his offence. 

" Given under my hand and the great seal of the province, at Philadel- 
phia, January 2, in the 4th year of his Majesty's reign, A. D. 1764. 

"John Penn." 
"By his command. 

"Joseph Shippen, Jr., Sec'y. 
" God save the King." 

With a view to prevent the repetition of similar outrages, the Mora- 
vian Indians were removed to Province Island, near Philadelphia. The 
insurgents threatened to march down to destroy them also ; the Assem- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 191 

bly resolved to resist them, and the Indians, frightened at the fury of 
their enemies, petitioned the Legislature to send them, a hundred and 
forty in number, with their two ministers, to England.^ 

But this being impracticable, the Governer furnished them an escort, 
to proceed through New Jersey and New York, to sir William Johnson, 
■under whose protection they were desirous to place themselves. Wil- 
liam Franklin, then Governor of New Jersey, granted them a passport; 
but Governor Golden of New York, by advice of his council, refused to 
admit them within his province. The council of New York were offended 
by governor Penn sending so large a body of Indians into their colony 
without their consent ; and professed themselves more disposed to punish 
than to protect the Indians from the east side of the Susquehannah, 
whom they considered as their worst enemies, composed of the rogues, 
thieves, and runaways, from other Indian nations. They also condemn- 
ed the policy which returned these men to strengthen their nation. The 
progress of the Indians being thus obstructed. General Gage, who had 
succeeded General Amherst in the chief command of the English forces 
in America, directed two companies of the royal Americans to re-escort 
them to Philadelphia, where they were secured in the barracks. Their 
return, however, reanimated the ire of their enemies in Lancaster, who, 
assembling in large numbers, marched for the city.^ The force of the 
insurgents was very considerable; since six companies of foot, one of 
artillery, and two troops of horse, were formed to oppose them ; and 
some thousands of the inhabitants, (including many Quakers) who did not 
appear, were prepared to render assistance, in case an attempt should be 
made upon the town. The barracks, also, where the Indians were lodged, 
under the protection of the regular troops, were fortified ; several works 
being thrown up about them, and eight pieces of cannon mounted. But 
the Governor would not venture to command his forces to attack the 
insurgents, until he obtained indemnity for himself and them, by the 
extension to the province of the English riot act. The bill extending it 
was passed very hastily through the House.^ 

The insurgents, finding the ferries over the Schuylkill guarded, pro- 
ceeded to Germantown ; where, learning the amount of the force raised 
to oppose them, they listened to the advice of some prudent persons who 
visited them, and to the remonstrances of the agents of the Governor, 
and promised to return peaceably to their habitations, leaving two only 
of their number to represent their views to the government. The alarm 
in the city was great. The Governor fled to the house of Dr. Franklin 
for safety; and nothing but the spirited measures of the inhabitants of 
the city, saved it from the fury of an exasperated armed multitude, who 

1 Gordon. 2 January. 

3 Heckewelder. Franklin's Life. Penn. Gaz. 1764. No. 1833. 



192 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

would not have hesitated to extend their vengeance from the Indians to 
their protectors.^ 

Matthew Smith and James Gibson were the two persons selected by 
the insurgents to lay their grievances before the Governor and Assem- 
bly, which they did in the following remonstrance : 
^^To the Honourable JOHN PENN^ Esquire^ Oovernor of the Province of 

Pennsylvania^ and of the Counties of Nevj Castle, Kent and Sussex, on 

Delaiuare, and to the Representatives of the Freemen of the said Province, 

in General Assembly met: 

" We, Matthew Smith and James Gibson, in behalf of ourselves and 
His Majesty's faithful and loyal Subjects, the inhabitants of the frontier 
Counties of Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks, and Northampton, 
humbly beg leave to remonstrate and lay before you the following griev- 
ances, which we submit to your wisdom for redress. 

"First. We apprehend that as Freemen and English Subjects, we have 
an indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His 
Majesty's other Subjects who reside in the interior Counties of Philadel- 
phia, Chester and Bucks, and therefore ought not to be excluded from 
an equal share with them in the very important privilege of Legislation ; 
nevertheless, contrary to the Proprietor's Charter and the acknowledged 
principles of common justice and equity, our five Counties are restrained 
from electing more than ten Eepresentatives, viz : four for Lancaster, 
two for York, two for Cumberland, one for Berks, and one for North- 
ampton, while the three Counties and City of Philadelphia, Chester and 
Bucks, elect twenty-six. This we humbly conceive is oppressive, une- 
qual and unjust, the cause of many of our grievances, and an infringe- 
ment of our natural privileges of Freedom and equality; wherefore, we 
humbly pray that we may be no longer deprived of an equal number 
with the three aforesaid Counties, to represent us in Assembly. 

"Secondly. We understand that a Bill is now before the House of 
Assembly, wherein it is provided that such persons as shall be charged 
with killing any Indians in Lancaster County, shall not be tried in the 
County where the Fact was committed, but in the Counties of Phila- 
delphia, Chester or Bucks. This is manifestly to deprive British Sub- 
jects of their known Privileges, to cast an eternal Reproach upon whole 
Counties, as if they were unfit to serve their Country in the quality of 
Jurymen, and to contradict the well known Laws of the British Nation 
in a point whereon Life, Liberty and Security essentially depend, namely, 
that of being tried by their equals in the neighborhood where their own, 
their Accusers, and the Witnesses' Character and Credit, with the Cir- 
cumstances of the Fact, are best known, and instead thereof putting their 
Lives in the hands of Strangers, who may as justly be suspected of par- 

1 Franklin's Mem. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 193 

tiality to as tlie Frontier Counties can be of prejudices against Indians; 
and this, too, in favour of Indians only, against His Majesty's faithful 
and loyal Subjects. Besides, it is well known that the design of it is to 
comprehend a Fact committed before such a Law was thought of. And 
if such practices were tolerated, no man could be secure in his most 
valuable Interest. We are also informed, to our great Surprize, that 
this Bill has actually received the assent of a Majority of the House, 
which we are persuaded could not have been the case, had our Frontier 
Counties been equally represented in Assembly. However, we hope 
that the Legislature of this Province will never enact a Law of so dan- 
gerous a tendency, or take away from his Majesty's good Subjects a 
privilege so long esteemed sacred by Englishmen. 

" Thirdly. During the late and present Indian War, the Frontiers of 
this Province have been repeatedly attacked and ravaged by Skulking 
parties of the Indians, who have with the most Savage Cruelty murdered 
Men, Women and Children, without distinction, and have reduced near 
a thousand Families to the most extreme distress. It grieves us to the 
very heart to see such of our Frontier Inhabitants as have escaped 
Savage Fury with the loss of their Parents, their Children, their Wives 
or Relatives, left destitute by the public, and exposed to the most cruel 
Poverty and Wretchedness, while upwards of an Hundred and twenty of 
these Savages, who are with great reason suspected of being guilty of 
these horrid Barbarities, under the Mask of Friendship, have procured 
themselves to be taken under the protection of the Government, with a 
view to elude the Fury of the brave Relatives of the murdered, and are 
now maintained at the public Expence. Some of these Indians now in 
the Barracks of Philadelphia, are confessedly a part of the Wyalousing 
Indians, which Tribe is now at War with us, and the others are the 
Moravian Indians, who, living with us under the Cloak of Friendship, 
carried on a Correspondence with our known Enemies on the Great Is- 
land. We cannot but observe, with sorrow and indignation, that some 
Persons in this Province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous Cru- 
elties practised by these Savages on our murdered Brethren and Rela- 
tives, which are shocking to human Nature, and must pierce every 
Heart, but that of the hardened perpetrators or their Abettors; Nor is 
it less distressing to hear others pleading that, although the Wyalousing 
Tribe is at War with us, yet that part of it which is under the Protec- 
tion of the Government, may be friendly to the English, and innocent. 
In what nation under the Sun was it ever the custom that when a neigh- 
boring Nation took up Arms, not an individual should be touched but 
only the Persons that offered Hostilities ? Who ever proclaimed War 
with a part of a Nation, and not with the Whole ? Had these Indians 
disapproved of the Perfidy of their Tribe, and been willing to cultivate 
14 



294 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

and preserve Friendship with iis, why did they not give notice of the 
War before it happened, as it is known to be the Eesult of long Deliber- 
ations, and a preconcerted Combination among them ? Why did they 
not leave their Tribe immediately, and come among us before there was 
Ground to suspect them, or War was actually waged with their Tribe ? 
No, they stayed amongst them, were privy to their murders and Ravages, 
until we had destroyed their Provisions, and when they could no longer 
subsist at home, they come, not as Deserters, but as Friends, to be main- 
tained through the Winter, that they may be able to Scalp and butcher 
us in the Spring. 

"And as to the Moravian Indians, there are strong Grounds at least to 
suspect their Friendship, as it isknown they carried on a Correspondence 
with our Enemies on the Great Island. We killed three Indians going 
from Bethlehem to the Great Island with Blankets, Ammunition, and 
Provisions, which is an undeniable Proof that the Moravian Indians 
were in confederacy with our open Enemies; And we cannot but be 
filled with Indignation to hear this action of ours painted in the most 
odious and detestable Colors, as if we had inhumanly murdered our 
Guides, who preserved us from perishing in the Woods, when we only 
killed three of our known Enemies, who attempted to shoot us when we 
surprised them. And besides all this, we understand that one of these 
very Indians is proved by the oath of Stinton's Widow, to be the very 
Person that murdered her Husband, How then comes it to pass, that he 
alone, of all the Moravian Indians, should join with the enemy to mur- 
der that family ? Or can it be supposed that any Enemy Indians, con- 
trary to their known custom of making War, should penetrate into the 
Heart of a settled Country, to burn, plunder, and murder the Inhabitants, 
and not molest any Houses in their return, or ever be seen or heard of? 
Or how can we account for it, that no ravages have been committed in 
Northampton County, since the removal of the Moravian Indians, when 
the Great Cove has been struck since ? These things put it beyond 
doubt with us that the Indians now at Philadelphia are His Majesty's 
Perfidious Enemies, and therefore to protect and maintan them at the 
Public Expence, while our suffering Brethren on the Frontiers are 
almost destitute of the necessaries of Life, and are neglected by the 
Public, is sufficient to make us mad with rage, and tempt us to do what 
nothing but the most violent necessity can vindicate. We humbly and 
earnestly pray, therefore, that those Enemies of His Majesty may be re- 
moved as soon as possible out of the Province. 

"Fourthly. We humbly conceive that it is contrary to the maxims of 
good Policy, and extremely dangerous to our Frontiers, to suffer any 
Indians, of what tribe soever, to live within the Inhabited parts of this 
Province, while we are engaged in an Indian War, as Experience has 



OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 195 

taught us that they are all perlidious, and their Claim to Freedom and 
Independency, puts it in their power to act as Spies, to entertain and give 
intelligence to our Enemies, and to furnish them with Provisions and 
Warlike Stores. To this fatal intercourse, between our pretended Friends 
and open Enemies, we must ascribe the greatest of the Eavages and 
Murders that have been committed in the course of this and the last In- 
dian War. We, therefore, pray that this grievance be taken under con- 
sideration and remedied. 

"Fifthly. We cannot help lamenting that no Provision has been hith- 
erto made, that such of our Frontier Inhabitants as have been wounded 
in defence of the Province, their Lives and Liberties, may be taken care 
of, and cured of their Wounds at the publick Expense. We, therefore, 
pray that this grievance may be redressed. 

"Sixthly. In the late Indian War this Province, with others of his 
Majesty's Colonies, gave rewards for Indian Scalps, to encourage the 
seeking them in their own Country, as the most likely means of destroy- 
ing or reducing them to reason, but no such Encouragement has been 
given in this War, which has damped the Spirits of many brave Men, 
who are willing to venture their Lives in parties against the Enemy. 
We, therefore, pray that public rewards may be proposed for Indian 
Scalps, which may be adequate to the Dangers attending Enterprizes of 
this nature. 

"Seventhly. We daily lament that numbers of our nearest and dearest 
relatives are still in Captivity among the Savage Heathen, to be trained 
up in all their ignorance and barbarity, or to be tortured to death with 
all the contrivances of Indian cruelty, for attempting to make their escape 
from bondage ; we see they pay no regard to the many solemn Promises 
which they have made to restore our Friends who are in Bondage amongst 
them. We, therefore, earnestly pray that no trade may hereafter be per- 
mitted to be carried on with them, until our Brethren and Relatives are 
brought home to us. 

"Eighthly. We complain that a certain Society of People in this 
Province, in the late Indian War, and at several Treaties held by the 
King's representatives, openly loaded the Indians with Presents, and that 
J. P., a leader of the said Society, in deliance of all Government, not only 
abetted our Indian Enemies, but kept up a private intelligence with them, 
and publickly received from them a Belt of Wampum, as if he had been 
our Governor, or authorized by the King to treat with his Enemies. By 
this means the Indians have been taught to despise us as a weak and dis- 
united people, and from this fatal Source have arose mauy of our Calami- 
ties under which we groan. We humbl}^ pray, therefore, that this 
Grievance may be redressed, and that no private subject be hereafter per- 
mitted to treat with, or carry on a Correspondence with our Enemies. 



196 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

*' Ninthly. We cannot but observe with sorrow, that Fort Augusta, 
which has been very expensive to this Province, has afiforded us but little 
assistance during this, or the last War. The men that were stationed 
at that place neither helped our distressed Inhabitants to save their 
Crops, nor did they attack our Enemies in their Towns, or patrole on 
our Frontiers. We humbly request that proper measures may be taken 
to make that Garrison more serviceable to us in our Distress, if it can 
be done. 

"N. B. We are far from intending any Eeflection against the Com- 
manding Officer stationed at Augusta, as we presume his Conduct was 
always directed by those from whom he received his Orders. 

"Signed on behalf of ourselves, and by appointment of a great number 

of the Frontier Inhabitants. 

" Matthew Smith, 

"James Gibson." 

"February 13th, 1764." 

" The memorial of Gibson and Smith was sustained by another, having 
fifteen hundred signatures.^ But the county of Berks, by its grand jury, 
protested against it. The Assembly sent both memorial and protest to a 
committee, which recommended a conference with the insurgents, in order 
to convince them and the people that their complaints were unfounded. 
The House invited the Governor to participate in this conference, but 
he declined the measure, as incompatible with the dignity, and subver- 
sive of the order, of the government. He recommended them to inves- 
tigate the merits of the petitions, and should any bill grow out of the 
investigation, he promised to give it due attention. The Assembly took 
no further steps. The bill directing persons charged with murdering an 
Indian in Lancaster county, to be tried in Philadelphia, Bucks, or Ches- 
ter, became a law, but no conviction for that oflense was ever had, the 
number and power of the guilty protecting them from punishment." 

The friendly relations between England and the colonies would doubt- 
less have continued, had the former not seen fit to pursue a new policy 
towards the latter with respect to revenue and taxation. The colonies 
until then had been permitted to tax themselves. The first act of Par- 
liament aiming at the drawing of a revenue from the colonies, was passed 
Sept. 29, 1764, the preamble running thus: 

"Whereas, it is just and necessary that a revenue be raised in America 
for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting and securing the 
same, we the Commons," etc. This act imposed a duty on " clayed sugar, 
indigo, coffee, etc., etc., being the produce of a colony not under the 
dominion of his Majesty." 

"On the subject of the right of the British parliament to tax the colo- 

1 Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 197 

nies/ it was asserted in the mother country 'to be essential to the unity, 
and of course to the prosperity, of the empire, that the British parha- 
ment should have a right of taxation over every part of the royal do- 
minions.' In the colonies it was contended, ' that taxation and representa- 
tion were inseparable, and that they could not be safe, if their property 
might be taken from them, without their consent." This claim of the 
right of taxation on the one side, and the denial of it on the other, was 
the very hinge on which the revolution turned. 

"In accordance with the policy to be observed towards America, the 
next year, 1765, the famous stamp act passed both houses of parliament. 
This ordained that instruments of writing, such as deeds, bonds, notes, 
&c. among the colonies, should be null and void, unless executed on 
stamped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the crown," 

"The efforts of the American colonies to stay the mad career of the 
English ministry proved unavailing. The stamp act was passed with 
slight opposition by the commons, and with unanimity by the lords. 
Dr. Franklin laboured earnestly to avert a measure which his sagacity 
and extensive acquaintance with the American people taught him was 
pregnant with danger to the British empire; but he entertained not the 
idea that it would be forcibly resisted. He wrote to Mr. Charles Thomp- 
son, ' The sun of liberty is set, you must light up the candles of industry 
and economy.' To which Mr. Thompson replied, ' he was apprehensive 
that other lights would be the consequence.' To Mr. Ingersol, the 
doctor said, ' Go home and tell your people to get children as fast as they 
can,' intimating that the period for successful opposition had not yet 
arrived."^ 

The opposition to the stamp act in America was so decided and uni- 
versal that Parliament had only the alternative to compel submission or 
to repeal the act. It was repealed on February 22, 1766, but accom- 
panying it was one known as the declaratory act^ more hostile to American 
rights than any of its predecessors. The act affirmed "that Parliament 
have, and of right ought to have, power to bind the colonies in all cases 
whatsoever^ 

In 1767 a Bill passed Parliament, imposing certain duties on tea, glass, 
paper, and painters' colors, imported into the Colonies from Great Britain. 
This act with several others rekindled the opposition of the Colonies. 
Again associations were formed to prevent the importation of British 
goods, and meetings called to resolve, petition and remonstrate. The 
British ministers, [1769] deluded into the belief that a reduction of the tax 
would restore tranquility, promised that five-sixths of the taxes imposed 
in 1767 should be repealed; and in 1770 all were abolished, save three 
pence a pound on tea. 

1 Goodrich. 2 Gordon. 



198 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

In 1769 both houses of Parliament in an address to the King requested 
him to order the Governor of Massachusetts to take notice of such as 
might be guilty of treason that they might be sent to England and tried 
there. 

The recommendations of meetings and associations to suspend the 
importation of tea, [1778] ^ had been so strictly complied with that but 
Httle had been brought into the country. The consequence was, that 
vast quantities, seventeen millions of pounds, had accumulated on the 
hands of the East India Company. For their relief Parliament now au- 
thorized them to export this tea to any part of the world, free of duty. 
Confident of now finding a market for their tea in America, the East 
India Company freighted several ships with that article for the different 
Colonies and appointed agents to dispose of it [1774.] The colonists 
resolved to obstruct the sale of that tea and to refuse the payment of 
even three 'pence by way of duty. 

" On the approach of the tea ships destined for Philadelphia, the pilots 
in the river Delaware were warned not to conduct them into harbour ; 
and their captains, apprized of the foregoing resolutions, deeming it 
unsafe to land their cargoes, consented to return without making an entry 
at the custom house; the owners of goods, ordered from England, on 
board these vessels, cheerfully submitting to the inconvenience of having 
their merchandise returned to Great Britain. The captains of vessels 
addressed to New York wisely adopted the same resolution. The tea 
sent to Charleston was landed and stored, but not offered for sale ; and 
having been placed in damp cellars, became rotten, and was entirely lost. 
The ships designed for Boston entered that port, and the energy of 
Governor Hutchinson prevented their return ; but before the tea could 
be landed, a number of colonists, pursuant to a concerted plan, dressed 
as Indians, entered the vessels, and, without doing other damage, broke 
open three hundred and forty-two chests of tea, and emptied their con- 
tents into the water. Such was the union of sentiment among the people, 
and so systematic their opposition, that not a single chest of the cargoes 
sent out by the East India company was sold for its benefit." 

These proceedings were communicated by the King to Parliament on 
March 7th, 1774, and measures were speedily adopted contemplating the 
submission of the rebellious colonists. An act was passed called the 
" Boston Port Bill," by which the port of Boston was closed and the 
custom house transferred to Salem ; by another act the charter of Massa- 
chusetts was subverted, the nomination of counsellors, magistrates and 
other officers being vested in the crown during the royal pleasure ; by 
a third act the Governor of that province was directed and authorized 
to send persons indicted for murder or any other capital offence, to any 

1 Goodrich. Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 199 

Other colony, or to Great Britain, for trial. A bill was also passed for 
quartering soldiers upon the inhabitants. 

" The inhabitants of Boston had foreseen the present crisis, and they 
met it with undaunted spirit. Information of the passage of the port 
act was received on the tenth of May, and on the thirteenth, the town 
resolved, ' that, if the other colonies would unite with them to stop all 
importations from Great Britain and the West Indies until that act 
should be repealed, it would prove the salvation of North America and 
her liberties; but should they continue their exports and imports, there 
was reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most odious oppression would 
triumph over justice, right, social happiness, and freedom.' A copy of 
this resolution was transmitted to the other colonies, the inhabitants of 
which, expressed deep sympathy in the sufferings of their brethren in 
Boston, endured in the common cause; and concurring in opinion with 
them on the propriety of convening a provincial congress, delegates for 
that purpose were generally chosen. 

" Throughout the continent, the first of June, the day on which the 
Boston port act was to take effect, on the resolution of the Assembly of 
Virginia, was adopted as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer, to 
implore the divine interposition to avert the heavy calamity which 
threatened destruction to their civil rights, and the evils of civil war, 
and to give one heart and one mind to the people, firmly to oppose every 
invasion of their liberties." 

The terms " Whigs'^ and " Tories'^ were introduced at this time, the 
former to describe those in sympathy with the cause of Boston and 
arrayed on the side of the colonies against Parliament, the latter to desig- 
nate those whose sympathies were with Great Britain against the colonies. 

Throughout the country the warmest interest and most cordial sym- 
pathy were manifested for the Bostonians. The subjoined documents are 
drawn from the minutes of the Committee of Safety deposited in the 
Prothonotary's office at Lancaster, and Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania. 

Copy of a letter from the committee of correspondence for the city of 
Philadelphia, directed to the freeholders and other inhabitants of this 
place, dated about the 12th of June, 1771: 

Philadelphia. 

Gentlemen : We beg leave to refer you to the enclosed paper for the 
steps we have taken on the present alarming occasion. The Governor 
declining to call the Assembly, renders it necessary to take the sentiments 
of the Inhabitants; and for that purpose it is agreed to call a Meeting of 
the Inhabitants of this city and the county at the State House, on Wed- 
nesday, the 15th instant. And as we would wish to have the sentiments 
and concurrence of our brethren in the several counties, who are equally 
interested with us in the General Cause, we earnestly desire you to call 



200 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

together the principal Inhabitants of your county and take their senti- 
ments. We shall forward to you by every occasion, any matters of con- 
sequence that come to our knowledge, and we should be glad you would 
choose and appoint a Committee to Correspond with us. 

Signed by order of the Committee of Correspondence, for the 
City of Philadelphia. 

Charles Thompson, Clerk. 

In pursuance of which, and also of another large letter written by Mr. 
Charles Thompson, and sent to the inhabitants of this borough, directed 
to the care of Mr. William Atlee, a meeting was held on the 15th day of 
June, 1774, and the following Resolves were agreed on, viz: At a 
meeting of the inhabitants of the borough of Lancaster, at the court 
house in the said borough, on Wednesday, the 15th day of June, 1774: 
Agreed — that to preserve the Constitutional rights of the inhabitants of 
America, it is incumbent on every colony, to unite and use the most 
effectual means to procure a repeal of the late act of Parliament against 
the town of Boston. 

That the act of Parliament for blocking up the port and harbor of 
Boston, is an invasion of the rights of the inhabitants of the said town, 
as subjects of the crown of Great Britain. That it is the opinion of the 
inhabitants at this meeting that the proper and effectual means to be used 
to obtain a repeal of the said act, will be to put an immediate stop to all 
imports and exports, to and from Great Britain, until the same act be 
repealed. 

That the traders and inhabitants of this town will join and concur with 
the patriotic merchants, manufacturers, tradesmen, and freeholders, of the 
city and county of Philadelphia, and other parts of this province, in an 
association or solemn agreement to this purpose, if the same shall be by 
them thought necessary. 

That Edward Shippen, Esq., George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., 
Matthias Slough, Esq., James Webb, Esq., William Atlee, Esq., William 
Henry, Esq., Mr. Ludwig Lauman, Mr. William Bausman and Mr. Charles 
Hall, be a committee to correspond with the general committee of Phila- 
delphia; that these sentiments be immediately forwarded to the commit- 
tee of correspondence at Philadelphia. 

The gentlemen above named, after being chosen and appointed a com- 
mittee of correspondence, resolved upon the following letter to be trans- 
mitted to the committee of Philadelphia, directed to Mr. Charles Thompson, 
and is as follows, viz : 

Lancaster, the 15th June, 1774. 

Sir: Agreeable to the request of the Committee of Correspondence for 
the city of Philadelphia, signified to some of the Inhabitants here, by 
your letter, we have this evening had a Meetinoj of the Inhabitants of 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 201 

this Town, (at whicli a very great number attended) at the Court House, 
and unanimously gave their assent to the Resolves or Agreement inclosed. 
As taking the sentiments of the county could not be so expeditiously 
done by having a general Meeting of the Inhabitants, we thought best 
to give you those of the Town, and have the pleasure now to assure you 
that the Inhabitants of the county in general begin to entertain similar 
opinions within as to this matter, and will no doubt heartily concur in them 
at a Meeting which we shall endeavor as soon as possible to have with 
them. We hope you will give us intelligence of any matters worthy of 
notice, and be assured we shall do everything in our power to promote 
the General Interest. We are, &c. 

[Signed by Edward Shippen, James Webb, Matthias Slough, William 
Atlee, William Henry, Bsqrs., and Messrs. Lud wig Lauman, William Baus- 
man, Charles Hall.] 

Ordered that Eherhart Michael^ the clerk of this committee, do forward 
a copy of this day's resolves to Mr. Charles Thompson, the clerk of the 
committee at Philadelphia, with a copy of this letter, signed by him. 

At a meeting of the committee of correspondence, appointed for 
the borough of Lancaster, the 2d of July, 1774, Edward Shipen, Esq. 
being chosen chairman: The committee taking into consideration the 
resolves of the respectable inhabitants of the city and county of Phila- 
delphia, on the 18th of June last ; as also, the circular letters signed 
by the chairman of their said committee, the Honorable Thomas Will- 
ing, Esq. 

Resolved, That they do most heartily concur with their brethren of 
Philadelphia, in the mode proposed for taking the sentiments of the good 
people of this province, on the present alarming and critical situation of 
the American colonies; therefore, 

Resolved, That notice be given to the freemen and inhabitants of this 
county with the utmost expedition, to choose a committee to join with 
the committees of the other counties of this province to meet at Phila- 
delphia, for the very great and useful purposes mentioned in the said 
resolves and circular letters : and therefore. 

Resolved, That the freemen and inhabitants of this county be re- 
quested to meet on Saturday, the ninth day of this instant, at 2 o'clock 
in the afternoon, at the court house, in Lancaster, for the purpose afore- 
said. 

N. B. The said resolves of the committee at this meeting, being order- 
ed to be printed, and the same after they were printed, signed by Edward 
Shippen, Esq., the chairman, were sent and put up at all public places in 
the county. 

The followins; are the resolves and circular letter referred to in the 
foregoing resolutions : 



202 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY 

MEETING ON BOSTON PORT BILL. 

Philadelphia^ June^ 1774. 
At a very large and respectable meeting of the free-holders and freemen 
of the city and county of Philadelphia, on Saturday, June 18, 1774, 
Thomas Willing^ and John Dichinson, Usqrs., Chairmen. 

I. Resolved^ That the act of parliament, for shutting up the port of 
Boston, is unconstitutional; oppressive to the inhabitants of that town; 
dangerous to the liberties of the British colonies; and that, therefore, we 
consider our brethren, at Boston, as suffering in the common cause of 
America. 

II. That a congress of deputies from the several colonies in North 
America, is the most probable and proper mode of procuring relief for 
our suffering brethren, obtaining redress of American grievances, secur- 
ing our rights and liberties, and re-establishing peace and harmony 
between Great Britain and these colonies, on a constitutional foundation. 

III. That a large and respectable committee be immediately appointed 
for the city and county of Philadelphia, to correspond with the sister 
colonies and with the several counties in this province, in order that all 
may unite in promoting and endeavoring to attain the great and valuable 
ends, mentioned in the foregoing resolution. 

IV. That the committee nominated by this meeting shall consult 
together, and on mature deliberation determine what is the most proper 
mode of collecting the sense of this province, and appointing deputies 
for the same, to attend a general congress ; and having determined there- 
upon, shall take such measures, as by them shall be judged most expe- 
dient, for procuring this province to be represented at the said congress, 
in the best manner that can be devised for promoting the public welfare. 

V. That the committee be instructed immediately to set on foot a 
subscription for the relief of such poor inhabitants of the town of Bos- 
ton, as may be deprived of the means of subsistence by the operation of 
the act of parliament, commonly styled the Boston Port Bill — the money 
arising from such subscriptions to be laid out as the committee shall 
think will best answer the ends proposed. 

VI. That the committee consist of forty-three persons, viz. John Dick- 
inson, Edward Pennington, John Nixon, Thomas Willing, George Cly- 
mer, Samuel Howell, Joseph Keed, John Eoberts, (miller) Thomas Whar- 
ton, junr., Charles Thompson, Jacob Barge, Thomas Barclay, William 
Eush, Eobert Smith, (carpenter,) Thomas Fitzsimons, George Eoberts, 
Samuel Ervin, Thomas Mifflin, John Cox, George Gray, Eobert Morris, 
Samuel Miles, John M. Nesbit, Peter Chevalier, Wm. Moulder, Joseph 
Moulder, Anthony Morris, junr., John Allen, Jeremiah Warder, junr., 
Eev. Dr. William Smith, Paul Engle, Thomas Penrose, James Mease, 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 208 

Benjamin Marslaall, Eeuben Haines, John Bayard, Jonathan B. Smith, 
Thomas Wharton, Isaac Howell, Michael Hillegas, Adam Hubley, George 
Schlosser, and Christopher Ludwick. And after the first reading of the 
propositions that had been prepared for the meeting on Saturday the 
18th inst., and before they were put up separately, the Rev. Dr. Smith 
made the following short address, which is published at the desire of 
many. 

Gentlemen: The occasion of this meeting has been fully explained 
to you, and sundry propositions read, which are now to be separately 
offered for your approbation or disapprobation. But before you pro- 
ceed to this business, it has been thought proper to submit a few things 
to your good judgment, with respect to the order and decorum necessary 
to be observed, in the discussion of every question. 

It need not be repeated to you, that matters of the highest conse- 
quence to the happiness of this province, nay of all British America, 
depend upon your deliberations this day — perhaps nothing less than 
whether the breach with the country from which we descended shall be 
irreparably widened, or whether ways and means upon constitutional 
grounds, may not yet be devised, for closing that breach ; and restoring 
that harmony from which, in our better days, Great Britain and her 
colonies derived mutual strength and glory, and were exalted into an 
importance that, both in peace and war, made them the envy and terror 
of the neighbouring nations? 

While subjects such as these are agitated before us, everything that 
may inflame and mislead the passions should be cast far behind us. A 
cause of such importance and magnitude as that now under our delibera- 
tion, is not to be conducted to its true issue by any heated or hasty 
resolves, nor by any bitterness and animosities among ourselves, nor 
even perhaps by too severe a recapitulation of past grievances; but re- 
quire the temperate and enlightened zeal of the i^atriot, the prudence 
and experience of the aged, the strength of mind and vigour of those 
who are in their prime of life ; and, in short, the united wisdom and 
efforts of all, both high and low, joining hand in hand, and setting foot 
to foot, upon the firm ground of reason and the constitution. 

Whenever party distinctions begin to operate, we shall give cause of 
triumph to those who may be watchful as well as powerful to abridge 
us of our native right. There ought to be no party, no contention here, 
but who shall be firmest and foremost in the common cause of America. 
Every man's sentiments should be freely heard, and without prejudice. 
While we contend for liberty with others, let us not refuse liberty to 
each other. 

Whatever vote is known to be now passed, upon full deliberation, and 
by the unanimous voice of this great city and county, will not only be 



204 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

respected through all America, but will have such a weight as the proudest 
Minister in England may have reason to respect. But if it is known to 
be a divided vote, or adopted hastily on some angry day, it will only be 
injurious to our own cause. 

What I have in charge to request of you is this — that if, on any point, 
we should have a difference of sentiments, every person may be allowed 
to speak his mind freely, and to conclude what he has to oSer, without 
any such outward marks of approbation or disapprobation, as clapjnng 
or hissing; and that if a division should be necessary (which it is hoped 
may not be the case this day) such division may be made in the manner 
desired by the chairmen, with all possible order and decorum. 
The following is a copy of the Circular Letter sent by the Committee for 

this city and county,^ to the different counties in this province. 

Philadelphia, June 28, 1774. 

Gentlemen : The Committee of Correspondence for this city and county, 
beg leave to enclose you printed copies of the resolves, passed at a very 
large and respectable meeting of the Freeholders and Freemen in the 
State House Square, on Saturday the 18th inst. By the 4th of those 
resolves, you will observe that it was left for the Committee "To deter- 
mine on the most proper mode of collecting the sense of this province in 
the present critical situation of our affairs, and appointing Deputies to 
attend the proposed Congress]'' In pursuance of this trust, we have, upon 
the maturest deliberation, determined upon the mode contained in the 
two following propositions, which we hope may meet with the approba- 
tion and concurrence of your respectable county, viz : 

"1. That the Speaker of the Honourable House of Eepresentatives be 
desired to write to the several members of Assembly in this province, 
requesting them to meet in this city as soon as possible, but not later 
than the 1st of August next, to take into their consideration our very 
alarming situation. 

" 2. That letters be written to proper persons in each county, recom- 
mending it to them to get Committees appointed for their respective 
counties, and that the said Committees, or such number of them as may 
be thought proper, may meet in Philadelphia at the time the Eepresen- 
tatives are convened, in order to consult and advise on the most expedi- 
ent mode of appointing Deputies for the general Congress, and to give 
their weight to such as may be appointed." 

The Speaker of the Assembly, in a very obliging and ready manner, 
had agreed to comply with the request in the former of these proposi- 
tions ; but we are now informed that, on account of the Indian disturb- 
ances, the Governor has found it necessary to call the Assembly to meet 
in their legislative capacity on Monday, July 18, being about the same 

1 i. e. Philadelphia. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 205 

time the Speaker would probably have invited them to a conference or 
convention in tlieir private capacity. 

What we have therefore to request is, that if you approve of the mode 
expressed in the second proposition, the whole or part of the Committee 
appointed, or to be appointed for your county, will meet the Committees 
from the other counties at Philadelphia, on Friday the 15th of July, in 
order to assist in framing instructions, and preparing such matters as may 
be proper to recommend to our Eepresentatives at their meeting the 
Monday following. 

"We trust no apology is necessary for the trouble we propose giving 
your Committee, of attending at Philadelphia ; as we are persuaded you 
are fully convinced of the necessity of the closest union among our- 
selves both in sentiment and action; nor can such union be obtained so 
well by any other method, as by a meeting of the county Committees of 
each particular province, in one place, preparatory to the general con- 
gress. 

We would not offer such an affront to the well known public spirit of 
Pennsylvanians, as to question your zeal on the present occasion. Our 
very existence in the rank of Freemen, and the security of all that ought 
to be dear to us, evidently depend upon our conducting this great cause 
to its proper issue by firmness, wisdom and unanimity. We cannot 
therefore doubt your ready concurrence in every measure that may be 
conducive to the public good ; and it is with pleasure we can assure you, 
that all the colonies, from S. Carolina to N. Hampshire, seem animated 
with one spirit in the common cause, and consider this as the proper 
crisis for having our differences with the Mother Country brought to 
some certain issue, and our liberties fixt upon a permanent foundation. 
This desirable end can only be accomplished by a free communion 
of sentiments, and a sincere fervent regard to the interests of our com- 
mon country. We beg to be favoured with an answer to this and 
whether the Committee for your county can attend at Phila., at the time 
proposed. 

Signed by order of the Committee, 

Thomas Willing, Chairman. 

Pursuant to the publication of the resolves of the Committee before 
mentioned, there was held a meeting of a very respectable number of 
the freemen and inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, on Saturday 
the 9th of July, 1774. George Ross, Esq., in the chair. 

This assembly, taking into their serious consideration the several late 
acts of the British parliament relative to America, came unanimously to 
the following Declarations and Resolves, viz : 

1. We do sincerely profess and declare, that his most gracious Majesty 
King George the Third, is our rightful and lawful sovereign, and that 



206 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

we will at all times support and defend him to the utmost of our power, 
with our lives and fortunes, against his enemies. 

2. We do further declare, that no power is constitutionally lodged in 
the hands of any body of men, to give and grant our money, save only 
our representatives in assembly, who have at all times cheerfully grant- 
ed aids to his Majesty, whenever he has made a requisition from them. 

3. That the acts of the British parliament for divesting us of such 
right, and assuming such power to themselves, are unconstitutional, un- 
just and oppressive. 

4. That it is an indispensable duty we owe to ourselves and posterity, 
to oppose with decency and firmness, every measure tending to deprive 
us of our just rights and privileges. 

5. That a close union of the colonies, and their faithful adhering to 
such measures as a general Congress shall judge proper, are the most 
likely means to procure redress of American grievances, and settle the 
rights of the colonies on a permanent basis. 

6. That it is highly expedient to appoint a Committee, to meet the 
Committee of the other counties of this province at Philadelphia, on the 
15th instant, to confer Avith them on the important matters mentioned in 
the letter from the chairman of the Committee of Philadelphia. 

7. That we will sincerely and heartily agree to, and abide by the mea- 
sures which shall be adopted by the members of the general congress of 
the colonies. 

8. That we do tenderly sympathize with our brethren of Boston, who 
are suffering in the American cause by an unconstitutional and oppres- 
sive act of the British parliament, called the Boston Port Bill. 

9. That a subscription be opened for the relief of our suffering 
brethren there. 

10. That the subscription be put into the hands of the Committee of 
this county, to be by them laid out in the purchase of provisions and 
sent to Boston towards the relief of their distresses. 

11. That the Committee for the borough of Lancaster already appoint- 
ed, be a Committee of correspondence; and that George Eoss, James 
Webb, Matthias Slough, Joseph Ferree, Emanual Carpenter, and Wil- 
liam Atlee, Esquires, Mr. Alexander Lowry, and Mr. Moses Erwin, be 
the Committee to meet and consult with the Committees of the other 
counties of this province at Philadelphia, the 15th instant, and also to 
join with the Committee of correspondence in receiving subscriptions. 

It was then moved, that the thanks of the Freemen and inhabitants 
present should be rendered to the worthy chairman, for the very proper 
and spirited address made by him to this assembly, replete with the 
warmest expressions of loyalty to his Majesty, and fervent zeal for the 
common interests of America, which motion was agreed to by a general 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 207 

holding up of hands, and the thanks of the assembly were then presented 
to Mr, Eoss for his patriotic conduct upon this occasion, 

Eberiiart Michael, Clk: 

A subscription was then immediately opened by the Committee, for 
the benefit of our suffering brethren of the town of Boston, and very 
handsome sums subscribed by several of the persons present : And at 
the request of numbers of the reputable inhabitants, papers are printed 
and sending to the different townships to receive the subscriptions of 
the inhabitants of this county, which it is expected will amount to a con- 
siderable sum, and will be collected as expeditiously as possible by the 
Committee, and laid out as shall be thought best to answer the good 
purpose intended. 

A paper was delivered by Mr. Elijah Weikersham, to the Chairman 
at this meeting, and read by him, containing similar resolves (with the 
above) of the freemen of the townships of Paxton and Derry, at their 
meeting at the town of Middletown on the 8th last past, and signed 
by James Bird, Esq., chairman. 

Agreeably to the suggestions made in the circular letter from the Com- 
mittee of correspondence for this city and county,^ a convention of Dele- 
gates from the different counties assembled in this city on the 15th of 
July, 1774. The following is an account of their proceedings: 

Philadelphia, July 25, 
At a Provincial Meeting of Deputies chosen by the several Counties in Penn- 
sylvania, held at Philadelphia, July 15th, 1774, a7id continued by 

adjournments from day to day. 

Present, For the city and county of Philadelphia : Thomas Willing, 
John Dickinson, Peter Chevalier, Edward Penington, Thomas Whar- 
ton, John Cox, Joseph Eeed, Thomas Wharton, Jun,, Samuel Erwin, 
Thomas Fitzsimons, Doctor William Smith, Isaac Howell, Adam Hub- 
ley, George Schlosser, Samuel Miles, Thomas Mifflin, Christopher Lud- 
wic, Joseph Moulder, Anthony Morris, Jun,, George Gray, John Nixon, 
Jacob Barge, Thomas Penrose, John M, Nesbit, Jonathan B. Smith, 
James Mease, Thomas Barclay, Benjamin Marshall, Samuel Howell, 
William Moulder, John Eoberts, John Bayard, William Eush and 
Charles Thompson. 

Bucks — John Kidd, Henry Wynkoop, Joseph Kirkbride, John Wilk- 
inson and James Wallace. 

Chester — Francis Eichardson, Elisha Price, John Hart, Anthony 
Wayne, Hugh Loyd, John Sellers, Francis Johnson and Eichard Eeiley. 

Lancaster — George Eoss, James Webb, Joseph Ferree, Matthias Slough, 
Emanuel Carpenter, William Atlee, Alexander Lowry and Moses Erwin, 

York — James Smith, Joseph Donaldson and Thomas Hartley, 

H. e. Philadelphia. 



203 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Cumberland— Umes Wilson, Robert Magaw and William Irvine. 
^e^/.5_Edward Biddle, Daniel Broadhead, Jonathan Potts, Thomas 
Dundas and Christopher Schultz. 

Northampton~V^i\\\2.m Edmunds, Peter Kechlein, John Okeley and 

Jacob Arndt. 

Northuniherland—WiWidim Scull and Samuel Hunter. 
Bedford — George Woods. 

Westmoreland— Rohen Hannah, James Cavett. 
Thomas Willing was chosen Chairman. 
Charles Thompson, Clerk. 

Agreed that, in case of any difference in sentiment, the question be 
determined by the Deputies voting by counties. 

The letters from Boston of the 13th of May were then read, and a 
short account given of the steps taken in consequence thereof, and the 
measures now pursuing in this and the neighboring provinces; after 
which the following resolves were passed: 

Unan. 1. That we acknowledge ourselves and the inhabitants of this 
province, liege subjects of his Majesty King George the third, to whom 
they and we owe and will bear true and faithful allegiance. 

Unan. II. That as the idea of an unconstitutional independence on 
the parent state is utterly abhorrent to our principles, we view the un- 
happy differences between Great Britain and the Colonies with the deep- 
est distress and anxiety of mind, as fruitless to her, grievous to us, and 
destructive of the best interests of both. 

Unan. III. That it is therefore our ardent desire, that our ancient har- 
mony with the mother-country should be restored, and a perpetual love 
and union subsist between us, on the principles of the constitution, and 
an interchange of good offices, without the least infraction of our mutual 
rights. 

Una7i. lY. That the inhabitants of these colonies are entitled to the 
same rights and liberties within these colonies, that the subjects born 
in England are entitled to within that realm. 

Unan. V. That the power assumed by the Parliament of Great Britain 
to bind the people of these colonies, by statutes, " IN ALL cases what- 
soever," is unconstitutional ; and therefore the source of these unhappy 
difl'erences. 

Unan. VI. That the act of Parliament for shutting up the port o^ Boston 
is unconstitutional; oppressive to the inhabitants of that town; danger- 
ous to the liberties of the British Colonies ; and therefore, that we con- 
sider our brethren at Boston as suffering in the common cause of these 
colonies. 

Unan. VII. That the bill for altering the administration of justice in 
certain criminal cases within the province of Massachusetts Bay, if passed 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

into an act of Parliament, will be as unconstitutional, oppressive and 
dangerous as the act above mentioned. 

Unan. VIII. That the bill for changing the constitution of the prov- 
ince of Massachusetts Bay, established by charter, and enjoyed since the 
grant of that charter, if passed into an act of Parliament, will be uncon- 
stitutional and dangerous in its consequences to the American Colonies. 

Unan. IX. That there is an absolute necessity, that a congress of De- 
puties from the several colonies be immediately assembled, to consult 
together, and form a general plan of conduct to be observed by all the 
colonies, for the purposes of procuring relief for our grievances, pre- 
venting future dissensions, firmly establishing our rights, and restoring 
harmony between Great Britain and her Colonies on a constitutional 
foundation. 

Unan. X. That, although a suspension of the commerce of this large 
trading province, with Great Britain, would greatly distress multitudes 
of our industrious inhabitants, yet that sacrifice and a much greater we 
are ready to offer f»r the preservation of our liberties; but, in tender- 
ness to the people of Great Britain, as well as this country, and in hopes 
that our just remonstrances will at length reach the ears of our gracious 
Sovereign, and be no longer treated with contempt by any of our fellow 
subjects in England, it is our earnest desire that the congress should first 
try the gentler mode of stating our grievances, and making a firm and 
decent claim of redress. 

XI. Resolved, by a great majority, That yet notwithstanding, as an un- 
animity of councils and measures is indispensably necessary for the com- 
mon welfare, if the congress shall judge agreements of non-importation 
and non-exportation expedient, the people of this province will join with 
the other principal and neighbouring colonies, in such an association of 
non-importation from and non-exportation to Great Britain, as shall be 
agreed on at the congress. 

XII. Resolved, by a majority. That if any proceedings of the Parlia- 
ment, of which notice shall be received on this continent, before or at 
the general Congress, shall render it necessary in the opinion of that 
Congress, for the colonies to take farther steps than are mentioned in the 
eleventh resolve; in such case, the inhabitants of this province shall 
adopt such farther steps, and do all in their power to carry them into 
execution. 

Unan. XIII. That the venders of merchandize of every kind within 
this province, ought not to take advantage of the resolves relating to 
non-importation in this province or elsewhere; but that they ought to 
sell their merchandize, which they now have or may hereafter import, 
at the same rates they have been accustomed to do within three months 
last past. 

15 



210 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Unan. XIV. That the people of this province will break off all trade, 
commerce or dealing of any kind with any colony on this continent, or 
with any city or town in such colony, or with any individual in any 
such colony, city or town, which shall refuse, decline or neglect to adopt 
and carry into execution, such general plan as shall be agreed in the 
Congress. 

Una7i. XV. That it is the duty of every member of this Committee to 
promote, as much as he can, the subscription set on foot in the several 
counties of this province, for the relief of the distressed inhabitants of 
Boston. 

Unan. XVI. That this Committee give instructions on the present 
situation of public affairs to their representatives, who are to meet next 
week in Assembly, and request them to appoint a proper number of 
persons to attend a Congress of Deputies from the several colonies, at 
such time and place as may be agreed on, to effect one general plan of 
conduct, for attaining the ninth resolve. 

That John Dickinson, Doctor William Smith, Joseph Reed, John Kidd^ 
Elisha Price, William Atlee, James Smith, James Wilson, Daniel Broad- 
head, John Oakley, and William Scull, be appointed to prepare and bring 
in a draught of instructions. 
Tfie COMMITTEE above named having brought in a draught of INSTR UC- 

TIONiSj the same was debated and amended^ and being agreed to, were 

ordered to be signed by the Chairman. On the 21si the COMMITTEE in 

a body waited on the ASSEMBL Y^ then sitting^ and -presented the same. 

Gentlemen : The dissensions between Great Britain and her Colonies 
on this continent, commencing about ten years ago, since continually 
increasing, and at length grown to such an excess as to involve the latter 
in deep distress and danger, have excited the good people of this pro- 
vince to take into their serious consideration the present situation of 
public affairs. 

The inhabitants of the several counties qualified to vote at elections, 
being assembled on due notice, have appointed us their Deputies ; and in 
consequence thereof, we being in Provincial Committee met, esteem it 
our indispensable duty, in pursuance of the trust reposed in us, to give 
you such instruction, as, at this important period, appear to us to be 
proper. 

We, speaking in their names and our own, acknowledge ourselves 
liege subjects to his Majesty King George the third, to whom " we will 
be faithful and bear true allegiance." 

Our judgments and affections attach us, with inviolable loyalty, to his 
Majesty's person, family and government. 

We acknowledge the prerogatives of the sovereign, among which are 
included the great powers of making peace and war, treaties, leagues 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 211 

and alliances binding us — of appointing all officers, except in cases -where 
other provision is made, by grants from the Crown, or laws approved by 
the Crown — of confirming or annulling every act of our Assembly 
within the allowed time — and of hearing and determining finally, in 
council, appeals from our courts of justice. " The prerogatives are 
limited,"^ as a learned judge observes, "by bounds so certain and noto- 
rious, that it is impossible to exceed them, without the consent of the 
people on the one hand, or without, on the other, a violation of that 
original contract, which, in all states implicitly, and in ours most expressly, 
subsists between the Prince and Subject— For these prerogatives are 
vested in the Crown for the supjMrt of society, and do not intrench any 
farther on our natural liberties, than is expedient for the maintenance of 
our civiiy 

But it is our misfortune, that we are compelled loudly to call your 
attention to the consideration of another power, totally different in kind 
— limited, as it is alleged, by no " bounds,"^ and " wearing a most dread- 
ful aspect" with regard to America. We mean the power claimed by 
Parliament, of right to bind the people of these colonies by statutes, ' IN 
ALL CASES whatsoever' — a power, as we are not, and, from local cir- 
cumstances, cannot be represented there, utterly subversive of our natu- 
ral and civil liberties — past events and reason convincing us, that there 
never existed, and never can exist, a state thiLs subordinate to another, 
and yet retaining the slightest portion of freedom or happiness. 

The import of the words above quoted needs no descant ; for the wit 
of man, as we apprehend, cannot possibly form a more clear, concise, 
and comprehensive definition and sentence of slavery, than these expres- 
sions contain. 

This power claimed by Great Britain, and the late attempts to exercise 
it over these Colonies, present to our view two events, one of which must 
inevitahhj take place, if she shall continue to insist on her pretensions. 
Either, the Colonists will sink from the rank of freemen into the class of 
slaves, overwhelmed with all the miseries and vices, proved by the his- 
tory of mankind to be inseparably annexed to that deplorable condition: 
Or, if they have sense and virtue enough to exert themselves in striving 
to avoid this perdition, they must be involved in an opposition dreadful 
even in contemplation. 

Honor, justice, and humanittj call upon us to hold, and to transmit to 
our posterity, that liberty, which we received from our ancestors. It is 
not our duty to leave wealth to our children : But it is our duty to leave 
liberty to them. No infamy, iniquity, or cruelty, can exceed our own, if 
we, born and educated in a country of freedom, entitled to its blessings, 
and knowing their value, pusillanimously deserting the post assigned us 
iBlackstone, 237. '^ Ibid 370. 



212 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

by divine Providence, surrender succeeding generations to a condition of 
wretchedness, from which no human efforts, in all probability, will be 
sufficient to extricate them ; the experience of all states mournfully de- 
monstrating to us, that when arbitrary power has been established over 
them, even the wisest and bravest nations, that ever flourished, have, in 
a few years, degenerated into abject and wretched vassals. 

So alarming are the measures already taken for laying the foundations 
of a despotic authority of Great Britain over us, and with such artful 
and incessant vigilance is the plan prosecuted, that unless the present 
generation can interrupt the work, while it is going forward, can it be 
imagined, that our children, debilitated by our imprudence and supine - 
ness, will be able to overthrow it, when completed? Populous and power- 
ful as these Colonies may grow, they will still find arbitrary domination 
not only strengthening with their strength, but exceeding, in the swift- 
ness of its progression, as it ever has done, all the artless advantages, 
that can accrue to the governed. These advance with a regularity, which 
the divine author of our existence has impressed on the laudable pursuits 
of his creatures : But despotism, unchecked and unbounded by any laws — 
never satisfied with what has been done, while any thing remains to be 
done for the accomplishment of its purposes — confiding, and capable of 
confiding, only in the annihilation of all opposition — holds its course with 
such unabating and destructive rapidity, that the world has become its 
prey, and at this day. Great Britain and her dominions excepted, there is 
scarce a spot on the globe inhabited by civilized nations, where the ves- 
tiges of freedom are to be observed. 

To us therefore it appears, at this alarming period, our duty to God, 
to our country, to ourselves, and to our posterity, to exert our utmost 
ability, in promoting and establishing harmony between Great Britain 
and these Colonies, on a constitutional foundation. 

For attaining this great and desirable end, we request you to appoint 
a proper number of persons to attend a Congress of Deputies from the 
several Colonies, appointed, or to be appointed, by the Representatives 
of the people of the Colonies respectively in assembly, or convention, or 
by Delegates chosen by the counties generally in the respective colonies 
and met in Provincial Committee, at such time and place as shall be 
generally agreed on : and that the Deputies from this province may be 
induced and encouraged to concur in such measures, as may be devised 
for the common welfare, we think it proper, particularly to inform, how 
far, we apprehend, they will be supported in their conduct by their con- 
stituents. 

The assumed parliamentary power of internal legislation, and the 
power of regulating trade, as of late exercised, and designed to be e-xer- 
cised, we are thoroughly convinced, will prove unfailing and plentiful 



OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 213 

sources of dissensions to the Mother Country and these Colonies, unless 
some expedients can be adopted to render her secure of receiving from us 
every emolument, that can in justice and reason be expected and us secure 
in our lives, liberties, properties, and an equitable share of commerce. 

Mournfully revolving in our minds the calamities, that, arising from 
these dissensions, will most probably fall on us or our children, we will 
now lay before you the particular points we request of you to procure, 
if possible, to be finally decided : and the measures that appear to us 
most likely to produce such a desirable period of our distresses and 
dangers. We therefore desire of you — 

First — that the Deputies you may appoint, may be instructed by you 
strenuously to exert themselves, at the ensuing Congress, to obtain a re- 
nunciation on the part of Great Britain^ of all powers under the statute 
of the 35 Henry the 8th, chapter the 2d. Of all powers of internal legis- 
lation — of imposing taxes or duties internal or external — and of regu- 
lating trade, except with respect to any new articles of commerce, which 
the Colonies may hereafter raise, as silk, wine, &c., reserving a right to 
carry these from one colony to another — a repeal of all statutes for quar- 
tering troops in the Colonies, or subjecting them to any expense on ac- 
count of such troops — of all statutes imposing duties to be paid in the 
Colonies, that were passed at the accession of his present Majesty, or 
before this time ; which ever period shall be judged most advisable — 
of the statutes giving the Courts of Admiralty in the Colonies greater 
power than Courts of Admiralty have in England — of the statutes of 
the 5th of George the 2d, chapter the 22d, and of the 23d of George the 
2d, chapter the 29th — of the statute for shutting up the port of Boston 
— and of every other statute particularly affecting the province of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay^ passed in the last session of Parliament. 

In case of obtaining these terms, it is our opinion, that it will be rea- 
sonable for the colonies to engage their obedience to the acts of Parlia- 
ment declared to have force, at this time, in these Colonies, other than 
those above-mentioned, and to confirm such statutes by acts of the 
several assemblies. It is also our opinion, that taking example from 
our Mother Country, in abolishing the "Courts of Wards and Liveries, 
Tenures in capite, and by Knights service and purveyance," it will be 
reasonable for the Colonies, in case of obtaining the terms before men- 
tioned, to settle a certain annual revenue on his Majesty, his heirs and 
successors, subject to the control of Parliament, and to satisfy all dama- 
ges done to the East-India Company. 

This our idea of settling a revenue, arises from a sense of duty to our 
Sovereign, and of esteem for our Mother Country. We know and have 
felt the benefits of a subordinate connexion with her. We neither are 
so stupid as to be ignorant of them, nor so unjust as to deny them. We 



214 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

have also experienced the pleasures of gratitude and love, as well as 
advantages from that connexion. The impressions are not yet erased. 
We consider her circumstances with tender concern. We have not been 
wanting, when constitutionally called upon, to assist her to the utmost 
of our abilities ; insomuch that she has judged it reasonable to make us 
recompenses for our overstrained exertions : And we now think we ought 
to contribute more than we do, to the alleviation of her burthens. 

Whatever may be said of these proposals on either side of the Atlantic, 
this is not a time, either for timidity or rashness. We perfectly know, 
that the great cause now agitated, is to be conducted to a happy conclu- 
sion, only by that well tempered composition of Counsels, which firm- 
ness, prudence, loyalty to our Sovereign, respect to our parent State, 
and affection to our native country, united must form. 

By such a compact, Great Britain will secure every benefit that the 
Parliamentary wisdom of ages has thought proper to attach to her. 
From her alone we shall continue to receive manufactures. To her alone 
we shall continue to carry the vast inultitude of enumerated articles of 
commerce, the exportation of which her policy has thought fit to confine 
to herself. With such parts of the ivorld only, as she has appointed us to 
deal, we shall continue to deal ; and such commodities only, as she has 
permitted us to bring from them, we shall continue to bring. The 
executive and controling powers of the Crown will retain their present full 
force and operation. We shall contentedly labour for her as affectionate 
friends, in time of tranquility; and cheerfully spend for her, as dutiful 
children, our treasure and our blood, in time of war. She will receive a 
certain income from us, without the trouble or expense of collecting it — 
without being constantly disturbed by complaints of grievances, which 
she cannot justify and will not redress. In case of war, or any emer- 
gency of distress to her, we shall also be ready and willing to contribute 
all aids within our power : And we solemnly declare, that on such occa- 
sions, if we or our posterity shall refuse, neglect, or decline thus to con- 
tribute, it will be a mean and manifest violation of a plain duty, and a 
weak and wicked desertion of the true interests of this province, which 
ever have been and must be bound up in the prosperity of our Mother 
Country. Our union, founded on mutual compacts and mutual benefits, 
will be indissoluble, at least more firm than an union perpetually dis- 
turbed by disputed rights, and retorted injuries. 

Secondly. If all the terms above-mentioned cannot be obtained, it is 
our opinion, that the measures adopted by the Congress for our relief 
should never be relinquished or intermitted, until those relating to the 
troops— internal legislation— imposition of taxes or duties hereafter,— 
the 35th of Henry the 8th, Chapter the 2d.— the extension of Admiralty 
Courts— the port of Boston and the province of Massachusetts- Bay are 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 215 

obtained. Every modification or qualification of these points, in our 
judgment, should be inadmissible. To obtain them, we think it may be 
prudent to settle some revenue as above-mentioned, and to satisfy the 
East India Company. 

Thirdly. If neither of these plans should be agreed to, in Congress, 
but some other of a similar nature shall be framed, though on the terms 
of a revenue, and satisfaction to the East India Company, and though it 
shall be agreed by the Congress to admit no modification or qualification 
in the terms they shall insist on, we desire your Deputies may be in- 
structed to concur with the other Deputies in it ; and we will accede to, 
and carry it into execution as far as we can. 

Fourthly, As to the regulation of trade — we are of opinion, that by 
making some few amendments, the commerce of the colonies might be 
settled on a firm establishment, advantageous to Great Britain and them, 
requiring and subject to no future alterations, without mutual consent. 
We desire to have this point considered by the Congress; and such meas- 
ures taken, as they may judge proper. 

In order to obtain redress of our common grievances, we observe a 
general inclination among the Colonies of entering into agreements of 
non-importation and non-exportation. We are fully convinced that such 
agreements would withhold very large supplies from Great Britain, and 
no words can describe our contempt and abhorrence of those Colonists, 
if any such there are, who, from a sordid and ill-judged attachment to 
their own immediate profit, would pursue that, to the injury of their 
country, in this great struggle for all the blessings of liberty. It would 
appear to us a most wasteful frugality, that would lose every important 
possession by too strict an attention to small things, and lose also even 
these at the last. For our part, we will cheerfully make any sacrifice, 
when necessary, to preserve the freedom of our country. But other con- 
siderations have weight with us. We wish every mark of respect to be 
paid to his Majesty's administration. We have been taught from our 
youth to entertain tender and brotherly aftections for our fellow subjects 
at home. The interruption of our commerce must distress great num- 
bers of them. This we earnestly desire to avoid. We therefore request, 
that the Deputies you shall appoint may be instructed to exert them- 
selves, at the Congress, to induce the members of it, to consent to make 
a full and precise state of grievances and a decent yet firm claim of 
redress, and to wait the event, before any other step is taken. It is our 
opinion, that persons should be appointed and sent home to present this 
state and claim, at the court of Great Britain. 

If the Congress shall choose to form agreements of non-importation 
and non-exportation immediately, we desire the Deputies from this 
province will endeavor to have them so formed as to be binding upon 



216 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

all and that they may be permanent, should the public interest require 
it. They cannot be efficacious, unless they can be permanent; and it 
appears to us that there will be a danger of their being infringed, if they 
are not formed with great caution and deliberation. We have determined 
in the present situation of public affairs to consent to a stoppage of our 
commerce with Great Britain only; but in case any proceedings of 
the Parliament, of which notice shall be received on this continent, before^ 
or at the Congress, shall render it necessary, in the opinion of the Con- 
gress to take further steps, the inhabitants of this province will adopt 
such steps, and do all in their power to carry them into execution. 

This extensive power we commit to the Congress, for the sake of pre- 
serving that unanimity of counsel and conduct, that alone can work out 
the salvation of these Colonies, with a strong hope and trust that they 
will not draw this province into any measures judged by us, who must 
be better acquainted with its state than strangers, highly inexpedient. 
Of this kind, we know any other stoppage of trade, but of that with 
Great Britain will be. Even this step we should be extremely afflicted 
to see taken by the Congress, before the other mode above pointed out 
is tried. But should it be taken, we apprehend that a plan of restric- 
tions may be so framed, agreeable to the respective circumstances of the 
several colonies, as to render Great Britain sensible of the imprudence 
of her counsels, and yet leave them a necessary commerce. And here 
it may not be improper to take notice, that if redress of our grievances 
cannot be wholly obtained, the extent or continuance of our restrictions 
may, in some sort, be proportioned to the rights we are contending for, 
and the degree of relief afforded us. This mode will render our oj^posi- 
tion Q.S, perpetxial as our oppression, and will be A continual claim and 
ASSERTION OF OUR RIGHTS. We cannot express the anxiety with which 
we wish the consideration of these points to be recommended to you. 
We are persuaded, that if these Colonies fail of vmanimity or prudence 
in forming their resolutions, or of fidelity in observing them, the op- 
position by non-importation and non-exportation agreements will be 
ineffectual ; and then we shall have only the alternative of a more dan- 
gerous contention, or of a tame submission. 

Upon the whole, we shall repose the highest confidence in the wisdom 
and integrity of the ensuing Congress : And though we have, for the 
satisfaction of the good people of this province, who have chosen us for 
this express purpose, offered to you such instructions, as have appeared 
expedient to us, yet it is not our meaning, that by these or by any you 
may think proper to give them, the Deputies appointed by you should 
be restrained from agreeing to any measures, that shall be approved by 
the Congress. We should be glad the Deputies chosen by you could, 
by their influence, procure our opinions hereby communicated to you 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 217 

to be as nearly adhered to, as may be possible; but to avoid difficulties, 
we desire tliat they may be instructed by you, to agree to any measures 
that shall be approved by the Congress; the inhabitants of this province 
having resolved to adopt and carry them into execution. Lastly — We 
desire the deputies from this province, may endeavor to procure an ad- 
journment of the Congress, to such a day as they shall judge proper, and 
the appointment of a standing Committee. 

Agreed, that John Dickinson, Joseph Read, and Charles Thomson, be 
a Committee to write to the neighboring Colonies, and communicate to 
them the resolves and instructions. 

Agreed, that the Committee for the city and county of Philadelphia, 
or any fifteen of them, be a Committee of Correspondence for the general 
Committee of this province. 

Extract from tlie Alinutes. 

Charles Thomson, Clk. of the Com. 

At^ a meeting of the Committee of the County of Lancaster, at Lan- 
caster, on the 9th September, 1774, Edward Shippen, Esq., in the chair. 

The subscriptions received for the relief of the distresses of the poor 
inhabitants of the town of Boston, were laid before the Committee, and 
it appeareth that the sum of one hundred and fifty-three pounds, fifteen 
shillings and two pence, has been collected in the Borough of Lancaster 
for the purposes aforesaid, that it being put to the vote whether the said 
sum should not be immediately remitted to Philadelphia to Mr. John 
Nixon, the Treasurer of the city and county of Philadelphia, to be laid out 
in such manner as the Committee for the said city and county should think 
proper for the relief of our distressed poor brethren of the town of 
Boston, the same was carried in the affirmative, and Edward Shippen, 
Esq., the chairman, is requested to forward the said sum of money forth- 
with to Philadelphia for the purpose aforesaid. 

At this time no proper account could possibly be had of the subscrip- 
tion papers of the several townships in this county. 

The following letter was omitted entering in its proper place, and is as 
follows, to wit: 

Gentlemen: Enclosed you will receive a printed circular letter signed 
by the chairman of our Committee, and the resolves therein referred to, 
with some other printed papers. The use to be made of them, your own 
prudence and good judgment will suggest; we would be glad to hear as 
soon as possible from the Committee for your county, and are 

Your most humble servant, 

William Smith. 
Your assured friend, 

Philadelphia, June 29, 1774. Isaac Kowell. 

1 Rupp, History of Lancaster County. 



218 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

To Edward Shippen and George Eoss, Esq'rs., who are requested 
to communicate the enclosed papers to the other gentlemen of the Com- 
mittee. 

Those gentlemen named and appointed at the meeting of the 9th of 
July last, attended the provincial convention at Philadelphia, on Mon- 
day the 15th then next. And the proceedings together with the resolves 
of that provincial committee, hath been inserted in the public papers. 

At a meeting of the Committee August 11th, they were informed that 
Joshua and Robert Lockharts, of this borough, shopkeepers, had brought 
to this town a quantity of tea, that have paid duty under the late act of 
parliament. A note was therefore sent to them by the committee re- 
quiring their immediate attendance. In consequence thereof one of the 
partners called on the Committee, but denied their having received any 
tea, but as this account by no means appeared satisfactory from several 
matters which escaped the partner attending, the Committee did inspect 
their shop, and with some difficulty learned of a chest of Bohea tea, 
weight 349, neat weight, which they had bought from a certain merchant 
in Philadelphia. The committee taking an account of all the marks of 
the case in which it was packed, removed the tea, and wrote to the 
committee of Philadelphia, who examined the matter, and it appeareth 
that this tea never had paid any duty, but was part of a seizure made 
by the Custom House and was afterwards purchased at a public sale 
by the original owner of it, as by a letter from the committee of Phil- 
adelphia, dated August 25th, wrote and signed by the Honorable 
Thomas Willing, the chairman, directed to this Committee, appears ; 
upon which, the said teas were returned again, and the said Lockharts 
were acquitted. 

The Continental Congress held at Philadelphia, the 5th of September, 
1774, continued to the 25th of October; the votes and proceedings of 
which, have since been published in the pubKc papers, and printed also 
by a pamphlet containing the bill of rights, list of grievances, occasional 
resolves, the association, an address to the people of Great Britain, a 
memorial to the inhabitants of the British American Colonies, and peti- 
tion to the King. 

November 22d, 1774. The Committee of this borough met and the 
followmg hand-bill by them ordered to be printed, and sent to, and put 
up at all the public places in this county, viz : 

"To the freeholders and electors of the county of Lancaster: 
" The committee for the borough of Lancaster, taking in their considera- 
tion the resolves and recommendations of the American Continental Con- 
gress, request that the freeholders and others qualified to vote for Repre- 
sentatives in Assembly for the county of Lancaster, would meet at the 
Court house, in Lancaster, on Thursday the fifteenth dav of December 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 219 

next, to choose by ballot sixty proper persons for a committee, to observe 
the conduct of all persons touching the general Association of the gen- 
eral Congress ; which committee, it is proposed, when elected, shall divide 
the county into different districts, and appoint members of the commit- 
tee to superintend each district, and any six of the members so appointed 
for a district to be a quorum for transacting business. 

"It will be necessary, previous to the general election, that each town- 
ship shall elect a proper person to act as inspector, and receive the tickets 
of the electors on that day." 

On the said 15th day of December, in pursuance to the notice above 
mentioned, a general election was held at the borough of Lancaster, for 
this county, and the following persons Avere chosen as, and for, a commit- 
tee, viz : 

Lancaster borough — Edward Shippen, George Ross. James Webb, 
Adam Sim. Kuhn, Jasper Yeates, William Atlee, Adam Reigart, William 
Bausman, Christian Yoght, Eberhart Michael, Charles Hall, Casper Shaflf- 
ner. Conestoga — Martin Bare. Manor — John Killhafer, Jacob Wistler, 
*James Jacks. Hempfield — Yal. Breneman. Manheim — Samuel Bear, 
Sebastian Graff. (As the first district.) Upp^Paxton, Londonderry, 
Derry, Hanover and Paxton, (the second district). Paxton — James Burd, 
do. Joseph Sherer — Hanover, Timothy Green — Derry, Castle Byers, do. 
*William Laird, do. *Robert McKee — Londonderry, John Campbell — 
Paxton, John Bakestose — Upper Paxton, William Patterson — Hanover, 
William Brown, do. James Crawford. Warwick, Rapho, Mountjoy and 
Donegal, (the 3d district). Mountjoy, *James Cunningham, do. Abraham 
Frederick — Rapho, Jacob Erisman, do. Patrick Hay — Donegal, *Bartram 
Galbraith, do. Alexander Lowrey, do. Frederick Mumma — Warwick, Ja- 
cob Erb, do. Peter Grubb. Bethel, Heidelberg, Elizabeth and Lebanon, 
(the 4th district). Lebanon, Thomas Clark, do. Curtis Grubb, do. Henry 
Light — Bethel, *Ludwig Shuy, do. *Casper Corr, do. *John Bishon — 
Heidleburg, John Weiser — Bethel, ^Killian Long, do. Samuel Jones — 
Elizabeth, Hans Frantz, Lebanon, Henry Bealor. Brecknock, Carnar- 
von, Cocalico and Earl, (the 5th district). Earl, ^Alexander Martin, do. 
*Emanuel Carpenter, do. *Anthony Ellmaker, do. William Smith, do. 
*Zacheus Davjs, do. George Rein, do. Jehn Brubaker — Cocalico, John 
Jones — Brecknock, Benjamin Lessley — Carnarvon, David Jenkins. Lam- 
peter, Strasburg, Leacock and Salisbury, (the 6th district). Salisbury, 
*James Clemson, do. *John Whitehill— Leacock, David Watson, do. 
Nathaniel Lightner— Strasburg, Eberhart Grube, do. Michael Witter— 
Lampeter, John Witmer, Jr. Martick, Bart, Sadsbury, Colerain, Little 
Britain and Drumore, (the 7th district.) Sadsbury, Robert Bailey— Lit- 
tle Britain, John Alton— Drumore, *Thomas Porter— Bart, Jacob Bare— 
Colerain, Joshua Anderson— Martick, John Snodgrass— Drumore, *Wil- 



220 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

liam McEntire — Little Britain, Thomas Whitesides — Bart, Hieronimus 
Hickman. 

N. B. The names with Asterisks (*) before them, were elected in their 
respective townships, and upon proper certificates by them produced of 
their having been duly elected, their names were added to committee. 

At a meeting of the Committee of the borough of Lancaster. Present, 
Edward Shippen, Esq., Wm. Bausman, Charles Hall, Christian Voght, 
Sebastian Graff, Adam Eeigart, Casper Shaffner, William Atlee, Peter 
Grubb, and Eberhart Michael, Edward Shippen, Esq., in the chair. 

Several of the reputable inhabitants of this borough of Lancaster, 

having mentioned their dislike to Mr. Francis , having opened a 

dancing school in this borough, (at the present time) and that in their 
opinion the same was contrary to the eighth article of the Association of 
the Continental Congress, and requesting a meeting of this Committee and 
their sentiments on the occasion. Upon consideration of the matter, it 

is the opinion of this Committee, that the said Mr. Francis , opening 

and keeping a dancing school in the said borough, comes within the mean- 
ing of the eighth article of the Association of the Continental Congress, 
and that the same ought, at the present time, during the unhappy dis- 
pute with the mother country, to be discontinued. And Mr. Francis 

, being sent for, waited upon the Committee, and being informed of 

the sentiments of this Committee, agreed and promised to break up and 
discontinue his said school. 

Signed by the members above named. 

A letter received from the Committee of Correspondence of the city of 
Philadelphia, dated the 22 December, 1774, directed to the Committee 
of this place, of which the following is a copy, viz : 

Gentlemen : By order of the committee of the City and Liberties of 
Philadelphia, we have the pleasure to transmit you the following re- 
solves, passed this day with great unanimity, viz : 

" That this committee think it absolutely necessary that the commit- 
tees of the counties of this province, or such deputies as they may ap- 
point for this purpose, be requested to meet together in provincial con- 
vention as soon as convenient. 

" That it be recommended to the county committees to meet in said 
convention, on Monday, the 23d day of January next, in the city of 
Philadelphia." 

From a view of the present situation of public affairs, the Committee 
have been induced to propose this convention, that the sense of the prov- 
ince may be obtained; and that the measures to be taken thereupon, 
may be the result of the united wisdom of the colony. 

The obvious necessity of giving an immediate consideration to many 
matters of the greatest importance to the general welfare, will, we hope, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 221 

sufficiently apologize to you for naming so early a day as the 23d of 
January. 

We are, gentlemen, respectfully, 

Your humble servants, [Signed] 

Jos. Reed, Charles Thomson, Geo. Clymer, John Nixon, John Benezet, 
Sam'l. Meredith, Thos. Mifflin, Jona. B. Smith, Committee of Correspond- 
ence. 

The following letter from the Committee of Correspondence for the 
county of Berks, was sent to the committee of this place, viz : 

Reading, 2d January, 1775. 

This day the Committee of this county met here. A letter from the 
Committee of Correspondence of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, 
(meaning the same above,) was laid before them proposing a provincial 
convention, to be held at Philadelphia, the 22d instant. The letter being 
duly considered, the Committee unanimously agreed to the proposed 
convention, and appointed Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, Mark Bird, 
Christopher Shultz, John Patton, Sebastian Levan, and Balzer Gehr, a 
committee to attend the said convention, in behalf of this county. The 
Committee then proceeded to choose a Committee of Correspondence, 
and Edward Biddle, William Reerer, Mark Bird, Jonathan Potts, and 
Christopher Wittman, were duly elected a Committee of Correspondence 
for this county. 

Extract from the proceedings of the Committee. 

Jonathan Potts, Clerk. 

Another letter from the same Committee of Correspondence of the 
county of Berks, to the committee of this place, viz: 

Gentlemen: Enclosed is an extract from the proceedings of the 
Committee of this county, by which you will see that deputies are 
appointed to attend theproposed provincial convention. 

When we consider that our disputes are drawing fast to a crisis, and 
that the most cordial unanimity is absolutely necessary for our preser- 
vation; we cannot doubt but that your respectable committee will with- 
out hesitation appoint deputies to attend the provincial Congress. The 
neglect of any one county may have the most fatal consequences. And 
we well know the pleasure it would give our enemies to see even the 
appearance of a disunion at this very important time. 

The great consequence of this subject will, we hope, apologize for thi.s 
freedom. 

We are, gentlemen, with the greatest respect. 

Your most obedient humble servants, [Signed] 

Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, William Reerer, Christopher Wit- 
man, Mark Bird, Committee of Correspondence. 

Reading, 5th January, 1775. 



222 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

N. B. The above mentioned extracts, &c. are put among the files of 
other papers relative to the Committee. 

At a meeting of the Committee of Inspection of the county of Lan- 
caster, at the Court House, in Lancaster, on Saturday, the 14th day of 
January, 1775, Edward Shippen, Esq. was chosen chairman. 

It was unanimously agreed that in case of any difference in sentiments, 
the question proposed be determined by the members of the committee, 
voting by townships. 

A letter from the Committee of Correspondence of the City and 
Liberties of Philadelphia, and another letter from the Committee of 
Correspondence of Berks county, were then read; and it being put to 
vote, whether this Committee would appoint deputies to meet the other 
counties of this province in provincial convention, on Monday, the 23d 
January instant, the same was carried in the affirmative : 

Yeas ; Borough of Lancaster, Ilempfield township, Manheim township, 
Paxton township, Hanover township, Londonderry township, Mountjoy 
township, Rapho township, Donegal township, Warwick township, Leba- 
non township. Bethel township, Elizabeth township. Earl township, 
Brecknock township, Caernarvon township, Salisbury township, Leacock 
township, Lampeter township, Sadsbury township. Little Britain town- 
ship, Drumore township, Colerain township. 

Nays; Lancaster township, Derry township, Strawsburg township, 
Bart township. 

Absent; Conestoga township. Upper Paxton township, Heidleberg 
township, Cocalico township, Martick township. Manor township. 

The committee then proceeded to appoint deputies, and the following 
gentlemen, to wit: Adam Simon Kuhn, James Burd, James Clemson, 
Esq., Peter Grubb, Sebastian Graff, David Jenkins and Bartram Gal- 
braith, or any five of them, were nominated to attend the said provincial 
convention, in behalf of the county of Lancaster. 

Edward Shippen, Chairman. 
The foregoing proceedings of the Committees and occurrences, are 
recorded by E. M. (June 3d, 1775.) 

At a meeting of the Committee of Inspection and Observation, of the 
borough of Lancaster, the 27th of April, 1775, at the house of Adam 
Reigart. 

Present; Edward Shippen, Esq., William Atlee, William Bausman, 
Charles Hall, William Patterson, Casper Shaffner, Eberhart Michael, 
Adam Reigart. 

Edward Shippen, Esq., was chosen president. 

It appearing by intelligence from divers places and by the papers, 
that General Gage hath at length attacked the inhabitants of Massachus- 
etts Bay, and killed and wounded many of them, and the latest accounts 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 223 

from England confirming the accounts that the Parliament of Great 
Britain are determined by force of arms to compel the colonies to an 
abject submission to the late acts of the British Parliament, calculated 
to deprive the inhabitants of the colonies of their inestimable rio-hts and 
privileges; and that a formidable fleet and army are preparing to invade 
the colonies or some of them ; it is therefore thought proper to request 
a general meeting of the Committee for this county, to consult and de- 
termine upon such measures as may be necessary to be pursued at this 
alarming crisis; and it is unanimously agreed that handbills be immedi- 
ately printed and distributed throughout the county, requesting the 
members of the Committee to meet at the house of Adam Reigart, in 
the borough of Lancaster, on Monday, the first day of May next, at two 
o'clock in the afternoon for those purposes ; and Mr. Bailey is requested 
to print a sufficient number of handbills for this purpose, in the follow- 
ing words, to wit : 

The members of the Committee of Observation for the respective dis- 
tricts and townships, are desired to meet at the borough of Lancaster, 
at the house of Adam Reigart, in the said borough, on Monday, the first 
day of May next, at two o'clock in. the afternoon, to consult and deter- 
mine upon proper and necessary measures to be taken for the general 
good in the present alarming situation of afi:airs. 

At the request of the committe of observation, in the borough of Lan- 
caster. (Signed.) ' Edward Shippen, Chairman. 

Lancaster, the 27th April, 1775. 

At a meeting of the Committee of Observaton, at the house of Adam 
Reigart, the thirtieth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand seven hundred and seventy-five. 

Present, George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., Wm. Atlee, Esq., 
Adam Reigart, William Bausman, Esq., Charles Hall, Casper Shaffner, 
Samuel Bare, Eberhart Michael, James Cunningham, Alexander Martin, 
Wm. Smith : — George Ross, Esq., chosen chairman ; George Ross, jr., 
chosen clerk. 

A complaint being made to the Committee, that Charles Hamilton had 
sold tea contrary to the association of the Continental Congress. Or- 
dered that notice be given to said Charles Hamilton. Thereupon a copy 
of the following notice was sent to Mr. Charles Hamilton. 

"Sir: You are charged before the Committee for this county of having 
vended a quantity of tea since the first instant, contrary to the Associa- 
tion of the Continental Congress. The committee arc now sitting at Mr. 
Adam Reigart's, and desire your attendance to answer to the charge." 
(Signed) "Geo. Ross, jun., Clerk." 

"To. Mr. Charles Hamilton, shopkeeper. 

"March 30, 1775." 



224 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Mr. Hamilton having attended, and it appearing by the oath of John 
Taylor, the clerk, that the tea was sold in Mr, Hamilton's absence at 
Philadelphia, contrary to the express orders given by him in his store 
since the first of March instant ; and Mr. Hamilton, upon knowing of the 
said tea being sold, immediately disapproved of the sale thereof. And 
Mr. Hamilton himself, upon oath, declaring that ever since the first of 
March, instant, his orders in the store have been to his clerk, that they 
should sell no tea whatsoever, and that the said sale was in his absence, 
and that he disapproves thereof. Upon consideration of the premises by 
the Committee, it is their unanimous opinion, that Mr. Hamilton stands 
acquitted of the charge against him, and that he hath not counteracted 
the association of the Continental Congress. 

"I, Charles Hamilton, of the borough of Lancaster, shopkeeper, do 
hereby declare and assert, that I utterly disapprove of the sales of any 
tea in my store since the first day of March, instant, and it is and always 
hath been my fixed intention and determination to adhere inviolably to 
the association of the American Continental Congress, being fully con- 
vinced that the measures proposed thereby are the only probable modes 
of rescuing America from British Parliamentary despotism. Witness 
my hand, the thirtieth day of March, A. D. one thousand seven hundred 
and seventy-five. (Signed) 

"Charles Hamilton." 

Edward Shippen, Esq., George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., William 
Atlee, Esq., Adam Simon Kuhn, Esq., and William Bausman, Esq., or 
any four of them, are appointed a standing Committee of Correspondence 
for the county of Lancaster. 

The members of the Committee for the county of Lancaster, now 
present, taking into consideration the conduct of George Ross, Esq., in 
the late interesting dispute in the House of Assembly of this province, 
respecting the answer given to his honor, the Governor's message, re- 
commending a separate petition to his Majesty from the said House of 
Assembly, do unanimously approve of the active part taken by the said 
Mr. Ross in opposition to that measure, as the same would tend to intro- 
duce disunion amongst the colonies ; and do return the thanks of the 
committee to Mr. Ross, and the other worthy members of the honorable 
house, who have so steadily adhered to the true welfare of their constit- 
uents in opposing a deep-laid plan to disunite us. 

May 1st: The association of the freemen and inhabitants of the county 
of Lancaster, the 1st May, 1775. 

Whereas, the enemies of Great Britain and America have resolved by 
force of arms to carry into execution the most unjust, tyrannical, and 
cruel edicts of the British Parliament, and reduce the freeborn sons of 
America to a state of vassalage, and have flattered themselves, from our 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 225 

unacqnaintance with military discipline, that we should become an easy 
prey to them, or tamely submit and bend our necks to the yoke prepared 
for us: We do most solemnly agree and associate under the deepest 
sense of our duty to God, our country, ourselves and posterity, to de- 
fend and protect the religious and civil rights of this and our sister colo- 
nies, with our lives and fortunes, to the utmost of our abilities, against 
any power whatsoever that shall attempt to deprive us of them. 

And the better to enable us so to do, we will use our utmost diligence 
to acquaint ourselves with military discipline and the art of war. 

We do furtlier agree to divide ourselves into companies not exceeding 
one hundred men, each, so as to make it most convenient to our situation 
and settlement, and to elect and choose such persons as the majority of 
each company shall think proper for officers, viz : for each company a 
captain, two lieutenants and one ensign, who shall have the power of 
appointing the other officers under them, necessary for the companies. 

That when the companies are formed and the officers chosen and ap- 
pointed, an association shall be signed by the officers and soldiers of each 
company, for the good order and government of the officers and soldiers. 

May 3d : Eesolved, That the members of the Committee of the County 
of Lancaster do, with the utmost expedition, take an account of the 
number of whites — men, women and children — to the respective town- 
ships of this county, and transmit the same to the members of the Com- 
mittee, residing in Lancaster, to be forwarded to the members of the 
general Congress for the province of Pennsylvania. 

Eesolved, That the members of the committee do examine the 
quantity of powder and lead the storekeepers have in their hands, in the 
respective townships, and that the storekeepers be required that they 
sell no powder or lead before the first of June next, as they tender the 
trade and custom of the inhabitants of the respective townships, provi- 
ded that it be sold only by such storekeepers having a license from two 
members of the Committee. 

At a meeting of the Committee of Observation, on the -ith day of 
May, 1775, the Commissioners of the county being also present, Mr. 
Charles Hamilton agrees, that the county shall have his powder, being 
twenty-six casks, at the rate of £14 per cwt. and they paying the carriage; 
and that the county shall have his lead, being about eight hundred weight, 
at 45 pence per cwt.^ 

Messrs. Josiah and Eobert Lockhart agree that the county shall have 

1 January 32, 1774, an act was passed by the General Assembly, that no person or 
persons within the limits of Lancaster borough, shall keep in any house or shop, cel- 
lar, store, or other place more thantwenty-five pounds weight of gunpowder, and that 
was to be kept in the highest story of the house, at any one time, unless it had been 
fifty yards distant from any dwelling house, under the penalty of five pounds. 
16 



226 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

their powder, being five quarter casks, at £15 per cwt., they paying the 
carriage; and their lead at 45 pence per cwt. 

Mr. Matthias Slough agrees that the county shall have his powder, 
being four quarter casks, at £15 per cwt., they paying the carriage; and 
his lead at 45 pence per cwt. 

Mr. Simons, by Mr. Levy, Andrew Levy, agrees that the county shall 
have his powder, being two quarter casks, at the rate of £15 per cwt,, 
they paying the carriage; and his lead, being about 200 pounds, at 45 
pence per cwt. 

Mr. Christian Wirtz agrees that the county shall have his powder, 
being five quarter casks and some pounds loose, at the rate of £15 per 
cwt., they paying the carriage; and his lead, being about 150 pounds, at 
45 pence per cwt. 

Mr. John Hopson agrees that the county shall have his powder, being 
two quarter casks, at the rate of £15 per cwt., they paying the carriage. 

Mr. Crawford agrees that the county shall have his powder, being 10 
or 12 pounds, at the rate of £15 per cwt. and carriage. 

Mr. Bickham agrees that the county shall have his powder, being one 
quarter cask and some loose powder, at the rate of £15 per cwt. and 
carriage ; and his lead at 45 pence per cwt. 

Mr. Grafi" agrees that the county shall have his powder, being about a 
quarter cask, at the rate of £15 per cwt., paying carriage. 

At a meeting of the Committee of Observation for the borough and 
county of Lancaster, at the house of Adam Reigart, the 15th May, 1775. 

PRESENT: 

George Ross, Esq., chairman, Jasper Yeates, Esq., William Atlee, Esq., 
Charles Hall, Eberhart Michael, Casper Shaffner, Adam Reigart, Sebas- 
tian Grafi", Esq., Emanuel Carpenter, Esq., James Clemson, Esq., Alex- 
ander Lowry, James Cunningham, Samuel Bare, James Burd, Esq., 
Christian Voght and Jacob Erb. 

The question being put whether the powder, lead, and other military 
stores, which can be collected in the county, * * * * 
[Here the connection is broken.] 

Wednesday, November 8th, 1775. 

A number of the members of Committee, chosen and appointed by the 
several townships in Lancaster county, to serve as committee-men for the 
ensuing year, assembled at the Court House, in Lancaster. 

present : 

For the borough of Lancaster — William Bausman, Jacob Clatz, Cas- 
per Shafther, Christian Voght, Abraham Dehufi", Michael Musser. For 
Lancaster— Andrew Graff, Michael Shank. For Manheim — Peter Bach- 
man, Sebastian Grafi", Jasper Yeates. For Manor— Leonard Rodfunk. 
For Conestoga— William Atlee, Michael Haberstick, Abraham New- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 227 

comer. For Strasburg — Everhard Gruber, John Breckbill. For War- 
wick — John Erb, Peter Kratzer. For Cocalico — Michael Witmer. For 
Lampeter — John Whitman, jr., Henry Kendig. For Caernarvon — David 
Jenkins, Joshua Evans, Henry Weaver. For Lebanon — John Philip de 
Haas, Philip Greenwalt. For Bethel — Casper Kohr, John Beshore, Kil- 
lian Long. For Hanover — John Eogers, John McKewn. For London- 
derry — William Hays. For Donegal — Alexander Lowry, Robert Craig. 
For Mountjoy — James Cunningham, John Jamison, Abraham Scott. 
For Upper Paxtang — Samuel Taylor, James Murray. For Brecknock — 
Benjamin Leslie. 

The members present proceeded to the choice of a chairman, wheij 
Jasper Yeates, Esq., was elected and took his seat accordingly. 

George Ross, junior, Esq., was chosen Secretary. 

Peter Riblet was appointed door-keeper and messenger to this Com- 
mittee. 

The returns of the elections in the several townships were produced, 
and read, and approved of by this Committee ; the following gentlemen 
thereby appearing to have been duly chosen in the respective townships 
as members of Committee in the county of Lancaster, viz : 

In the borough of Lancaster — Edward Shippen, George Ross, William 
Bausman, Jacob Clatz, Casper Shaffner, George Moore, Christian Voght, 
Abraham Dehuft", Jacob Krug, Michael Musser, Adam Reigart. In Lan- 
caster township — Matthias Slough, Andrew Graff, Michael Shank. In 
Hempfield — Peter Brubaker, Robert Spear, John Hoover. In Manheim — 
Peter Bachman, Sebastian Graff, Jasper Yeates. In Manor — Leonard 
Rodfunk, Jacob Rupley, Henry Funk. In Conestogo — William Atlee, 
Michael Haberstick, Abraham Newcomer. In Drumore — John Long, 
William McEntire, John Smiley. In Strasburg — Samuel Lefevre, Ever- 
hard Gruber, John Breckbill. In Lampeter — John Whitman, jr., Henry 
Kendig, John Kirk. In Warwick — Valentine Griner, Jacob Erb, Peter 
Kratzer. In Elizabeth — George Hoyle, Christian Staley, Christian Royer. 
In Cocalico — Michael Witman, Adam Grill, George Elick. In Earl — 
Gabriel Davis, George Rhine, Jonathan Roland. In Carnarvon — David 
Jenkins, Joshua Evans, Henry Weaver. In Brecknock — Benjamin Les- 
lie, Peter Good, Conrad Popp. In Heidleberg — Henry Eckert, George 
Hudson, Michael Ley. In Lebanon — John Philip de Haas, Philip Green- 
wait, John Light. In Bethel — Casper Kohr, John Beshore, Killian Long. 
In Ilanover^John JVIcKewu, John Rogers, William Cathcart. In Lon- 
donderry — William Hays, Robert Clark, Jacob Cook. In Donegal — 
Bartram Galbraith, Alexander Lowry, Robert Craig. In Mountjoy — 
James Cunningham, Abraham Scott, John Jamison, In Rapho — James 
Patterson, Jacob Haldeman, Joseph Lytle. In LTpper Paxtang — Adam 
Warts, James Murray, Samuel Taylor. 



228 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The return from the township of Paxtang being produced in these 
words, to wit : 

"At an election held at Mr. William Dickey's, in Paxton township, 
the 17th October, 1775, the following six persons were elected as mem- 
bers of the County Committee for the county of Lancaster, to wit : 
James Burd, Joseph Sherer, William Brown, John Harris, James Crouch, 
and Jacob Awl, or any three of these men to be admitted into the Com- 
mittee from time to time." 

Certified by James Burd and Joseph Sherer. The same was objected 
to, and it being put to vote whether the same return should be received, 
as it contained a return of six persons instead of three, it passed in the 
negative unanimously. 

Resolved, That in determining a question in this Committee, the 
borough of Lancaster and the several townships in this county shall 
have each one vote, and the majority of the townships or borough and 
townships so voting shall determine the question. 

Resolved, That no person shall speak more than twice on the same 
point, without leave of the Committee. 

The letters of the Committee of Safety of this province, to the Com- 
mittee of this county, respecting J. Brooks and Doctor John Kearsley, 
(which were received at Lancaster, between the time of the election of 
this Committee, and at this meeting,) were read; and the proceedings of 
the gentlemen of the Committee who negotiated that business, and escorted 
Doctor Kearsley to York, being taken into consideration, their conduct 
is approved of by this Committee. And the following persons, to wit : 
George Ross, Jasper Yeates, William Atlee, William Bausman, Matthias 
Slough, Christian Voght, Jacob Glatz, Abraham Dehuif, Sebastian Graft, 
Andrew Graff", John Whitman, jun., and Jacob Krug are appointed by 
the members of the Committee now present, a sub-committee to see the 
sentence and resolves of the Committee of Safety respecting J. Brooks, 
a prisoner in the goal of this county, strictly carried into execution. And 
it is ordered that no person be admitted into the company of the said J. 
Brooks, but in the presence of one or more of the sub committee afore- 
said, of which the goaler is to have notice. 

Adjourned until to-morrow morning, eleven o'clock. 

Thursday, November 9th, 1775. 

The Committee met according to adjournment. 

PRESENT : 

The same members who attended yesterday, and moreover George 
Ross, Jacob Krug, George Moon and Adam Reigart, for the borough of 
Lancaster: Henry Eckert and Michael Ley for Heidleberg township; 
and Gabriel Davis for Bart township. 

Anew return of members elected for Paxtang township being pro- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 229 

duced to the committee, certifying that Joseph Sherer, William Brown 
and John Harris were duly chosen to serve as members of the Committee 
for the said township, the said return is approved of, and they took 
their seats accordingly. 

A letter from the Committee of Safety to the late Committee of this 
county, dated October 7th, 1775, respecting some provincial muskets 
supposed to be in the hands of the military associators and others in this 
county, being produced and read: 

Eesolved, That William Atlee, Alexander Lo wry and Sebastian Graff, 
be a committee for preparing the draft of an answer to the said letter, 
and that they report the same to this Committee in the afternoon- 

Eesolved, Unanimously, that this committee will use their endeavors 
to carry into immediate execution the resolves of the honourable House 
of Assembly respecting the six hundred stand of arms and other military 
accoutrements to be furnished by the county of Lancaster. 

The question being put whether the gun-smiths residing in the bor- 
ough of Lancaster should not be immediately sent for to give their rea- 
sons to this Committee, why they have not set about making the arms 
directed by the honourable House of Assembly to be made in the county 
of Lancaster, agreeable to the application of the Commissioners and Asses- 
sors of the said county, the same was unanimously carried in the affirma- 
tive, and the gun-smiths were sent for accordingly. 

A petition signed by Henry Zericher being presented to the Committee, 
upon inquiry into the facts therein contained, it is ordered by this Com- 
mittee, (three townships dissenting) that the said Henry Zericher be al- 
lowed five pounds of powder, and no more, out of the public magazine, 
for the purposes expressed in the petition, he paying for the same into 
the county treasury at the rate of four shillings per pound. 

The sub-committee appointed to essay the draft of an answer to the 
letter of the Committee of Safety respecting the provincial muskets, do 
now report to this Committee, the draft of the answer which they had 
prepared, in these words, to wit : 

Lancaster, November 9th, 1775. 

Gentlemen : Your letter of the 7th day of October last, directed to 
the Committee of Lancaster county respecting the provincial muskets, 
in the hands of the military associators and others in this county, has 
been laid before this Committee and taken into consideration. 

We find that the gentlemen who were the Committee of Correspon- 
dence, appointed by the late County Committee, had upon the receipt of 
your letter, published and dispersed hand-bills throughout the county 
requiring the persons possessed of such muskets to bring them in at this 
time. As none are brought in, we beg leave to suggest to you some 
facts, relative to those arms, and wait your further directions. 



230 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

After the troops raised by the province in the late war were disbanded, 
a number of muskets and military accoutrements were lodged at a Mr. 
Carson's in Paxtang, where they remained without any notice or care 
being taken of them, until the unhappy disputes between Great Britain 
and the Colonies rendered it indispensably necessary for our safety to 
associate and arm in defence of our rights. The then Committee of this 
county, upon hearing of those arms, requested some of their members to 
examine and send them down, intending an application to the Assembly 
to have them repaired at the public expense, and put into the hands of 
such associators as were unable to furnish themselves, and who were to 
give receipts for them to be returned, if not lost in actual service. At 
this time arms were sought for with great assiduity by every one, who 
wished to be instructed in the military discipline. The inhabitants of 
Cumberland county, knowing also of the provincial muskets, were be- 
forehand with us, and having the first choice, took between sixty and 
seventy of the best of them (for which Mr. Carson has a receipt) leaving 
a' parcel of rubbish which were sent to this town, consisting of barrels 
mostly without locks and stocks, and all of them so covered with rust 
that they were thought almost unfit for use, and scarcely worth repair- 
ing. Many of them were loaded and had probably been so for many 
years. Some of the poor associators here took the barrels, and with 
much labor had them cleaned. By the help of some old locks which 
about this time were found in a garret in this town (without an owner) 
and were distributed amongst them, they had them put into such repair, 
as to serve them to exercise with. These persons have been at a con- 
siderable expense in putting them in the order they now are ; and if they 
are deprived of them, are not able to purchase others. There are a few 
indeed of the best of the firelocks which we think could safely be trusted 
to for real service. To take the arms from the poor people under such 
circumstances would greatly damp their martial spirit. 

We conceive it our duty to mention these things to the Committee of 
Safety. If that honorable Board, nevertheless, shall be of opinion that 
such firelocks will be of use and will direct in what manner the people 
who have been at expense in repairing them are to be reimbursed, we 
shall cheerfully exert ourselves to the utmost of our power in calling 
them in, and forwarding them to Philadelphia. 

This, gentlemen, is the first opportunity we have had of answering 
your letter relative to the arms. Give us leave to assure you, it will afford 
us great pleasure to be instrumental in any degree to the safety of the 
city of Philadelphia. We feel very sensibly the situation of your citi- 
zens ; we deem ourselves most strongly bound to give every assistance 
in our power to repel any attack which may be attempted against you, 
and humbly trust we shall not be deficient in the day of danger. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 231 

Your letter of the 19th October, carae to our hands. According to 
your desire a proper guard from hence conducted Dr. Kearsley to York, 
and took a receipt for his safe delivery to the Committee there. J. 
Brooks remains confined in our goal. A sub-committee of twelve gen- 
tlemen residing in and near this town, has been appointed to see that 
your sentence and resolves respecting Brooks be carried into execution, 
and no person is permitted to visit him but in the presence of one or 
more of those gentlemen. 

By order of the Committee of Lancaster county. 

The foregoing answer read at the table, was unanimously approved 
of, and it is ordered that the same be transmitted to the Committee of 
Safety by the first conveyance. 

Adjourned until to-morrow, eight o'clock. 

Friday, November 10th, 1775. 

The Committee met according to adjournment. 

present: 

The same members who attended yesterday, and moreover Joseph 
Lytle for Eapho township. 

Upon motion, Resolved, That in case any of the gun-smiths, in the 
county of Lancaster, upon application made to them by the members of 
the Committees of the respective townships to which they belong, shall 
refuse to go to work and make their proportion of the firelocks and bay- 
onets required of this county, by the honorable House of Assembly, 
within two weeks from such application agreeable to the patterns, at the 
Philadelphia prices; such gun-smiths shall have their names inserted in 
the minutes of this Committee as enemies to their country, and published 
as such, and the tools of the said gun-smiths so refusing shall be taken 
from them, and moreover the said gun-smiths shall not be permitted to 
carry on their trades, until they shall engage to go to work as aforesaid, 
nor shall leave their respective places of residence until the arms are 
completed. And it is further 

Resolved, That the Committee of Correspondence and Observation do 
take especial care that their resolves be carried into execution. 

Christian Isch and Peter Reigart appeared in Committee, and agreed 
to set to work on Monday, the twentieth day of November instant, and 
make muskets and bayonets for this county, (part of the number re- 
quired from this county, by the honorable House of Assembly,) at the 
Philadelphia prices ; and that they will confine themselves to that work 
entirely from that time to the first day of March next, and furnish as 
many as they can possibly complete in the time, and deliver the same to 
the Commissioners of the county »r this Committee. 

Michael Withers appeared in Committee, and agreed to set to work as 
soon as he hath completed a few guns which he hath now in hand, and 



232 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

make muskets and bayonets for this county (part of the number required 
from this county by the honorable House of Assembly,) at the Philadel- 
phia prices ; that he will confine himself and his workmen to that work and 
carry on the same as expeditiously as he can, and that he will deliver in to 
the Commissioners and Assessors of this county or to this Committee as 
many muskets. — [If further proceedings were had, they cannot be found.] 

As it does not lie within the compass of this work to narrate the stir- 
ring events of the Eevolution, but simply to record matters connected 
with the History of Lancaster County, which are of permanent interest, 
we have to pass over the meeting of the Continental Congress which met 
at Philadelphia, September 4, 1774, agreed upon a declaration of the 
rights of the Colonies, recommended the non-importation of British goods 
iato the country and the non-exportation of American produce to Great 
Britain, voted addresses to the King and the people of Great Britain and 
to the French Canadians, and urged another Congress to be convened on 
May 10, 1775, unless the redress of their grievances should be previously 
obtained.^ 

On April 19, 1775, the bloody affair at Lexington opened the war of 
the Revolution and on June 17th following, the Battle of Bunker Hill 
was fought, an account of which, as published on a folio sheet by Francis 
Bailey, Printer, of Lancaster, is here reproduced : 
By an Express arrived at Philadelphia on Saturday evening last^ ive have 

the following account of the battle at Charlestown, on Saturday the 18th of 

tlune^ Instaiit. 

On Friday night, the 17th instant, fifteen hundred of the Provincials 
went to Bunker^ s Hill, in order to intrench there, and continued intrench- 
ing till Saturday ten o'clock, when 2,000 Regulars marched out of Bos- 
ton, landed in Charlestown, and plundering it of all its valuable effects, 
set fire to it in ten different places at once ; then dividing their army, 
part of it marched up in the front of the Provincial intrenchment, and 
began to attack the Provincials at long shot; the other part of their 
army marched round the town of Charlestown, under cover of the smoke 
occasioned by the fire of the town. The Provincial sentries discovered 
the Regulars marching upon their left wing. Upon notice of this given 
by the sentry to the Connecticut forces posted upon that wing, Captain 
Nolton, of Ashford, with 400 of said forces, immediately repaired to, and 
pulled up a post and rail-fence, and carried the posts and rails to another 
fence, put them together for a breast-work. Captain Nolton gave orders 
to the men not to fire until the enemy were got within fifteen rods, and 
then not till the word was given. At the words being given, the enemy 
fell surprisingly ; it was thought by spectators who stood at a distance, 
that our men did great execution. 

^ Gordon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 233 

The action continued about two hours, when the Regulars on the right 
wing were put in contusion and gave way; the Connecticut troops closely 
pursued them, and were on the point of pushing their bayonets, when 
orders were received from General Pomeroy, for those who had been in 
action for two hours to fall back, and their places to be supplied by fresh 
troops. These orders being mistaken for a direction to retreat, our troops 
on the right wing began a general retreat, which was handed to the left, 
the principal place of action, where Captains Nolton, Chester, Clark and 
Putnam, had forced the enemy to give way, and were before them for 
some considerable distance, and being warmly pursuing the enemy, were, 
with difficulty, persuaded to retire; but the right wing, by mistaking the 
orders, having already retreated, the left, to avoid being encircled, were 
obliged to retreat also with the main body. They retreated with pre- 
cipitation across the causeway to Winter's Hill, in which they were ex- 
posed to the fire of the enemy, from their shipping and floating batteries. 
We sustained our principal loss in passing the causeway. The enemy 
pursued our troops to Winter's Hill, where the Provincials being rein- 
forced by General Putnam, renewed the battle with great spirit, repulsed 
the enemy with great slaughter, and pursued them until they got under 
cover of their cannon from the shipping. When the enemy returned to 
Bunker's Rill, and the Provincials to Winter's Hill, where after intrench- 
ing and erecting batteries, they on Monday began to fire upon the Reg- 
ulars on BunJcer^s Hill, and on the ships and floating batteries in the 
harbour, when the Express came away. The number of Provincials 
killed is between -iO and 70 ; 1-iO are wounded ; of the Connecticut troops 
16 were killed. No oflicer among them was either killed or wounded, 
excepting Lieutenant Grovenor, who was wounded in the hand. A 
Colonel, or Lieutenant Colonel of the New Hampshire forces, is among 
the dead. It is also said that Doctor Warren is undoubtedly among the 
slain. 

The Provincials lost three iron six pounders, some intrenching tools, 
and a few knapsacks. 

The number of Regulars which at first attacked the Provincials on 
Bunker's Hill was not less than two thousand; the number of the Pro- 
vincials was only fifteen hundred, who it is supposed would soon have 
gained a complete victory, had it not been for the unhappy mistake 
already mentioned. The regulars were afterwards reinforced with a 
thousand men. It is uncertain how great a number of the regulars were 
killed or wounded ; but it was supposed by the spectators, who saw the 
whole action, that there could not be less than four or five hundred 
killed. Mr. Gardner, who got out of Boston on Sunday evening, says, 
that there were five hundred wounded men brought into that place the 
mornino; before he came out. 



234 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

This account was taken from Elijah Hide, of Lebanon, who was a spec- 
tator on Winter's Hill, during the whole action. 

" Congress at their session in May having resolved to raise a conti- 
nental army, of which the Pennsylvania portion amounted to four thou- 
sand three hundred men, the Assembly recommended to the Commissioners 
of the several counties, as they regarded the freedom, welfare, and safety 
of their country, to provide arms and accoutrements for this force : they 
also directed the officers of the military association to select a number 
of minute men, equal to the number of arms which could be procured, 
who should hold themselves in readiness to march at the shortest notice 
to any quarter, in case of emergency ; they made further appropriations 
for the defence of the city against attacks by vessels of war, and directed 
the purchase of all the saltpetre that should be manufactured within the 
next six months at a premium price. The House adopted also a most 
important and effective measure, in the appointment of a Committee of 
Public Safety, with power to call the associated troops into service, to 
pay and support them, and generally to provide for the defence of the 
province against invasion and insurrection ; issuing for these purposes 
bills of credit for thirty-five thousand pounds, redeemable by a tax on 
real and personal estate."^ 

A company of militia had been raised at Lancaster by Captain Ross. 
A sermon preached before that company by the Rev. John Carmichael, 
A. M., in the Presbyterian Church at Lancaster, is here reproduced in 
the expectation that it will be read with much interest as a document 
which reflects the sentiments of the time. 

WAR, A:SERM0N. 

To all the brave Sons of Liberty in North America, but in particular, to the Com- 
pany of Militia in the Borough of Lancaster, known by the name of ROSS'S COM- 
PANY, Gentlemen, Officers and Soldiers, who appeared in their uniform in Church, to 
hear this Sermon, and at whose request it is now published, it is hereby most respect- 
fully dedicated, by their 

Hearty Friend and very humble Servant, 

The Author. 

A Self -defensive War Laivful, proved in a Sermon^ 2^^^^^^^'-^ ^^ Lancaster, 
before Captain Hoss^s Company of Militia, in the Presbyterian Church, 
on Sabbath Morning, June ■ith, 1775, by the Rev. John Carmichael, A. 
M., now jmblished at the request of said Company.- 

Then said he unto them, But now he that a hath purse, let himltake it, and like- 
wise his scrip: And he that hath no sword, let him sell his garment and buy one. 

Luke 22: 36. 

undique totis 

Usque adeo turbatur agris. 

Virgil. 
1 Gordon. 
2Lanciuster: Printed by Francis Bailey, for Captain Ross's company of militia. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 235 

A SEKMON, &C. 

Luke iii. 14. And the soldiers likewise demanded of him, sayinj,'. And what shall we 
do? and he said unto them, Do violence to no man, and neither accuse any falsely, and be 
content with your wages. 

At a time, when the unjust storm of ministerial wrath is discharging 
itself in a cruel and ignominious manner, on the noble, patriotic, brave 
people of the ancient, loyal important colony of the Massachusetts-Bay, 
in New England; at a time when all the other colonies in North America, 
like the true children of a free-horn family^ are roused to some just re- 
sentment of such insults, on their natural and legal rights, taking each 
other as by the hand, and uniting by the invincible chains of love, friend- 
ship, and interest, are determined to support this their elder sister colony, 
now suffering so gloriously in the common cause, or sink together; at 
a time, when the alarm is sounding from east to west, over this vast con- 
tinent of North America, to arms !— to arms ! — in short, at a time when 
the minds of all are in such a ferment, that they can be scarce composed 
to hear any subject, but what may have some reference to the present 
times; it is but reasonable to suppose, that even the Minister of the 
Prince of Peace^ whose business for ordinary is, neither tear or politicks, 
in such a situation, being member of civil society, and interested like 
other men, would improve the times, by adapting their public instruc- 
tions to the best service of the people, and not offensive or displeasing to 
God ; whose holy word is a blessed directory in every emergency. 

It is also but reasonable to suppose, that every judicious, sober Ameri- 
can, being now reduced to the dreadful alternative, either to take up 
arms, apparently against that very government which he was wont to 
revere, and under which he expected protection for both life and pro- 
perty; or submit tamely to the galling yoke o^ jjerpetual sJaverf/ ; I say, 
it is supposable, that every such Christian American soldier will be all 
ear to wholesome instructions, relative to his present duty. 

We own it is rare for soldiers to ask counsel of gospel Ministers ; and 
the more pity — for they are men and sinners, as well as others; but I am 
not called to address Bed- Coats, but Christian Provincials; yet blessed 
be God, it is not a case wholly unprecedented, for even regulars to apply 
to a gospel Preacher for direction; we have an instance in the words of 
our text: And the soldiers demanded of him, saying, Andivhat shall toe do? 
and he said tmto them. Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely, 

and be content ivith your ivayes. 

We here find a very important question proposed to a person, every 
way qualified to solve it ; for the mouth of truth itself tells us, that of 
all who were then born of woman, there was not a greater prophet than 
John the Baptist : Also, the angel who predicted his birth, said, that he 
should be filled with the Holy Ghost, from his mother's womb. He was 



236 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

therefore deservedly very popular — was raised for the great purpose 
of introducing the Jewish church to the Saviour of the world; and 
hence much true gospel light shone round this great Preacher. The 
answers he gave the question, may be depended on to be sufficient and 
conclusive. 

But let us hear, what does John say? Does he tell them, to lay down 
their arms, and throw them by, as there can be no sort of war lawful ? as 
some would have us believe! No, no, this is not his answer; John 
knew better; he knew the present state of our depraved world would 
render war in many cases unavoidable, and even necessary. So that a 
soldier might serve the end of his being in his place and calling, as well 
as a plowman or preacher in theirs. 

But then it must be a just war, conducted in a lawful, righteous man- 
ner; for the legality of the action will never justify the illegality of the 
manner of prosecution. 

The soldier must do violence to no man — must not accuse any falsely 
— and must be content with his wages ; leading vices these, for ordinary, 
among regular troops; but the Cheistian soldier must guard against 
them, from the genuine principles of true religion, in the heart; and 
then may hope for heaven, as well from a field of battle, as expiring on 
his couch in the midst of peace and tranquility. 

I now deduce this doctrine from the text, thus explained • Doctrine. 

That although war is in itself a very great evil, and one of those sore 
judgments, by which a holy God punishes the world for sin, therefore to 
be deprecated, and avoided as much as possible ; yet is at times, by rea- 
son of certain circumstances, so unavoidable, that it is our duty to enter 
into it. The method I design to pursue, in opening up the doc- 
trine, for improvement, is the following: 

I. Humbly attempt to shew (with submission to better judgment) 
when a war is so unavoidable and necessary, that it is our duty to enter 
into it. 

II. Shew how we should enter into, and prosecute even a just war. 

III. Improve the subject, by the deduction of a few natural inferences 
from the whole. 

You are sensible, my hearers, that there are some Christian people in 
the world, and some of them in these parts, who merit the regard of the 
public, by their general character of industry, inoftensivenes, and so- 
briety ; yet do maintain it, as a sacred conscientious tenet, not to be dis- 
pensed with, not to (JO to ivar, or to take up arms on any occasion vjhatso- 
ever; and charity, the leading grace of the Christian system, will lead us 
to deal tenderly with such, as far as we have grounds to believe they are 
sincere in their profession. We ought to pity such for their mistake, 
and, if possible, to convince them ; but not by any means to urge them 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 237 

against their avowed sentiments, lest we come under the odious appella- 
tion of persecAi.tors. 

As far as these sober people make use of the Bible, to found their 
principles on, they rely on such passages as these, Gen. ix. 6: He that 
sheddeth mail's blood, by man shall his blood be shed; and Exod. xx. 13. 
Thou sJialt not hill: and in the New Testament, Bvt I say v.nfo yon^ lov^ 
your enemies ; if any smile thee on the one cheek, turn to him the other also ; 
for all they that take the sword shall perish by the sivord, Matt. v. 39, 44; 
and xxvi. 52 ; and hence conclude, though I think falsely, that all war is 
unlawful, except the spiritual, with our own corruptions, by the sword 
of the spirit, in Christ's spiritual kingdom, which is not of this world, 
else would his children fight. 

But if I mistake not, these people regard only such passages of holy 
scripture, as seem to favour their favourite opinion, let the language of 
other passages be what they will ; and hence their own imagination is 
substituted instead of divine revelation, so that when people are deter- 
mined to keep by a sentiment, be it right or wrong, there is an end to all 
disputation. 

We readily allow, that it would be happy for us all, if there was no 
moral or natural evil in the world: But how plausible soever such opin- 
ions may appear, to the weal of society, they are rather calculated to the 
condition of innocent, than depraved nature ; which now is, and ever 
has been such, since the fall of our first parents, that there is need of 
some remedy to curb its evil tendencies, or mankind would scarce be 
able to subsist in the world ; and this our indulgent, righteous Creator 
knows ; and has therefore set up civil government to keep men from de- 
stroying each other : But civil government has no power, if it has not 

the sword, to be a terror to evil doers, and a praise to them that 

ao well. Hence it will follow, that men are under a necessity to part 

with some of their natural rights, to secure the rest; they must give 
part of their earnings to such as are chosen by themselves, to rule the 
whole; and then again, they must help the rulers to execute the good 
and wholesome laws of government, against their violators. Sup- 
pose, for instance, a great banditti rise to rescue murderers; if these are 
not quelled, government is overthrown, if the people do not assist good 
government, and here then arises a necessity to go to war. 

And suppose again, on the other hand, which is very supposable, 
That the rulers of the people should give way to the many temptations 
their high stations will lead them to ; to indulge evil, the inclinations of 
a lust for absolute dominion, independent of the people, so that all the 
barrier of oaths and covenants are broke through, to effect the plan; 
and the people have no security, for either life or property, but the mere 
sovereign pleasure of the absolute rulers: then the people are under a 



238 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

disagreeable, but pressing necessity, rather tlian be crushed by an iron 
rod, to re-ascertain their own just rights ; and stand forth all of them to 
oppose such tyranny: Here then is another instance of self-defence — in 
which a war is both unavoidable and necessary, and therefore lawful, if 
self-preservation is lawful; which is the point I shall next, in order, 
endeavour to prove indisputably, both from the light of nature, and 
divine revelation ; and first from the light of nature. 

It is certainly evident, wherever we turn our eyes, on any part of the 
whole creation of God, that the principle of self-love or self-preservation, 
or the desire of existence, is deeply engraved on the nature of every 
creature. And when this great first principle is observed, it is, and must 
be agreeable to God, as he will love his own work ; and so also, the ne- 
glect of the exercise of this principle, can not but displease him, as it is 
■unnatural and monstrous. Thus the generous vine will extend her arms, 
to lay hold on the first neighbouring prop ; and with her little tender 
tendants, twine around it, to preserve her clusters from perishing on the 
cold ground. 

The little industrious bee is furnished by her Creator, with a sting to 
preserve for her own use, to herself, her sweet honey, the fruit of her 
toil and industry. 

The ox has his horns; and the horse his teeth and hoofs. The deer 
her feet for flight, and the fowls their wings to escape danger, and pre- 
serve themselves. And shall man, the noblest creature in the lower 
world, be destitute of this necessary principle ! which we see engraved by 
instinct on the irrational creation ? Man is blest with reason to direct 
his enquiries, in search of happiness. His maker God allows him to 
seek, to be as happy as he possibly can, both in this life and the life to 
come. But since man is a fallen, sinful creature, he has lost his true 
road to happiness — and can never find it, until his maker point it out to 
him in the Holy Bible. Here we are taught how to conduct both in the 
civil and religious life : We are certain the Scriptures allow us to de- 
fend ourselves in the best manner we can against an enemy. 

Therefore, such passages, as would seem to speak a different language ; 
such as those already quoted, must be understood, in a consistency with 
this great law of nature ; as well as consistent with other parts of scrip- 
ture. For Christ came not to make void, or destroy the law, but to 
fulfil— when therefore we are forbid to shed blood, or to kill; it is inno 
cent blood is meant— but this doth not forbid to execute a murderer. The 
divine law requires, that a murderer should be executed, and forbids to 
take a ransom for his life. 

Also, when a body of wicked people join together, or a nation unite, 
to call upon and destroy without any just cause an innocent people. The 
insulted, or invaded people, are then to unite together, to oppose, expel 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 259 

and punish the guilty invaders— as in Judges v. 2S,— Curse ye Meroz 
{said the angel of the Lord,) curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof: Be- 
cause they came not to the help of the Lord^ against the mighty: And Jere- 
miah XLVIII. 10 — Cursed be he that doth the tvorh of the Lord deceitfully; 
and cursed be he that keejyeth back his sword from blood: And in Luke 
XXII. 36 — Jesus Christ told his Disciples to arm themselves against ap- 
proaching danger. — And he that hath no sivord let him sell his garment and 
buy one. 

And since our Lord did not allow the Disciples then to defend them- 
selves by their weapons, for when Peter cut off Malcus's ear he imme- 
diately healed it, and bid Peter to put up his sword, to let them know, 
and the enemy also know, that he was Lord of life and death — and that 
the Disciples were safe with such a person as Jesus, while the age of 
miracles continued ; I say, since this was the case then, we must under- 
stand the passage to intend, that it is both lawful and a duty, for the' 
followers of Jesus Christ, in a time and age when we are not to expect 
miracles, to arm ourselves and use our arms for our own preservation 
against any invading enemy. 

Also, it must of course follow, that where our blessed Lord enjoins 
us, when smote on the one cheek, to turn the other also, he does not 
mean to forbid us to use lawful and proper means of self-preservation. 
But the meaning must be as the phrase is proverbial, that we should at 
no time discover a revengeful or unforgiving disposition ; but should be 
ready to put up with a good deal of ill-usage, before we would create 
disturbance, yea that we should do anything consistent with our own 
safety. Again, where our Lord enjoins us to love our enemies — he can't 
possibly mean that we should love them better than ourselves — that we 
should put it in the enemy's power to kill us, when we had it in our 
power to save our own life, by killing the enemy. I say, this cannot be 
the meaning; for that exposition will thwart the original first great law 
of self-preservation. The meaning therefore must be, that we do not 
cherish a spirit of hatred towards the enemies, and would be willing to 
be reconciled again — and would be desirous, the enemy would be con- 
vinced of his evil sentiment against us, that we might be again on 
friendly terms, that we can be sincere in our prayer to God, to bring 
such a desirable event to pass. Again, 

That a self-defensive war is lawful, I will prove from the conduct of 
Jesus Christ himself. If civil government is necessary to self-preserva- 
tion, and war is necessary, at times, in government, as has been already 
proved ; then it will follow, that those who support civil government, do 
support war, and so of consequence approve of war. But Jesus Christ 
did pay his tribute money, to the Emperor Tiberius, Matthew xvii. 27, 
and those who are acquainted with the life of Tiberius Cicsar, know that 



240 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

he had frequent wars. Our Lord did here, as in several other places, 
draw a line of distinction between church and state; the church was his 
own kingdom, and spiritual in its nature and government, and was not 
of this world; but the state was a distinct constitution, was of this world, 
was purel}^ civil, and it was not essential to the being of an Emperor, of 
what sort of religion he was of, or whether of any, as was the case of 
Tiberius; but as the Jews were tributaries to the Eomans, and our Lord 
was a Jew by birth; he paid his tax as a peaceable member of the com- 
monwealth ; but had our Lord been a Mennonist he would have refused to 
pay tribute, to support war, which shews the absurdity of these people's 
conduct. 

Had our Lord been a Covenanter of the church of Scotland, he would 
refuse to pay tribute, because the Emperor was not a Covenanter. I 
own, it is not essential to the very being of a King to be a Christian, yet it 
is essential to the being of a good man, to be a Christian; and certainly the 
more pious and truly godly any Christian ruler is, if he is not a bigot to 
a party, or certain denomination, but equally regardful of all, the regu- 
lar, sober, and well behaving, in all his dominions — the happier for the 
people. In Eomans xiii, from the beginning, to the 7th verse, we are in- 
structed at large the duty we owe to civil-government, but if it was 
unlawful and anti-Christian, or anti-Scriptural to support war, it would 
be unlawful to pay taxes ; if it is unlawful to go to war, it is unlawful 
to pay another to do it, or to go to do it. What a foolish trick those 
people put on their consciences, who, for the reasons already mentioned, 
will not pay their taxes, and yet let others come and take their money, 
where they can find it, and be sure they will leave it where they can find 
it handily. 

I think I have now proved, from the light of nature, from the reason 
of things — from the Old and New Testament as well as from the exam- 
ple of Christ and his Apostles, that a self-defensive war is lawful. 

Now those who deny this doctrine ought, if they would be ingenuous, 
candid and honest, to place their argument on this footing. Suppose 
themselves capable of being by themselves, all on some part of our 
Globe, and none else but themselves ; and suppose also, none else ever to 
come to them, and without any connection with any people, but them- 
selves, they had all the necessaries of life; in such a situation, if they 
carry with them the common nature of the human species, as it has 
discovered itself in the world in every age, since the fall of Adam; 
these good, peaceable, inoffensive people, would soon find evil 
dispositions and practices break out even among themselves, if 
they would then make no resistance at all, to those evils, but on 
their avowed principles, when smote on the one cheek, turn the 
other; there would soon be an end of their society — the evil would soon 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 2-il 

destroy the peaceable and good out of the world; then the judgments 
of the Almighty would undoubtedly overtake and cut off" the wicked, 
when there would be none else in the world; and then there would be 
an end to the being of mankind on the earth. Now this was the result 
of things in the Antediluvian age, when there was no civil government 
at all in the world, the wicked destroyed the righteous, till there was 
none left but Noah; the Almighty saved him by a miracle, and cut olV 
the rest entirely from the globe. And though Noah was as good a man 
as any of those people with whom I am now disputing, his posterity de- 
generated, and the world needed government to keep it in being to this 
day. It is also equally unfair, to say, Let us stand still and see the salva- 
tion of God; for if this proves any thing, it proves too much, it proves 
that we are to use no means at all, for why to use lawful means in our 
power one time, and not another? we must therefore neither plow or 
sow; build, raise stock, or do any thing in the use of means, hut stand 
still and see the salvation of God! But our reason is given us to use 
it in a proper manner, to preserve our own lives and the lives of 
others, as God's servants, in a state of probation in this world ; and God 
will reward every one finally, according to his works; when we have 
no means in our power, we honor God to trust him, as Israel at the 
Eed-Sea, and in the wilderness; but when means are in our power, and 
we do not use them, we then tempt God, and rebel against his govern- 
ment, which he exercises over the world, in the way of free and moral 
agency. 

Therefore, for these people to argue as they do now, when they are 
among other societies, that they know will preserve the state from slaugh- 
ter or slavery, in the use of lawful means, as has been now proved, is 
vastly disingenuous, and will undoubtedly subject their opinions to this 
censure, that it is a sanctuary of sloth — for greed — cowardice, &c. — -for 
it is easy to stay at home and earn money, to what it is to spend laoney and 
expose life, top)Totect and defend the luorldling coivard — it is easy to pay money, 
to what it is to he shot, ko,. But after all that has been said, I am myself 
so warm an advocate for the sacred rights of conscience, that if these 
people will not be convinced of their duty; can not get their eyes open; 
they are to be pitied, but not persecuted. I beg of all, for God and con- 
science sake, to let them alone; if they will not, in these terrible times, 
draw the sword /or Liberty and their Country, surely they will not against 
Liberty and their Country; and if we can do with them, we can without 
them : O then, let there be no disturbance on that head I 

I now proceed to the second thing proposed, in this discourse, to shew 
how a lawful war is to be carried on : 

1. Every one that draws the sword, should be well satisfied, in his 
conscience, that he is called of God to do so ; that, with a good conscience 
17 



242 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

and courage, he may rely on God for strength and protection. Then 
it is drawn for these reasons, or else it cannot be lawful ; either to oppose 
a foreign enemy — or to assist the magistrates to suppress a riot, or wicked 
faction and rebellion that may have broke out, by a lawless set of ruffians, 
that will be under no restraint of law or to oppose the unjust, usurped, 
anti-constitutional claims of mere tyranny — or the essential and unalien- 
able rights of the people. 

2d. Every soldier should see to it above all things, that his peace is 
made with God, by believing in his Son Jesus Christ for salvation ; and 
have some comfortable evidences of the truth of his faith, by his love to 
Jesus Christ, in keeping his commandments ; else how can he expect a 
blessing, or success, even in a just cause, if he is himself in a state of 
enmity and rebellion against that God, in whose hand his life is, and 
whose are all his ways? For no soldier is so undaunted and truly cour- 
ageous, as he that on the principles of true religion, is above the fear 
of death. 

To rush forward on death, thoughtless of, and unprepared for, a future 
eternity, is rather a species of mere madness, than true heroism. 

3dly. As the Christian soldier must set out in the fear of God, so he 
must persevere, fully confiding in, and relying on, the justice and right- 
eousness of the superintendency of Jehovah, over all the fates, and to us 
unforeseen occurrences, that may or can happen in time ; and thus with 
becoming boldness and Christian serenity, accompanied with true courage, 
put his life in God's hands. 

4thly. The soldier must observe strictly those directions in our text : 
He must do violence to no man; as soldiers carry with them the instru- 
ments of death, they are too prone to conduct themselves towards the 
defenceless with pride and insolence ; something of this temper discov- 
ered itself, at the time that these Regulars asked John in the manner of 
their asking the question ; others treated John with respect and manners ; 
the very Publicans called him Master ; but the Red- Goats came and de- 
manded of him, as if they were his superiors, and he must obey them. 
As standing armies are too frequently made up of the scourings of 
gaols, and the refuse an(i filth of the people, that make that the last shift 
for a living — they are but too often found destitute of either good prin- 
ciples or education, and sunk into every species of dissoluteness and de- 
bauchery. We could wish the King's troops at Boston had not by their 
cruelty and inhumanity of conduct, given the world too lively and 
striking a proof of the truth of this observation ; hence the very name 
of a Red- Coat (pardon the expression) stinks in our iiostrih. 

But blessed be the God of heaven, that the gentlemen who now form 
our militia, in America, are the Americans themselves, whose characters 
are known to be not such as but just now described; and who we hope, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 243 

under God, will save this country, and of consequence the British empire 
from apparent ruin. 

5thly. Soldiers must not accuse any faUely ; this is a certain species of 
wickedness too common to soldiers; those of them that watched the 
sepulchre of our Lord, falsely accused his disciples, tltat they came and stole 
his body tahile they slept; they were hired to tell this lie by government, 
and what will not poor ignorant, sottish, selfish, low-lived, ill-bred grace- 
less creatures, that have no fear of God at all, do for money ? And I wish 
we may not find that the soldiers at Boston, have sent lies home, or 
false accusations of the brave Provincials — when they gave them such a 
severe drubbing in the action of Lexington. 

Lastly under this head, as the design of raising armies, is the defence 
of the people, as soon as this is bravely ascertained, the Christian soldier 
should lay by the sword, and disband the army, lest their existence, when 
not necessary, should occasion the very miseries they were raised to 
avert. A few inferences shall now conclude this discourse. 

1. Our subject teaches us deeply to bewail the universal depravity 
of human nature; O Adam! in what a deplorable condition is thy fami- 
ly now ! — what hast thou done ! — how many evil passions and appetites 
rage in the world! Envy, wrath, malice, dissimulation, covetousness, 
pride, brutal lusts, &;c., &c. whence arise those crushing woes and calami- 
ties of wars, murder, rapine, slaughter and desolations among mankind. 
How just it is for a holy God, as the moral Governor of the world, to 
punish such sinful guilty creatures. 

2. We learn hence the exceeding innate evil of sin; if the punish- 
ment is not inadequate to the offence, which we are not to suppose, then 
the offence is very great, because of the great punishment inflicted. 

3. We also learn from our subject, to admire the care of divine provi- 
dence over the human race, to continue men on the earth amidst such 
deluges of miseries or destruction on every hand. And as civil govern- 
ment, in the hand of divine providence, is subservient here too, we ought 
to bless God for the institution, and support it while government con- 
tinues to observe its original design, viz., the protection of the lives and 
properties of the people. 

•i. We may also acknowledge the goodness of God, in abridging the 
life of man to 70 years, for that is long enough for the wicked to rage, 
and the righteous to suffer — and be absent from that rest that God has 
prepared for his people. How amazing that the Church of Christ has 
not been swallowed up, by the united combinations of all the evil — 
spirits of darkness, and the wicked in this world in every age! this is the 
mighty power of God indeed! 

5. We learn from this subject, the special need our world stands in of 
a Saviour, that by the grace of his holy covenant, according to the 



244 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

great ricli divine plan he has revealed in the holy Bible, such sinful crea- 
tures as we are, may be sanctified and pardoned, and made fit for useful- 
ness in this life, and the enjoyment of God in heaven. 

6. Our subject teaches us to be reconciled to the thoughts of death, 
on the true principles of gospel holiness, whenever it shall please God to 
call us hence ; as all in this sinning, teasing, mortifying disappointing 
world, as Solomon justly expresses it, is vanity and vexation of spirit ; and 
yet on the other hand, we must not repine at the hand of God, if we are 
continued long even in a state of affliction ; but should say with that 
old Testament saint, all the days of my apjwinted time loill I wait ^ till my 
change come. It is our great wisdom and interest, to take heed, that we 
have not with Dives our good things here, but would make the best of 
this present life, as a wilderness passage, through which we would journey 
to the better country, the heavenly. 

7. We hence learn how much it is our duty to be both frequent and 
very fervent in praj^er to God, for the spiritual kingdom of the Lord 
Jesus Christ, which consists so much in peace and love, to come with 
divine power and energy, to check and stop those evils that now rage in 
the world, as it is well known, by long experience, that it is the holy 
spirit accompanying a preached gospel, that is the only foreign remedy, 
to cure the evils that are in the hearts of men, to qualify them to be 
real blessings to each other, as members of society in this life, and to 
put them in a capacity for communion with the holy Trinity and saints 
and angels in heaven. 

8thly. And lastly. Our subject teaches us, how much we should depre- 
cate the calamities of war — especially those of a civil war; the most 
awful of any, if it could be avoided. And what an awful dark cloud, 
pregnant with all the horrors of civil war, hangs now over this whole 
continent of British America; and this terrifying thought leads me to 
close this discourse in two addresses. 

1st. To all my hearers in general — you are, in this town, now at ease, 
in the lap of peace and plenty; far from any scene of either blood or 
slaughter— in the heart of a rich province, situated in the centre of the 
whole American Continent — you hear of distress, but you do not yet 
feel it; and God forbid you ever should, as some of your worthy brethren 
now do in Boston. But know, my dear hearers, that if you abuse these 
rich, temporal good things (Avith which the God of heaven has distin- 
guished you) in luxury, profaneness. Sabbath-breaking, swearing, unoleau- 
ness, drunkenness, worldliness, pride and contempt of the sacred and 
divine instructions of his holy word and ordinances, your sins will find 
you out, and God will visit you with his chastising rod for your iniqui- 
quities. Let all then be exhorted by a sincere, unfeigned repentance, 
for past sins and reformation of life and manners, to fly to the Lord 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 245 

Jesus Christ by faith, as a hiding- place from the storm, and a covert 
from the tempest— be much in prayer to God, to over-rule these unhappy 
disturbances for his own glory, and the best weal of Zion— pray that 
they may be brought to a speedy and happy issue on the genuine prin- 
ciples of liberty and true religion— pray that the just attempts of all 
America, for these great ends, may prove successful— guard against 
everything that has the least or remotest tendency to jar the blessed 
unison of the whole American harpsicord, as now set to the tune of 
liberty, by the honourable great artists the Continental Congress, 
Let every denomination of Christians treat each other with love and re- 
spect, as brethren engaged in, and struggling for the one and same com- 
mon cause — treat all the officers of civil government in this province 
with becoming honor and respect — sympathize with your distressed 
suffering brethren in Boston, both with your prayers and purses. Fi- 
nally, dread nothing that can befall you, so ruinous to yourselves and 
posterity in this life, as slavery. Therefore use every lawful means to 
avert it : see then that you most heartily accord with whatever may be 
the final determination of all America agreed to in the Continental 
Congress, 

I now turn myself to the Gentlemen of the Militia^ Officers and Sol- 
diers that appear before me in Church in their Uniform. 

By your present appearance you declare to the world, that you are 
nobly willing to risk your lives and fortunes to save your country from 
slavery ; you are accompanied with the sincere wishes of all good people, 
for God Almighty to bless you, protect and succeed you in your brave 
undertakings. 

Your own improved understandings will lead you to apply the several 
instructions suggested in this Sermon, relative to your duty as warriors; 
should we be all so unhappy, as that you should be ever called to action 
on account of the present struggles for liberty. In the mean time allow 
me to require of you, to do your utmost to preserve and maintain the 
good order and peace of this province inviolate ; for it is certain, that 
nothing next to slavery is more to be dreaded, than the anarchy and con- 
fusion that will ensue, if proper regard is not paid to the good and 
wholesome laws of government. And should we be subjected to such 
evils, we will, and must blame our ]\[ilitia — for no men have it so much 
in their power to keep the peace and good order of society as the gen- 
tlemen of the sword. 

You must still continue to revere royalty, and observe your allegiance 
to the King, on the true principles of the constitution. Your drawing 
the sword now must not be against the person of his Majesty; but the 
mal-administration of his government, by designing, mischief-making 
ministers. Your present appearances must then be not of choice, but 



246 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

of necessity. While his Majesty George the third will observe his own 
coronation oath, and the principles of the revolution, for the support of 
which against all Jacobite factions, and Tory plots of popery, his ances- 
tors of the illustrious line of Brunswick were placed on the throne of 
Great Britain, do you observe your allegiance. 

I am happy, that I can with a good conscience, congratulate you and 
myself this day, on the certainty we have, for the justice and goodness 
of our cause. The angry tools of power who mislead government, may 
call us American "rebels, who would throw off all government, would be 
independent and what not." But we can now, with great confidence, 
appeal to God that that is false — we desire no such things — we desire to 
be as we were in the beginning of the present unhappy reign — we have 
tried every lawful, peaceable means in our power — but all in vain! — we 
would love them if they would suffer us — we would be peaceable, obe- 
dient, loving subjects if they would let us; but it would seem as if the 
present ministry were determined to cram disloyalty, and disobedience 
down our throats — and then call us all rebels — then confiscate our 
country and sell it, to pay their 140,000,000 of debt, or else we know 
not what they would be at. We do in America all declare ourselves the 
subjects of King George the third, but we never swore allegiance to 
the Parliament of Great Britain — or else we would have above 500 Kings 
— they are our fellow subjects, chosen by the freeholders of that island 
to legislate for them, as our Assembly doth for Pennsylvania ; but if 
their present claims are admitted, we may give up our Assemblies — and 
our Charters are cyphers ! 

In the close of the last war, the King had not in all his dominions so 
many more affectionate subjects than the Americans — and by their in- 
dustry and trade with England, the nation rose to her present eminence ; 
and now the very power they helped to give her is retorted on them 
with redoubled vengeance and unheard of cruelty — but if they beat 
down our trading cities and oppress us all they can, Ave will have our 
woods and liberty, for as we are the descendants of Britons, we scorn to 
he slaves. We are now come to our ne pln,s ultra — the sword, the last 
argument must decide the controversy. Therefore, you can. Gentle- 
men Soldiers, appeal to GOD, for the justice of your cause; he is the 
judge of all the earth, and will do right ; the final determination of all 
matters is in his righteous, holy, powerful hand. When England went to 
war with France and Spain in the time of the last reign, they invoked 
the aids of the God of heaven by fasting and prayer — and then govern- 
ment discovered no leanings to Popery — but now, when they are going 
to murder and butcher their own children in America, that have been so 
obedient, useful and affectionate — we do not hear that they ask counsel 
of God — but if they do not, let us ask counsel and assistance from the 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 247 

God of heaven — he is on our side, we hope, and iC God is on our side we 
need not fear what man can do unto us. 

We have all the true friends of virtue, of liberty and righteousness on 
earth on our side— we have all the angels of heaven on our side — for we 
have truth and justice on our side — therefore we have the God of truth 
and justice on our side — although for wise purposes of divine provi- 
dence, a good cause is permitted to be for a time under a cloud — to try 
the patience and faith of God's people, that the deliverance may finally 
appear, as it ever will be, God's own work ; God will never forsake his 
own side of the question. Courage then! courage my brave American 
soldiers, if God he for ^ lolio can he against you? Equip yourselves, and 
to be equipt for this warfare — put on, gentlemen, the gospel armour — 
have your feet shod ivith its preparation — for your helmet, salvation — for 
your shield, faith — and be girt ivith trutlt — this, Sirs, is a go.spel uniform, 
that well becomes the Christian soldier — and thus go forth in the name 
of the Lord of hosts ; and may he protect you, bless you, and succeed 
your very laudable and grand undertaking, in connection with all the Mili- 
tia of North America; and may God grant that out of these present tumults, 
disturbances and commotions, a great and iniglity empire may rise up in 
this western world, for King Jesus, as well as a })rotestant King, built on 
the solid principles of liberty and true religion ; and the glory shall be 
given to his holy name, now and for ever more. Anient 

The military organization known as ^^Associators^^ had adopted the 
subjoined "Articles of Association," which were read and approved by 
the Council of Safety on August 19, 1775. 

^^ Articles of Association of Pennsylvania. 

" We, the officers and soldiers, engaged in the present association for 
the defence of American Liberty, being fully sensible that the Strength 
and Security of any Body of Men, acting together, consists in just regu- 
larity, due subordination, and exact obedience to command, without 
which no individual can have that confidence in the support ef those 
about him, that is so necessary to give firmness and resolution to the 
whole, Do Voluntarily and Freely, after consideration of the following 
articles, adopt the same as the Kules by which we agree and resolve to 
be Governed in all our Military concerns and operations until the same, 
or any of them, shall be changed or dissolved by the Assembly, or Pro- 
vincial Convention, or in their recess by the Committee of Safety, or a 
happy reconciliation shall take place between Great Britain and the 
Colonies : 

1st. " If any Officer make use of any profane Oath or execration, when 
on duty, he shall forfeit and pay for each and every such Offence, the sum 
of Five Shillings. And if a Non-Commission'd Officer or Soldier be thus 



248 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

guilty of Cursing or Swearing, lie shall forfeit and pay, for each and 
every such offence, the Sum of One Shilling. 

2nd. "Any Officer or Soldier who shall refuse to obey the Lawful 
orders of his Superior Officer, may be suspended from doing duty on 
that day, and shall upon being convicted thereof before a Eegimental 
Court Martial, make such concessions as said Court Martial shall 
direct. 

3rd. "Any Officer or Soldier who shall begin, excite, cause, join in, or 
promote any disturbance in the Battalion, Troop or Company, to which 
he belongs, or in any other Battalion, Troop or Company, shall be cen- 
sured according to the nature of the offence, by the judgment of a Eegi- 
mental Court Martial. 

■ith. "Any Officer or Soldier who shall strike his Superior Officer, or 
draw or offer to draw, or shall lift up any Weapon, or offer any Vio- 
lence against him, being in the execution of his office, shall, upon con- 
viction before a Eegimental Court Martial, be dismissed, and shall be 
deemed to be thereby disgraced as unworthy the Company of Freemen. 

oth, "Any Commanding or other Officer who shall strike any person 
when on duty, shall, upon conviction before a General Court Martial, be 
in like manner dismissed and disgraced. 

6th. "Any Officer, non-Commissioned Officer or Soldier, who shall 
make use of insolent, provoking or indecent language while on duty, 
shall suffer censure or fine as shall be inflicted by a Eegimental Court 
Martial, according to the nature of the offence. 

7th. "If any Officer or Soldier should think himself injured by his- 
Colonel, or the Commanding Offiicer of the Battalion, and shall upon 
due application made to him, be refused redress, he may complain to 
the General of the Pennsylvania Associators, or to the Colonel of any 
other Battalion, who is to summon a General Court Martial, and see 
that justice be done. 

8th. "If any inferior Officer or Soldier shall think himself injured by 
his Captain, or other Superior Officer in the Battalion, Troop or Com- 
pany to which he belongs, he may complain to the Commanding Officer 
of the Eegiment, who is to summon a Eegimental Court Martial, for the 
doing Justice according to the Nature of the case. 

9th. "No Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer or Soldier shall fail of 
repairing with their arms, ammunition and accoutrements upon any 
regular alarm, or at the time fixed, to the place of parade or other ren- 
devous appointed by the Commanding Officer, if not prevented by Sick- 
ness or some other evident necessity, or shall go from the place of parade 
without leave from the Commanding Officer before he shall be regularly 
dismissed, on penalty of being fined or censured according to the nature 
of the offence, by the sentence of a Eegimental Court Martial. But no 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 249 

oflficer or soldier shall be obliged to attend to learn the Military Exercise 
more than once in a week. 

10th. "Any Officer or Soldier found Drunk when under Arms, shall be 
suspended from doing [duty in the Battalion, Company or Troop on that 
day, and be fined or censured, at the discretion of a Regimental Court 
Martial. 

11th. "Whatever Sentinel shall be found sleeping upon his po.st, or 
shall leave it before he is regularly relieved, shall suffer such penalty or 
digrace as shall be ordered by a Regimental Court Martial. 

12th. " Whatever Commissioned Officer shall be convicted before a 
General Court Martial, of behaving in a scandalous or infamous manner 
unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman, shall be dis- 
missed from the association with disgrace. 

13th. "Every non-Commissioned Officer or Soldier who shall be con- 
victed at a Regimental Court Martial of having sold, carelessly lost, 
wilfully spoiled or wasted, or having offered for sale any ammunition, 
arms or accoutrements belonging to this Province, shall be dismissed 
such Battalion, Troop or Company, as an unworthy member and be 
prosecuted as the law directs. 

l-lth. "All disorders and neglects which Officers and Soldiers may be 
guilty of, to the prejudice of the good order and Military discipline of 
the Association of this Colony, are to be taken cognizance of by a 
General or Regimental Coiirt Martial, according to the nature and degree 
of the Offence, and be censured at their discretion. 

15th. " That on the first Meeting of every Battalion, after subscribing 
these articles of association, and from thence forward on the first 
meeting of every Battalion after the third Monday in September an- 
nually, there be chosen two Persons, such as are entitled to Vote for 
Members of Assembly, 'out of each Company in the respective Bat- 
talions, by the non-Commissioned officers and privates, whose duty and 
office shall be for the year following, to set and join with the officers 
in Court Martial, which persons so chosen shall be styled Court Martial 
Men. 

16th. "Every General Court Martial shall consist of thirteen Members, 
Six of whom shall be Commission'd Officers under the Rank of a Field 
Officer and Six Court Martial Men, who shall be drawn by lott out of 
the whole number, and these twelve are to choose a president, who shall 
be a field Officer and have a Casting Voice. 

17th. "Every Regimental Court Martial shall be composed of Seven 
Members, three Officers, three Court Martial Men and a President, who 
is to be a Captain, and to be chosen by the Six, and also to have a Cast- 
ing Voice. 

18th. "In all Courts Martial not less than two-thirds of the members 



250 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

must ao-ree in every sentence for inflicting penalties, or for disgracing 
any Associator, otherwise be shall be acquitted. 

19th. "The President of each and every Court Martial, whether Regi- 
mental or General, shall require all witnesses in order to trial of offend- 
ers to declare on their Honor, that what they give in as evidence is the 
truth, and the Members of all Courts Martial shall make a declaration 
to the President, and the President to the next rank, upon their Honor, 
that they will give Judgment with impartiality. 

20th. "All non-Commission'd Officers, Drummers, Fifers, or others, that 
shall be employed and receive pay in any of the Battalions, Companies 
or Troops, shall subscribe these rules and Regulations, and be subject 
to such fines, to be deducted from their pay, and to such pentals as a 
Regimental Court Martial shall think proper, upon being convicted of 
having transgressed any of these regulations. 

21st. "All Associators called as Witnesses in any case before a Court 
Martial, who shall refuse to attend and give evidence, shall be censured 
or fined, at the discretion of the Court Martial. 

22nd. "No Officer or Soldier being charged with transgressing these 
Rules, shall be suffered to do duty in the Regiment, Company or Troop 
to which he belongs, until he has had his Trial by a Court Martial; and 
every person so charged, shall be tried as soon as a Court Martial can 
be conveniently assembled. 

23rd. "The Officers and soldiers of every Company of Artillery, or 
other Company, Troop or Party, that is or shall be annexed to any Bat- 
tallion, shall be subject to the command of the Colonel or Commanding 
Officer of said Battalion, and the Officers shall sit as members of Courts 
Martial in the same manner as the officers of any other Company. 

2'lth. "No Penalty shall be inflicted at the discretion of a Court Mar- 
tial, other than degrading, cashiering or fining, the fines for the Officers 
not to exceed three pounds, and the fine for a Non-Commissioned Officer 
or Soldier, not to exceed twelve Shillings for one fault. 

25th. "The Field Officers of each and every Battalion shall appoint a 
Person to receive such fines as may arise within the same, for breach of 
any of these articles, and shall direct those fines to be carefully and 
properly applied to the relief of the Sick, wounded, or necessitous Sol- 
diers belonging to that Battalion, and such person shall account with the 
Field Officers for all fines received, and the application thereof. 

26th. "The General or Commander-in-Chief of this Association, for the 
time being, shall have full power of pardoning or mitigating any censures 
or penalties ordered to be inflicted for the breach of any of these articles 
by any General Court Martial ; and every offender convicted as aforesaid, 
by any Regimental Court Martial, may be pardoned, or have his penalties 
mitigated by the Colonel or Commanding Officer of the Battalion, except- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 251 

ing only where such censures or penalties are directed as satisfaction for 
injuries received by one Officer or Soldier from another. 

27th. "Any Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer, or other person, who 
having subscribed these articles, shall refuse to make such concessions, 
pay such fines, or in other matter refuse to comply with the judgment of 
any Court Martial, shall be dismissed the service, and held up to the 
publick as unfriendly to the liberties of America. 

28th. "Upon the determination of any point by a liegimental Court 
Martial, if the Officer or Soldier concerned on either side, thinks himself 
still aggrieved, he may appeal to a General Court Martial ; but, if upon 
second hearing, the appeal appears groundless and vexatious, the person 
so appealing shall be censured, at the discretion of the General Court 
Martial. 

29th. " Upon the death, resignation, promotion, or other removal of an 
Officer from any Battalion, Troop, or Company, (except field Officers,) 
or any Court Martial Men, such vacancy is to be filled bv the Person or 
persons such Troop or Compan}^ shall elect. 

80th, "No Officer or soldier shall be tried a second time for the same 
Offence, except in case of appeal. 

31st. "All Officers and Soldiers of every Battalion, Troop, Company, 
or party of Associators, who shall be called by the Assembly, or Com- 
mittee of Safety in recess of Assembly, into actual servce, and be on pay, 
shall, when acting by themselves, or in conjunction with the Continental 
Forces, be subject to all the rules and articles made by the Honourable 
Congress for the Government of the Continental Troops. 

32nd. "No Commissioned, non-commissioned Officer or private, shall 
withdraw himself from the company to which he belongs, without a 
discharge from the Commanding Officer of the Battalion, nor shall such 
person be received into any other company without such discharge. 

"In Testimony of our approbation and consent to be governed by the 
above regulations, which have been deliberately read to, or carefully 
perused by us, we have hereunto set our hands." 

The Articles of Recommendation emanating from the Continental 
Congress were, on August 26, 1776, adopted by the Council of Safety in 
the following form : 

''Rules for Establishing Rank or Precedence amongst the Penmylvania 

Associators. 

"The Committee of Safety appointed by the Assembly of the Province 
of Pennsylvania, being desirous of performing the important duties of 
their station in the most satisfactory manner to the Public, beg leave to 
lay before them certain resolves of the Honorable Continental Congress, 
dated the 18th July, which have already been published, but it is appre- 



252 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

hended have not come to the knowledge of many able-bodied effective 
Men, aged from 16 to 50 years, that may be very desirous of serving 
their Country in the present glorious struggle for Liberty, in the mode 
pointed out l3y said resolves, which are in the following words : 

"In Congress, 18th July, 1775. 

^' Resolved^ That it be recommended to the Inhabitants of the united 
English Colonies in North America, that all able-bodied effective Men, 
between 16 and 50 years of age, in each Colony, immediately form them- 
selves into regular Companies of Militia, to consist of one Captain, two 
Lieutenants, one Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, one Clerk, one 
Drummer, one Fifer, and about sixty-eight Privates. 

"That the Officers of each Company be chosen by the respective Com- 
panies. 

"That each soldier be furnished with a good Musket that will carry 
an ounce Ball, with a bayonet, steel ramrod, worm, priming wire, and 
brush fitted thereto, a cutting sword or tomahawk, a Cartridge Box that 
will contain twenty-three rounds of Cartridges, twelve flints, and a knap- 
sack. 

"That the Companies be formed into Regiments or Battalions, Officered 
with a Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, two Majors, an Adjutant or Quarter 
Master. 

" That all Officers above the rank of a Captain be appointed by their 
respective Provincial Assemblies or Conventions, or in their recess by 
the Committees of Safety appointed by said Assemblies or Conventions.. 

"That all Officers be Commissioned by the Provincial Assemblies or 
Conventions, or in their recess by the Committees of Safety appointed 
by said Assemblies or Conventions. 

" That all the Militia take proper care to acquire Military Skill, and 
be well prepared for defence, by being each man provided with one pound 
of good Gun P@wder, and four pounds of Ball fitted to his Gun. 

" That one-fourth part of the Militia in every Colony be selected for 
Minute Men, of such persons as are willing to enter into this neces- 
sary Service, formed into Companies and Battalions, and their Officers 
chosen and Commissioned as aforesaid, to be ready at the shortest notice, 
to march to any place where their assistance may be required for the 
defence of their own or a neighbouring Colony, and as these Minute 
Men may eventually be called to action before the whole Body of the 
Militia are sufficiently trained, it is recommended that a more particular 
and diligent attention be paid to their instruction in Military discipline. 

"That such of the Minute Men as desire it, be relieved by new 
draughts, as aforesaid, from the whole Body of the Militia, relieved once 
in four Months. 

"As there are some people who, from religious principles, cannot bear 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 253 

arms in any case, this Congress intend no violence to their consciences, 
but earnestly recommend it to them to contribute liberally to the relief 
of their distressed brethren, in their several colonies, and to do all other 
services to their oppressed Country which they can consistently with 
their religious principles. 

"That it be recommended to the Assemblies or Conventions in the 
respective Colonies to provide, as soon as possible, sufficient Stores of 
ammunition for their Colonies ; also, that they devise proper means for 
furnishing with arms such effective men as are poor and unable to furnish 
themselves. 

" That it be recommended to each Colony to appoint a Committee of 
Safety, to superintend and direct all matters necessary for the Security 
and defence of their respective Colonies in the recess of their Assemblies 
and Conventions. 

"That each Colony, at their own expence, make such provision by 
armed Vessels or otherwise, as their respective Assemblies, Conventions 
or Committees of Safety shall judge expedient and suitable to their cir- 
cumstances and situations, for the protection of their Harbours and 
Navigation on their Sea Coasts, against all unlawful invasions, attacks 
and depredations from Cutters and Ships of War. 

"That it be recommended to the makers of Arms for the use of the 
Militia, that they make good substantial Muskets, with Barrels three feet 
and a half in length, that will carry an ounce Ball, and fitted with a good 
Bayonet, and steel Ramrod, and that the making such arms be encour- 
ao;ed in these United Colonies. 

"Where in any Colony, Militia is already formed under regulations 
approved of by the Convention of such Colony, or by such Assemblies as 
are annually elective, we refer to the discretion of such Convention or 
Assembly either to adopt the foregoing Regulations in whole or in part, 
or to continue their former, as they on consideration of all circumstances, 
shall think best. 

"A true Copy from the Minutes. 

Charles TnoMSON, Sec'ty." 

And in order that all persons of every Rank, degree and station may 
be truly informed of the Premises, and none hereafter plead ignorance, 
this Board do earnestly recommend to all Committees of Inspection and 
Observation in this Province to cause this publication to be dispersed, 
read and explained within their respective districts, in such manner that 
every person capable of associating for mutual defence, may be made 
sensible it is a duty they owe to themselves and Country, to do it without 
further loss of time, and as it is necessary that this Board be speedily 
informed of the Number of Associators in the Several Counties or 
districts, the said Committees are requested to make returns as soon as 



254 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

possible: First, of the several Battalions already formed: Secondly, of 
the several new associators not yet formed into Battalions: Thirdly, of 
all such Persons from Sixteen to Fifty, their names and places of abode, 
as may refuse to associate, not having any conscientious objections, if any 
such there be, and lastly of the number of men in their respective districts 
who conscientiously decline bearing arms, with their names and places 
of abode. 

The several Committees of Inspection and Observation having been 
desired to make returns to this Board as soon as conveniently could be, 
of the several Battalions of Associators already formed in their districts, 
are now informed that it will be necessary to mention in said returns the 
Rank of every Battalion of a County, in regard to others in the same 
County, and to prevent uncertainty among the Officers of the General 
Association, respecting Eank or Command, and to ascertain the same 
with precision. 

This Committee, in forming the following plan (which they propose to 
observe strictly in granting Commissions, and which they recommend to 
the general acquiescence of all the associators) have had a regard to the 
seniority or priority of establishment of the several Counties, viz: 

1st. All Officers already chosen or appointed in the City and districts 
of Philadelphia, to take rank or precedence of all other officers of equal 
dignity, chosen or appointed in any other part of the Province. 

2d. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Philadelphia County, 
to take rank of all Officers of equal dignity chosen or appointed in any 
other County. 

3d. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Bucks County, to take 
Rank of all officers of equal dignity, chosen or appointed in any other 
than the City and district and County of Philadelphia. 

4th, All Officers already chosen or appointed in Chester county, to 
take Rank of all Officers of equal dignity, chosen or appointed in any 
other than Bucks, Philadelphia County and Philadelphia City and dis- 
tricts. 

5th, All Officers already chosen or appointed in Lancaster County, to 
take Rank of all Officers of equal dignity, chosen or appointed in any 
other than Chester, Bucks and Philadelphia county, and Philadelphia City 
and districts. 

6th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in York county, to Rank 
before Officers of equal dignity in any other than Lancaster, Chester, 
Bucks and Philadelphia County, Philadelphia City and districts. 

7th, All Officers already chosen or appointed in Cumberland county, 
to rank before officers of equal dignity in the junior Counties of Berks, 
Northampton, Bedford, Northumberland or Westmoreland. 

8th, All Officers already chosen or appointed in Berks County, to rank 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 255 

before Officers of equal dignity in the Counties of Northampton, Bedford, 
Northumberland and Westmoreland. 

9th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Northampton County, 
to rank before Officers of equal dignity in Bedford, Northumberland, 
and Westmoreland Counties. 

10th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Bedford County, to 
rank before Officers of equal dignity in Northumberland and Westmore- 
land Counties. 

11th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Northumberland 
County, to rank before Officers of equal dignity in AVestmoreland 
County. 

12th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Westmoreland, the 
youngest or last made County in this province, yield up Kank or prece- 
dence to all Officers of equal dignity already chosen or appointed in every 
other County in this Province. 

13th. Where Commissions of equal dignity in different Counties bear 
the same date, precedency to be determined by Seniority of Counties, but 
where they are in the same County by the Kank of the Battalion. 

14th. The Colonels already chosen or appointed in the city and dis- 
tricts, having determined their ranks, with respect to each other, by lot, 
their and the other field officers' commissions will be dated according to 
the Lot so drawn. 

15th. The Colonels already chosen or appointed in every County, 
are to determine their Rank, with respect to each other, by Lot, and 
Commissions for them and their respective field Officers will be dated 
accordingly. 

16th. The Captains in every Battalion to determine their Rank in 
Battalion by Lot, and their Commissions, with those of their Lieutenants 
and Ensigns, will be dated accordingly. 

17th. All Officers hereafter chosen or appointed, to have their Com- 
missions dated at the time of such choice or appointment, and to take 
Rank according to said dates. 

18th. All Battalions now raised to be completed as soon as possible, 
and to consist of eight Companies of about sixty-eight privates each, and 
one company of Light Infantry, and to have for Officers a Colonel, Lieu- 
tenant Colonel, two Majors, a Standard Bearer, Adjutant, Sergeant Major, 
Drum and Fife Major; and the officers of each company to consist of a 
Captain, two Lieutenants, one or two Ensigns, four Sergeants, four Cor- 
porals, a Drummer and Fifer, except the Light Infantry Company, which, 
instead of two Lieutenants and two Ensigns, are to have four Lieuten- 
ants, the two youngest of which are to rank as Ensigns. 

19th. The Standard Bearer of each Battalion to rank as eldest Lieu- 
tenant of the Battalion. 



256 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

20tli. All National distinctions in dress or name to be avoided, it being 
proper tliat we should now be united in tliis general Association for 
defending our liberties and properties under the sole denomination of 
Americans. 

2 1st. Companies to take post in their Battalions according to the date 
of their Captains' Commissions, if the Captains be present, but if absent 
such Companies to take post as youngest in the Battalion, 

22nd. No Field Officers to have Companies. 

23rd. For the better order and Government of Companies which may 
be raised after the completion of the several Battalions already formed 
in the City and Counties, such companies are not to be admitted as inde- 
pendent, but are to be annexed to the most convenient battalion, until 
nine Companies are raised to form a new Battalion, and no number of 
associators are to be considered as a Company unless they consist of at 
least Forty Men, but it is recommended that till that number be com- 
pleted, the associators join the most convenient Battalion, exercise and 
do duty with such Batalion. 

24th. All Battalions now formed, as well as those hereafter to be 
formed, are desired to make the necessary returns of their numbers and 
officers, with their respective ranks, to the Committee of their County, 
and the Committees are desired to certify such returns, with the respec- 
tive rank of each Battalion in their County, to this Board, that Commis- 
sions may be issued immediately for every officer, in conformity with 
these rules. 

25th. And as there may happen occasions wherein it may be neces- 
sary to call out a part of the Associators to actual though temporary 
service, and not the whole body, and it would be extremely inconven- 
ient and burthensome if upon every alarm where the assistance of part 
only may be wanted, the whole should- come together, or any much 
greater number than the occasion required, and it would be, therefore, 
necessary to have such divisions made of the Associators, as that parts 
smaller or greater, may be distinctly called for, and the service as equally 
and fairly allotted, and divided as the nature thereof will admit, it is recom- 
mended not only the Battalions of each County, but also that the Com- 
panies of each Battalion be by lot number'd, 1, 2, 3, 4, &c., so that orders 
may issue from the Commander-in-Chief to the Colonels, either to march 
their whole Battalions, or to send to an appointed rendezvous the first, 
or second, or any number of Companies that shall be wanted, each com- 
pany serving ©n such calls in its turn, and for such proportion of time 
as shall make the burthen nearly equal, and if the Associators who are 
called forth, are not all yet provided with good arms, it is recommended 
to those who have such, and are not called out, to lend the same for that 
occasion, at the risk of the public. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 257 

Lastly. This Board having drawn up thirty-two articles of agreement 
for the due regulation and government of all the Associators in the 
Province, which is published herewith/ they do recommend the same to 
be adopted, Signed and agreed to by all the said Associators, in order that 
one general system may prevail in Pennsylvania. 

Resolved, That the Rules and Regulations for, and the Recommenda- 
tions to the Associators, be published by William Bradford, and that he 
print two thousand of each on good paper, for the use of the Associa- 
tion. Mr. Andrew Allen is desired to give orders for the same being 
done, and Colo. Roberdeau is desired to get live hundred of each printed 
in the German Language, for the use as aforesaid." 

A military convention, representing the lifty-three battalions of the 
Associators of Pennsylvania, met at Lancaster on July 4th 1776, "to 
choose two Brigadier Generals to command the battalions and forces of 
Pennsylvania." Colonel George Ross was President ; and Colonel David 
Clymer, Secretary. mtt.) ^^jy<\ •■ ) '^DTr 

The following officers atid |)rivates attended, as delegates to the con- 
vention : 

From Philadelphia City and Liberties: Colonels Chevalier, Rober- 
deau and Clymer. Major Knox. Captains Copenwhait, Bradford, Dulancy, 
Brewster and Bitting. Privates Nevil, Nelson, Montgomery, Pool. Cox, 
Prior, Brower, Keck, Craig and Kitter. •(> rxnoffln'J »,.t(Tnnei;/'i 

From Philadelphia County : Major Hughs, and' George Grey, stand- 
ard bearer. Captains Hart and Edwards. Privates Roberts, Smith, 
Whitten, Simpson, Hazelett and Hicks. 

From Bucks County: Colonels Ileckline and Erwin. Lieutenant 
Colonels Bryan and Robinson. Captains Jar vis, Falwell and Jameson. 
Adjutant Thompson. Privates Watts, Fenton, Hollis, Herr, Patterson, 
Stoneback, Middleswarth and Titus. 

From Chester County: Colonel Montgomery. Lieutenant Colonel 
Gibson. Major Culbertson. Captains Wallace, Scott and Gardiner. 
Privates Cunningham, Boyd, Denny, Culbertson, Mackey and Fulton. 

From Lancaster County : Colonels George Ross, Curtis Gr ubb, Jame,s 
Crawford, M. Slough, John Ferree, Peter Grubb and Timothy Green. 
Lieutenant Colonels Adam Reigart, R. Thompson, Lowry, Leonard Raut- 
faung, Peter Hendricks, Christian Weyman and Andrew Little. Majors 
Philip Marstaler, Thomas Smith, James Cunningham and Michael Fire. 
Captains Joseph Sherrer, James Murray, James Mirur and Henry Wea- 
ver. Privates Christian Werts, Francis Bailey, James Sullivan, Ludwick 
Ziering, John Smiley, Isaac Erwin, Abraham Darr, William Leard, 
Henry Slaymaker, John Whitehill, George Bealy, John Jameson, Cliris- 
tian Bough, Simon Snider, George Line, Joseph Whiteliill, William Smith. 

1 See above p. 247 sq. 
18 



258 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

George Wrj, William Barnet, George Little, Michael Dififebaiigh and 
Anthony Debler. 

From York County : Colonels Smith and Diel. Lieutenant Colonel 
Donaldson. Majors Donwiddie, Jefferies, Andrew, Finley and Craft. 
Captains Smiser and Campble. Privates W. Scott, Ewing, Clinghan, 
Hamilton, Little, Shley, J. Scott, Nealor and Messerty. 

From Cumberland County : Colonel J. Armstrong. Lieutenant Colo- 
nels Blair, Clark and Watts. Major J. M'Calmont. Captains J. Steel, 
M'Clelland, Davison, M'Farland and Kobinson. Privates Hogge, E. Steel, 
Smith, Pawling, Brown, Sterrett, Hamilton, Eead, Finley and Vance. 

From Berks County: Colonels Bird, Patton and Levan. Majors G. 
Hiester, Jones, Lindimuth and Loeffler. Captains Keim and May. Adju- 
tant S. Eby. Lieutenants Cremer, Lutz, Rice and Miller. Privates 
Hartman, Filbert, Morgan, Tolbut, Spoon, Winrich, Moser, Seltzer, Win- 
ter, Hill, Larke, Wister and Smack. 

From Northampton County: Colonels Guigar and Stroud. Majors 
Lebar and Siegfried. Captains Orndt, Snider, Kearn and Jayne. Privates 
M'Farren, Upp, Barkhaus, Haas, Brown, Best, J. M'Dawd, jr. and D. Von 
FHck. 

From Northumberland County: Colonel B. Weiser. Lieutenant 
Colonels M'Clay and Moodie. Major Brady. Captains Gillespie and 
Grey. Lieutenants Calhoun and M'Kinzie. Privates Stone, M'Cartney, 
Gattes, Culbertson, Matlock, Yokan, Starret and M'Clanahan. 

From Westmoreland County: Colonel P. Mornly. Major James 
Smith. Captains V. Orey and Thompson. Privates William Guthrey, 
W. Perry, Carmichael and George Gray. 

The question whether the officers and privates should vote by ballot, 
singly, was adopted. It was also resolved that the two Brigadier Gene- 
rals be voted' for at the same time, and that the highest in votes be the 
commanding officer. Colonel Mark Bird and Captain Sharp Dulancy, with 
Colonel George Ross, President of the Convention, were appointed judges 
of the election of Brigadier Generals. The election took place, when it 
appeared that Daniel Roberdeau had received 160, James Ewing 85, 
Samuel Miles 82, James Potter 24, Curtis Grubb 9, George Ross 9, 
Thomas McKean 8 and Mark Bird 7 votes. Roberdeau was elected first 
Brigadier General and Ewing second Brigadier General. 

It was then resolved that the Brigadier Generals shall have full power 
and authority to call out any number of the associators of this province 
into action, and that power to continue until superseded by the conven- 
tion, or by any authority under the appointment ; that the President of 
the board shall have full power and authority to grant commissions to 
the two Brigadier Generals until commissions issue from the convention, 
or any authority they shall appoint to succeed them ; that we will march 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 259 

under tlie direction and command of our Brigadier General, to the assist- 
ance of all or any of the Free and Independent States of America ; that 
associators to be drafted out of each county, by the Brigadier Generals, 
shall be in the same proportion as directed by the late Provincial Con- 
ference held in Philadelphia.^ 

The DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE was passed by the 
Continental Congress at Philadelphia on the same day when the Mili- 
tary Convention met at Lancaster, to wit, on July 4th, 1776. On that 
day the thirteen Confederate Colonies dissolved their allegiance to^the 
British crown and declared themselves free and independent under the 
name of the Thirteen United States of America. 

The members from Pennsylvania who signed the declaration were: 
Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, 

Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, 

George Clymer, James Smith, 

George Taylor, James Wilson, 

George Ross. 
By direction of the Council of Safety the Declaration of Independence 
was published at Lancaster on Monday July 8, 1776. 

1 Rupp, History of Lancaster County, pp. 405-407. 



260 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



CHAPTER V. 
THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 

On Monday July 15, 1776, the Convention for forming a Constitution 
for the State of Pennsylvania met at Philadelphia, and elected Dr. Ben- 
jamin Franklin, President, Colonel George Ross, Vice President, John 
Morris, Secretary, and Jacob Garrigues, Assistant Secretary. The dele- 
gates from Lancaster County were George Ross, Philip Marsteller, 
Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith, Joseph Sheerer, John Hubley, Henry 
Slaymaker and Alexander Lowry. By solemn resolution they directed 
Divine Service to be performed before them by the Rev. William White, 
afterwards first Bishop of Pennsylvania; and, offering to Almighty God 
their praises and thanksgivings for the manifold mercies, and the pecu- 
liar interposition of his special providence, in behalf of the injured and 
oppressed United States, they prayed for his divine grace and assistance 
in the important and arduous task committed to them. 

From the instant of its organization, the convention assumed the whole 
political power of the State. Among its first acts, was the appointment 
of delegates to Congress,^ and the preparation of their instructions. They 
were enjoined constant and punctual attendance in Congress — to culti- 
vate and strengthen the union of the States, until a just, equal, and per- 
petual confederation should be effected — to use their utmost power and 
influence for the establishment of a nav}^, which was necessary to every 
trading nation, and least dangerous and expensive to the liberties of 
mankind. They were forbidden to enter into any treaty with Great 
Britain or other foreign power, but as free and independent States — and 
were permitted, when Great Britain should acknowldge the United 
States free and independent, to treat with her, in conjunction with the 
other States, concerning peace, amity, and commerce, on just and equal 
terms. 

The great labor of forming the Constitution was. not completed until 
Saturday, the twenty-eighth day of September. On that day it was read 
in Convention for the last time, signed by the President and every mem- 
ber, and committed to the charge of the Council of Safety, with direc- 
tions to deliver it to the general Assembly of the State, at their first 
meeting, immediately after they should have chosen their speaker. 

In Committee of Safety. Philadelphia, 16th July, 1776. 

By order of the Board, an order was drawn on Jno. Nixon, Esq'r, and 

1 Go; don. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 261 

Others, the Committee of Accounts, in favor of Adam Zantzingcr, for 
£163 15, which, with one other order on Rob't Towers, to deliver 200 
lbs. Gunpowder, is in full for 855 lbs. of salt petre mamifactured at Lan- 
caster, and received by the Commissary for account of this Board. 

In Council of Safety, Aug. 16, 1776. 

Resolved, That the Committee of Inspection and Observation of Lan- 
caster County, be requested to assist Capt. Matthew Smith in the pro- 
curing of 160 Rifles, and that they direct the Gun Smiths in their County 
to make that Quantity of Rifles with all Convenient dispatch, so as not 
to hinder them from repairing the arms of the Militia now on their march 
to Head Quarters in Jersey. 

In Council of Safety, Aug. 19, 1776. 

The following accounts were passed, and Mr. Nesbitt directed to pay 
them, and charge the same to Congress, viz : 
Capt. Rob't M'Kee for Mileage of 2 men of his Comp'y, belonging 

to Col. Ferree's Batallion, Lancaster County, 77 Miles each, 

a Id, 12s 10 

Valentine Vanhalt's account for meals: 
Capt. Jno. Rowland's Comp'y of Col. Ferree's Battalion of 

Lancaster County, - - £2 9 6 

Capt. Jacob Carpenter's Comp'y of do. Battalion, - - 2 12 6 

Capt. Bowman's Comp'y of do., - - - - -3-16 

Capt. Alexander Martin's Company, - - - - 2 4 3 

Capt. Coppenhaven's Comp'y, Col. Green's Battalion, Lancas- 
ter County, --------- 4 15 

In Council of Safety. Dec. 2, 1776. 

Wm. Parr, Esq'r, was directed to remove all the Records and Public 
Papers in his possession to Lancaster immediately. 

In Council of Safety, Dec. 9, 1776. 

Resolved, That our Treasury and the books of that office be removed 
to Lancaster, and that a wagon be provided to-morrow morning early 
for that purpose. 

In Council of Safety, Dec. 27, 1776. 

Resolved, That Colonel John Bull be directed to procure wagons to 
remove the public stores from Norristown and French Creek to Lancas- 
ter; the powder to be laid in different places of security in the town and 
country adjacent. 

In Council of Safety, January 11,1777. 

Resolved, That John Hubley, Esq'r., be appointed Commissary of the 
Continental Stores, and of the Stores of this State at Lancaster, with the 
Rank and pay of a Major, and to have full powers to appoint such Dep- 
uties as he may judge necessary. 

In Council of Safety, January 14, 1777. 



262 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Resolved, That John Hubley, Esq'r., be authorized to employ all the 
Shoemakers amongst the Hessian Prisoners at Lancaster, in making 
Shoes for this State, for which purpose the sum of two thousand Pounds 
shall be advanced to him or his order, for the purchase of leather and 
other materials for working upon ; and he is to pay them a small allow- 
ance for their labor, for which service Mr. Hubley is to have a reasona- 
ble compensation. 

Resolved, That the officers of the first Battalion of Lancaster County, 
and the few men who remained with them when they were deserted by 
the greater part of the Battalion on the 12th instant, deserve the warm- 
est acknowledgments of this Board for their endeavors to prevail on 
their Countrymen to stay, though those endeavors proved unsuccessful ; 
and that the conduct of those who basely deserted, at that time, without 
applying to this Council, and waiting for redress, if they thought them- 
selves aggrieved, is highly reprehensible. 

An order was drawn on Mr. Nesbitt in favor of John Hubley, Esq'r., 
for two Thousand Pounds, (agreeable to a Eesolve of the 11th Inst.,) to 
be charged to his account. 

The Council met — Philadelphia, Friday March 7th, 1777. 

PRESENT: 

His Excellency THOMAS WHARTON, jun'r.. President. The 
Hon'ble George Bryan, Esq., Yice President. 

John Evans, Jonathan Lowdan, And ^ 

George Taylor, John Proctor, J- Esquires. 

Jonathan Hoge, J 

The Resolve of Congress of December 11, 1776, recommending in the 
following words, viz : 

" Whereas, the just War into which the United States of America have 
been forced by Great Britain, is likely to be still continued, by the same 
violence and injustice which have hitherto animated the Enemies of 
American Freedom ; And whereas, it becomes all Public Bodies, as well 
as Private Persons, to reverence the Providence of God, and look up to 
him as the Supreme Disposer of all events, and the Arbiter of the Fate 
of Nations ; Therefore the Congress hereby Resolve, 

" That it be recommended to all the States, as soon as possible, to ap- 
point a day of Solemn fasting and humiliation, to implore of Almighty 
God the forgiveness of the many Sins prevailing among all Ranks, and 
to beg the countenance and assistance of his Providence in the Prosecu- 
tion of this just and necessary War. The Congress do also, in the most 
earnest manner, recommend to all the members of the United States, and 
particularly to the Officers, Civil and Military, under them, the Exercise 
of Repentance and reformation ; and further do require of the said Offi- 
cers of the Military Department, the strict observation of the Articles of 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 263 

War in general, and particularly that of the said Articles, which forbids 
Profane swearing and all other immoralities ; of which all such Officers 
are desired to take Notice. It is left to each State to issue out Procla- 
mations, fixing the day that appear most proper for their several bounds ; 
'being laid before the Council, and the same being considered;' there- 
upon, 

^'■Ordered, That Thursday the third day of April, be appointed for the 
said purpose. A Draft of a Proclamation thereof being laid before the 
Council, was read and approved, and is in the words following, viz : 
^^By the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

"A PROCLAMATION. 
" Whereas^ the Hon'ble the Continental Congress, pointing out to Pub- 
lic bodies, as well as private persons, the duty of reverencing the Prov- 
idence of God, and looking up to him as the Supreme disposer of all 
events, and the Arbiter of the fate of Nations; did, on the 11th day of 
December last, resolve to recommend to the several States the appoint- 
ment of a day of Solemn Fasting and Humiliation, to implore of Al- 
mighty God the forgiveness of the many Sins prevailing among all 
Eanks, and by the Countenance and assistance of his Providence, in the 
prosecution of the most just and necessary War into which the United 
States have been forced by Great Britain, and which is still likely to be 
continued by the same violence and injustice that has hitherto animated 
the Enemies of American Freedom, and did, also, in the most earnest 
manner, recommend to all the members of the United States, and par- 
ticularly to the Officers, Civil and Military, under them, the exercise of 
Eepentance and Eeformation, leaving it to each State to fix on such day 
for the same as may be most proper for its bounds : 

" We, therefore, do hereby recommend to all the People of this Com- 
monwealth, to observe and keep Thursday the third day of April next, 
as a day of Solemn Fasting, Humiliation, and Prayer, for the purposes 
before mentioned, of which the inhabitants of this State are desired to 
take notice. 

''Given in Council, under my hand and the Seal of the State, at Phila- 
delphia, this Seventh day of March, in the Year, &c., 1777. 

"Tho's. Wharton, jun'r., President. 

"Attest — T. Matlack, Sec'y. 

"God Save THE Commonwealth." 

Whereupon, Ordered, That the same be Published in all the Papers, 
English and German, and that Five Hundred Copies be struck oft" and 
forwarded by the earliest opportunity to the distant parts of the State, 
Three Hundred English and Two Hundred German. 

Adjourned to Monday next, Three O'Clock Afternoon. 

In Council of Safety, June 3, 1777. 



264 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

A Petition of a number of Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Bor- 
ough of Lancaster, addressed to the General Assembly of Representatives 
of the Freemen of Pennsylvania, and to the Hon'ble the Executive 
Council for said State, setting forth the great inconveniences which that 
Borough labor under, for the want of Magistrates and Borough Officers, 
and praying that the Honorable House of Assembly and Supreme Exec- 
utive Council will provide a remedy, was read. 

It appearing that John Henry, one of the Magistrates appointed for 
the Borough of Lancaster is dead, and that Mr. Shafner, Magistrate elect, 
declines serving in that Office ; thereupon, 

Ordered^ That Michael Hubly and John Hobson be appointed Justices 
of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, and that they be Commis- 
sioned accordingly. 

"Philad'a, Septem. 10, 1777. 

^'■By the Supreme Executive Council of the Conir)ioniveaUh of Pennsylvania. 

"A PROCLAMATION. 

"The time is at length come in which the fate of ourselves, our Wives, 
Children and posterity must be speedily determined ; Gen'l Howe, at the 
head of a British Army, the only hope, the last resource of our Enemies, 
has invaded this State, dismissing his ships and discumbering himself of 
his heavy Artillery and baggage, he appears to have risked all upon the 
event of a movement which must either deliver up to plunder and devas- 
tation this Capital of Pennsylvania and of America, or forever blast the 
cruel designs of our implacable foes. Blessed be God, Providence seems 
to have left it to ourselves to determine, whether we shall triumph in 
victory and rest in freedom and peace, or by tamely submitting, or 
weakly resisting, deliver ourselves up a prey to an enemy, than whom 
none more cruel and perfidious was ever suffered to vex and destroy any 
people. View then on the other hand the freedom and independence, the 
glory and the happiness of our rising States, which are set before us as 
the reward of our courage. Seriously consider on the other hand, the 
wanton ravages, the Rapes, the Butcheries, which have been perpetrated 
by these men in the State of New Jersey, and on the frontiers of New 
York; above all consider the mournful prospect of seeing Americans, 
like the wretched inhabitants of India, stripped of their freedom, robbed 
of their property, degraded beneath the brutes, and left to starve amid 
plenty, at the will of their lordly Masters, and let us determine once for 
all that we will Die or he Free. 

"The foe are manifestly aiming either by force to conquer, or by 
Stratagem and Stolen marches to elude the vigilance of our brave Com- 
mander ; Declining a battle with our Countrymen, they have attempted 
to steal upon us by surprise. They have been hitherto defeated, but num- 
bers are absolutely necessary to watch them on every Quarter at once. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 265 

" The neighboring States are hurrying forward their Militia, and we 
hope by rising as one Man, and besetting the foe at a distance Irom his 
Fleet, we shall speedily inclose him like a Lion in the toils. 

The Council therefore most humbly beseech and entreat all persons 
whatsoever, to exert themselves without delay, to seize this present 
opportunity of crushing the foe, now in the bowels of our Countrv, by 
marching forth instantly under their respective officers, to the assistance 
of our great General, that he may be enabled to environ and demolish 
the only British army that remains formidable in America, or in the 
World, Animated with the hope that Heaven, as before it has done in 
all times of difficulty and danger, will again crown our righteous oftbrts 
with success, we look forward to the prospect of seeing our insulting foe 
cut off from all means of escape, and by the goodness of the Almighty, 
the Lord of Hosts and God of Battles, wholly delivered into our hands. 

"Attest, Tho's Wharton, jun'r Presid't. 

" Timothy Matlack, Secretary. 

"God Save the People." 

Resolved, That the foregoing Proclamation be published. 

Intelligence having been received by the President of Congress that 
Philadelphia was unsafe, the members resolved to meet at Lancaster 
where they arrived on September 27th, the very day on which Sir Wil- 
liam Howe occupied Philadelphia. The archives, treasure and, it is said, 
even the State House Bell were by a circuitous route sent to Lancaster. 
The enemy were still in Chester county, and in order to evade him the 
route pursued was by the way of Bristol and Reading. 

Congress met at Lancaster, but deeming it unsafe, adjourned to York 
where they opened their deliberations on Sept. 30, 1777, and remained 
until June 27, 1778, when they returned to Philadelphia. 

The Council of Safety and the Supreme Council met at Lancaster from 
October 1, 1777, to June 20, 1778, both days included. 

In Council of Safety, October 25, 1777. 

Agreed, That the following Ordinance be passed and Published, viz : 

"J^w Ordinance for appointing and authorizing an additional number of 
Sub- Lieutenants^ to act in the County of Lancaster. 

"Whereas, the Inhabitants of the County of Lancaster, from their 
great numbers and the disposition of some to oppose or delay the Opera- 
tion of the Militia laws of this State, have Rendered the duties of the 
Lieutenant and sub-Lieutenants of the said county not only difficult, but 
also very extensive and burdensome, whereby it hath become necessary 
to appoint a greater number of sub -Lieutenants than is mentioned m the 
Militia law. It is, therefore. Ordained by the Council of Safety of the 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that Curtis Grubb, Esq'r, William Ross, 



266 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

of the borough of Lancaster, and Simon Snyder of the said borough, be 
appointed, and they are hereby appointed sub-Lieutenants of the said 
County of Lancaster, and that they and each of them shall have, use, 
and exercise all the powers and authorities which the sub -Lieutenants 
appointed in the Militia Law of this State are authorized and empowered 
to have, use or exercise, and shall be allowed the like pay for their ser- 
vices as to the sub -Lieutenants appointed by virtue of the said Militia 
law is or hath been allowed. 

"By order of the Council of Safety. 

"Thomas Wharton, jun'r. President. 
The Council met, Lancaster, Wednesday, November 12, 1777. 

PRESENT: 

His Excellency Tho's Wharton, jun'r, Esq'r, President. Hon'ble 
George Bryan, Esq'r, Vice President. 

Jacob Morgan, John Hambright, and 



James Edgar, Jacob Arndt, f *^ 

The Hon'ble the Continental Congress, having recommended the setting 
apart Thursday the Eighteenth day of December next for Solemn thanks- 
giving and praise, and this Council having duly weighed the importance 
of this duty, do in the following words, recommend it to the people of 
this Commonwealth, viz: 

" By the Swpreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: 

"A PROCLAMATION: 

" Whereas, The Hon'ble the Continental Congress have recommended 
in the following words, to wit : 

^^ Forasmuch as it is the indispensable duty of all Men to adore the 
superintending Providence of Almighty God, to acknowledge with grati- 
tude their obligations to Him for benefits received, and to implore such 
further obligations as they stand in need of; and it having pleased Him 
in his abundant Mercy, not only to continue to us the innumerable bless- 
ings of His Common Providence, but also to smile upon us in the prose- 
cution of a just and necessary War, for the defence and establishment of 
our unalienable rights and liberties, particularly in that He hath been 
pleased in so great a manner to prosper the means used for the support of 
our Troops, and to Crown our Arms with most signal success; it is 
therefore, recommended to the Legislative or Executive Powers of these 
United States, to set apart Thursday the Eighteenth day of December 
next, for Solemn thanksgiving and praise, that at one time and with one 
voice, the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts, 
and consecrate themselves to the service of their Divine Benefactor, and 
that together with their sincere acknowledgments and offerings, they may 
join the penitent confession of their manifold sins, whereby they had 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 267 

forfeited every favor, aud their liumble and earnest supplication, tliat it 
may please God, tbrougb the merits of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive 
and blot them out of his remembrance; that it may please Him gra- 
ciously to afibrd His blessings on the Government of these States respect- 
ively and prosper the Councils of the whole ; to inspire our Commanders 
both by land and sea, and all under them, with that wisdom and fortitude 
which may render them fit instruments under the Providence of Almightv 
God, to secure for these States the greatest of all human blessings, inde- 
pendence and peace; that it may please Him to prosper the Trade and 
manufactures of the people, and the labor of the husbandman, that our 
land may yet yield its increase ; to take Schools and Seminaries of Edu- 
cution, so necessary for Cultivating the principles of true liberty, virtue 
and piety, under His nurturing hand, and to prosper the means of Eeli- 
gion, for the promotion and enlargement of that Kingdom which cou- 
sisteth in righteousness, peace and joy, in the Holy Ghost. And it is 
further recommended, that Servile labor, and such recreations as, though 
at other times innocent, may be unbecoming the purpose of this appoint- 
ment, may be omitted on so solemn an occasion. "We therefore, do hereby 
call upon the good people of this Commonwealth, to set apart Thursday 
the Eighteenth day of December next, for the purpose of Solemn thanks- 
giving and praise. 

"By order of Council. 

"Thomas Wharton, jun'r, President. 
"Attest — Timothy Matlack, Secretary. 

" God Save the Commonwealth." 

^'- By tlie Supreme Executive Council of t/i,e Commomvealtli of Pennsylvania. 

"A PROCLAMATION 

"AVhereas, by an Act of the General Assembly of the Common- 
wealth of Pennsylvania, made and passed at Lancaster, the 13th Octo- 
ber, 1777, entitled 'An Act for Constituting a Council of Safety, and 
vesting the same with the powers therein mentioned,' It is Enacted that 
the Members of the Supreme Executive Council of this State, together 
with John Bayard, &c., should be constituted a Council of Safety, with 
the powers and for the purposes in and by the said Act particularly 
mentioned and declared: And u-hereas, in and by the same Act of As- 
sembly it is further enacted, that the Supreme Executive Council of 
this State might at any time during the powers and Authorities thereby 
granted by Proclamation or other publick Act, Eenounce, determine 
and extinguish the same, and every part thereof; And that, thereupon, 
the said powers, and every of them, should cease and become void, and 
be no longer exercised or enforced : And tuhereas, by the blessing of 
Heaven, the progress of the Enemy hath been Restrained, in so much 



268 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

that the Elections for Members of Assembly have in most parts of the 
Commonwealth been Eegularly held, and the Ordinary powers of Gov- 
ernment are at full and tree liberty to proceed in their usual course, 
whereby the designs of the Legislature in framing the said Act are now 
at an end : We, therefore, the said Executive Council, do hereby make 
known to all persons whatsoever, that all and every the powers and 
Authorities by the said Act granted to the said Council of Safety, are 
extinguished and determined, and that the same and every part thereof, 
shall from henceforth cease and become void, and be no longer exercised 
or enforced. 

"Given at Lancaster this 6th day of December, 1777. 
"By Order of Council. 

" Tho's Wharton, Presid't. 

" Attest— Tim'y Matlack, Sec'y." 

T. Matlach to Board of War, 1778. 

Lancaster, 13th January, 1778. 

Sir: Col, Curtis Grubb, of Lebanon, sub-lieutenant of L. County, has 
for some time past, taken care to provide Guards of Militia for the safety 
of the Warlike stores which are lodged there, and also for the due res- 
traint of the Hessian prisoners, who were not removed. He represents 
to Council the difficulty of drawing out sufficient numbers, and the need- 
less expense of pay and rations, when the duty might be with greater 
confidence assigned to a party of the Continental Troops, now quartered 
here. At his request, and as Council join with him in sentiment, I am 
directed to lay this matter, thro' you, before the board of War. 

The Colonel also suggests, that it is worthy consideration, whether the 
prisoners ought to be kept at a place where stores of such value and 
consequence are lodged. 

I am, Sir, T. M. 

Regidations for the Main Guard, at Lancaster, 1778. 
Which are Strictly to be attended to. 

Article 1st. The Officer of the Guard is constantly to attend at the 
Guard House, and give particular attention that no strong Liquor be 
permitted in among the Guard. 

2d. There is at no time more than five Men allowed to be Abseat from 
the Guard, and in no case, but when they go for their Yictuals. 

3d. No Soldier to Absent himself from the Guard without leave from 
the Officer, on pain of being confined. 

4th. A non-commissioned Officer and four Privates to Patrole the Streets 
every two hours, and apprehend all Stragglers and Suspicious persons 
who can give no good Account of themselves, but great care is to be 
observ'd that none of the Inhabitants are Insulted. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 209 

5th. Any Soldier who shall be found Sleeping or intoxicated with 
Liquor on his Post, shall bo CQnfined and dealt with according as a Court 
Martial shall direct. 

6th. The Sentinels that are to be placed in the Town are not to ob- 
struct or prevent any of the Inhabitants from passing or repassing to 
their Homes, upon their answering when Challenged. 

7th. The Officer of the Guard is to Visit the Sentries after the Coun- 
tersign is given, as often as circumstances may require, and See that the 
Sentinels are Alert, particularly at the Magazine and Storehouses. 

8th, The Officer of the Guard is to make a Report every mornino- to 
the Town Major. 

The Compliance of these Orders is expected both from Officer and 
Soldiers, and will be inspected into. 

Christ'n Wirtz, T. Major. 
Directed^ 

Timothy Matlack, Sec'ry, Pres't. 
. Indorsement^ 

From Major Wirtz, Jan'y 20, 1778. 

Council to Wagon Masters^ 1778. 

In Council, Lancaster, January 29, 1778. 

Sir: Application has been made to Council for a large number of 
Waggons for Service at the Camp, w^here they are greatly wanted. You 
are therefore hereby ordered immediately to procure and Send to Head 
Quarters — Waggons, with four horses, and a driver to each Waggon, 
directed to the care of Colonel Lutterloh, Deputy Quarter Master General. 

It is ordered that these Waggons go to Camp loaded with forage. 
You are therefore to apply to Commissioners 

of Provisions and forage of your county, and obtain a load of forage 
accordingly. If money is wanted by the Commissioners for this purpose, 
they are to draw on Colonel Biddle for it. Bat if any of the Waggons 
can procure a load of forage near home, it is to be paid for by the Com- 
missioners. 

You may assure the people of your county, that the Waggons now 
called into Service will be relieved in due time, and for this and other 
purposes, you are hereby directed to make out and forward immediately 
the list of Waggons of your County, agreeable to the Act of Assembly. 

Lancaster Waggojis to call on Col'l Ross ibr che forage. 
--Berks, dQ;;juv:iii'; on Col'l Mark Bird. 

jT'j-Northampton do trrf>f f .ji- on Col'l Hooper. 

,cvln these there, igi added directions -to apply to these Gent,, for the for- 
agie; But if, &c., as above, then the Commissioners are to draw on Col'l 
Biddle. 



■\ 



270 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Letter from Mr. Atlee to his Brother, 1778. 
Pray, my dear Brother, how comes it that Congress, by their resolve, 
relating to the two emissions of May, 1777, and April, 1778, have set 
the Country in such a ferment, and given room for a set of speculating 
People who are Enemies to the real good of their Country, to take occa- 
sion from it to depreciate the value of those two Emissions in the man- 
ner they have done, and are now daily doing. Mr. Henry just now tells 
me that there are a set of them here very busy in this matter ; that by 
their management within this day or two it is rendered twenty-ftve per 
Ct. worse than the other Emissions, which God knows were sunk low 
enough before. The principal hands here who busy themselves, he says, 
are Jno. Musser, Jno. Witmer, Balser Hertzer, and (to my surprise) 
Wirtz k Lowman ; that they exchange it at twenty-five per Ct. discount, 
and wont take it in payment for any Articles without that allowance, 
and our Butchers, Bakers and Farmers begin to refuse it entirely, owing 
to the stories propagated about it. Must people, who have this Money, 
either lose a fourth of it or starve? and when the time comes for ex- 
changing it, must they spend half the value of the little they have in 
taking it to Philada to place it in the office? and after that wait sixty 
Days and attend a second time for payment? Indeed, I think the re- 
solve is not one of the wisest, and wish to see these Evils speedily reme- 
died. Mr. Henry tells me that Billy Wirtz returned here yesterday from 
Philada, and reports that the Merchants, or rather Hucksters, of Philada, 
are playing the same Game there. Surely, Congress can call in these or 
any other Emissions in a manner less injurious to the Country. I am so 
angry at this affair that I hardly know what I write, and so vexed at the 
daily schemes for depreciating of our Currency, that I sometimes think 
we don't deserve the liberty we have been contending for, while such 
miscreants are suffered to breathe among us ; and indeed, I cant help 
thinking that the Congress's own Servants, such as Quarter Masters, 
Commissaries of purchase, &c., do as much injury to it as any other 
speculators — for, the more they lay out or charge for articles which 
themselves have ingrossed, the more are their Commissions. 

Council to Magistrates of Lancaster and Chester, 1778. 

In Council, Lancaster, Feb. 14, 1778. 
Gentlemen : Council has this Day received information that an affray 
has happened at the sign of the Compass on the Great Eoad leading to 
Philadelphia between some officers in the Continental service and others. 
Inhabitants of this State, in which one person, Lieut. Hammon, has been 
unhappily killed, and several others dangerously wounded. Wm. Atlee, 
Esq., one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, writes to you by this 
messenger, to request your particular attention to this unhappy Quarrel, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 271 

to take the proper depositions and order an Inquest on the body of the 
unfortunate man, in order that those who have been concerned may be 
brought to justice. I hope no resistance will be made to this inquiry, 
or to such Lawful steps as the nature of the case requires, if there should 
you. are to call upon the Lieutenants or sub-Lieutenants of the County 
to furnish you with a sufficient guard of the Militia, to keep the peace 
and enable you to proceed on the business with safety. Directed, 
To the Magistrates of Lancaster and Chester Counties. 

Council to Board of War, 1778. 

In Council, Lancaster, Eeb. 16, 1778. 

Sir: Agreeable to the request of the Hn'ble board of war of the 31st 
ult., the facts relating to the flagg have been collected and would have 
been forwarded before now, but that it was hoped some further circum- 
stances would have transpired in the examination of the horse thieves 
sent out of the City by General Howe, and some of the papers were 
wanted by the Court Martial on their trial — but no further evidence 
appears. 

On the arrival of the flagg in this borough, Capt. Wilson and Lieut. 
Patterson, the officers appointed by General Washington, to attend the 
Flagg, waited on the Council for instructions respecting the price to be 
paid by the enemy officers for provisions on their journey, and produced 
a list of prices which, they said, had been given them by a superior offi- 
cer; but it was not signed. As the Council was not authorized by law 
to limit the prices of articles of any kind, they did not choose to interfere, 
or give any directions in the matter, further than to inform the Gentle- 
men, that there was a law of the State forbidding the asking a higher 
price for anything whatever in continental money than in gold or silver. 
Lieutenant Patterson afterwards complained that Mr. Herbert, a tavern 
keeper in this borough, had made out the bill against the enemy's offi- 
cers much lower than his bill for like articles. Mr. Herbert was sent for 
and the matter examined. It appeared that the articles though high 
were charged at the rates then commonly paid by travellers, and there- 
fore Council declined to order any abatement in the bill ; or to give a 
list of prices to be paid on the road. Soon after this Council were in- 
formed that the enemy officers were determined to return unless some- 
thing further was done in their favor, to which it was replied, that the 
Gentlemen were perfectly at liberty to do as they pleased in that respect, 
and that they might depend no law of the State would be violated in 
order to induce them to go forward. What passed between our officers 
and those of the Flag, or between either of them and the Gentlemen who 
signed and sent the paper to Council, which has been sent forward to 
the Delegates of Pennsylvania in Congress, we do not [pretend to know. 



272 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The Flagg however went forward. After the bills were paid the Coun- 
cil requested William Henry, Esq., to take Mr. Herbert's deposition on 
the facts, with intention to forward it to Congress; but upon reading it, 
they thought it might probably induce some unfavorable suspicions of 
the conduct of Lieut. Patterson with respect to the said money, and being 
desirous to avoid this, as it might be injurious to that young gentleman, 
they declined sending it at that time. They now enclose it without 
further comment. 

The deposition of Mr. John Miller will shew the indecency of the di- 
rection upon several packages sent by the Flag. The representation of 
Wm. Henry, Bsqr., will give you the facts relating to the Counterfeit 
money found on the Serjeants and others attending the Flagg. You 
will judge what connexion Captain Christie's deposition may have with 
this affair. 

The depositions of Lieut. Colonel Stewart, Eliza Brisben, and Margaret 
Patton contain the best intelligence we have received of the conduct on 
the return of the flag. 

Many circumstances have occurred which induce a Suspicion that very 
improper sentiments have beeti thrown out by the enemy officers on 
their way and in this borough, but, upon inquiry, no direct evidence of 
the facts have been obtained. . . •; < 

The examination of Joseph Rode and Henry Mansin are' also 'enclosed; 
that of Wendel Myer, it is probable, will be wanted on his trial before 
a Civil Court, and as it is to the same purpose with the other two is not 
sent. ■ ' '^''>'f 5.f. 

■•.-Umr) inu f. Lancaster, March 18, 1778. 

" By the Supreme Execxitive Council of the Commonwralth of Pennsylvania. 

f." ! H Jjyd-ioii .-iM ?s."A PROCLAMATION: .y^^. ao^si<iti^i ima'^iiJBiA 
"Whereas, The Congress of the United Stated of Aiherica, by their 
Resolve of the Seventh day of March instant, have recommended in the 
following words, viz : htjii 9fi.t hrti 

"Whereas, Almighty God, in the righteous dispensation of His Provi- 
dence, hath permitted the continuation of a cruel and desolating war in 
our land; and it being at all tim«s the duty of a people to acknowledge 
God in all his ways, and more especially to humble themselves before 
Him when evident tokens of His displeasure are manifested, to acknow- 
ledge his righteous government, confess and forsake their evil ways and 
implore His Mercy : 

''Resolved^ That it be recommended to the United States of America 
to set apart Wednesday, the Twenty-second day of April next, to be ob- 
served as a day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer ; that at one time and 
with one voice, the inhabitants may acknowledge the righteous dispen- 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 273 

« 

sation of divine Providence, and confess their iniquities and transgres- 
sions, for whicli the land mournetk; that they may implore tlie mercy 
and forgiveness of God, and beseech Him tliat vice, profancness, extor- 
tion, and every evil, may be done away, and that we may be a reformed 
and happy people ; that they may unite in humble and earnest Supplica- 
tion, that it may please Almighty God to guard and defend us against 
our enemies and give vigour and success to our military operations by 
sea and land ; that it may please Him to bless the civil rulers and people, 
strengthen and perpetuate our Union, and in his own good time establish 
in the peaceable enjoyment of our rights and liberties; that it may please 
Him to bless our Schools and Seminaries of learning, and to make them 
nurseries of true piety, virtue and useful knowledge ; that it may please 
Him to cause the earth to yield its increase, and to crown the year with 
His goodness. And it is recommended to the inhabitants of the United 
States, to abstain on that day from labor and recreation.' 

'''■And Whereas^ it hath pleased God to suffer the enemy to take posses- 
sion of our Capital, and the distresses attending on War have fallen 
heavy on the State, whereby it is become peculiarly necessary for the 
inhabitants to humble themselves before Him who governs the Universe 
and turneth the hearts of men as he pleaseth. And therefore, as well as 
in due respect to the said recommendation of Congress, "We do hereby 
most earnestly recommend to the good people of this Commonwealth to 
set apart Wednesday, the Twenty-second day of April next, for the pious 
purposes mentioned in the said resolve, and that they abstain on that day 
from labor and recreation. 
" Given at Lancaster this thirteenth day of March, in the Year of our 

Lord One thousand Seven hundred and Seventy-eight. 
"By order of Council. 

"Thomas Wharton, junr. President. 

"Attest — Timothy Matlack, Secretary. 

Council to Genl. Lacey, 1778. 

In Council, Lancaster, March 12th, 1778. 
Sir: I rec'd your letter of the 4th Inst., which I laid before Council. 
It is greatly to be lamented that there are any amongst us so lost to every 
sentiment of Virtue as in any manner to aid those who are Enemies to 
the just cause we are engaged in. Your neighborhood seems to abound 
with such, and therefore every means should be exerted to bring the 
traitors to justice. Those you have taken should be safely secured, in 
order for trial, as the Treason Law of this State will reach the crime 
you mention if proper proof be exhibited, which I beg you to attend to. 
However, as the Chief Justice is in this borough, I will consult him upon 
it, and let you know his opinion bv the next opportunity. 
19 



274 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The Militia law will not justify the Lieutenant of the County to per- 
mit two Men to serve as one, and to be discharged at the expiration of 
one Month, and I am not a little surprised that any Gentleman in that 
line would give it the least countenance. 

Both Philad. and Bucks Counties have for a long time been greatly 
exposed to the insults and ravages of the enemy. Council, therefore, 
relying that you will do your utmost, not only to Protect the inhabitants, 
but to annoy the Enemy, have no doubt they will soon hear that a total 
stop is put to the insults of the Tories by your alacrity and good conduct. 

I am, Sir, 

Directed^ Your very hum. Servt. 

To B. Gen. Lacey. 

Thomas Whiteside^ t&c, to Council^ 1778. 

We, the Judges of the Several district Elections for the County of 
Lancaster, do Humbly beg leave to represent to your Honorable Body 
that from the Information of Sundry the respectable freemen of the 
borough of Lancaster, that the Election held in said borough was con- 
trary to any Act of General Assembly of this State made and Provided ; 
insomuch that few certificates were demanded by the Inspectors from the 
Electors, and that Eeaders and Clerks were admitted without being sworn 
according to Law. There is found on Examination to be a Considerable 
number of Yotes more than Voters marked at said Election, which we 
conceive our duty to represent to you, the only Body we can look up to 
for the execution of our Laws. 

Sufficient proof can be made of the Facts above mentioned when 
called for. 

Thomas Whiteside, 
John Logan, 
Martin Bowman, 
William Brown, 

Lancaster, 20th October, 1778. 

In Supreme Council, December 29, 1778. 

The Council taking into consideration the case of Joshua Bennett, 
School-master, now confined in the Goal ef the County of Lancaster, he 
having been convicted of keeping a School, not having taken the Oath 
of Allegiance according to Law, and fined by the Court of Quarter Ses- 
sions of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, in the sum of One hundred 
Pounds. 

Ordered^ That the fine of One hundred Pounds, adjudged by the Court 
of Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, to be paid 
by Joshua Bennett, (he having been Convicted in the said Court of 
having kept a School, not having taken the Oath or Affirmation of Alle- 
giance to the State, according to Law,) be remitted. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 275 

Board of War to President Reed, 1779. 

War Office, March 9tli, 1779. 

Sir : The Board have been honoured with your letter of yesterday, and 
in answer to that part relative to the Militia and the Stores at Lebanon we 
beg leave to inform you. That the Board desirous of placing those stores 
in a situation more secure, to ease the militia, as much as possible, from 
the burthen of military service, and save expense to the States, lono- since 
ordered enquiry to be made of the practicability of removinn^ them to 
Lancaster. But at that time the quantity was so great as to render their 
removal exceedingly difficult and expensive. Besides, the magazine at 
Lancaster was not sufficient for their reception, and another building 
suitable for them was occupied by the Clothier General; since then the 
supplies have been drawn from thence rather than from other magazines, 
with a view to render their removal more easy, and on the 26th ult., the 
Board directed Col. Flower to prepare them for removal as soon as the 
roads would admit, having Lancaster in view as the place of deposit, 
orders for their actual removal will be given accordingly. Until then 
we request the guard of militia may be continued. 

Enquiry will be made immediately of the condition of the light dra- 
goons at Lancaster ; and if they are adequate to the duties of the post, 
the militia may soon be relieved. But we are apprehensive of some 
difficulty on this head. The Board were not inattentive to the public 
interest in this regard, having long ago endeavored to get the duty of 
guards at Lancaster performed by the horse. But Lieut. Col. White, 
who then commanded them, gave such reasons against the measure as 
induced the suspension of orders for that purpose. Perhaps most of the 
objections are by this time removed. 

Of that part of your Excellency's letter relative to General Pulaski's 
corps, a copy has been taken and inclosed to him this day in a letter 
from the Board on the subject, a copy whereof we have the honor to 
send you herewith. The Count some time since received orders to march 
to South Carolina, in consequence of which he has collected his corps 
at York Town, from whence he will in a few days proceed on that 
route. The Board have an equal abhorrence Avith your Excellency and 
the honorable Council of the abuse of military power complained of 
as exercised by that corps, and will on all occasions, to the utmost of 
their power, discourage and prevent such irregular and oppressive 
practices. 

Your Excellency's other letter respecting the sounding the river has 
also been received. You and the honorable Council will permit us to 
express our regret at the intervention of any obstacles in the execution 
of a business so highly interesting to the United States in general and to 
this State in particular. But you say you will consider fiirther. We 



276 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

impatiently wait the result of your deliberations, as Gen. du Portail will 
soon return to camp. 

As to the map lent to this Board, we perfectly remember its being- 
soon returned to us by Col. Laumoy, the engineer who used it, as not 
answering (or but in a small degree) the purpose for which it was bor- 
rowed; and we are also well satisfied from our recollection, that it was 
sent back to the Council, or their secretary. Nevertheless, we shall very 
readily communicate to your honorable board General du Portail's map 
as soon as we are furnished with it, as we will with every other matter 
in our power which we think will be useful to the State, or which you 
may request. 

We have the honour 

to be, with great respect 
your Excellency's 

most obedient Servants. 

By order of the Board, 

Tim. Pickering. 
Indorsed^ 

From Colonel Timothy Pickering, by order of the Board of War, with 
a copy of a letter to Gen. Pulaski. 
Directed^ 

His Excellency Joseph Eeed, Esq., President of the Supreme Execu- 
tive Council of Pennsylvania. 
War Office. 

Board of War to Brig. Gen. Count Pulaski, 1779. 

War Office, March 9, 1779. 
Sir: We have the honor to inclose you a copy of our letter, and an 
extract of another, relative to the conduct of your corps in your absence. 
We hoped that all such grounds of complaint, had long since ceased. 
But as those mentioned correspond with former reports we cannot avoid 
giving some credit to them. The complaints are of such a nature as to 
demand a strict enquiry, at the same time they should lead you and your 
officers to maintain a stricter discipline in the Corps. This the peace 
and quiet of the Citizens of these States as well as the honor of the Corps 
indispensably demand. You will suffer us, Sir, to suggest the necessity 
of European officers divesting themselves of European Ideas, while they 
serve in America. The Inhabitants of these States are unused to the 
severe exactions of Military power; they expect protection, and not vio- 
lence and oppression from troops raised and supported at their own ex- 
pense. It must give you pain, as it does us, to find the Legion followed 
with the execrations of the People among whom they have been sta- 
tioned. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 277 

We are sensible tliat some irregularities happen among all troops, but 
no charges are so pointed as those against the Legion, from whence we 
cannot but conclude their conduct to be more reprehensible. We ref^ret, 
Sir, that there should be occasion of mentioning matters that must una- 
voidably give you uneasiness, but the duty we owe the People, and the 
respect we bear to you, Oblige us to do it. 

We do not mean however to delay the Legion on these accounts. Its 
services are wanted at the Southward, whither we desire it may be 
marched with all possible dispatch. But we wish past complaints may 
engage the Corps to more cautious and regular behaviour in future. This 
we conceive necessary if the Legion would recover and preserve its 
honor, or even wish to remain in existence. 
We have the honor 

to be very respectfully 

your most Obedient Servants, 

By order of the Board, 
(Copy.) Tim. Pickep.ixg. 

Directed^ 

Brig, Gen, Count Pulaski. 

The following letter specifies the price of cereals in this county in 1779 : 

Sir: Your Excellency's Favor of the 10th Listant requesting me to 
procure 600 Barrels of Flour in the County of Lancaster came to hand 
yesterday, and as other Business required my sending Express to Phila- 
delphia, I thought it my duty to give your Excellency the earliest In- 
formation of my willingness to procure the same and make no doubt but 
in a reasonable time shall have that number complete, as I have now 
upwards of 2000 Bushels of good Wheat purchased (which I intended 
for the Commissary's Department, keeping the Offal for Horse food) but 
as I have not engaged it to any Person, nor drawn or Eeceived Money 
from any Person on Account thereof I intend now to keep it towards 
making up the Flour demanded. The Wheat I have on hand I pur- 
chased at different Prices viz., £9, £8 10, £8, £7 10, and hope to procure 
the remainder for £7 per Bushel, which will reduce Flour to £20 per 
Cwt,, and under, after keeping the Offal for Public Horse food at the 
Price I gladly pay to other Persons, It is true a Committee of Lancas- 
ter Townsmen have regulated the prices of some few Articles, among 
others Wheat at £5, and Flour at £15, but all Public purchasers with 
myself found it an impossibility to procure the necessary supplies, at the 
regulated prices. Therefore were obliged to Deviate from their rule, or 
starve the army. We made a Eule among ourselves to lower the Prices 
of Wheat and Eye 10s. per Bushel weekly and inferior Grain in propor- 
tion, which had the desired Effect as it reduced the prices of Wheat and 
Eye from £10 to £7 10 per Bushl, You may rest assured, sir, that I 



278 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

stall do my utmost endeavours to procure tlie Flour demanded upon as 
good Terms as possibly may be, Tendering you a Just and true Account 
with sufficient Vouchers for all expenditures thereon, and flatter myself 
that my Conduct in this affair will convince your Excellency, that I do 
not mean to be a mere Agent upon mercenary Principles, but from a 
desire to have it in my power to serve my Bleeding and distress'd Country. 
You will be pleased to send me by the Bearer hereof, Mr. Gloninger, 
(my Assistant,) twenty thousand Pounds to enable me to prosecute this 
Business expeditiously, for I wish to purchase as much old Wheat as 
possible, it being much superior to the new, by reason of the heavy 
mildews. 

I am Your Excellency's 
most Obedient and 

very humble Servant, 

Philip Marsteller. 
P. S. If the advance money for the two militia Companies is not yet 
sent, the Bearer may bring it. 
Directed, 

Public Service. 

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esqr., Philada. 

Williarri Henry to President Reed, 1779. 

Lancaster, November 27, 1779. 

Sir: I am informed one John Musser of this Town has lately purchased 
a Tract of land of about 500 Acres, commonly known by the Name of 
the Conestoga Mannor, of John Penn, late Governor of Pennsylvania, 
for nine Pounds the Acre hard Money. At the Time the Lands in this 
part of the province was purchased of the Delaware Indians this was 
Reserved and a Deed was made to them and their Heirs, &c. The Indians 
who resided on it were killed by a Number of People in a former war 
and the Deed fell into the hands of John Hay, then Sheriff of Lancaster 
County, who delivered the same to Mr. John Penn. This piece of Land 
was afterwards claimed by Sir William Johnston in behalf of the Heirs, 
in Consequence of which the use of the Land was given to Mr. Thomas 
Barton who is gone over to the Enemy. Mrs. Susana Wright could give 
I believe a more satisfactory Account of this Affair than I can. It may 
be proper perhaps to enquire into this Affair. I have therefore thought 
it my Duty to give all the Information I have been able to collect. 
I am with due Respect, Sir, your obed't humble Servant, 

William Hexry. 

Directed — His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esq. 

President Reed to Judge Atlee, 1779. 
Dear Sir : The Letter of which the other side is a Copy, we received 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 279 

from a Gentleman of Character, in the County of Lancaster ; as it seems 
to be a Matter of some Consequence, the Council request you to take the 
Trouble of making Inquiry, and in Case the Facts are as stated, to fore- 
warn Musser proceeding, as the Lands are unqestionably the Property of 
the State, having been reserved, not for Proprietary Use, but that of some 
Indians, who appear to have forsaken them. Mr, Ilall, the Agent for 
confiscated Estates, will follow such Directions as you may please to give 
in the Matter. 

I had promised myself the Pleasure of seeing you before you left Town, 
as I wish'd to have had your Opinion and Advice on some Matters of a 
public Nature — but your close Attendance upon Court deprives your. 
Friends of the Pleasure of seeing you so often as tliey wish. 

This Opportunity going immediately, I must beg if you see your 
Brother soon, to present him my Kegard, and acquaint him that I have 
received his Letter, which I shall answer in a short Time, and am, with 
Compliments to Mrs, Atlee and Family, with much Esteem, 

Dear Sir, Your most obed't and very humble Servant. 

Joseph Eeed, President. 

The Hon. Wm. Atlee, Esq'r, One of the Justices of the Supreme Court. 

Charles Hall to President Reed, 1780. 

Lancaster, February 26th, 1780. 

Sir : Yesterday I made Seizure of the tract of Land in Mannor Town- 
ship known by the Name of the Indian Town, said to contain about five 
hundred Acres; the Roads having been very bad prevented my doing it 
sooner. This Morning Mr. John Musser of this Town came to me seem- 
ingly much displeased that private Property should be Struck at, and 
drew a paper out of his pocket, which he said was an Abstract from the 
Original Deed from the Chief Sachims to Mr. Penn for the Lands pur- 
chased from them at the treaty at Fort Stanwix, wherein this tract is 
particularly Described and Conveyed to Mr. Penn. lie said he was much 
Amazed I had not Received orders not to Proceed, as he had shewn the 
aforesaid paper to your Excellency and the Honourable Council, who, 
he said, was satisfied. The Land is now in the Hands of tenants who 
have worked it on Shares and have lived there since the Year 1771, and 
say they have made Sundry improvements in Buildings and fences, 
which they hope they will be Allowed for. As the season is now ap- 
proaching that the Land should be prepared for Spring Grain, I shall be 
glad if Council will send me instructions, if Possible by the Bearer of 
this, how I am to proceed with the tenants; but if the Land is to be 
Rented at a Certain Rent I shall be exceedingly obliged to Council to 
Name the Rent and Let me have the first Offer. 

I have Settled my Accompt with the Commissioners Appointed by 



280 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Law to Settle the Accompts of the Commissioner for Confiscated Property, 
and have their Certificate that I am in Debt one Hundred and four Pounds, 
seven shillings, to the State. I have Paid to the State Treasurer Eighty- 
eight thousand four Hundred and forty-nine Pounds, one shilling, and 
three pence. 

I am your Excellency's very humble Servant, 

Charles Hall. 
Directed — To His Excellency Joseph Eeed, President, Philadelphia. 
Per favour Col. Crawford. 

At this place and in this connection it seems proper to reprint the 
following transactions belonging to an earlier period : 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, on Tuesday 16th May, 1775. 

PRESENT: 

The Honourable JOHN PENN, Esquire, Governor. 
James Tilghman, | 
Andrew Allen, f ^ 

The Governor acquainted the Board that eight Cayuga Indians came 
to Town on Saturday last from Canasadego, on the Cayuga Branch of 
Susquehanna, on some Business with this Government, and that he now 
proposed to hear what they had to say. Whereupon the Board agreed 
that they should be immediately sent for, and they were accordingly 
introduced. Their names are as follows. Viz : 

[The names are not here inserted.] 

The Governor then acquainting them that he was ready to hear 
them, addressing himself to the Governor, first went through some 
short usual Ceremonies of clearing the Throat and Heart, and open- 
ing the Ears, &c., and then producing a Belt of Wampum, spoke as 
follows. Viz: That three of their Company, who were present as the 
nearest surviving Eelations of the old Seneca Sohaes, who lived for 
many Years with his Family and Connections on a Tract of Land within 
the Manor of Conestogo, in Lancaster County; that the old Man with 
his Family and Eelations were several Years ago Murdered there by 
some wicked Men belonging to this Government; and that the said 
Tract of Land, containing about 500 Acres, now became the Property 
of his three Eelations present, one of whom is Sohaes' Brother; that 
they had come down at this time to see their Brother Onas, and to make 
Sale of the said Land to him ; That the Land is very rich, and worth a 
great deal of Money, but as their Brother Onas was himself well ac- 
quainted with its value, they desired he would purchase it from them for 
such a price as he thought reasonable, and they would be entirely satis- 
fied. He then delivered the Belt of Wampum to the Governor, and told 
him that he had finished what he had to say. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 281 

The Governor thereupon acquainted the Indians that he and his Coun- 
cil would take their Speech into Consideration, and give them an answer 
on Thursday morning. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, on Thursday, 18th Mav, 1775. 

PRESENT : 

TheHonorable JOHN PENN, Esquire, Governor. 
William Logan, Andrew Allen, ^ 

Benjamin Chew, Edward Shippen, Junr., f Esquires. 

The eight Cayuga Indians being sent for, attended at the Board in 
order to receive the Governor's Answer to their Speech on Tuesday last, 
which the Governor in part delivered to them; but as it appeared to the 
Board that the Indians did not clearly and fully comprehend his mean- 
ing, the Person who undertook to interpret to them not being sufficiently 
acquainted with their Language, and the Indians expressing great Dis- 
satisfaction on being informed that this Land had already been purchased 
and paid for, it was agreed that Isaac Still, a Delaware Indian Interpreter, 
should be immediately sent for, to interpret the Governor's answer to 
the Indians in Council, on Saturday morning next. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, on Saturday 20th May, 1775. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable JOHN PENN, Esquire, Governor. 
William Logan, Andrew Allen, ) 

James Tilghman, Edward Shippen, Junr., f ^ 

The eight Cayuga Indians, by desire of the Governor, again attended 
the Board, with the Indian Interpreter Isaac Still, and having taken 
their seats, the Speaker repeated over the speech he had delivered to 
the Governor on Tuesday last, which was the same in substance as 
entered on the minutes of that Day, and the Governor returned them 
his Answer, which was fully explained to them by Isaac Still, and is as 
follows. Viz: 

"Brethren: The Tract of Land you mention, consisting of 500 
Acres, part of the Conestogo Manor, where old Sohaes dwelt, was in- 
cluded in a purchase long since made from the Indians, notwithstanding 
which, I agree that Sohaes and his Family had the Proprietaries' permis- 
sion to live thereon as long as they chose to remain in the inhabited 
part of the Country. Some time after the Death of Sohaes, aiid all his 
Family that resided there in the year 1763, there was a Treaty held at 
Fort Stanwix, to which I was invited by Sir William Johnson, in order 
to treat with the Indians, concerning the Purchase of a large Tract of 
Land, part of which lay in the King's Governments and ])art in the 
Province of Pennsylvania; At this Treaty the last great Indian purchase 



282 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

was made, for which I then paid the Indians ten thousand Dolkirs. But 
before the Treaty was finished, Sir William Johnson informed me that 
the Indians expected to be paid for the 500 acres of Land, part of the 
Conestogo Manor, where Sohaes dwelt; I accordingly agreed to pay 
them for it. The Price agreed on was two hundred Pounds, York 
Money, or five hundred dollars, the Value of which was then delivered 
in Goods to Togaiaio, the Cayuga Chief, to be distributed as he thought 
proper, and the Deed I now show you, for the land I bought of the In- 
dians at that Treaty, signed by the Chiefs of the Six Nations, expressly 
includes this five hundred acres of Land. 

"Having, therefore, already purchased the Land twice, it cannot rea- 
sonably be expected that I should pay for it again. However, as you 
have come from a great Distance, under an Expectation of selling this 
Land, and perhaps did not receive so great a Proportion of the Goods I 
delivered at Fort Stanwix, as should have been paid to the Eelations of 
Sohaes, and to show you the Desire I have to preserve Peace and Friend- 
ship with the Indians, and that Avhen they pay me a visit they should 
not go away dissatisfied; I am willing to make you a Present, which I 
hope you will think a generous one ; I, therefore, desire you will accept 
of these three hundred Dollars. 

A Belt. 

The Indians, accordingly, very gladly accepted the three hundred 
Dollars, and signed a Receipt for the same on the back of the Deed exe- 
cuted at Fort Stanwix, expressing it to be in full Satisfaction of all 
claims of Sohaes' Family to the said five hunded Acres of Land. 

William Henry to President Beed, 1780. 

Lancaster, July the od, 1780. 

Sir: In a Letter from Col. Atlee, of the 1st inst., I have the following 
Paragraph from your Excellency's of the 22d ult.: 

" Tlie Deficiencies of Lancaster County in the Taxes is become a most 
serious Consideration. The Treasurer informs us that only Three Town- 
ships have paid off their Fifteen Million Taxes, while the Counties here 
which have been invaded, distressed and plundered, have paid oft* their 
Fifteen Million, their Forty-five, and Three of their Monthly Taxes. Is 
not this melancholy?" I am sorry Mr. Rittenhouse has not understood 
my last Letter to him on that Subject, though perhaps the Fault may be 
my own ; be that as it may, the Fact is, that the whole of the First Tax 
for 1779, except a Balance in the Hands of Three of the Collectors (who 
are sued) is paid into my Hands ; and I have paid at Sundry Times about 
£163,000 to the Treasurer, and by his Order, &c.; and have Orders of 
Congress for more than the Amount of the First Tax; at the Time I 
wrote so the State Treasurer there were but Three Townships who had 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 283 

made their first Payments on the second Tax for 1779, since which Three 
others have made each a small Payment; but there lays an order of the 
Treasurer in favour of Col Blaine for 150,000, in the hands of Mr. Slough, 
30,000 of which I have discharged. I was obliged to lend Col. Atlee 
£1,500 to forward the Pennsylvania Volunteers, except which I have not 
lent or laid out any Monies, either in Trade or otherways, belonging to 
the publick. I beg leave to observe, that there seems to be more ex- 
pected from Lancaster County than was in our Power to perform. The 
Act Levying the second Tax for 1779, was made in November last, and 
the La\v;s were not sent up till January. To my knowledge the Commis- 
sioners began to lay the Tax by the Act published in the Newspaper, and 
as they received Instruction from Council which differed Irom tlie Method 
they had pursued, were obliged to Order the Returns to be made over 
again. The weather then set in so severe that there was no Travelling 
till April. The Taxes were laid as soon as the Returns could be got in ; 
and the Appeals were held in May and Collectors appointed. 

That Philadelphia City and Covinty Taxes are so far forward is no 
Merit in their Board of Commissioners, as the Snow was not a fourth 
Part of the Depth there that it was here ; besides, there is little difficulty 
in procuring Assessors, Appraisers and Collectors in Philadelphia City 
and County, &c., to what there is here where there are few people in 
many of the Townships but such as are disaffected. I hope. Sir, you will 
do me the Justice to believe that I have done, and am doing, all that Ls 
in my Power to forward the Collecting the Taxes. The large Sums owing 
by the Quarter Masters and Commissaries of Purchases, &c., will very 
much lessen the sum of Money expected from the Taxes of this County. 
I am, with due Respect, Sir, your most humble Servant, 

William Henry, C. T. 

His Excellency Joseph Eeed, Esq'r. 

On February 1, 1781, Council fixed the rate of Continental money at 
$75 for one dollar specie, and on May 15, ordered that after June 1 
next following only specie or its equivalent should be received for taxes. 

William Henry to Pres. Reed^ 1781. 

Lancaster, Mar. 3d, 1781. 
Sir : I think it my Duty to inform you that the Recruiting vService 
goes on but slowly; the Officers are very iudiftcrent about the Matter 
and do not receive the Two Dollars allowed them for each Recruit, but 
give it to the Sergeants. There is none of them have beat up in Town 
yet; the Reason is obvious, they want to have large Sums of Money 
advanced and to be allowed to account for Recruiting Expenses, &c. I 
have sworn no more than 12 and for several Days not One has been 
brought notwithstanding the Recruiting for the Classes is over. 



28-4 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Mr. W has been bound over for asking a greater Sum in State 

Money than in Specie for an Article he offered for Sale, and yet he is 
every Day crying down the State Money, saying it is good for nothing 
and will depreciate, &c., that the price he gives for Wheat is too little, 
that it will be dearer, &c., &c. Wheat is now bought from 4s. 6d. to 5s. 
6d. specie per Bushel, and he gives Eight Shillings ; he has nearly got the 
Amount of the last Order for £2000. If Slough or Keigart would act 

jn W 's Ofl&ce they could certainly serve the public much better. 

Some time after I wrote you, at the Eequest of Col. Temple, concerning 
the Difficulty of procuring Forage, the Forage Master of the Corps 
went to the most disaffected part of this County and got 22 Tuns of 
hay by a voluntary Subscription in Two Days and one half Eiding,* 
although a Stranger without Credit and Money, and this in the Winter. 

j^j;r, "W" , who was here at Hay Making, could get none, or at least 

said so. 

Your Choice of a County Lieutenant is much approved here. I have 
not received One Shilling from the Sub-Lieutenants of the Militia Fines, 
except from Adam Orth and Mr. Kucher, and that has been paid Mr. 
Marsteller as Pay Master of the Militia. 
I am with Respect, Sir, 

your most obedient 

hum. Servant, 

William Henry. 
Directed^ 

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esqr., President of the Supreme Execu- 
tive Council, Philadelphia. 

Per favour of ) 
Mr. Jos. Myers. \ 

Lt. Col Adam Hithley to Pres. Beed, 1781. 

Lancaster, March 3d, 1781. 

Sir: Since my arrival here, a considerable^number of the Pennsylva- 
nia Volunteers, who were last year raised, to serve for seven Months, 
called on me and demanded pay for their services. They inform me they 
were directed to call on the Lieutenants, for that purpose. 

As I have no instructions on that head, I could not comply with their 
demands, but promised to represent their case to your Excellency, and 
receive your directions. I have appeased them for the present— I shall 
wait your Excellency's advice in the matter. 

I have written circular letters to the Sub-Lieutenants, and amongst 
other matters desired they would settle their accounts, agreeable to a late 
resolution of the Honorable Council, (a printed one of which I inclosed 
to each,) several of them have been with and informed me, they were 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 286 

ready for a settlement, as soon as Colonel Atlee came to this place ; that 
without him they could do nothing. 

As I am not possessed of a single paper of any former transactions 
relative to the Office I now hold, it will be out of my power to do any- 
thing with those Gentlemen. Your Excellency's advise on this head also 
will be highly necessary. 

From the many and frequent applications I conceive it my duty to 
represent to your Excellency the situation of this place. The powder 
Magazine in which is deposited between twenty and thirty Tun of Pow- 
der, is and has been for some considerable time past without Guard. 
The Militia of this place are unarmed, nor are there any for them in thi.s 
place — so that little or nothing would be done to oppose any attempt 
against the magazine, or other public property. 

In consideration of the singular situation of this place, application for 
a guard, from the Corporation, was made some time since, to the Board 
of War — who in consequence thereof ordered Colo. Mayland's Regt. 
(stationed here) to do that duty ; but the peculiar state of those Troops 
I fear they were not acquainted with — I am informed by the Command- 
ant, they have so few men as scarcely to enable them to furnish a suffi- 
cient guard for the stables (which is absolutely necessary) and those are 
destitute of clothing, and some of them sickly. 

The number of disaffijcted (which is too notorious) in this Country, 
and the many strangers who daily pass thro' this place, make it abso- 
lutely necessary for the security of the publick property a guard should 
be ordered for that purpose. Two Sentinels will be sufficient — which 
will require eight men daily, including Non-Com'd Officers — so that 
twenty -four men (allowing three relieves; will answer the purpose. It 
will be necessary for your Excellency to give some directions in this 
matter. 

I am informed a number of Boxes with arms are in the stores at or 
near Cox's town. If your Excellency thinks proper, I will order them 
to this place, have them repaired, and kept in readiness in case of Emer- 
gency. 

I have the Honor to be 

with great respect and esteem 

your Excellency's most Obdt and very Ilural Servt, 

Ad'm IIubley, Jr., Lieut C. Lr. 

DirectedL, 

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire, Philadelphia. 

In Supreme Council, May 15, 1779. 

An order was drawn on the Treasurer in favor of the Honorable Mat- 
thew Smith, Esq., or his order, for the Sum of Forty Thousand Dollars, 
of which said sum Twenty Thousand Dollars are to be by him sent to 



286 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Col. Locliry, of the County of Westmoreland, to be applied in raising 
Men in that County ; Ten Thousand Dollars to be sent to the Captain of 
the Company to be raised in the County of Cumberland ; and Ten Thou- 
sand Dollars to be applied in raising the Companies in Lancaster and in 
Northumberland Counties. 

A transcript of the Kecord of conviction of Thomas Taylor, Esq., late 
of Cocalico Township, in the County of Lancaster, before the Judges of 
the Supreme Court, held at Lancaster, on the fifth day of May inst., of 
Felony and Bobbery, and the sentence of the Court thereupon : " That 
the said Thomas Taylor be hanged by the Neck 'til he be dead;" being 
read: 

On consideration, 

Ordered, That Saturday the fifth day of June next, be appointed for 
the execution of the said sentence, between the hours of Ten of the Clock 
and Two of the Clock of the same day, at the usual place of Execution; 
and that a Warrant, under the less Seal of the State, signed by the Pres- 
ident, and attested by the Secretary, be accordingly issued. 

A transcript of the record of conviction of Catherine Fisher, late of 
the County of Lancaster, before the Judges of the Supreme Court, held 
at Lancaster, on the fourth day of May instant, of Murder, and the sen- 
tence of the Court thereupon: " That the said Catherine Fisher be hanged 
by the Neck 'til she be dead ;" being read ; 
On consideration, 

Ordered, That Saturday the fifth day of June next, be appointed for 
the execution of the said sentence, between the hours of ten of the Clock 
in the forenoon and two of the Clock in the afternoon of the same day, 
at the usual place of execution ; and that a Warrant, under the less seal 
of the State, signed by the President, and attested by the Secretary, be 
accordingly issued. 

Colonel Adam Hubley to President Reed, 1781. 

From Lancaster, May 21st, 1781. 

Sir: I received the favour of your letter of the 10th Instant, a few 
days since, inclosing a resolution from Council confirming the call of ye 
2nd Class of the 8th Battalion of Lancaster County militia. The whole 
of the 2nd Class of the three Battalions, including non-Commissioned 
ofl&cers, &c., amount to a few more men than the number required; how- 
ever, I find we have use for them as our situation is by no means the most 
desirable. The Bayonets, sent under the care of Mr. Hays, also came 
safe to hand. 

A daring plot was discovered on the night of the 16th instant at the 
barracks, in which are confined the British Prisoners, which however by 
the early intelligence we received was happily frustrated. About 11 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 287 

o'clock at night I was called upon by the ofiiccr of the Guard who in- 
formed me a soldier of the 71st regiment had come to the guard house 
(one of ye Block-houses,) desiring admittance; that he had a matter of 
importance to communicate ; he was accordingly admitted and o-ave the 
following intelligence. That the sergeants of the Prisoners had a private 
and unanimous meeting that day and form'd a plan to effect the escape 
of the whole, viz : They, after their meeting broke up inform'd the Prison- 
ers of their resolution and gave directions for the whole to be in readiness 
on the proceeding day to avail themselves of the opportunity when the 
Gates opened for the delivery of their wood — the whole to rush out, 
surprize the Guard and disarm them ; they then would proceed to town 
where a certain Inhabitant (his name we cannot find out,) would conduct 
them to a Magazine of arms and ammunition ; these they were also to 
take, then to fight their way thro' the Country and effect their escape. 

I immediately on receiving the information, after making some neces- 
sary dispositions of the Guard, entered the Barrack yard, and ordered the 
whole of the sergeants (upward of forty in number,) to parade, which 
after some time was effected; I then gave them in charge of the Guard 
and had them conducted to the Jail where they are now safely lodg'd. 
We have 800 Prisoners here; the number of disaffected people thro' this 
Country is very considerable, so that our situation is truly alarming when 
I consider the state in which I find the militia ; should the Prisoners once 
clear themselves of the barracks the few men on Guard who no doubt 
would do their duty would not be able to stop them. The well disposed 
Inhabitants who would be willing to lend their aid and assistance for 
want of arms can only be idle spectators and perhaps see their own and 
neighbours' property destroyed without being able to give the least oppo- 
sition. 

If some ways and means could be fallen on to arm the militia of this 
Town, I should consider it safe from any attempt of the prisoners or their 
Emissaries. 

By the particular desire of the most reputable Inhabitants of this place 
I am to solicit Council that they do arm and relief after the expiration 
of their Tour the present Guard by an equal number of men from the 
8th Battalion (town militia,) only and this Battalion to be reserv'd (so 
long we have the prisoners with us,) for that duty. It will answer vari- 
ous good purposes. The farmer will now be wanted in the ffeld to gather 
his Harvest and the expenses of quartering Country militia when callVl 
upon to perform a tour of duty can be saved as the Town people have 
their own houses to go to, besides should there be a call for unlitia to 
march this summer this town must in a manner be left naked as the 
Guards merely would not be sufficient to secure 800 Prisoners exclusive 
of their Emissaries which I believe are not inconsiderable. 



288 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Other reasons could be advanced but Council will from what has 
already been said be able to determine on the matter. 

I could wish in the present critical moment of affairs to conclude and 
give Council as little trouble as possible. But necessity as well as duty 
obliges me to demand a further indulgence and give Council a short 
narrative of an unhappy affair which happened on the 19th instant be- 
tween the Guards and Colonel Moylar's Dragoons. It appears one of 
the Dragoons for some offence which he had committed was put into the 
Goal-house; a rescue by the Dragoons was agreed on; they accordingly 
assembled armed with Pistols and swords, marched to the Barracks and 
one more daring than the rest stepped up to the sentinel who previously 
desired him not to advance or he would put him to death ; this however 
had no effect, he (the Dragoon) first cocking and presenting his loaded 
Pistol attempted to seize the sentinel's arms who instantly fired and 
killed him ; the deceased's Pistol in his falling went off also and wounded 
one of the militia men in tlie thigh. 

This gave alarm to the Town and the Horse finding their situation 
rather precarious made off to their respective quarters. Ever since this 
affair the Inhabitants have been kept in continual alarm on account 
of the threats and behaviour of the dragoons who swear vengeance 
against the militia and particularly the sentinel who like a good soldier 
did his duty on his post (an inquest was held on the body of the de- 
ceased). He, for his security, has kept in the Guard-house ever since ; 
they have threatned to force the Guards and seize him, indeed last 
evening (12 o'clock,) some attempts were made but the activity of the 
out-Sentinel, after Hailing some men who were coming towards him, 
and receiving impertinent language, fired, and this day, though it is 
not yet clearly found out we are informed one of the Horsemen was 
shot thro' the arm. I have called on the Commanding ofl&cer of the 
Horse and requested he with his ofiicers should exert themselves in 
putting a stop to this affair, every step by them is taken I believe to 
find out the leaders and have them punished; the magistrates meet 
this afternoon for the same purpose; my aid and assistance shall not be 
wanting, but the insult offered Government and the continual alarm 
the Inhabitants are kept in has determined me to give the most pointed 
orders to the Guard, and I have no reason to doubt but they will do 
their duty. 

I have in consequence of the resolution of Council stopping the Collect- 
ing of fines unless from those people who choee to pay State money at 
the rate of 75 for one, stopped the Collectors from collecting the late fines 
until your further orders which should be glad to hear of as soon as 
possible. We meet with difficulty in Drawing candles, paper, &c., for 
the Guards which they cannot possibly do without, from quartermaster ; 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 289 

he thinks it necessary an order from Council or Board of War for tliat 
purpose should be sent. 

I am with greatest respect 

your Excell'y's most obt. Serv't, 

Adm. IIubley, Jr., Lt. Lit. Cv. 
Hon. Wra. Atlee to Pres. Reed, 1781. 

Lancaster the 25th, May, 1781. 
Sir: This will be handed to you by Capt. Hambright, our Barrack 
Master, by whose care and industry the Barracks here are placed in 
pretty good order, and I am confident he has gone the cheapest way to 
work-in executing the business, having employed the Prisoners tliem- 
selves in doing several parts of the work ; his knowledge of the Farmers, 
and influence with them, has been a means of our having supplies of wood 
and other necessaries hitherto, but they now begin to look for their pay, 
which obliges him to undertake this Journey in hopes Council will fur- 
nish him with Cash not only to discharge those Debts and the Moneys 
due to Carpenters and other workmen, but to procure supplies in future. 
We have had some disputes between the Light Horse who are sta- 
tioned here and the Militia Guards ; one of the Dragoons, in attempting 
to force his way into the Guard House at the Barracks, was the other 
day killed by the Sentry on duty there, and as they seem to speak of 
revenge, the Inhabitants seem apprehensive of some further mischief. 
I have no doubt but their officers will do everything in their power to 
keep them in order, and am persuaded the Militia will be watchful, but 
should a party of those people attack the Guard in the night (which was 
apprehended and believed to have been their intention a few nights since,) 
the Prisoners would probably take that opportunity to force their way 
from the Barracks, and the consequences would be bad. This considera- 
tion has induced me to order the Block Houses at the four Corners of the 
Stockade to be put in order, so that the whole of the militia, ordered for 
Guards as well those on as those off duty, may live in them, and not 
be scattered thro' the Town by Billets ; they will then be ready at their 
Posts in case of any alarm, and will have a better eye on the conduct of 
the Prisoners. 

A fall from my Horse which hurt my Leg badly has detained me from 
York Court, but I intend, (though contrary to the advice of my Physi- 
cian) to set off for Carlisle, lest I should be charged with neglect of duty. 
I am. Dear Sir, 

with great esteem your most obedt. Scrvt., 

Will. Atlke. 
Directed, 

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire, President of the State of 

Pennsylvania. 

20 



290 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

William Henry to President Reed^ 1781. 

Lancaster, May tlie 26th, 178L 

Dear Sir : It is paying me a greater Compliment than my poor abili- 
ties have any Claim to, to ask my opinion on the present intricate state 
of our affairs. I will however give it without further apology. The 
principal Eeasons why our paper Money is in so little Eepute with the 
people seems to be the following: Government has not Specie to circu- 
late with the Paper, nor can they at any Time exchange a considerable 
part of it for Specie. The natural Basis of all paper Credit is Specie, 
and the value we put on paper is in proportion to the Quantity of Specie 
it will purchase. Therefore some Method should be taken to procure at 
least part of the Revenue in Specie; this is not impracticable. Why 
cannot Tavern Licences, Marriage Licences, and Licences for distilling 
Grain be paid in Specie. The petitioner has one whole Year to provide 
the Money and his private Interest will stimulate him to it. It is true 
as the Laws now stand no Man is obliged to take a Licence for Distilling 
Grain, but would it not be good policy to enact such a Law and thereby 
oblige the owners of Stills above a certain Size, to have them registered 
in the Counties where they live? This would enable Government to form 
an Estimation of the Amount of this part of the Revenue, which I am 
persuaded they cannot at present. Under the late Government the Excise 
on Spirituous Liquors was said to be worth £6000 per Annum. If Li- 
cences aforesaid were raised 50 per cent, this would bring in a handsome 
Revenue without distressing the Subjects and would be attended with 
good Consequences to the people at large in preventing a number of 
Dram Shops being kept, which at present are a Nuisance, and would be 
ample Security to any Gentleman at home or abroad for the payment of 
a sum of Money to answer the present Exigencies of Government. 
Might not all Fines and Forfeitures in Courts of Justice be paid in Specie ; 
and the Duties on foreign Imports might be paid in Specie, or Merchan- 
dize suitable for the Support of the Army. 

The Government have put paper into the hands of people and ought 
to -receive it from them again in Taxes, though not at a depreciated value. 
To prevent this, the Taxes ought to be laid in Specie made payable in 
Wheat at a certain value in proportion to the Distance from the Market, 
or the value in paper to be ascertained by Council weekly ; and to prevent 
Fraud in Collectors, &c., they ought to give printed Receipts to the people 
and deliver in to the Commissioners of the Tax an Account of all Monies 
by them received and the Time when, which would enable the Commis- 
sioners often to detect the Collectors, and the same Method would be of 
use in Collecting Militia Fines and prevent numerous abuses which have 
happened. Collectors of Taxes and Militia Monies ought to be punisha- 
ble by Fine or Imprisonment, or both, for extorting more Money from the 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 291 

people than the Law requires, whicTi there is every Eeason to believe is 
practised, especially amongst the Germans. When I wrote in favour of 
the Tender Law, as it is called, I meant such a one as would in some 
degree have been adequate to the purpose, which the present is not ; it is 
too tedious in its operation to be of any use. At present, the best calcu- 
lated would not answer any good purpose, Therefore it ought to be 
repealed, for it is big with a number of Evils, the Money being so much 
depreciated. The Fees of Commissioners of the Taxes, Collectors, Town- 
ship Assessors, Appraisers, &c., should be set by the Assembly in Specie 
value for they are all again disarranged by the Depreciation. If the 
Tender Act is repealed Government may then receive the Monies out- 
standing for unpatented Lands at Specie value which they ought, and it 
will not be necessary to leave these Monies as a Fund for the £500,000, 
for that will depreciate to very little before it can be collected in Taxes. 
But I have perhaps said more than enough. 
I have the Honour to be. 

Sir, your real Friend 

and very hum. Servant, 

William IIenky. 

P. S. Mr. Wirtz gives Certificates to the Collectors of the Taxes for 
the Wheat delivered by the people. I offered to pay his Draughts in 
favour of the Collectors, but he declines. This, with some other Circum- 
stances, occasions me to think he intends to keep the Grain for his private 
use; this prevents the Collectors from Settling their Accounts with the 
Board and gives them much unnecessary Trouble and Expence. 

Directed — To His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire. 

Paul Zant?:i'n'jer to Pres. Peed, 1781. 

Lancaster, July 14th, 1781. 
Sir: I have the Honor of Inclosing to your Excellency a Petition of 
the Corporation of the Borough of Lancaster, at the request of the In- 
habitants, who are very desirous of having the Convention Troops re- 
moved; your Excellency will at the same time receive Doctor Houston's 
Certificate shewing the necessity of the Removal of those Troops. I 
hope the Honble Council Avill take it into tlieir serious Consideration, 
and if possible remove them from this place. 
I have the Honor to be, 

your Excellency's most obdt. Hble. Servt. 

Paul Zantzinger. 

Directed, 

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire, President of the State of Penn- 
sylvania. 



292 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Dr. J. HotijSton to Paul Zantzinger, 1781. 

Lcancaster, July 14, 1781. 
Sir: 'My opiuion being desired concerning the State of the Fever of 
the Prisoners in the Barracks in this Borough, I think it my Duty to 
assure you that the Jail Fever attended Aviththe most malignant symptoms 
prevails very generally among them, that it will be extremely difficult 
to eradicate it from those already there without some additional Quarters 
or Buildings, and morally impossible if those of the Convention be 
added, and that the Inhabitants of the Borough, especially those any 
way concerned in the Care of them, are in the most imminent Danger of 
contracting the Contagion. 

I am. Sir, 

yoMT most obedient Servant, 

J. Houston. 
Paid Zantzinger, Esquire. 

Board of War to Pres. Reed, 1781. 

War Office, July 17, 1781. 
Sir : The Board are embarrassed in their Calculations of the Numbers 
of Eations necessary to be delivered at Lancaster, and in forming a 
judgment whether any Contract or to what Amount should be made for 
York Town under an Uncertainty whether any and what Prisoners are 
to be stationed at that place. As the Board left the Determination of 
this Matter to Council so as to make the stationing the prisoners most 
convenient to the State, we request the Favour of your Excellency and 
the Honble Council to inform whether any Alteration is to be made in 
the Cantonment of the Prisoners from that understood by the Board to 
be the one fixed upon, viz., that the German Prisoners of the Conven- 
tion should be stationed at Reading, the British Convention troops at 
York Town, and the unconditional Prisoners at Lancaster. We are led 
to give you this Trouble for the sake of precision, and that no unneces- 
sary Contracts may be made at any place or larger Provision made any- 
where than is absolutely necessary. 
We have the Honor to be, 

with great Respect, 

your very obed. Servants, 

Richard Peters, 
Directed, By order. 

His Excellency, President Reed. 

William Atlee to Pres. Reed, 1781. 

Lancaster, the 6th August, 1781. 
Sir : Having just now some conversation with Col. Hubley respect- 
ing the militia on duty at this Post, as Guards over the Prisoners of War 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 293 

and Stores, and finding their tour of duty will expire in about two 
weeks, I beg leave to trouble your Excellency, to express ray wishes 
that the duty here could be performed by the militia of the Town only, 
or that we might at least have one Company of the Town militia always 
on duty; they seem to me to be much better officered than the militia 
from the Country and being more accustomed to duty, are better quali- 
fied for keeping in order a set of artful fellows who frequently persuade 
some of those from the Country, as well officers as privates when on duty 
to let them pass from the Barracks on various pretences; by which 
means they get opportunities of straggling into the Country and with 
the assistance of the disaffected make their escape. 

We have been fortunate these two last Guards in having Gentlemen 
at the head of the Guard who have seen service, and have taken a great 
deal of trouble in instructing the militia, and with those from the Coun- 
try are Capt. Scott and a few more good officers ; but as there seems a 
prospect of the next Guards coming chiefly from the Country and but 
few of the Gentlemen who 'tis expected will command them have had 
opportunities of knowing service, I fear the business will be done in 
rather a careless and unsoldierlike manner unless Council shall be of 
opinion that a considerable part of the Guard may be of the militia of 
the Town and shall be pleased to order accordingly. 

Mr. Hall being in Philadelphia we can do nothing towards fitting up a 
part of the Store-house for a Hospital until he returns, as there are pub- 
lic Stores there under his charge. 

Capt. Hambright being in my office begs me to mention that he lately 
wrote your Excellency giving a state of affairs in his department, and 
wishes the honour of a Line from you, as he is apprehensive that he will 
be under the necessity of giving up his bargain with ]\[r. Ross for 500 
Cords of Wood purchased from him, unless he can comply with his con- 
tract with him which requires the wood to be cut and taken from the 
Lands in a certain time. 

I am. Sir, with the greatest esteem 

your mo.st obedt. Servt., 

Will. Atlek. 

Directed, 

His Excellency, Joseph Reed, Esquire, President of the State of 

Pennsylvania. 

Pres. Reed to Jolui Ilamhright, 1781. 

Sir: Your letter of the 25th ult. came safely to hand, and we are 
obliged to you for your Care in forwarding the Ammunition and Cloth- 
ing to Northumberland. We shall be glad you would inform yourself 
whether it has gone forward from Middleton. 

With Respect to the Hospital we are quite of opinion that such a 



294 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Building is necessary, bm having had the Brick Store on the Hill recom- 
mended to us for this purpose, before your Letter came to hand, we had 
wrote to Col. Hubley to apply it accordingly. We are sorry to find the 
Quarter Master's Department in such a feeble Condition as to be unable 
to bear the slightest Expences, such as necessary Repairs and Wood. 
We must entreat you to apply to Col. Miles in the most earnest manner 
for some assistance, as it is absolutely out of our Power to give any hard 
money, as none has come in for Taxes, and the Inhabitants of this City 
have been frequently called upon heretofore. We cannot but think that 
such a Representation from Mr. Atlee and yourself, stating at the same 
time that the Government is not in a Condition to supply you, will bring 
round a Grant of at least a small Part of the £300,000 given lately by 
the King of France to Congress. We think your mode of getting Wood 
the cheapest and best, but we have never yet either here or elsewhere 
taken upon us the Payment of the Bills or Direction of the Quarter 
Master's Affairs in any part of the State; should we begin we do not 
know where it would end. 

So far as the Repair of the Barracks which belong to the State, and 
have been usually repaired by the Government formerly, we should not 
hesitate to do it if we had the money. We do assure you that Persons in 
of&ce are obliged to live as well as they can till the new Taxes are levied. 
We hope every one will see the necessity of collecting them speedily, 
and that Lancaster County especially (which is so able,) will exert her- 
self to recruit the Treasury. Such an exertion would be very reasonable 
and do great credit to the Commissioners and the County in general. 

There have been many Subscriptions, Loans, &c., in this City; we 
have never understood that our Friends in the Country have been called 
upon in this wa3^ Such a flourishing Town as Lancaster we should 
hope might, and they will in a Case where Humanity and their own Com- 
fort is concerned, advance a small Sum of money when the Repayment is 
now become so certain and expeditious. In addition to all former Loans 
and Subscriptions we have now a very considerable one for the distressed 
Inhabitants of South Carolina who are comiuo; over in laro-e numbers. 
These Contributions are much heavier upon us than all the Taxes. 
Surely it is reasonable to expect that those of our Friends who have 
never been disturbed by the Enemy and are of Ability will help a little 
at such a Time. If no such temporary supply can be had we can only 
advise the Application I have mentioned in the same Part of this Letter 
and that without Loss of Time. It is not with us a Question of Will 
but of Ability, as we should be glad to relieve you from your difficulty 
as well as ease the People of Lancaster in any Matter in our Power. 

I am. Sir, 

vour obed. Hble. Ser. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 295 

Pres. Reed to Lieutenants of Lancaster and York, 1781. 

Sir : By authentick Advices Congress have received from Virginia 
this Day, it seems almost certain, that a large Detachment of Cornwallis's 
Army have moved up the Bay, having Baltimore for their present ap- 
parent Object. We cannot, on this Occasion, but have Apprehensions 
on Account of the Prisoners, and therefore, have not only thought proper 
to give you the earliest Intelligence, but to request you will take all 
proper Precautions for their Security — and in case of a forward Move- 
ment by the Enemy, that everything should be in Eeadiness to remove 
them to a place of greater Safety. We would also recommend to you 
the falling immediately upon suitable Measures to have the best and 
earliest Intelligence of the Operations of the Enemy at the Head of the 
Bay. The Distance does not admit of a Surprise if proper Vigilance is 
used ; and the Consequences are of so alarming a Nature, that nothing 
ought to be omitted to guard against it. Should the enemy not make 
any Movement in the County, it is probable that the Prisoners will desert 
largely if great Care is not taken. This, therefore, though a secondary, 
is an important Consideration. 

I am, &c. 
Indorsed — August 6, 1781. 

In Council. 

Philadelphia, Thursday, June 27, 1782. 
PRESENT: 

Ilis Excellency the President. 

The Honourable the Vice President. 

Mr. Gardner, Mr. Van Campen, and 

Mr. Levan, Mr. Byers. 

Mr. Ewing, 

"Whereas, It hath been represented to this Board that, under pretence 
of supplying British prisoners with clothing, a store of British merchan- 
dize is opened in or near the borough of Lancaster, within this State, 
whereby a clandestine traffic is carried on between the inhabitants of 
this county and those who reside within the garrisons and places therein, 
now in the possession of the enemy ; a market is provided for British 
merchandize, the circulating specie is exported from the United States, 
the payment of taxes rendered more difficult and burthensome to the 
people at large, and great discouragement occasioned to honest and 
lawful commerce. 

Ordered, That William Henry, Esquire, of the said borougli, taking to 
his assistance a Justice of the Peace of Lancaster, do enquire concerning, 
and inspect the store in the said borough which has been opened on the 
pretence aforesaid, and if it shall appear that any goods, wares, and mer- 
chandizes, shall be found therein other than made up uniforms for the 



296 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

said prisoners, to take possession of tlie said stores with all mercliandize 
therein contained, and report to this Board ; placing a sufficient guard to 
secure the same until further orders from this Board. And if any goods 
wares, and merchandize, other than made up uniforms, shall hereafter be 
brought into the said borough or county, under the pretence aforesaid^ 
to seize and secure the same in like manner and report to this Board. 

Ordered^ That all Judges, Justices, Sherifts, and other peace officers of 
the State, be required to arrest all persons found hawking or peddling 
contrary to law, and more especially all British prisoners, whether 
natives of that country or foreigners ; and the wives or agents of such 
British prisoners who shall be found selling or offering to sell or barter 
any goods, wares, or merchandizes, of any kind, under any pretence 
whatsoever, in order that they may be dealt with according to law." 

The subjoined documents speak well for the intelligent patriotism of 
the citizens of Lancaster County. The first is a circular of this tenor; 

Dear Sir: The officers and representatives of the ninth battalion of 
Lancaster county Militia, upon consultation have concluded, from the 
complexion of the present House of Assembly, that the Constitution and 
Liberty of the State are at stake in some measure; and sensible of the 
importance of what has cost us so much blood and treasure, we have 
thought it incumbent upon us to exert ourselves for their preservation 
as far as our influence extends, and to warn all who would wish to be free 
from the dangers that seem to impend, not doubting at the same time, 
but you are ready to take the alarm, as you must be sensible of the same 
danger. We do not think it necessary to multiply words, tending to 
inspire your spirit, for we are of opinion that you possess the same, and 
have been only waiting to know the sentiments of your fellow friends to 
Liberty. Let us not then coolly and simply suffer any of our rights to 
be taken from us by any men, especially as our Constitution invests us 
with full power to oppose any such attempt. Perhaps our fears are 
groundless; but in case of apparent danger, which undoubtedly is our 
present case, a wise man will be on his guard ; and therefore let such a 
number of persons as you will please to appoint meet us at Manheim, on 
the 15th day of January next, in order that we may mutually contrive 
such measures as may have a tendency to preserve our good and ines- 
timable Constitution and our dear Independence and sweet Liberty. Be 
active and do not tail to fulhl our request. 

By order of the whole. John Eodgers, Colonel. 

Hanover, November 28th, 1782. 
To tlie Colonels of the Lancaster County Militia. 
MILITIA MEETING. 

Present — Colonel Thomas Edwards. 

Colonel Ziegler, Colonel Lowry. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. ^HJ 

Majors Cook, Kelley, Hays and Hare. 
Colonel Ross. 

Mr. Chambers, Captam Ewiiig, Ca])tain .]. IJubley. 
Colonel Rodgers. 
Mr. Clark, Captain Laird. 
Colonel Elder. 
On motion, Colonel Rodgers was unanimously chosen Chairman, and 
Captain Joseph Ilubley, Secretary. 

Colonel Rodgers made a neat and appropriate speech explaining the 
objects of the meeting, that a rumor was in circulation calculated to do 
much injury, "that the President of the State of Pennsylvania was hostile 
to the Independence of America." 

On motion, this question was put to each battalion : 
Is it the opinion of the members present that they approve of the 
appointment of John Dickinson, Esq., as President of the State of Penn- 
sylvania, or not ? 

Answer. The members of the Second Battalion are unanimously of 
opinion that a better choice of a President could not be made. 
Colonel Ziegler — Same opinion. 
Seventh Battalion — Same. 
Eighth Battalion — Same. 
Ninth Battalion — We hope the Assembly have made a good 

choice, and if they have we thank them. 
Colonel Elder agrees in opinion with the Ninth. 
Resolved, unanimously. That the People have a right to assemble 
together for their common good, to instruct our Representatives, and to 
apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances, by address, petition, 
or remonstrance. 

Resolved, unanimously, That in the opinion of the deputies from the 
different battalions now met, that the complexion of the present House 
of Assembly is such that we have no reason to doubt that the Independ- 
ence and Constitution of this State are safe, and that we highly approve 
of the appointment of his Excellency John Dickinson, Esq. as President. 
Resolved, unanimously, That we approve of Colonel Rodgers' calling 
this meeting, as it has tended to remove doubts and unjust charges that 
were in circulation to the disadvantage of his Excellency the President 
of this State, and two of our Members of Congress, James "Wilson and 
John Montgomery, Esquires; and we conceive such meetings have a 
tendency to suppress fiilse and malicious reports, and that thereby virtue 
may meet with its just reward and vice be depicted in its true deformity. 
Sio-ned, John Rodgers, Chairman. 

J. HuBLEY, Secretary. 
Manheim, Jan. loth^ 1783. 



298 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

JoliH HvMey to Pres. Dickinson. Court House Burned, 1784. 

Lancaster, June llth, 1784, 

Honored Sir : It is likely before now you have heard that the Court 
House in this place has been entirely consumed by Fire. I received 
this disagreeable account on my way to Lancaster from your City, and 
from anything that I can collect here, I find that all is guess-work how 
this aft'air happened. 

The House underwent some repairs this summer, and the Plaisterers 
were at work; a quantitj^ of Lime was put up in the inside for that pur- 
pose, to secure it from the weather — some suppose the Lime set it on 
Fire — others suppose that a Clock-maker, who was conducting the weights 
of the Clock in a different channel from that they formerly run in, used 
some Fire and was negligent. The Clock-maker denies he used any Fire 
in his work — and many conjectured that it was wickedly set Fire to by 
some unknown villain, so that the affair remains as yet in the dark. 
Happy it is for this place that the mischief has ended with the loss of the 
Court House only, as a strong south-west wind was blowing, and carried 
the Fire in great quantities over great part of the North-East part of the 
Town ; and though the Calvinist Meeting House, which stands at a con- 
siderable distance from the Court House, and several other buildings, 
took Fire, yet it was happily extinguished >\dthout much damage. I 
thought that this affair might be confusedlj'- Reported in the City, there- 
fore have given you such information as I could collect in the few hours 
I have arrived here. 

I am, sir, with the utmost respect, 

Your very hble. servant, 

John Hubley, 
Directed, 

His Excellency John Dickinson, Esq., President of the State of Penn'a., 
Philadelphia, 

Many prisoners of war were confined at Lancaster ; the following nar- 
rative furnishes a graphic account of prison life, and, as an interesting 
fragment of the history of Lancaster during the Revolution, will prove 
acceptable to the reader : 

"The American authorities found much difficulty in disposing of their 
prisoners. They had no posts regularly fitted for the purpose, and they 
could suggest no better means for securing them than to place them 
under guard in a thickly settled part of the country, where the inhabi- 
tants were most decidedly hostile to the English. The town of Lancas- 
ter in Pennsylvania, was of those selected for this purpose. The prisoners 
were confined in barracks, enclosed with a stockade and vigilantly guarded. 
But, in spite of all precaution, they often disappeared in an unaccount- 
able manner, and nothing was heard of them till they had resumed their 



OF LAXCASTER COUN'TV. 9<1<) 

places ill the British army. Many and various were the conjectures as 
to the means of their escape; the officers inquired and investigated in 
vain; the country was explored to no purpose; the soldiers shook theii- 
heads and told of fortune-tellers, peddlers, and such characters, who liad 
been seen at intervals; and sundry of the more credulous could think 
of nothing but supernatural agency; but whether man or spirit was the 
conspirator, the mystery remained unbroken. 

" When this became known to "Washington, he sent Gen, Ilazen to 
take this responsible charge. This energetic officer, after exhausting all 
resources, resorted to stratagem. He was convinced that, as the nearest 
post was more than a hundred miles distant, the prisoners must be aided 
by Americans; but where the suspicion should foil, he could not even 
conjecture— the reproach of toryism being almost unknown in that re- 
gion. Having been trained to meet exigencies of this kind in a distin- 
guished career, as colonel in the British arm}^, his plan was formed at 
once, and communicated to an officer of his own, upon whose talent he 
relied for its successful execution. This was Capt. Lee, whose courage 
and ability fully justified the selection. 

'•The secret plan concerted between them was this: It was to be given 
out that Lee wa*s absent on furlough or command. He, meantime, was 
to assume the dress of a British prisoner, and having provided himself 
with information and a story of his capture, was to be thrown into the 
barracks, where he might gain the confidence of the soldiers, and join 
them in a plan of escape. How well Capt. Lee sustained his part may 
be inferred from the fact, that when he had disappeared and placed him- 
self among the prisoners, his own officers and soldiers saw him every 
day without the least suspicion. The person to whom I am indebted for 
most of these particulars, was the Intendant of the prisoners, and familiar 
with Lee ; but though compelled to see him often in the discharge of his 
dut}', he never penetrated the disguise. Well it was for Lee that his 
disguise was s© complete. Had his associates suspected his purpose to 
betrav them, his history would have been embraced in the proverb, 
'dead men tell no tales." 

"For many days he remained in this situation, making no discoveries 
whatever. He thought he perceived at times signs of intelligence be- 
tween the prisoners and an old woman who was allowed to bring fruit 
for sale within the enclosure. She was known to be deaf and half- 
witted, and was therefore no object of suspicion. It was known that her 
son had been disgraced and punished in the American army, but she 
had never betrayed any malice on that account, and no one dreamed 
that she could have the power to do injury if she possessed the will. Lee 
watched her closely, but saw nothing to confirm his suspicions. Her 
dwellino- was about a mile distant, in a wild retreat, where she shared 



300 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

her miserable quarters with a dog and cat, the former of which mounted 
guard over the mansion, wliile the hitter occasioned superstitious fears, 
which were equally effectual in keeping visitors away, 

"One dark stormy night in autumn, Lee was lying awake at midnight, 
meditating on the enterprise he had undertaken, which though in the 
beginning it had recommended itself to his romantic disposition, had 
now lost all its charms. It was one of those tempests which in our cli- 
mate so often hang upon the path of the departing year. His com- 
panions slept soundly, but the wind which shook the building to its 
foundation, and threw heavy splashes of rain against the window, con- 
spired with the state of his mind to keep him wakeful. All at once the 
door was gently opened, and a figure moved silently into the room. It 
was too dark to observe its motions narrowly, but he could see that it 
stooped towards one of the sleepers, who immediately rose; next it ap- 
proached and touched him on the shoulder. Lee immediately started 
up; the figure then allowed a slight gleam from a dark lantern to pass 
over his face, and as it did so, whispered, impatiently, 'not the man — 
but come!' It then occurred to Lee that it was the opportunity he 
desired. The unknown whispered to him to keep his place till another 
man was called; but just at that moment something disturbed him, and 
making a signal to Lee to follow, he moved silently out of the room. 

" The}^ found the door of the house unbarred, and a small part of the 
fence removed, where they passed out without molestation; the sentry 
had retired to a shelter where he thought he could guard his post with- 
out suffering from the rain; but Lee saw his conductors put themselves 
in preparation to silence him if he should happen to address them. Just 
without the fence appeared a stooping figure, wrapped in a red cloak, 
and supporting itself with a large stick, which Lee at once perceived 
could be no other than the old fruit woman. But the most profound 
silence was observed ; a man came out from a thicket at a little distance 
and joined them, and the whole party moved onward by the guidance of 
the old woman. At first they frequently stopped to listen, but having 
heard the sentinel cry 'all's well,' they seemed re-assured, and moved 
with more confidence than before. 

" They soon came near to her cottage under an overhanging bank, where 
a bright light was shining out from a little window upon the wet and 
drooping boughs that hung near it. The dog received them graciously, 
and they entered. A table was spread with some coarse provisions upon 
it and a large jug, which one of the soldiers was about to seize, when 
the man who conducted them withheld him. 'No,' said he, 'we must 
first proceed to business.' He then went to a small closet, from which 
he returned with what seemed to have been originally a Bible, though 
now it was worn to a mahogany color and a spherical form. While they 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 301 

were doing this, Lee had time to examine his companions; one of them 
was a large quiet looking soldier, the other a short stout man with much 
of the aspect of a villain. They examined him in turn, and as Lee had 
been obliged formerly to punish the shorter soldier severely, he felt some 
misgivings when the fellow's eyes rested ui)on him. The conductor was 
a middle aged harsh looking man, whom Lee had never seen before. 

"As no time was to be lost, their guide explained to them in few words, 
that before he should undertake his dangerous enterprise, he should 
require of them to swear upon the Scriptures not to make the least at- 
tempt to escape, and never to reveal the circumstances or agent.s in the 
proceeding, whatever might befall them. The soldiers however insisted 
on deferring this measure till they had formed some slight acquaintance 
with the contents of the jug, and expressed their sentiments on the 
subject rather by actions than words. In this they were joined by Lee, 
who by this time had begun to contemplate the danger of his enterprise 
in a new and unpleasant point of view. If he were to be compelled to 
accompany his party to New York, his disguise would at once be de- 
tected, and it was certain he would be hanged as a spv. He had sup- 
posed beforehand, that he should find no difficulty in escaping at any 
moment; but he saw that their conductor had prepared arms for them, 
which they were to use in taking the life of any one who should attempt 
to leave them — and then the oath. He might possiblv have released 
himself from its obligations, when it became necessary for the interests 
of his country, but no honorable man could well bear to be driven to 
an emergency, in which he must violate an oath, however reluctantly it 
was taken. He felt that there was no retreating, when there came a 
heavy shock as of something falling against the sides of the house; 
their practiced ears at once detected the sound of the alarm gun, and 
their conductor, throwing down the old Bible which he had held all 
the while impatiently in his hand, directed the party to follow him in 
close order, and immediately quitted the house, taking with him hi.x 
dark lantern. 

"They went on with great despatch, but not without difficulty. Some- 
times their footing would give way on some sandy bank or slippery 
field; and when their path led through the woods, the wet boughs 
dashed heavily in their faces. Lee felt that he might have deserted his 
precious companions while they were in this hurry and alarm; but he 
felt that as yet he had made no discoveries, and however dangerous hL^ 
situation was he could not bear to confess that he had not nerve to carry 
him through. On he went, therefore, for two or three hours, and wa.s 
beginning to sink with fatigue, when the barking of a dog brouglit the 
party to a stand. Their conductor gave a low whistle, which was an- 
swered at no great distance, and a figure came forward in the darkness, 



302 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

who whispered to their guide and then led the way up to a building 
which seemed by the shadowy outline to be a large stone barn. They 
entered it and were severally placed in small nooks where they could 
feel that the hay was all around them except on the side of the wall. 
Shortly after some provisions were brought to them with the same 
silence, and it was signified to them that they were to remain concealed 
the whole of the coming day. Through a crevice in the wall, Lee could 
discover as the day came on, that the barn was attached to a small farm 
house. lie was so near the house that he could overhear the conversa- 
tion which was carried on about the door. The morning rose clear, and 
it was evident from the inquiries of horsemen, who occasionally galloped 
up to the door, that the country was alarmed. The farmer gave short 
and surly replies, as if unwilling to be taken oft' from his labor, but the 
other inmates of the house were eager in their questions, and from the 
answers, Lee gathered that the means by which he and his companions 
had escaped were as mysterious as ever. 

" The next night, when all was quiet, they resumed their march, and 
explained to Lee that, as he was not with them in their conspiracy, and 
was accidentally associated with them in their escape, they should take 
the precaution to keep him before them, just behind the guide. He sub- 
mitted without opposition, though the arrangement considerably lessened 
his chances of escape. He observed, from the direction of the stars, that 
they did not move in a direct line towards the Delaware, but they 
changed their courses so often that he could not conjecture at what point 
they intended to strike the river. He endeavored, whenever any pecu- 
liar object appeared, to fix it in his memory as well as the darkness would 
permit, and succeeded better than could have been expected, considering 
the agitated state in which he traveled. 

" For several nights they went on in this manner, being delivered over 
to different persons, from time to time ; and as Lee could gather from 
their whispering conversations, they were regularly employed on occa- 
sions like the present, and well rewarded by the British for their services. 
Their employment was full of danger ; and though they seemed like des- 
perate men, he could observe that they never remitted their precautions. 
They were concealed days in barns — cellars — caves made for the purpose, 
and similar retreats, and one day was passed in a tomb, the dimensions 
of which had been enlarged, and the inmates, if there had been any, ban- 
ished to make room for the living. The burying grounds were a favor- 
ite retreat, and on more occasions than one they were obliged to resort 
to superstitious alarms to remove intruders upon their path : their success 
fully justified the experiment, and, unpleasantly situated as he was, in 
the prospect of soon being a ghost himself, he could not avoid laughing 
at the expedition with which old and young fled from the fancied appari- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 303 

tions under clouds of night, wishing to meet such enemies, like Ajax, in 
the face of day. 

" Though the distance to the Delaware was not great, they had now 
been twelve days on the road, and such was the vigilance and suspicion 
prevailing throughout the country, that they almost despaired of effecting 
their object. The conductor grew impatient, and Lee's companions, at 
least one of them, became ferocious. There was, as we have said, some- • 
thing unpleasant to him in the glances of this fellow towards him, which 
became more and more fierce as they went on; but it did not appear 
whether it was owing to circumstances or actual suspicion. It so hap- 
[lened that on the twelfth night, Lee was placed in a barn, while the rest 
of the party sheltered themselves in the cellar of a little stone church, 
where they could talk and act with more freedom, both because the soli- 
tude of the church was not often disturbed even on the Sabbath — and 
because even the proprietors did not know that illegal hands had added 
a cellar to the conveniences of the building. 

"The party was seated here as the day broke, and the light, which 
struggled in through the crevices, opened for the purpose, showed a low 
room about twelve feet square, with a damp floor and large patches of 
white mould upon the walls. Finding, probably, that the pavement 
affording no accommodations for sleeping, the worthies were seated each 
upon a little cask, which seemed like those used for gunpowder. Here 
they were smoking pipes with great diligence, and, at intervals not distant, 
applying a huge canteen to their mouths, from which they drank with 
upturned faces, expressive of solemn satisfaction. While they were thus 
engaged, the short soldier asked them in a careless way, if they knew 
whom they had in their party ? The others started, and took their pipes 
from their mouths to ask him what he meant. ' I mean,' said he, ' that 
we are honored with the company of Captain Lee, of the rebel army. 
The rascal once punished me, and I never mistook my man when I had 
a debt of that kind to pay. Now, I shall have my revenge.' 

"The others hastened to express their disgust at his ferocity, saying, 
that if, as he said, their companion was an American officer, all they had 
to do was to watch him closely. They said that, as he had come among 
them uninvited, he must go with them to New York, and take the con- 
sequences; but meantime, it was their interest not to seem to suspect him, 
otherwise he might give an alarm, whereas it was evidently his intention 
to go with them till they were ready to embark for New York. The 
other person persisted in saying that he would have his revenge with his 
own hand, upon which the conductor, drawing a pistol, declared to him 
that if he saw the least attempt to injure Captain Lee, or any conduct 
which would lead him to suspect that his disguise was discovered, he 
would that moment shoot him throusrh the head. The soldier put his 



304 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

hand upon liis knife, with an ominous scowl upon his conductor, but 
seeing that he had to do with one who was likely to be as good as his 
word, he restrained himself, and began to arrange some rubbish to serve 
him for a bed. The other soldier followed his example, and their guide 
withdrew, locking the door after him. 

"The next night they went on as usual, but the manner of their con- 
ductor showed that there was more danger than before ; in fact, he ex- 
plained to the party that they were now not far from the Delaware, and 
hoped to reach it before midnight. They occasionally heard the report 
of a musket, which seemed to indicate that some movement was going 
on in the country. Thus warned, they quickened their steps, and it was 
not long before they saw a gleam of broad clear light before them, such 
as is reflected from calm waters, even in the darkest night. They moved 
up to it in deep silence ; there were various emotions in their breasts ; Lee 
was hoping for an opportunity to escape from an enterprise which was 
growing too serious, and the principal objects of which were already 
answered; the others were anxious lest some accident might have hap- 
pened to the boat on which they depended for crossing the stream. 

"When they came to the bank there were no traces of a boat on the 
waters. Their conductor stood still for a moment in dismay; but recol- 
lecting himself, he said it was possible it might have been secured lower 
down the stream, and, forgetting everything else, he directed the larger 
soldier to accompany him, and giving a pistol to the other, he whisper- 
ed, ' if the rebel officer attempts to betray us, shoot him ; if not, you will 
not, for your own sake, make any noise to show where we are.' In the 
same instant they departed, and Lee was left alone with the ruffian. 

" He had before suspected that the fellow knew him, and now doubts 
were changed to certainty at once. Dark as it was, it seemed as if fire 
flashed from his eye, now he felt that revenge was within his power. 
Lee was as brave as any officer in the army ; but he was unarmed, and 
though he was strong, his adversary was still more powerful. While he 
stood, uncertain what to do, the fellow seemed enjoying the prospect of 
revenge, as he looked on him with a steady eye. Though the officer 
stood to appearance unmoved, the sweat rolled in heavy drops from his 
brow. He soon took his resolution, and sprang upon his adversary with 
the intention of wresting the pistol from his hand ; but the other was 
upon his guard, and aimed with such precision, that had the pistol been 
charged with a bullet, that moment would have been his last. But it 
seemed that the conductor had trusted to the sight of his weapons to 
render them unnecessary, and had therefore only loaded them with pow- 
der; as it was, the shock threw Lee to the ground; but, fortunately as 
the fellow dropped the pistol, it fell where Lee could reach it, and as his 
adversary stooped and drew his knife from his bosom, Lee was able 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 305 

to give him a stunuiug blow. He immediately threw himself upon the 
assassin, and a long and bloody struggle began; they were so nearly 
matched in strength and advantage, that neither dared unclench his hold 
for the sake of grasping the knife; the blood gushed from their mouths, 
and the combat would have probably ended in favor of the assassin 
when steps and voices were heard advancing, and they found themselves 
in the hands of a party of countrymen, who were armed for the occa- 
sion, and were scouring the banks of the river. They were forcibly torn 
apart, but so exhausted and breathless, that neither could make any ex- 
planation, and they submitted quietly to their captors. 

"The party of armed countrymen, though they had succeeded in 
their attempt, and were sufficiently triumphant on the occasion, were 
sorely perplexed how to dispose of their prisoners. After some dis- 
cussion, one of them proposed to throw the decision upon the wisdom 
of the nearest magistrate. They accordingly proceeded with their pri- 
soners to his mansion, about two miles distant, and called upon him to 
arise and attend to business. A window was hastily thrown up, and the 
justice put forth his night-capped head, and with more wrath than be- 
came his dignity, ordered them off; and, in requital for their calling 
him out of bed in the cold, generously wished them in the warmest place. 
However, resistance was vain ; he was compelled to rise ; and, as soon 
as the prisoners were brought before him, he ordered them to be taken 
in irons to the prison at Philadelphia. Lee improved the opportunity 
to take the old gentleman aside, and told him who he was, and why he 
was thus disguised; the justice only interrupted him with the occasional 
inquiry, 'Most done?' When he had finished, the magistrate told him 
that his story was very well made, and told in a manner very creditable 
to his address, and that he should give it all the weight it seemed to re- 
quire. And Lee's remonstrances were unavailing. 

"As soon as they were fairly lodged in prison, Lee prevailed on the 
jailor to carry a note to Gen. Lincoln, informing him of his condition. 
The General received it as he was dressing in the morning, and immedi- 
ately sent one of his aids to the jail. That officer could not believe his 
eyes that he saw Capt. Lee. His uniform, worn out when he assumed it, 
was now hanging in rags about him, and he had not been shaved for a 
fortnight; he wished, very naturally, to improve his appearance before 
presenting himself before the Secretary of War ; but the orders were 
peremptory to bring him as he was. The General loved a joke full 
well ; his laughter was hardly exceeded by the report of his own cannon ; 
and long and loud did he laugh that day. 

" When Capt. Lee returned to Lancaster, he immediately attempted to 
retrace the ground ; and so accurate, under all the unfavorable circum- 
stances, had been his investigation, that he brought to justice fifteen 
21 



306 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

persons, who had aided in the escape of British prisoners. It is hardly 
necessary to say to those who know the fate of revolutionary officers, 
that he received for his hazardous and effectual service, no reward what- 
ever." — From the Reiv England Magazine. 

General Washington died at Mount Vernon, December l-i, 1799. A 
funeral procession in his honor took place at Lancaster, January 7, 1800, 
the particulars of which were as follows : 

Yesterday, in conformity to the Orders of Major-General Edward 
Hand, a military Procession was formed, in honor of the manes of the 
late Lieutenant-General GEOKGE WASHINGTON. It was joined by a 
number of the Members of our State Legislature, some Clergymen from 
the neighbourhood, the Brethren of the lodge of Freemasons, and a 
number of private Citizens; and proceeded from the Court House iu tliis 
Borough, through several of the principal streets, until they arrived at 
the Episcopal English Church, where a sermon, suitable to the occasion, 
was delivered by tlie Eev. Mr. Clarkson: After which, the Infantry 
fired three rounds, drawn up on the out-side of tlie Church-yard. The 
Coffin, which had been carried in procession, was left in the Church, as a 
monument of the respect and and esteem in which he was held by the 
citizens of Lancaster. 

The procession was conducted in the following order : 

Trumpeter. 
18 dragoon Horse, two and two, [ Montgomery's. 
Cornet with Standard in crape, l 
22 dragoon Horse, two and two, J 

Captain. 
12 Infantry, two and two, -^ 

Ensign, Colours in crape, )■ Barton's 

12 Infantry, two and two, J 

Captain. 
MUSIC. 
30 Militia Officers, two and two. 

5 Clergymen. 
Undertakers, with their Wands. 

3 Pall-bearers. -I f^ }> 3 Pall-bearers. 



J 



o 
,o 

4 Officers of our Eevolutionary Army. 

The Lodge in mourning. 

Serjeant-at-arms of the Senate. 

Clerk and Assistant. 



of lancaster county. 307 

Speaker. 

16 Senators, two and two. 

Clerk of the House. 

Speaker. 

32 Members, two and two. 

40 Citizens. 



The State Legislature met at Lancaster from 1799 to 1812. 



The subjoined account of an election jubilee held Jan. 1, 1801, char- 
acteristic of the manners and s})irit of the times, will be i)eriised with 
much interest: 

On New Year's da}', the Democratic Eepublicans of this State, at the 
Seat of Government, celebrated the success of the Republican Cause, in 
the election, by a Majority of tlie Peojyle, of Thomas JelTerson and Aaron 
Burr, to be President and Vice President of the L^nited States. 

They assembled in Franklin College^ where an entertainment was 
provided, under the direction of Mr. Slaymaker, of the Borough of 
Lancaster, undoubtedly superior to anything of the kind ever before 
exhibited in the Borough.- 

There were present the Governor of the Commonwealth; the Speaker 
of the House of Representatives; a majority of the members of the 
House, and the minority of the Senate; most of the principal officers of 
the Government; ^[ajor General Irwin; officers of the militia; the offi- 
cers and corps of the Lancaster Light Infantry,-^ and citizens of the 
vicinity. Over the chair, at the head of the table, was placed the por- 
trait of Jefferson, and the wall very handsomely decorated with ever- 
green. 

1 This building stands on liigli ground, on tlie north side oi" the Borough of Lancas- 
ter, and is 100 feet in length, by 3G feet in breadth. It is divided into tlnee rooms, 
having large folding doors, which were thrown open, so as to liave tlie centre table 
extend the whole length of the building. The side tables were each 80 feet in length. 
The whole number which dined together amounted to 2.")0 persons. The Trustees of 
Franklin College are incorporated, by law, on the most lit)eral ]>lan. The building 
and lots were given by the State, and the Institution endowed with 10.000 acres of 
land for its support. 

2 Near the head of the table, among i)ther decoi-ations, there was placed a pyramid 
covered with sugar-plums. On three sides of its base were, respectively, inscribed 
Monarchy, Hierarchy, Aristocracy; and on the fourth side was written, 200.000. in 
large characters. The base rested upon round and irregular pieces of sugar-cake, called 
jumbles. It seemed to have been designed to produce a scramble ; and was soon de- 
n>olislied, i)yiamid, bas(>, foundation and all. 

3 The Company paraded at the State House, in complete uniform, about 1'2 o\-Iock. 
After paying their respects to the Governor, they marched to the College, near which 
they lired sixteen vollies in honor of the day. They were then dismissed : and, soon 
after, joined their fellow-citizens at the festive Board. 



308 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The Compauy being seated at the table, the gentlemen appointed to 
officiate as President and Vice President, on the fourth of July last, were 
placed in their chairs, precisely a"t 2 o'clock. After dinner the following 
toasts were drank, in the true spirit of Liberty, and with a display of 
that enthusiasm, tempered with moderation, which marks the character 
of real Republicans^ to wit: 

1. The People, and the Constitution which they have ordained, 

2. The Patriots, in and out of Congress, who have honestly laboured 
to maintain the Constitution. 

3. The President, and the true men in trust under him. Three 
Cheers. 

4. The third of December, A. D. 1800; and the star which rose bril- 
liantly in the South on that day. Eight Cheers, and Ca Ira. 

5. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; placed, by the People, on the 
pillars of the Constitution. A manly attitude and a firm support to 
them. Sixteen Cheers, and the President's March. 

6. Keligious Liberty ; the Eights of Conscience ; their great Founder; 
and their living Defender, to wit : William Penn, and Thomas Jefferson. 

7. Freedom and Equality in our Elections. Political Perdition to all 
who shall attempt to destroy or pervert them. Six Cheers. 

8. The Militia. Skill in their Officers, and a firm front to their Men, 
Six Cheers, and the Grenadier's March. 

9. The Artillery Corps. May they, like Ben. Bobbins, be able to 
teach the Art of Gunnery to the Mercenaries of Europe.^ Cheers, and 
the French Grenadier's March. 

10. The old Congress, which raised and fed our Eevolutionary Army ; 
and the brave Army they raised. They both deserved well of their 
Country. Thirteen Cheers, and Yankee Doodle. 

11. The Memory of Gen. George Washington; the. Pattern of due 
subordination to Civil Authority. Nine Cheers; and, after a solemn 
pause — Eoslin Castle. 

12. America and France: As chaste Sisters, may they guard each other 
against the intrigues and treachery of Princes. Nine Cheers, and the 
Marseilles Hymn. 

13. The People of England. Bread and Peace to them. The Eoast 
Beef of Old England. 

14. Agriculture ; the first and best employment of Men. 

15. The Home-manufacture of Men; and Happiness to our fair Manu- 
facturers. Nine Cheers. 

1 Benjamin Kobbins, Author of tlie best Essay on Gunnery ever published in in any 
Country, is said to have been a Tailor in Portsmouth (England) ; and, by his talents 
and application alone, rose to the most distinguished pre-eminence in that branch oC 
Science. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 309 

16. Peace for a thousand Years, according to the Prophecies: To 
commence on the Fourth of March next. Nine Cheers. 

VOLUNTEERS. 

By the Governor. Franklin College. May her Sons emulate the A^ir- 
tue and useful Knowledge of the Great Man whose name she bears. 

The Governor having retired, the Company drank — 
. Thomas M'Kean, the Patriot ; Governor of the Commonwealth. Six- 
teen Cheers, and Music, Buckskin. 

By the President. Our State House Bell. May she forever obey the 
command of our Ancestors, and "proclaim Liberty throughout all the 
Land, unto all the Inhabitants thereof." (Inscription on our State-bell, 
taken from the Proclamation of the Jubilee. Leviticus, chapt. 25. ver. 10.) 

By the Vice-President. Our true and good Men in the Pennsylvania 
Delegation to Congress. 

By the Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. The Majority in 
Congress. May they learn wisdom, even at the 11th hour; obey the 
Voice of the People : and modestly acquiesce in the Presidency of 
Thomas Jefferson. 

By Major General Irwin. May Aristocracy never again raise its head 
in the United States of America. 

By the Secretary of the Commonwealth. The Liberty of the Press, 
and the Sovereignty of Law. 

By Mr. Findley. May the Friends of Monarchy, never hereafter be 
mistaken for Federalists, 

By Mr. Kean. Intrigue and Corruption. To both, perpetual confine- 
ment within the Courts of Princes. 

By the Secretary of the Land-office. Our military Citizens. May they 
and their Commanders remember, that Liberty was never subverted, 
without an Army. 

By the Surveyor-General. The Memory of the illustrious Democrats, 
Franklin and Rittenhouse. The one emblazoned with his own light- 
ning; the other, resplendent in his solar system; look down on the di- 
minished heads of Courtly Stars. Six Cheers. 

By a Citizen. May virtuous Aliens feel themselves, here, "among 
their Father's Children;" and may "our Father's Children" no longer 
feel themselves as among "Aliens." Three Cheers. 

By Mr. Reicheubach. The Memory of the 18th Century. >tay this 
and every future be, like it, an age of Liberty. 

By Mr. Kisler. Alexander Hamilton; and St. Paul's prayer ibr the 
Coppersmith. 

, By Major Light. May those who sacrifice the Rights of the People, 
meet the Fate of Tityus. 



310 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

By the Vice-President. The land we live in; and furtlier success to 
the Cause of Eepublicanism. 

At the south end of the Building, a Lanthorn, on which was shown, 
in large transparent letters, the words ^'•Liberty and the Constitution,^'' was 
erected 80 feet high, and lighted in the evening. The Citizens retired 
at 6 o'clock, preceded by Music, and an octagon Lanthorn 5 feet 4 inches 
in diameter, and 7 J feet high; representing the Temple of Liberty, 
founded on the Cardinal Virtues, and supported on the shoulders of four 
Citizens. At a small distance from the Temple was seen the Southern 
Star, in full brilliancy, rising and shining on the Temple,^ 

After parading the principal Streets, and complimenting the Governor 
and some leading Democrats in the Borough, as they passed their dwel- 
lings, every one departed to his oAvn home. Throughout the whole, the 
utmost decorum was observed. ISTo accident of any kind happened 
and, before 8 o'clock in the evening, all was perfectly quiet, as if noth- 
ing unusual had happened. 



In 1822 the city and county of Lancaster were erected into the Second 
School District of Pennsylvania. 

The Conestoga Navigation, began in 1825, was completed in 1829. 

In 1834, May l,the Common School System was established in Penn- 
sylvania. 

In the same year was completed the Philadelphia and Columbia Rail 
Eoad, begun in 1829. The liarrisburg and Lancaster Road was com- 
pleted in 1838. 

The Christiana Riot took place in Sept. 1851, in consequence of 
armed resistance to the attempted capture of two fugitive slaves. In the 
conflict Edward Gorsuch, of Baltimore, Md., master of the fugitives, was 
shot dead. The negroes were countenanced in their resistance by several 
white men. The matter created intense excitement; tAvo white men, 
Elijah Lewis and Castner Hanway, and a number of colored men were 
arrested and sent to Philadelphia to be tried for treason. The trial took 
place, but they were acquitted. 

The History of Lancaster County really terminates with the Revolu- 
tion. The internal improvements, the development of natural resources, 
the increase of population, the growth and multiplication of branches of 
industry, the spread of education and religion, the establishment of 
philanthropic institutions — all these and kindred subjects are recorded 
in the divisions of this work to which they respectively belong. 

There is however a part of the history of this County which illumi- 

1 The effect of this little Temple was really elegant; and did honor to the Gentlemen 
who.designed it: The Star, rising in the South, added to the effect, and excited great 
attention. 



OF LAXCASTKR COUXTY. 311 

nates its pages and furnislies a proud record of the patriotic devotion of 
its citizens, wliicli appropriately closes the strictly historical part of this 
work. It is the military record of Lancaster County, From the papers 
on file in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, which have 
been kindly placed at my disposal through the courtesy of ^[r. Gara, 
have been prepared the subjoined lists relating to the Revolution ; those 
relating to the Eebellion are drawn from the Adjutant General's Report 
for 18G6. It is matter of regret that in spite of the most diligent 
search at Ilarrisburg and elsewhere, similar lists of the officers from 
Lancaster County who served in the war against Great Britain in 1812- 
1814, and in the war against Mexico, could not be obtained. They may 
yet be forthcoming and, in that event, will be printed in a subsequent 
edition of this History. The noble work done with unwearied energy, 
perseverance, and self-sacrificing devotion by the " PATRIOT DAUGII- 
TERS," concludes the Military History of the County in the modest 
report, prepared by the excellent ladies on whom the management of 
the organization devolved, and is perhaps its brightest page. 

We now begin the Military Record of Lancaster County, is detailed 
in the following pages. 



312 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



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AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



1780. 

ROLL OF THE PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS FOR LANCASTER COUNTY 
WITH THE DATE OF ENLISTMENT. 



/ 



xVO. 



.) 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

X 
/18 

19 

20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
36 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
-53 
54 
55 



Names. 



"William Williams, 

Adam Carpenter, 

Gilbert Samuel, 

Tobias Kiuster, 

Joseph Geddis, 

Frederick Reisli, 

Stephen Davis, 

James Freney, 

George Foltz, 

Robert Mitchell, 

George Kishler, 

Henry Berntheisel, 

George Hucketswiller, . 

William Hunt, 

David Myer, .>J^ 

Samuel Grove, . ...^Tr:... 

Andrew Ream, 

David Ream, 

Andrew lludler, 

David Stule, 

Matthew Neeley, 

James Young, , 

John Stewart, 

John Heiser, 

Henry Nagle, 

Alexander Ford, 

Alexander Bramon, .... 
Andrew McGinnis, . ... 

Philip Arnold, 

Philip Buttenstein, .... 

Jacob Hassinger, 

Peter Harder 

.John Carmichael, 

Barnard Gustrell, 

Godfrey Everhai't, 

John Young, 

John Aleman, 

Jacob Offenbaugh, 

Abraham Soober, 

Ludw'k Road, 

Henry Rewalt, 

George Simmons, 

John Mode rill, 

John Segar, 

Charles Drummin, 

John Anderson, 

Christ'n Ginder, , 

James Turner, , 

Abr. Bronson, 

Andreas Wagner, 

Martin Mohler, 

Conrad Philip, 

Patrick Rudy, 

Bennett Heard, , 

Peter Riblett 



Enlisted. 



June 10. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 11. 
June 12. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 13. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Jxme 14. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 15. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



oli» 



Rob't Haniiah, 

Peter Kepliiiger, , 

Samuel Logan, 

James \V aters, 

Leonard Wyer, 

John Colp, 

Mattliias Hager, 

Philip Fernsley, 

Rob't Boyd, -:. 

Rob't McHenry, 

George Young, 

Fred'k Siegmiller, 

David Davis, 

John Hamilton, 

Thomas Mackey, 

James Osburne, 

Oliver White 

Henry Reading, 

Joshua Napp, , 

Alex"r Leighton, 

Simon Lough, 

John Slotterbeck, 

Thom's Carmichael, .... 

Alex'r Hastings, 

Rob't Care, 

Christian Weidley, 

Barnabas Allen, .". 

Henry Narmire, 

Lawrence Smith, 

Charles McCoy, 

Henry Yafie, 

John Sinister, 

Mathew Montgomery, . 

John McCush, 

Jacob Towinhauer, 

Will'm Allcorn, 

John Statier, 

Nicholas Ansi>ach, 

Daniel Hains, 

Jacob Rowland, 

Will'm Willson, 

Casper Dribble, 

James McMillen, 

John Campbell, 

John Spence, 

William Cashidy, 

Jacob Graff, 

Lud'k Kook, 

John Mohrer, 

Edw'd Stridle 

Patrick McL<mey, 

William Strahan, 

Christ' n Ziegenhain,.. 

John Field, 

Henry Sheib, 

Mathias Cook, 

Francis Fleury, 

Christian Frickheffer,. 

John Allison, 

.JSailiam Watt,.; 

John Gatege, 

John Hunlcy, 

Joseph Sinkel, 



ENLISTED. 

June l.*}. 
do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

flo. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 16. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 17. 

do. 

do. 
June 18. 

do. 

do. 
June 19. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 20. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 21. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 22. 

do. 

do. 

tlo. 

do. 
June 23. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 24. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 2"i. 

do. 
June 2(5. 

do. 
June 27. 

do. 
July 2. 

do. 
July 4. 



320 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



119 
120 

131 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 
133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 



George Nuss, 

John Cooke, 

Andreas Baltzbach, . 

John Hogart 

Andrew Sinclair, 

John Ewings, 

Hugh Donally, 

Christ' n Lindenroad, 

John Klingle, 

Patrick Molholm, .... 

Philip Lawman, 

John Ward, 

John Downhower, . . . 

Alex'r Man-s, 

John McGachen, 

John Frederick, 

Peter Long, , 

John Shartell, 

John McGregor, , 

William Weise, 

Nathan Levy...... 

Jacob Fettei- 

Jacob Hoffman, 

Lsaac Davis 

John Davis, 

Peter Giiimline, 

John Ernst, 

John Morrison, 

Anbrey Jones, 

John Schriver, 

James Fisher, 

William Moflfett, 

Jonathan Klingle, 

Thomas Gordon, 

Anthony Furnace,... 
Phineas Coleman, . . . 

David Wittezell, 

Samuel Saligley, 

Thomas Hassin, 

Casper Peter, 

Ludwig Steigley, 

Matthew Newland, ... 



ENLISTED. 

July 4. 
July 5. 
July 7. 
July 20. 

do. 

do. 
July 27. 
July 38. 
July 29. 
July 31. 
August 3. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
August 4. 

do. 

do. 
August 5. 

do. 

do. 

do.- 

do. 

do. 
August 6. 
August 8. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
August 9. 

August 12. 
August 16. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June 34. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



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OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 345 



REPORT OF THE PATRIOT DAUGHTERS. 

To those interestetl in the operatioius of this St)c'iety, 11 sh<;lit sketrh of its cflbi-ts, 
during the four years of its existence, may not be uninteresting. Tt was organized 
under the direction of Eev. J. I. Mombert, April 23, 1861, nine days after the fall of 
Fort Sunipter, and has the honor of having been one of the very first societies organ- 
ized for the aid of our Union Soldiers. They began with only *10() in their treasury. 
Their lirst efforts were directed to the relief of tlie Ohio volunteers, wlio were, for a 
time, quartered near this city. These i)oor fellows had left liouu; at a monicnt's warn- 
ing, and not finding the government prepared to give tliem clothing, were s:»dly in need. 
They were supplied with overcoats and blankets. After they left, their places wei-e 
filled by tlie 14th and 15th Pennsylvania volunteers. The Society supplied the hospital 
connected with that camp, with shirts, bedding, and many luxuries tlie men could not 
command. They also gave a dinner to tlie men, 2,000 in number, which elicited from 
them their warmest thanks, llavelocks and prayer-books were also distributed, the 
latter being obtained through the agency of their friend, Mr. Jlombert. To the vol- 
unteers leaving our own city the Society was not neglectful. They furnished ibui- 
companies with rations, one entire company with blankets anrl liavcrsacks ami a whole 
regiment with flannel shirts. During tlieir four years' labor they forwarded to ditlerent 
hosjiitals 1,0G1 boxes, barrels, etc. Among these stores were the following items: Hos- 
pital shirts, 5,219; flannel shirts, including those given at home, 2.187; drawers. 2,012; 
slippei-s, 94 i)airs; socks, 5,709 pairs; sheets, 129: comforts, 28; (piilts, :50; mitteiLS, 
2,000; wrappers, 296; pillows, 1003; pillow case.s, 891; half worn shirts, 9,080; towels, 
4,256; handkerchiefs, 1,700; blankets, 120; gum blankets, 12; fans, 20 dozen; farina, 
972 papers; oranges and lemons, 872 dozen; preserves and pickles, 1,401 cans; apple 
butter, 1.801 gallons; wines, 48 dozen; apples, 15 barrels; vegetables, 43 barrels; dried 
fruit. 63 bushels; bread and rusk, 62 boxes; tea, 18 pounds; sugar 245 jHuinds; beef 
and hams, 9 barrels; soap, 415 pounds; castile soap, 59 pounds; cheese. 5 boxes; tur- 
kies, 89; chickens, 301 pairs; crutches, 158; bandages, 66 pieces of muslin; eggs, 41 
barrels; brandy, 6 dozen; jVIadeira wine, 7 dozen; whisky, 3 barrels; pickleil slaw, 5 
barrels; cologne, 16 gallons; stationery, $72.00; buckets, 6 dozens; basins, 18; but- 
ter, 1,020 pounds; donated to Children's Home, one piece of nuislin. one piece of 
calico, one piece of de Laine, 24 pillows and cases; to West Philadelpliia Hospital, 30 
rocking chairs; to Fair for Soldiers' Home, $300; groceries for soldiers' families and 
others in need, $790.92; coal for soldiers' famihes, $107.80; .shoes for soldiers, $«7.55; 
clothing for soldiers and families, $381.4); meat for soldiers' families, $87.61; room 
rent for one year. $85; sewing and knitting, $105.10; to disaliled soldiei-s' funeral ex- 
penses, etc., $303.04; total amount of expenses in making the hospital clothing and 
other stores, in paying tlieir freight, in buying i)rovisions. and in paying the expenses 
of nurses, etc., $12,193.88; total amount of receipts of the society, $14,500.60: total 
amount of expenses, including the above bills. .$14,482.30; Balance on hand. $1H.:!0. 

ROSINA HURLEY. President. 

M. 31. KEN DIG. Treasurer. 

A. C. Si.AYMAKKR. Secretary. 

— From Doily Kmuufi K-rpn'^*. .'/''.y 5, 1800. 



346 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



DIVISIOIS^ II. 



T^OPOGRAPHICAL. 

At the time of its separation from Chester county, the boundaries of Lancaster county 
comi^rised "all the province lying to the Northward of Octoraro Creek and Westward 
of a line of marked trees running from the North branch of the said Octoraro Creek, 
Northeasterly to the river Schuylkill." Having been gradually reduced to its present 
limits by the erection into separate counties of York, Cumberland, Berks, Northum- 
berland, Dauphin and Lebanon, it is now bounded North by the counties of Dauphin, 
Lebanon and Berks, East by Chester county, South by Cecil county in Maryland, and 
Southwest by the Susquehanna River. Length 33 miles, breadth 38; area 938 miles; 
central lat. 40^ 3' N. ; long 0^ 40' E. from W. C. 

It is, perhaps, the wealthiest county of the State, in natural advantages, having a 
fine navigable river, which washes its western shore for more than 40 miles, a great 
diversity of surface and soil, abundantly watered by mill streams ; many and excellent 
roads, the principal of which are paved with stone ; a large city, and many fine towns 
and villages, and a population alike enterprising, patient and industrious, and conse- 
quently all powerful in compelling the earth to yield her most precious fruits. The 
great geological feature of the county is its division between the secondary and transi- 
tion formations ; a broad vein of secondary limestone, underlying the southern half, 
whilst a nearly equal belt of transition red sandstone covers the northern. The fonner 
aftbrds abundant supplies for building and manure, and superior marble for architectu- 
ral ornament. This portion of the country also produces lai'ge quantities of the oxide 
of chrome, or chromate of iron, and abundance of magnesite, from which a Baltimore 
firm have taken several hundred tons per annum, and from which they manufacture 
1,500,000 lbs. of sulphate of magnesia (epsom salts) annually, supplying the country 
with these two articles, at a price far less than they can be imported. Iron ore is also 
abundant in this region, and is found in the hills on the northern boundary. Good 
roofing slate is quarried on both sides of the Susquehanna near Peach Bottom ferry. 
Anthracite coal is said to have been discovered near Reamstown, but neither in quality 
nor quantity worthy of attention. 

Three ranges of hills run through the county from S. E. to N. W., the southernmost, 
chiefly in Martic, Bart and Sadsbury townships, includes Mine Ridge, and is notable 
for iron and copper ore, and other valuable minerals. The second range, more broken 
and less continuous, and of small elevation, commences at and about Columbia, and 
includes the Ephrata ridge ; and the third, the highest and most connected, is the Con- 
ewago or South mountain. 

Crossing the county from E. to W., S. of the parallel of Lancaster, we have Octoraro 
creek, which separates it from Chester, the N. and W. branches of that stream, the 
Conewingo creek. Fishing creek. Muddy creek, Tucquean creek, the Pequea, which 
runs S. W. over the county, receiving Beaver creek, and Little Beaver creek, and many 
smaller streams. The Conestoga creek, which, rising in Berks county, flows by a 
western course into Warwick township, and thence S. W. by the city of Lancaster to 
the Susquehanna river, being the recipient of many excellent streams which increase its 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 347 

waters from either hand, the chief of wliich arc tlie East Brandi, CfK-alico, Trout, Mid- 
dle and Hammer creeks, and the Little Conestoga creek; a slack water navi^atiou has 
been made on tne Conestofja creek. The Great and Little C'hiiiues and the ("i)nc\vaj,'0 
creek, which separates Lancaster from Dauphin county. All these streams alVord 
advantao-eous mill sites, and are j^^enerally and usefully improved, i 

The State C^anal follows the Susquehanna on the western border from C'*tlumbia 
northward. 

The Phi]adeli)hia and Lancaster turnpike road, is notable as the first made in the 
United States. Its length is 62 miles; it was commenced in the year 1792, and finished 
in 1794, at an expen.se of #465,000. Other turnpikes have been connected with it. ex- 
tending from Trenton, on the Delaware, to Steubenville, on^ the Ohio, a continuous line 
of 343 miles. From the city of Lancaster this road is continued westward through the 
county, about 11 miles to the Susquehannah river at C(jluml)ia, which it crosses by a 
bridge of more than 5,000 feet in length. Another turnpike road leads from Lancaster 
city N. W. to Harrisburg, from which are laterals connecting with the thriving towns 
of Marietta and Falmouth, on the Susquehanna river. Another turnpike road, com- 
mencing at Downingtown, Chester county, traver.ses the N. E. part of this county for 
25 miles, passing through the town of Ephrata, to Harrisburg. The Lancaster and 
Reading turnpike road proceeds N. E. from the city of Lancaster, through the county, 
25 miles; and the Lancaster and Wilmington turnpike i-oad, entering the county 
through Mine Hill gap, unites with the Philadelphia road, at Slaj-maker's tavern, 
about 14 miles E. from the city of Lancaster. Country roads, kept in very good ordei-, 
are made in every direction. 2 

Good bridges, almost universally of stone, have been made over the principal streams 
where crossed by the great roads; generally at the expense of the county or of the turn- 
pike companies; but in some cases by comj^anies specially incorporated for the purpose, 
and by individuals authorized by the State. Those most worthy of note are over the 
Susquehanna river and the Conestoga creek. 

The chief towns of the county are Lancaster city, the boroughs of Columbia, ilarietta, 
AVashington and Strasburg, Falmouth, Bainbridge, Maytown, Elizabethtown, Mount 
Joy, Manheim, Petersburg, Neft'sville, New Market, Fairview, ^lillerstown, Souders- 
burg, Paradise, Intercourse, Xew Holland, Churchtown, Swopetown, llinkletown, 
Ephrata, Litiz, Reamstown and Adamstown, &c., for notice of which see their titles 
respectively. 

The Penmyldania Rail Road traverses the county from East to "West; the chief stati(.ns 
in the county are the following: Christiana, Gap, Kinzer's, Leaman Place, Concor<l, Hird- 
in-Hand, (Enterprise,) Lancaster, Dillerville, Landisville, Mount Joy, Elizabethtown. 
A second route leaves the main line at Dillerville, aiul from Columbia nnis along the 
Susquehanna. The stations in the county are : Dillerville, Rohrcrstown, Moimtvillc, 
Columbia, Chiques, Marietta, Bainbridge and Falmouth. 

The Reading and Columbia Rail Road, with a branch from Lancaster to the junction, 
2 miles S. of Manheim, is in successful operation, and traverses the county in tho 
direction S. W. to N. Stations on the line of this road are: Reinholdsville. Union, 
Reamstown, Ephrata, New Berlin, Millway, Rothville, Litiz, Keller's, Manheim, 

1. In the limestone region of tliis county, the phenomenon is l.y no means rare that small streams 
after flowing some distance, suddenly disappear, and after running sometimes several miles under 
ground, reappear with increased strength. As a specimen we name the In.Uan Itun, which divl.les 
the townships of (Uay and V.'est Cocalico, and has considerable depth. After running some distance, 
it suddenly disappears among limestone rocks, pursues its subterranean course for a mile and a half, 
and on reappearing is known as Trout Creek, on account of the many trout which aboun<l in It. 

2 The oldest roads in the county are "The Old Continental Road" from Philadelphia through Lan- 
caster to the Susquehanna, and "Tlie Old King's Highway," laid out in 1733, passing from I'hlla. el- 
phia through West Chester. Strasburg, Postlethwaite's to the mouth of the Conestoga. Postlethwa te g 
was the first county seat, selected doubtless on accout of Its contiguity to Con.stogo, the famous Indian 
settlement. 



348 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Junction, Landisville, Silver Spring, Chestnut Hill Kauftman"s. Columbia, and in the 
direction of Lancaster from the Junction, Meehanicsville. Petersburg, Dillerville, 
Lancaster. 

The Conestoga Navigation, completed in 1834, connects Lancaster with the Susque- 
hanna at Safe Harbor, where the Slackwater joins the Tidewater canal, and thus 
affords uninterrupted communication with Chesapeake Bay. Water communication 
with the interior of the State is maintained by means of the Pennsylvania canal, the 
Eastern division of which terminates at Columbia. 

From this general description of the county, we pass to the particular account of 
the respective localities, which are given in al])habetical order, and to which is prefixed a 
copy of the 

"Boundaries of the Townships in Lancaster County, an tht-y were settled and agreed upon 
by the Magistrates and Inhabitants of the said county on the dth day of June, and con- 
firmed by the Court of Quarter Sessions the First of August ensuing. Anno Domini 
1729: 

1. Drumore. — The township of Drumore. beginning at the south line of Sadsbury 
by Octoraro, thence down the said creek to the province line towards Maryland, thence 
up the Sasquehanah to the mouth of Muddy Kun, thence by the said run to Richard 
Beeson's land, and from thence on a direct course to the southwest corner of John 
Keyl's land on Sadsbury line, and by the said line to the place of beginning. 

2. Sadsbury. — The township of Sadsbui-y beginning by the county line at the moun- 
tain which divides Octoraro and Peciuea, thence westerly along the said mountain to the 
northwest corner of John Keyl's land, thence by said land to the southwest corner, and 
from thence south 200 perches, thence east to O(^toraro, thence up the said county line, 
and along the said line to said place of beginning. 

3. Martock. — The township of Martock, l)eginning at the mouth of Muddy run, 
thence up Sasquehanah to Pequea. thence up Pequea to the mouth of Great Beaver 
creek, thence up the said creek to Sadsbury line, then by the said line to John Keyl's 
corner aforesaid, thence by Drumore township to the place of beginning. 

4. CoNESTOGCE. — The township of Conestogce, beginning at the mouth of Pequea, 
thence up Sasquehanah, thence to said mouth of Conestogoe creek, then up the said creek 
to the mouth of Mill creek, then by a direct line to Pequea at the mouth of Beaver 
creek, thence down Pequea to the place of beginning. 

5. Hemppield. — The township of Hempfield, beginning at the mouth of C'onestogoi, 
thence up Sasquehanah to Chickasalunge, thence up the said creek to Peters' Road by 
the Log C'abins, thence to Little Conestogoe, and down the same to the IVIanor line, and 
thence down the said line to Great Conestogoe, and down the same to the place of be- 
ginning. 

C. Donegal. — The townshiij of Donegal, beginning at the mouth of the Chickasa- 
lunge, thence up the East Branch to Peters' Road, thence (taking in the present in- 
habitants) on a northerly course to Conewago, thence by the same and the said river to 
the place of beginning. 

7. Derry. — The town.ship of Derry. beginning at the mouth of Conewago, tlienceui» 
Sasquehanah to the mouth of Suataaro, thence iip Suataaro to the mouth of Quetopo- 
hello, thence south on a direct line to Conewago, and down the same to the place of 
beginning.! 

8. Peshtank.— The township of Peshtank,2 beginning at tlie mouth of Suataaro, 
thence up the river to Kehtuhtoning hill above Peter Aliens, thence eastward by the 
south side of said hill to the meridian of Quetopohello mouth, thence on a south course 
to the mouth of the same at Suataaro, and down Suataaro to the beginning. 

9. Lebakox. — LebanonS township, beginning under the aforesaid hill at the north- 
east corner of Peshtank, thence by the said hill easterly to the meridian of the west line 

1 Now in Dauphin county. 2 Now in Dauphin county. 3 Now in Tjebanon county. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 349 

of Tolpehockan manor, thence soutlierly and by tlic said line to the hills boundinf^ 
Warwick township, thence by the said hills and township westerly to the cniner of 
Derry on Conewago, thence northerly by Derry and Peshtank tothe i»lace of bcyinninfj. 

10. Eakl. — Earl township, beginnin<f at Peters' Koad by C'onesto{;<)e creek, beinfj a 
corner of Leacock township, thence np CUmestogoe creek and nj) iluddy creek to the 
Indian Path, thence along the sonthern branch of said creek to the brow of Turkey hill, 
thence southerly in a direct course to the northeast corner of Thomas Edwanls' land, 
and by the said land southerly over Conestogoe creek to another corner of saitl land, 
thence on a direct course to the corner of the west line of Nathan Evan's land, then by 
the said land and along southerly to the top of the mountain, thence westerly along the 
said mountain by Salisbury line to David Cowen's west corner, thence t<} Peters Road 
and along the same to the place of beginning. 

11. Warwick. — Warwick township, beginning by Conestogoe creek at a corner of 
Maidieim township by Peters' Road, thence up by the west side of Conestogoe to Hans 
Graff's mill, thence up a northerly branch to David Priess's mill, thence westerly along 
the hills by Lebanon township to Derry, thence southerly by Donegal to the aforesaid 
road, thence along the said road easterly to the place of beginning. 

12. Manheim. — Manlieim township, beginning by Peters Road at a corner of Donegal 
and Warwick townships near the head of Little Conestogoe, thence along the said road 
by Warwick township to Conestogoe creek, thence down the said creek to the Old Doc- 
tor's Ford, thence westerly by Lancaster township on a direct line to Little Conestogoe 
at the npper side of Peter Bomgarner's land, thence up the said creek to the place of 
beginning. 

18. Lakcastkk.— Lancaster township, beginning at the Old Doctor's Ford, thence 
down the west side of Conestogoe to the Manor line, thence by the said line to Little 
Conestogoe, thence up the said creek by llempfield township to 3Ianheim township, 
thence by the said township to the place of beginning. 

14. Leacock.— Leacook township, beginning at the mouth of Beaver creek, thence up 
the east side of Pequea to Philip Feire's lower corner, thence west by Lampeter town- 
ship to Conestogoe creek at the upper corner of George Baud's land, thence up the said 
creek to Peters' Road, thence easterly along the said road by Earl township to David 
Cowin's land, thence southerly and westerly by Salsbury, Sadsbury and ^lartock town- 
ships to the place of beginning. 

15. Lampetek.— Lampeter township, beginning at the mouth of :Mill creek at a corner 
of Conestogoe township, thence up the east side of Conestogoe creek to Leacock town- 
ship, thencli easterly by the said township to Pequea, thence down Pequea by the sai.l 
towiiship to Beaver creek, thence by Conestogoe township to the place of bcgmmng. 

16 Salsbury.— Salsbury township, beginning at the county line at the northeasterly 
corner of Sadsbury township, thence northerly along the said line to the mountain at 
Brandywine head, thence westerly by Caernarvon township along the said mountain to 
a corner of Leacock township by David Cowin, thence by the said township southerly 
to the east line of Thomas Story's land, thence continuing by the said township along 
another mountain to Sadsbury line, thence by the said line easterly to the pla.x' of be- 

frinning. , . , <. 

17 CAERNARVON.-Caernarvon township, beginning at the county line at a corner of 
Salisburv on the mountain, thence northerly along the said line to the northeast corner 
of Cadw^leder Elis's land, thence westerly by township along a ridge of moun- 
tains to Earl township at the northeast corner of Thomas Edwar.l s land, thence south- 
erly by the said township to the corner of Leacock and Salsbury township, thence 
easterly by Salsbury and along the said mountain to the place of beginning. 

ti> JrsTOWN, BOROUGH.-Adamstown, post town and village, Cocalico township. La - 
ca ter county, ;n the road from Lancaster to Reading, 20 miles ^-n. - fo-er am^ 
10 from the latter, and 46 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Population m 1860, 43- , Tax 



350 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ables, 103; value of Real and Personal Property, $50,205; Gristmill, 1; Sawmill, 1; 
Distillery, 1; Hotels, 3; Stores, 3; Common Schools, 2. 

Bart.— Bart township, bounded N. l)y Paradise, E. by Sadsbury, S. by Coleraine and 
W. by Eden. Centrally distant from Lancaster city about 14 ms. S. E. Length 7, 
breadth 5f ms. Area, 19,027 acres. Mine Ridge, a lofty chain of hills, encircles the 
township on the W. and N. in which copper has been discovered, but the mines are not 
wrought. Surface, rolling; soil, limestone and clay; taxables, 338. Population in 1860, 
1,532. Real and Personal Property, |284,636. 4 Gristmills, 5 Saw Mills, 4 Hotels, 3 
Stores, G Common Schools. 

The Meeting House Run and Copper Mine Run traverse the county and at their con- 
fluence form the West Branch of Octorara creek. This township has 3 Post Offices, 
Bart, Bartville and Nine Points. The most important place is the village of George- 
town. 

"The citizens of Sadsbury having petitioned for a division of the township, the 
court, at the November Session of 1743, appointed Calvin Coo])er, George Leonard, sen., 
James Wilson, Samuel Ramsay, Robert Wilson and James Miller, to divide the same — 
'they met the 20th of March, and considered the most proper place. The line is to 
begin in a road called Aaron Musgrove's road, near the copper mines, at Strasburg 
township line, where it divides from Sadsbury, and down the several courses thereof to 
the east side of said road to a new road branching therefrom, leading to John Taylor's 
mill, commonly known by the name of Buckley's mill, on the east side of said road, 
the several courses thereof, to a road branching therefrom commonly known by the 
name of Rustan's Road, and on the east side thereof, by the line that divides Colerain 
and Sadsbiu-y; all which we allow and conclude to be the division. The eastern part 
thereof retaining the name of Sadsbury, and the western part to be called Bart.'' " 

Brecknock. — Brecknock township, bounded N. E. by Berks county, S. E. by Csernar- 
von township, S. W. W. by East Cocalico. Centrally distant from the city of Lancaster, 
N. E. 20 miles. Greatest length 7, breadth Smiles. It is drained by the three branches 
of Muddy creek, one of which runs on the N. the other on the S. boundary, and the 
third intersects the township centrally. All of which are mill streams and have mills 
upon them. Area, 17,306 acres; surface, hilly; soil, red shale. Population in 1860, 
1488; Taxables, 469. It contains 5 Grist Mills, 5 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 2 Hotels, 3 
Stores, 7 Common Schools. Value of Real and Personal P.toperty, |239,587. P. O: 
Bowmansville and Muddy creek. 

Caernarvon. — Caernarvon township, bounded E. by Berks county, S. by Chester 
county and Salisbury township, Lancaster county, W. by East Earl township, and N. 
W. by Brecknock township. Centrally distant from Lancaster city, about 20 miles. 
Greatest length, 6^ miles, greatest breadth 5, area 15,437 acres. The Conestoga creek 
flows through it from E. to W. The Downingtown and Harrislmrg turnpike crosses the 
southern angle, and the Morgantown turnpike, centrally, from E. to W. on which, near 
the middle of the township, is the post village of Churchtown, 55 miles from Harrisburg, 
20 from Lancaster and 5 from Morgantown; surface, hilly; soil, red shale. Population, 
1860, 1592; Taxables, 466; value of Real and Personal Property, |465,758; 2 Forges, 5 
Grist and 2 Saw Mills; 4 Hotels; 4 Stores and 9 Common Schools. Post offices are at 
Churchtown and Beartown. 

Clay. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, E. by W. Cocalico, S. by Ephrata, S. W. by 
Wanvick, W. by Elizabeth. Area, included in EUzabeth. Population in 1860, 1438; Tax- 
ables, 414; value of Real and Personal Property, $524,201. It has 5 Grist and 2 Saw 
Mills, 1 Hotel, 3 stores and 9 common schools. 

Middle Creek traverses the township in a S. W. direction, and after receiving Fur- 
nace Run, forms its Western boundary. The Indian Run flows in a southerly direc- 
tion near the Eastern boundary, and on it are a Grist Mill and a Saw Mill and a large 
mill dam of great depth. The Indian Run flows here about a mile below the mill, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 351 

when it suddenly vanishes among the hmestone rocks, nearly opposite to tlie residence 
of William Paul, pursues its subterranean course for a mile and a lialf, then reajjpears 
and forms Trout Creek, so called from the many trout abounding in it. Soil, lime- 
stone and red shale. The Fimiace Hills along the Lebanon line" fumish a Hne red 
sandstone; the columns of the Lancaster Court House are built of it. Mr, Adam 
Konigmacher has made of it some 130 millstones and sent them to many parts of the 
U. S, Durlach is the P. O. 

CocALico, East, — This township is bounded N. E. by Berks county, E. 1)y Brecknock, 
S. by Earl, S. W. by Ephrata, and N. W. by W. Cocalico. Area, l:i080 acres. Popu- 
lation in 1860, 1893; Taxables, 561; value of Real and Personal Property, ^400,004. It 
has 5 Grist and 4 Saw ]\Iills, 5 Hotels, 6 Stores and i) Conunon Schools. Tlic Cocalico 
creek crosses the township in a S. E. direction. The most important places arc the 
borough of Adamstown, (see Adamstown) Reamstown, Swartzville, at all of whicli are 
Post otiices, Napierville and Vera Cruz. Surface, hilly; soil, clay and red shale. 

Cocalico, West.— Bounded N. E. by Berks county, E. by E. Cocalico, S. by Ephrata, 
W. by Clay. Area, 17,224 acres; Population in 1860, 2,057; Taxables, 584. Value of 
Real and Personal Property, $629,923. It has 4 Grist and 6 Saw Mills, 6 llotehs, 7 
Stores, 9 Common Schools. The Reading and Columbia R. R. passes through its S. E, 
section. The Cocalico creek and its tributaries traverse the townshii). Tlie P. 0. aix; 
Cocalico, Reinholdsville, Schoeneck, Stevens, and Reinhold's Station. Surface, hilly; 
soil, clay and red shale. The neighborhood of Reinholdsville was settled between 1735 
and 1740 by Germans, among whom Hans Beehnan, Hans Zimmerman and Peter Sdui- 
macher were large land-holders. 

CoLEEAiN. — Bounded N. by Bart and Sadsbury, E. by Chester county, S. by Little 
Britain, W. by Drumore, N. W. by Eden, centrally distant from the city of Lancas- 
ter 17 miles S. E. The main branch of the Octoraro creek bounds it on tlie East, and 
the west branch of the same stream on the W. Surfece, rolling; soil, gravel and clay. 
Area, 19,497 acres. Popvdation in 1860, 1740. Taxables, 431; value of Real and 
Personal Property, $302,889. It has 7 Grist and 7 Saw Mills, 6 Hotels, 7 stores and 9 
common schools. P. O. at Clommell, Colerain, Kirkwood and Octoraro. 

Columbia Borough. See West Hemptield. 

CoNESTOGA. — Conestoga toAvnship, bounded N. by Lancaster township, X. E. by Pe- 
ciuea, S. by Martick, S. W. by the Susquehannah river, W. by 3Ianor; centrally distiiut 
from Lancaster 5 miles S.; area, 19,001 acres; surface, rolling; soil, clay and gravel, of 
excellent quality, and well cultivated. Popidation in 1860, 3,093; Taxables, 767. The 
Conestoga creek flows along the W. boundary, and the Pequea creek along the E. 
Upon both there are several mills. It has 4 Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 1 Furnace, 1 Forge, 8 
Hotels, 5 Stores and 8 Common Schools. Value of Personal and Real Property, $625,487. 

The most important place is Safe Harbor at the confluence of the Cone.stoga and 
the Susquehanna River. There the Conestoga is connected with the Tide Water Canal 
on the opposite bank of the River. Splendid rolling mills and furnaces, unfortunately 
not worked at present, are located here. They were erected at a cost of $200,000. Most 
of the iron used on the Central Rail Road (in 1852) was manufactured here. The scenery 
here is very fine and picturesquely grand. A short di.stance below Safe Harbor are 
several rocks with Indian picture-writing, a facsimile of which is given in another part 
of this volume. The fishing trade of Safe Harbor is quite important. Large (juanti- 
ties of shad are caught with the seine, which is mostly about 100 yards long and from 
4 to 6 feet wide varying according to the depth of the water. One edge of the seine is 
heavily loaded with lead while the other has numerous corks or wooden buoys, so that 
it floats in the water in an upright position. The .seine is carried 200 or 300 yards above 
the Ashing battery, when one end is taken in a boat, which is rowed out from the shore 
in a circular course, and hauled in at the battery, the other end meanwhile arriving at 
the same place. Shad generally move in slioals, and in clear weather tlieir api-roach 



352 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

may be descried from the battery. Hence the hauls are irregular, but when a shoal is 
eflfectually surrounded with the seine, an immense number is sure to be caught, as few 
are able to escape its delicate network. (Bowen's Pictorial Sketch Book of Pennsylvania). 
The other places in this township are Conestoga Centre, Colemanville, Rockville and 
Petersville. P. 0. are at Colenaanville, Conestoga, Safe Harbor and Slackwater. 

CoNOY.— Bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. by W, Donegal, E. by E. Donegal, 
S. and W. by the Susquehanna River. Area, 8,866 acres; Population in 1860, 1,877; 
Taxables 477; Value of Real and Personal Property $416,920. It has 4 Grist and 4 
Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 6 Hotels, 4 Stores and 10 Common Schools. 

This is the westernmost township in the county. Its most important place is Bain- 
hridge, a village with a population of upwards of 1,300, situated at the mouth of Cony 
Creek, on the site, it is supposed, of the ancient Bekaicoagah, a Conoy or Genawese set- 
tlement. John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg settled first in this neighborhood. 
John Haldeman, an early pioneer, built one of the first mills in the county at Locust 
Grove near Bainbridge. 

Falmouth, at the mouth of Conewago Creek, which is here crossed by a canal aque- 
duct. The famous Conewago falls are in the neighborhood. "The descent of the river, 
within a distance of little more than a mile, is probably not less than 70 feet; forming 
rapids, whirlpools, snags and every conceivable obstruction to the passage of a raft. 
The passage of this watery ordeal is a terror to the universal rafting community. Their 
frail platforms, creeping like snakes over the rocks, plunge, creep and bend in every 
direction — the high waves rolling and splashing frightfully, renders the adventure at 
once exciting, novel and perilous. Many old river-men make a livelihood, chiefiy by 
piloting rafts through these terrible falls." (Bowen.) 

" The Punkiii-vine Turnpike. — At an early day the Conewago Falls limited the boat 
navigation of the Susquehanna, so that the keel-boats unloaded at Falmouth, whence 
their cargoes (chiefiy of grain) were transferred to wagons and distributed. This caused 
the constrviction of a turnpike road from Falmouth to Elizabetlitown, which was super- 
seded by Hopkins's Canal, a disastrous speculation which was a continual drain on the 
resources of Mr. Hopkins, a distinguished lawyer. The turnpike being thus rendered 
useless, grass grew upon it, and sometimes the stalk of a pumpkin would wander over 
it from an adjoining field, which caused it to be named The Punkin-vine Turnpike. 

After being a constant expense to Mr. Hopkins, his Canal was in turn superseded by 
the Pennsylvania Canal, about the year 1828, when he might have recovered a part of 
his losses by selling out to tlie State, but he asked too high a price, and the State Canal 
was located independently. " (S. S. Haldeman.) 

The P. O. are at Bainbridge and Falmouth. The Conestogo Creek is the western 
boundary of the township, and the Conoy Creek entering near its Eastern boundary, 
fiows into the Susquelianna at Bainbridge. "The workmen on section No. 18 of the 
Canal, about two miles east of Bainbridge came upon one end of an old Indian burial 
ground. The bones had so completely gone to dust, that they could only be distin- 
guished from the natural soil by a difference in color, A great many articles of use and 
ornament were discovered; there were crocks, hatchets, tomahawks, arrow heads, bul- 
lets, buck shot, thimbles, beads, pipes, &c. The pipes are made of clay, and are spoken 
of as being very perfect and beautiful, with the head of a fox engraved on the bowl; so 
highly is one of them valued by the finder, that he has refused to take less than five 
dollars for it: all the thimbles had a small hole in the top — they were probably Strang 
together as ornaments: the beads were of different kinds, and unlike any we had before 
seen. It is thought that a sliort distance from where the excavation was made towards 
the river, the earth would be found to be filled with these cuxiosities.— Columbia Spy. 
Donegal East.— Bounded N. by Mount Joy, K E. by Rapho, E. by W. Hempfield, 
S. by the Susquehanna River, W. by Conoy and W. Donegal. It is bounded East by 
Little Chiques Creek and Share's run. Area, 14,123 acres; Population in 1860, 2,783i Tax- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 353 

ables, 772; value of Real and Personal Property, $1,224,985. It contains 7 Grist and 
2 Saw Mills, 4 Furnaces, 1 Distillery, 4 Hotels, 3 stores and 13 common schools. 

The most important places are the borough of Marietta, and tlie villages of Chic(iues 
and Maytown. P. O. at all three places. Sec Marietta. 

Chicqiien, abridged from Chicquesalunga, the name of tlie creek, wliicli receives a 
short distance N. of this place the Little Chic(iucsalunga, and forms the S. E. bound- 
ary of the township. Chicques is a romantic spot with a magnificent river view. It 
is the residence of Professor S. S. Haldeman, a distinguislied naturalist and pliilolofirist, 
whose attainments in philology place him in the front of American scholars. 

Donegal was organized in 1722, and David Jones appointed constable. 

Donegal, West, bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. and E. by Mountjoy, S. E. 
and S. by East Donegal, W. by Conoy, Area, 9,702 acres; Population in 18G0, 1,180; 
Taxables, 293; value of Real and Personal Property, $363, 1G7. It contains 3 Grist and 
2 Saw Mills, 1 Hotel and G Common Schools. 

The village of Newville is near the Northwestern extremity of the township. 

Drumore. — Bounded N. by Providence, N. E. by Eden, E. by Colerain, S. E. by 
Little Britain, S. by Fulton, W. by the Susquehanna river, and N. W. by Mailic. Tlic 
W. branch of the Octoraro cr. forms the N. E. boundary, and Muddy creek makes part 
of the N. W. line. Conowingo creek crosses it from N. W. to S. E., and upon this 
stream there is a forge, and Fishing and Fairfield creeks flow from it into tlie Susque- 
hannab river. Area, 29,301 acres. Population in 1860, 3,098; taxables, 711; value of 
Real and Personal Property, $561,498. It contains 5 Grist and 8 Saw]\Iills, 1 Furnace, 
1 Forge, 8 Hotels, 9 Stores, and 15 Common Schools. Surface rolling, soil clay. P. O. 
at Buck, Chestnut Level, Greene, Liberty Square, Mechanic's Grove and QuarryviUe. 

Earl.— Bounded N. by East Cocalico, N. E. by Brecknock, E. by E. Earl, S. E. by 
Salisbury, S. by Leacock, S. W. by Upper Leacock, W. by W. Earl, and N. W. by 
Ephrata. Area, including East Earl, 31,317 acres. Popidation in 18G0, 2,876; Taxa- 
bles, 703; Value of Real and Personal Property, $1,273,930. It contains 5 Grist and 4 
Saw Mills, 8 Hotels, 6 Stores and 15 Common Schools. This township contains the vil- 
lages of New Holland, Yogansville, Laurel Hill, Hinkletown and Amsterdam. P. O. 
at New Holland, Hinkletown and Voganville. The Welsh Mountain protrudes into the 
Southeastern extremity of the township. It is traversed by the Conestoga Creek at the 
Northern boundary in a Westerly direction, and by Mill Creek in the same direction 
near the Southern boundary. 

Earl, East.— Bounded N. by Brecknock, E. by Cajrnarvon, S. E. and S. by Salis- 
bury, and W. by Earl. Area included in Earl. Population in 1860, 2,803; Taxables, 
649; value of Real and Personal Property, $837,074. It contains 6 Grist and 6 Saw 
Mills, 1 Forge, 4- Hotels, 7 stores and 11 Common schools. The Conestoga creek 
traverses the township centrally in a Westerly direction; ]Muddy Creek is its Nortliern 
boundary, and Mill creek waters its Southern extremity, which is hilly. P. O. at Blue 
Ball, Goodville, Greenbank and Terre Hill. Fairville and Toledo are villages. 

Earl, West, bounded N. by Ephrata, E. by East Earl, S. by Upper Leacock, S. W. 
by Manheim, W. and N. W. by Warwick. Area, 12,669 acres; Population in 1860, 
1900; Taxables, 494; value of Real and Personal Property, $1,003,031. It contains 5 
Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 6 Hotels, 5 Stores and 10 Common Schools. The 
Conestoga creek traverses the township centrally in a S. W. direction and receives at 
its Western boundary the Cocalico creek. P. 0. at W. Earl and Farmersville. 
Brownstown, Earlville and Fairmount are villages. 

Eden.— Bounded N. by Strasburg, N. E. by Paradise, E. by Bart, S. E. by Cole- 
rain, S. and S. W. by Drumore, W. by Providence. Area, included in Bart. Popu- 
lation in 1860, 1,072; Taxables, 253; value of Real and Perscmal Property, $192,024. It 
contains 3 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 2 Hotels, 4 Stores and 4 Common Schools. P. O. at 
Camargo, May and QuarryviUe. 
24 



354 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Elizabeth.— Bounded N. by Lebanon county, N. E. and E. by Clay, S. by Warwick, 
S. "W. and W. by Penn. Area, 25,521 acres; Population in 1860, 1,005; Taxables, 222; 
value of Real and Personal Property, $316,187. It contains 5 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 3 
Hotels and 5 Common Schools. 

This township was formerly included in Warwick township. Robert Old, one of the 
earliest iron masters in this part of the county, and great grandfather of G. Dawson 
Coleman of Lebanon, is said to have named this township in honor of Queen Elizabeth. 
Surface, hilly; soil, lime-stone, gravel and red shale at the northern boundary. Ham- 
mer creek traverses the township in a south-easterly direction, and derives its name 
from the forge hammers erected on it at an early date. This township is divided from 
Clay by Middle creek, so called from its course which is midway between the Cocalico 
and Hammer creeks. Hopewell and Speedwell Forges and Elizabeth Furnace are in 
this township. The P. O. is at Brickersville. 

Elizabetiitown, Borough. — Area, 1,560 acres. Population in 1860, 700; Taxables, 
310. Value of Real and Personal Property, $113,796. 

Ephrata. — Bounded N. by Clay and W. Cocalico, N. E. by East Cocalico, E. and 
S. E. by Earl, S. by W. Earl, W. by Warwick. Area, 10,740 acres. Population in 
1860, 2,237; Taxables, 692; Value of Real and Personal Property, $899,627. It con- 
tains 8 Grist and 7 Saw Mills, 7 Hotels, 7 Stores and 11 Common Schools. The most 
important places are Ephrata, New Ephrata, Hahnstown, Hinkletown, New Berlin and 
Schnadersville. P. O. at Ephrata, Lincoln and Millway. Trout Creek enters the 
township at the N. boundary, soon flows into Cocalico creek, which traverses the town- 
ship from N. E. to S. W., and is a tributary of Hammer creek, which forms the 
western boundary of the township. A small section of its Eastern extremity is watered 
by Muddy creek, on which is located the village of Hinkletown. The central portion 
of the township is hilly, Ephrata Ridge being a prominent point where, at an altitude 
of 1250 feet above tide-water, from an observatory over 60 feet high, a very extensive 
and beautiful view may be enjoyed. The observatory forms part of the Ephrata Moun- 
tain Springs, a celebrated and much frequented watering-place, established about 1848, 
by Joseph Konigmacher, but at the present date (1868) closed. The water, sandstone 
and slate, is very pure and soft, and varies in temperature from 49° to 52^ Fahrenheit. 

The most interesting feature of Ephrata is its early history, which is given in the 
subjoined abridged sketch by William M. Fahnestock, M. D., in the Register of Penn- 
sylvania, Vol. XV, No. 11. 

Ei)hrata, proper, is an irregular enclosed village, lying in a triangle formed by the 
turnpike, the upper, or old Reading road, and the Cocalico creek, and belongs entirely 
to the Seventh Day Baptist Society. It contains a Monastery and several other build- 
ings for the accommodation of the Society; to which is attached and belonging to the 
same, about one hundred and forty acres of land, and a grist mill and saw mill. The 
post-oflfice which bears this name, is a half mile from the original village. Ephrata, in 
former times, was known better among the German population, by the name of 
Kloster, (Cloister) or Dunkerstown — a nick-name, from the word Dunker or Tunker, 
corruptions of Taueffer, Baptist. The Society of Ephrata, however, are a distinct 
sect from the denomination that now bears the name of Bunkers, with whom they 
have always been confounded. Originally they descended from that division of Chris- 
tians. About the year 1694, a controver.sy arose in the protestant churches of Ger- 
many and Holland, in which vigorous attempts were made to reform some of the errors 
of the church, and with the design of promoting a more practical, vital religion. This 
party, at the head of which was the pious Spener, ecclesiastical superintendent of the 
Court of Saxony, was opposed, violently, and after having bestowed upon them, in 
ridicule, the epithet of Pietists, they were suppressed in their public ministi-ations and 
lectures, by the Consistory of Wittemberg. Notwithstanding they were prohibited 
from promulgating, publicly, their views and principles, it led to inquiry among the peo- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 355 

pie. This state of things contiiiuiug, many learned men of the diftereut Universities left 
Europe, and emigrated^to America, whilst others remained and persevered in tlic i)ro- 
secution of the work they had commenced with so muoli diligence. In the year 1708, 
Alexander Mack, of Schriesheim, and seven others in Schwartzenau, Germanv met 
together, regularly, to examine, carefully and impartially, the doctrines of the 'ncw 
Testament, and to ascertain, what are the obligations it imjioses on jjrofessiu"- Chi-is- 
tians; determining to lay aside all preconceived opinions and traditional observances. 
The result of their inquiries terminated in the formation of the Society now called the 
Duukers, or First Day German Baptists. IMceting with much ])ersecution as they 
grew into some importance, as all did who had independence enough to difter from the 
popular church, some were driven into Holland, some to Creyfeld in the Duchy of 
Cleves, and the mother church voluntarily removed to Serustervin, in Friesland; and 
from thence emigrated to America in 1710, and dispersed to diftereut i)arts— to Ger- 
mantown, Skippeck, Oley, Conestoga, and elsewhere. They formed a church at Ger- 
mantown in 1723, under the charge of Peter Becker. The church grew rapidly in thi.s 
country, receiving members from the banks of the Wissahickon and from Lancaster 
county; and soon after a church was established at Muehlbach, (;Mill Creek) in this 
county. Of this community was one Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany. lie had 
been a Presbyterian, and tied from the persecutions of that period. Wholly intent 
upon seeking out the true obligations of the word of God, and the proper obsei'vance 
of the rites and ceremonies it imposes, stripped of human authority, he conceived that 
there was an error among the Duukers, in the observance of the day for the Sabbath — 
that the Seventh day was the command of the Lord God, and that that day being estab- 
lished and mnctified, by the Great Jehovah, forever! and no change, nor authority for 
change ever having been announced to man, by any power sufticient to set aside tlie 
solemn decree of the Almighty— a decree which he declared that he had sanctified for- 
ever! — he felt it to be his duty to contend for the observance of that day. About the 
year 172.^, he published a tract entering into a di.scussion of this point, which created 
some excitement aud/listurbance in the Society at Mill Creek, upon whiih he retired 
from the settlement, and went, secretly, to a cell on the banks of the Cocalico, which 
had previously been occupied by one Elimelich, an hemiit. Ilis place of retu-emeut 
was unknown for a long time to the people he had left, and when discovered, many of 
the Society at Mill Creek, who had become convinced of the truth of his proposition 
for the observance of the Sabbath, settled around him, in solitary cottages. They 
adopted the original Sabbath — the Seventh d«?/— for public worshi]), in the year 1728; 
which has ever since been observed by their descendants, even unto the i)resent day. 

In the year 1732, the sohtary life was changed into a conventicle one, and a ]^[onastic 
Society was established as soon as the tirst buildings erected for that puri>ose were 
tinished— May 1733. The habit of the Capuchins, or White Friars, was adopted by 
both the brethren and sisters; which consisted of a shirt, trow.sers and vest, witli a 
long white gown and cowl, of woolen web in winter, and linen in summer. That of 
the sisters differed only in the siiTj<stitution of petticoats for trowsers, and some little 
peculiaiity in the shape of the cowl. Monastic names were given to all who entered 
the cloister. Onesimus (Israel Eckerlin) was constituted Prior, who was succeeded by 
Jaebez, (Peter Miller;) and the title of FatherspmUv.d father— was bestowed by the 
Society, upon Beissel, wliose monastic name was Fricdsam: to which tli.' brctiieni 
afterwards added, Gottrecht— imi)lying, together, Pcaceahle, God-rir/ht. In the year 
1 740, there were thirty-six single brethren in the cloister, and thirty-tive sisters: and at one 
time, the Society, including the members living in the neighboihood, nundiered nearly 
three hundred. 

The first buildings of the Society, of any consequence, were Kedar and Zimi— a 
meeting house and convent, which were erected on the hill called Mount Zion. They 
afterwards built larger accommodations, in the meadow below, comprising a Sister's 



356 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

House called Saron, to wliicli is attached a large Chapel, and "Saal," for the purpose 
of holding the Agapas or Love Feasts. A Brother's House, called Bethania, with 
which is connected the large meeting room, with galleries, in which the whole Society- 
assembled, for public worshii), in the days of their prosperity, and which are still 
standing, surrounded by smaller buildings, which were occupied as jn-inting office, 
bake house, school house, almonry, and others for different purposes; on one of which, 
a one-story house, the town clock is erected. 

The buildings are singular, and of very ancient architecture — all the outside walls 
being covered with shingles. The two houses for the brethren and sisters are very 
large, being three and four stories high: each has a chapel for their night meetings, and 
the main buildings are divided into small apartments, (each containing between fifty 
and sixty,) so that six dormitories, which are barely large enough to contain a cot, (in 
early days a bench and billet of wood for the head, ) a closet and an hour-glass surround 
a common room, in which each sub-division pursued their respective avocations. On 
entering these silent cells and traversing the long narrow passages, visitors can scarcely 
divest themselves of the feeling of walking the tortuous windings of some old castle, 
and breathing in the hidden recesses of romance. The ceilings have an elevation of but 
seven feet; the passages leading to the cells, or '■'■ Kammern,^^ as they are styled, and 
through the different parts of both convents, are barely wide enough to admit one 
person, for when meeting a second, one has always to retreat; the doors of the Kam~ 
mem are hnt Jive feet high, and twenty inches wide, and the window, for each has but 
one, is only eighteen by twenty-four inches; the largest windows afltbrding light to the 
meeting rooms, are but thirty by thirty-four inches. The walls of all the rooms, in- 
cluding the meeting room, the chajiels, the saals, and even the kammern or dormitories, 
are hung and nearly covered, with large sheets of elegant penmanship, or ink-paintings — • 
many of which are texts from the scriptures — done in very handsome manner, in orna- 
mented gothic letters, called in the German Fractur-scliriften. They are done on large 
sheets of paper manufactured for the pvirjiose at their own mill, some of which are put 
into frames, and which admonish the resident, as well as the casual visitor, which ever 
way they may turn the head. There are some very curious ones : two of which still remain 
in the chapel attached to Saron. One represents the narrow and crooked way, done on 
a sheet of about three feet square, which it would be difficult to describe — it is very 
curious and ingenious: the whole of the road is hlled up with texts of scripture, adver- 
tising the disciples of their duties, and the obligations their profession imposes upon 
them. Another represents the three heavens. In the first, Christ, the Shepherd, is 
represented gathering his flock together; in the second, which occupies one foot in 
height, and is three feet wide, three hundred figures, in the Capuchin dress, can be 
counted, with harps in their hands, and the heads of an innumerable host; and in the 
third is seen the throne surrounded by two hundred arch-angels. Many of these Prac- 
tur-schriften express their own enthusiastic sentiments on the subject of celibacy, and 
the virtue of a recluse life, whilst others are devotional pieces. 

In the rooms which any sister has occupied, and is departed, a piece, which is framed 
in imitation of a tablet, is put up, expressive of the character and virtues of the de- 
ceased, or some feeling memorial of love is inscribed. The following is one I found in 
the Kammer, which had been occupied by Zenobia — a very beautiful, lovely, and devout 
sister: 

ZENOBIA: 

Wird Grueuen und Ge- 
deyen, ihre Arbeit wird niclit vergeb- 
lich, noch audi ihre Hofl'nuug 
verlohren seyn, ihr Erbe bluehen 
mitten unter den Heiligen. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 357 

A room was set apart for such pui-poses, called the meriting room, and several sisters 
devoted their ^Yhole attention to this lahor, as well as to transcribing the writ iiif^s of the 
Founder of the Society; thus multiplying copies for the wants of the community, hcforo 
they had a printing press. Two sisters named Anastasia and IrniOENiA, were tho 
principal ornamental wiiters. They left a large folio volume of sample alphabets, of 
various sizes and style; which are both elegant and curious, exhibiting the most patient 
application. The letters of the first alphabet are twelve inches long, surrounde<l by a 
deep border, in imitation of copper plate engraving — each one of which is different in 
the filling up. It was finished in the year 1750, and is still preserved in the hands of 
the trustees. There was another transcribing room appropriated exclusively to copying 
music — hundreds of volumes, each containing five or six hundred pieces, were trans- 
ferred from book to book, with as much accuracy, and almost as much neatness as if 
done with a graver. 

It was in contemplation, at one time, by the Eckerlins, three brothers, one of whom 
was Prior, and had the superintendence of the secular concerns, to make it a place of 
more importance than a mere religious refuge. They were from Gennany, and had 
been brought up Cathohcs. They conceived a project of erecting extensive buildings, 
aud connecting trade with it; and had some preparations under way — the timber all 
hewn, as all the buildings are of wood, even the chimneys which remain in use at this 
(lay—and in readiness to erect a tower, and had sent to Europe, where they had exten- 
sive connections, and got a chime of bells cast, unknown to the Society, until they 
arrived at Philadelphia, and the bill for payment was forwarded to them. The Society 
resolved not to receive them, but had them sold and paid the loss. One of these bells 
having upon it, Ephrata— Israel Eckerlin, Prior, was purchased, and is now on 
one of the churches in Lancaster. This transaction led to the discovery of a conspiracy 
of the Eckerlins to possess themselves of the title of the property, which was much 
more extensive and valuable than now, and which tenninated in his expulsion (Israel) 
from the office of Prior. They afterwards removed to Virginia, where they obtained 
some notoriety in connection with the Indian aftairs. The Society was wedded to Apos- 
tolic simplicity— they desired no toicer— no bells. They refused to have a bell to call 
them to meeting, even the midnight meeting, which was regularly held at twelve ox-lock: 
Friedsam contending that the spirit of devotion ought to be sufficient to make them 
punctual to the hour, which generally proved to be adequate. 

The community was a republic, in which all stood upon perfect equality and freedom. 
No monastic vows were taken, neither had they any written covenant, as is common in 
the Baptist churches. The New Testament was their confession of faith, their code ot 
laws, and their church discipline. The property which belonged to the Society, by 
donatioir, and the labor of the single brethren and sisters, was common stock, but none 
were obliged to throw in their own property or give up any of their possessions 1 he 
Society was supported by the income of the farm, gnst mill, paper mill, oil null, tulhng 
mill, and the labor of the brethren and sisters in the Cloister. 

The principles of the Seventh Day Baptist Society of Ephrata, which no writer that 
we have encountered seems to understand, though they have been published in the 
Gennan language, with full explanations aud commentaries, seventy or eighty years 
ao-o, may be summed up in a few words, viz: , , <• i <•^^ 

1 They receive the Bible as the only rule of Faith, covenant and code o laws for 
church government. They do not admit the least license with the ^^ ^^^^ 
the scn^tures, and especially the New Testament-do dot allow «- .^f ^ "^^^^.^J^ 
added or rejected in the administration of the ordinances, but practice them pucisely 
as they are instituted and made an example by Jesus Christ m his Word. 

3. They believe in the Divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, and ^^'^ /' " " ^'° 
Godhead having unfurled this distinctive banner on the first page of a >'>• m book 
whSi ;y h d printed for the Society as early as 1739, viz: -Tkere arc three that bear 



358 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

record in Heamn, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these tJiree are one. 
And there are three that hear initness in earth, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood; 
and these three agree in one.'''' 

3. They believe that salvation is of Grace, and not of works; and they rely solely on 
the merits and atonement of Christ. They believe, also, that that atonement is suffi- 
cient for every creature — that Christ died for all who will call upon his name, and otfer 
fruits meet for repentance; and that all who come unto Christ are drawn of the Father. 

4. They contend for the observance of the original Sabbath, believing that it requires 
an authority equal to the Great Institutor, to change any of his decrees. They main- 
tain that as he &fess6(? and sanctified iih^t A'Ay forever, which has never been abrogated 
in his Word, nor any scripture to be found to warrant that construction, that it is still 
as binding as it was when it was announced amid the thundei-s of Mount Sinai. To 
alter so positive and hallowed a commandment of the Almighty, they consider would 
require an explicit edict from the Great Jehovah. It was not foretold by any of the 
Prophets, that with the New Dispensation there would be anj change in the Sabbath, 
or any of the commandnrents. Christ who declared himself the Lord of the Sabbath, 
observed the Seventh day, and made it the day of his especial ministrations; nor did he 
authorize any change. The Apostles have not assumed to do away the original Sab- 
bath, or give any command to substitute the first for the Seventh day. The circum- 
stance of the disciples meeting together to break bread on the first day, which is some- 
times used as a pretext for observing that day, is simply what the Seventh day people 
do at this day. The sacrament was not administered by Christ, nor by the Apostles on 
the Sabbath, but on the first day, counting as the people of Ephrata still do, the even- 
ing and the morning to make the day. 

5. They hold to the Apostolic Baptism — believers' Baptism — and administer trine im- 
mersion, with the laying on of hands and prayer, while the recipient yet remains 
kneeling in the water. 

G. They celebrate the Lord's supper at night, in imitation of our Saviour — washing 
at the same time each others' feet, agreeably to his command and example, as is ex- 
pressly stated in the 13th chapter of the evangelist John, 14th and 15th verses. This is 
attended to on the evening after the close of the Sabbath — the Sabbath terminating at 
sunset of the Seventh day, thus making the supper an imitation of that instituted by 
Christ, and resembling also the meeting of the Apostles on the first day to break bread, 
which has produced much confusion in some minds in regard to the proper day to be 
observed. 

Celibacy they consider a virtue, but never require it, nor do they take any vows in 
reference to it. They never prohil>ited marriage and lawful intercourse, between the 
sexes, as is stated by some writers, but when two concluded to be joined in wedlock, 
they were aided by the Society. It (celibacy) was urged as being more conducive to a 
holy life, for Paul saith: " They that are after the flesh, do mind the things of the fl,esh: 
but they that are after the Spirit, the things of the Spirit.-' 

They do not approve of paying their ministers a salary. They think that the Gospel 
was sent without money and without price, and that every one called to preach the 
word, should do it from the love of the cause, and in this matter to follow the advice 
and examjile of Paul. However, they never had any scruples in aftbrding their nrinis- 
ters such supplies of life as they possess themselves, and gave them the same support 
the other brethren enjoyed. Individual members may give, as presents, what to them 
seemeth fit, in money, goods, &c. ; and whenever he travels for religious purposes, if 
needy, is supplied with money out of the treasury to bear his expenses. 

These are the great and leading tenets, and principles of the Seventh day Baptists 
of Pennsylvania. There are many other minor points of not sufficient importance to 
enumerate in detail, and may better be adverted to in replying to some errors which 
writers have saddled \\\w\\ them, and which cannot, properly, be considered as tenets 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 359 

and principles, but only as peculiarities. I cannot, hero, go into an exposition of the 
peculiar views of this people, nor enter into the minutiie of (he manner of perfonnin« 
all the ceremonies and ordinances. I would merely remark in regard to their regular 
worship, that they commence with a hymn, tlien prayers, (kneeling) and after a second 
hymn, the minister requests one of the brethren (any one) lo read a chaiUor out of the 
Scriptures, which they are at liberty to choose from any part of tlie IJible— he then 
expounds the chapter; tracing its bearings and historical connection witli the propliets 
and the New Testament; after which the Exhorters enforce the duties it inculcates, and 
.should any member, brother or single sister be able to improve the subject still fartljer, 
or have a;iy remarks relative to the topic, to make, is at perfect freedom to express 
them. Prayer and singing, with the reading of a psalm, instead of a benediction, con- 
cludes the service. At another time, and in another })lace, I may enter into a full ex- 
position of the Principles and Ordinances of this Society, and exhibit at length their 
doctrines, and the grounds on which tliey are predicated. 

It is not one of their customs to wear long beards, as is fre(piently said of them: this 
is more the case with the Dunkers and Mennonites. They are often reiiresented as liv- 
ing on vegetables, the rules of the Society forbidding meats, for tlie purpose of mortify- 
ing the natural appetite, and also as lying on wooden benches, with billets of wood for 
pillows, as an act of penance. The true reason and explanation of this matter is, that 
both were done from considerations of economy. Tlieir circumstances were very 
restricted, and their undertaking great. They studied the strictest simjjlicity and 
economy in all their arrangements: wooden flagons, wooden goblets, turned wooden 
trays, were used in administering the communion; and the .same goblets are still inu.so, 
though they have been preseyited with more costly ones. Even the plates oil" which they 
ate, were octangular pieces of thin poplar boards; i\\ch' fnrkst and candlesticks were of 
wood, and also every other article that could be made of that material, was used by the 
whole community. After they wei'e relieved from the pressure of their expensive en- 
terprise in providing such extensive accommodations, they enjoyed the cot for repo.se, 
and many other of the good things of life; though temperance in eating and drinking 
was scrupulously regarded. And it may be well to remark, that there was not any 
ardent spirits used in the building of the whole village; the timber of which was 
hewn, and all the boards sawed by hand during the winter months. The society w:is a 
social community, and not a cold, repulsive, bigoted compact; being .sometimes rejire- 
sented as reserved and distant, and even not giving an answer wiien addres.sed on the 
road. Morgan Edwards, in his '' Mater iaU Towards a History of the American Bap- 
tists,'' (published in 1770), bears a dilferent testimony; he says "From the uncouth 
dress, the recluse and ascetic life of these people, .sour aspects and rougli manners 
might be expected; but on the contrary, a smiling innocence and meekness grace their 
countenances, and a softness of tone and accent adorn their conversation, and make 
their deportment gentle and obliging. Their singing is charming; partly owing to the 
pleasan ness of their voices, the variety of parts they carry on together, and the devout 
manner of performance." And of Beisski, he gives the following character, which ho 
says he bad from one who knew him well. "He was very strict in his morals, and 
practised .self-denial to an uncommon degree. Enthusiastic and whimsical he certainly 
was, but an apparent devoutness and sincerity ran through all hisoddities. He wasnot 
an adept in any of the liberal arts and sciences, except nuisic, in which he excelled. He 
composed and set to music (in three, four, six and eight parts) a folio volume of hynnis 
and another of anthems. He published a dissertation on the fall of man, in the mys- 
terious strain; also a volume of letters. He left behind him several books in manu- 
script, curiously written and embellished." One writer has made a remark as invidious 
as it is unfounded on the sisterhood in stating that, "the si.stei-s it would .seem. to<.k 
little delight in their state of single blessedness, and two only (aged and ill-favored ones. 
we may suppose) continued steadfast in renunciation of mairiages." They never had 



360 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

to renounce matrimony on entering the Convent, and but four or live of the whole 
number that have been in the cloister, in the period of one hundred and three years, 
left and were married. One of these married a gentleman in the city of Philadelphia, 
and afterwards much regretted her change, as did all others who left the "stille einsam- 
keit.'" The rest continued steadfast in their state of single blessedness, and now, save 
those remaining in the Convent, lie beside each other in the beautiful cemetery in the 
fore ground of the village. 

Though they considered contention with arms and at law unchristian and unbe- 
coming professions, yet they were decided wrings in the Revolution, and have, unfortu- 
nately, had to defend themselves too fre<iuently in courts of justice. To set an example 
of forbearance and Christian meekness they suffered for a long time to be wronged and 
plundered until forbearance was no longer a virtue. In the French war (the war of 
1756) the doors of the Cloister, including the chapels, meeting room, and every other 
building, were opened as a refuge for tlie inhabitants of Tulpehocken and Paxton set- 
tlements, then the frontiers, from the incursions of the hostile Indians, all of whom 
were received and kept liy the Society during the period of alarm and danger — upon 
hearing of which a company of infantry was dispatched by the Royal government from 
Philadelphia to protect Ephrata; and on representation of the character of the Society, 
by the Commissioners who were sent to visit the place, the Government made them a 
present of a pair of very large glass communion goblets, which was the only recompense 
they would receive. At an earlier period they attracted the attention of the Penn 
family, and one of the young ladies, in England, commenced a correspondence with the 
Society. Governor Penn visited them frequently, and desirous of giving them a - solid 
evidence of his regard, had a tract of five thousand acres of land surrounding Ephrata 
surveyed and conveyed to them, as the Seventh Day Baptist Manor; but they refused 
to accept it — believing that large possessions were calculated to engender strife, and it 
is more becoming to Christian pilgi'ims and sojourners not to be absorbed in the gains of 
this world and the accumulation of property. After the battle of Brandyw'ine the 
whole establislmient was opened to receive the wounded Americans, great numbers of 
whom were brought here in wagons, a distance of more than forty miles; and one hun- 
dred and fifty of whom died, and are buried on Mount Zion. Their doors were ever 
open to the W'eary traveller, and all visitors were cordially received and entertained, 
while they tarried, as is done in the Hospices of Europe. All supplies were given to 
the needy, even their own beds, and to stripping their own backs to afford some shelter 
from the "peltings of the pitiless storm," to those who were exposed to the weather in 
inclement seasons. 

Many of the brethren being men of education, they established, at a very early period, 
a school, which soon gained for itself an honorable reputation, many young men from 
Philadelphia and Baltimore being sent here to be educated. A Sabbath School was 
also instituted for religious instruction, which flourished many years, and was attended 
with some remarkable consequences. It produced an anxious inquiry among the juven- 
ile population, who attended the school, which increased and grew into what is now 
termed a revival of religion. The scholars of the Sabbath School met together every 
day before and after common school hours, to pray and exhort one another, under the 
superintendence of one of the brethren. The excitement ran into excess, and betrayed 
a zeal not according to knowledge; which induced Friedsam to discourage an enterprise, 
which had been commenced, and was partly under way, namely, to erect a house for 
their especial use, to be called SuccotJi. Ludwig Hacker, or Brother Obed, as he was 
designated, who was the teacher of the common school, projected the plan of holding 
a school in the afternoons of the Sabbath, and who in connection with some of the 
other brethren commenced it, to give instruction to the indigent children who were kept 
from regular school by employments which their necessities obliged them to be engaged 
at during the week, as well as to give religious instruction to those of better circum- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 361 

stances. It is not known in what year, exactly, the Sahhath St-hool was roin- 
nienced. Hacker came to Ephrata in the year IT.W, aiul it is presumed that lie he«an 
soon after he took up his residence amoug.st them. The materials for the huildiiiK were 
furnished, as is recorded in the minutes of the Society, in the year 174!). After tho 
battle of Brandywine, the Sabbath School room, with others, was «riven uj) for a hos- 
pital, which was occupied as such some time; and the school was never afterwards 
resumed. Hacker at that period was sixty years of age. 

By this time (1777) the society began to decline, not from causes alleged liy some 
writers — Avant of vigor of mind in the successor of Beissel, who died 1708. for his suc- 
cessor, Peter :Miller, was a man of much greater powers of miud, aud had the manage- 
ment of the establishment during Beissel's time; and to whose energy and i^rseverance 
is mainly attributable the great prosperity of the institution in its eai-ly days. The in- 
stitution was one of the seventeenth century, and in accordance with European feelings, 
most of the members being natives of Germany. The state of ])nblic opinion at lieis- 
sel's death was widely difierent from what it was during tlie first fifty years after it was 
established, in relation to politics and government, and with this march of intellect dif- 
ferent sentiments were entertained in regard to religious institutions. It was com- 
menced as a social connnunity in the midst of a wilderness — the hand of improvement 
made the desert bloom as the rose, and at that time (17G8) were surrounded by a dense 
population. These circumstances — connected with incessant pei-secution — tlie tunnoil 
and contention into which they were thrown and constantly kept by some of their en- 
vious neighbors, were the principal causes of its decline; which continued in the wane 
until within a few years, since which it is reviving and growing in numbers. 

At an early period they established a printing olfice, one of the first German presses 
in the State, (the second I believe;) which enabled them to distribute tracts and hymns, 
aud afterwards to print several large works, in which the views of the founder are fully 
explained. Many of these books have been lost and destroj-ed. In the revoluticmaiy 
war, just before the battle of Gei-mantown, three wagon loads of books, in sheets, were 
seized and taken away for cartridgc/i. They came to the paper mill to get paper, and 
not finding any there, they pressed the books in sheets. 

Music was much cultivated; Beissel was a first i-ate musician and composer. In 
composing sacred music he took his style from the music of nature, and the whole com- 
prising several large volumes are founded on the tones of the J^^olian harj) — the singing 
is the ^olian harp harmonized. It is very peculiar in its style and concords, and in its 
execution. The tones issuing from the choir imitate very soft instrumental nuisic; con- 
veying a softness and devotion almost superhuman to the auditor. Their nuisic is set 
in four, six, and eight parts. All the parts save the bass are led and sung exclusively 
by females, the men being confined to the bass, which is set in two parts, the higli and 
low bass— the latter resembling the deep tones of the organ, and the first, in combina- 
tion with one of the female parts, is an excellent imitation of the concert horn. The 
wdiole is sung on the falsetto voice, the singers scarcely opening their mouths, or moving 
then- lips, which throws the voice up to the ceiling, which is not high, and the tones, 
which seem to be more than human, at least so far from common church singing, api)oar to 
be entering from above, and hovering over the heads of the assembly. Their singing 
so charmed the Commissioners who were sent;[to visit the Society by the English Gov- 
ernment, after the French war, that they requested a copy to bo sent to the Royal 
family in England; which was cheerfully complied with, and which I understand is still 
preserved in the National Library. About twelve montlis afterwards a box was re- 
ceived of three or four feet long, and two or two and an half wide, containing a present 
in return. What the present was is not now certainly known— none having si-en it but 
Friedsam and Jaebez, who was then Prior, and into whose care it was consigned. It 
was buried secretly by him, with the advice of Beissei,. It is supposed, by a hint given 
by Jaebez, that it was images of the King and Queen, in fidl costume, or images of the 



362 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Saviour on the Cross, and the Virg-in Mary; supposing, as many in this country have 
erroneously thought, that the people of Ephrata possess many of the Catholic principles 
and feelings. The King, at whose instance they vi'ere sent, was a Gennan, and we may 
presume that he considered that they retained the same views as the monastic institu- 
tions of Europe. They have nearly a thousand pieces of music, a piece being composed 
for every hymn. This music is lost, entirely now, at Ephrata — not the music books, 
but the stylo of singing: they never attempt it any more. 

The house in which the Sabbath School referred to in the foregoing sketch was 
held was used during the Revolution as a Hospital. "A few days after the battle of 
Brand ywine had been fought, September 11, 1777, four or five hundred of the wounded 
soldiers were taken to Ephrata, and placed in the Hospital. Doctors Yerkel, Scott and 
Harrison, were the attending surgeons and physicians. The wounds and camp fever 
baffled their skill: one hundred and fifty of the soldiers died here; they were principally 
from the Eastern States, and Pennsylvania, and a few Britisli, who had deserted and 
joined the American Army. ' The tirst of those who died here, were buried with 
honors of war; a funeral sermon, preached by one of their own number, appointed for 
that purpose. This practice was continued for some time, till they began to drop oft' 
too rapidly to allow time for tlie performance of the ceremony, when everything of the 
kind was dispensed with." 

"The place where they rest, is enclosed; and for many years, aboard, with this in- 
scription : 

^Hier Rvhen die Gebeine vieler Soldaien,' 
was placed over the gate of the enclosure. The board, with the inscription, is no 
more." (Rupp.) 

At the instance of Joseph Konigmacher and others, a company chartered hy the Leg- 
islature and known as the "Ephrata Monument Association, "succeeded in substituting 
a monument for the board, the cornerstone of which was laid Sept. 11, 1845. The Hon. 
J. R. Chandler, of Philadelphia, was the orator of the day. The officers of the Associ- 
ciation were Joseph Konigmacher, President, Col. Richard R. Heitler, Jeremiah Moh- 
ler, Wm. Spera, Col. John Bauman, and Ed. Konigmacher, Directors, Jeremiah Bau- 
man. Treasurer and Secretary. 

/ When Congress left Philadelphia and for safety met at Lancaster and York, the 
/ Continental money was printed at Ephrata. 

Fulton. — Bounded N. by Drumore, E. by Little Britain, S. E. by Octoraro creek, 
S. by Maryland, W. by the Susquehanna rivei. Area, 15,557 acres. Popul. in 1860, 
2,026; Taxables, 421; value of Real and Personal Property, |;368,432. It contain.s 8 
Grist and 6 Saw Mills, 5 Hotels, 6 Stores, and 9 Common Schools. The Conowingo 
creek crosses the township centrally in a Southerly direction. P. O. arc at Fultou 
House, Goshen, Lyles, Peter's ci-eek. Pleasant Grove and Wakefield. 

Hempfiei.d, East. — Bounded N. by Penn, E. by Manheim, S. by Manor, W. by W. 
Hempfield, and N. W. by Rapho townships. Centrally distant from the city of Lan- 
caster about 5 ms. ; length 5^ ms., breadth 5 ms., area, 14.145 acres; surface, partly 
hilly, partly level. Population in 1860, 2,613; Taxables, 697; value of Real and Per- 
sonal Property, $1,272,402. It contains 6 Grist jMills, 1 Saw Mill, 1 Distillery, 14 Ho- 
tels, 5 Stores and 12 Common Schools. Little Conestoga creek flows on the Eastern 
and Chicquesaluuga creek on the N. W. boundaries of tlie township. The Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad crosses its southern section, the Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad in- 
tersects it centrally, and the Reading and Columbia Railroad skirts its Western ex- 
tremity, intersecting at Landisville with the Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad. P. 
O. at Hempfield, East Hempfield, Landisville and Salunga. 

Hempfield, West.— Bounded N. by Rapho, S. by Manor, E. by E. Hempfield 
townships, and W. by the Susquehanna river. Centrally distant W. from Lancaster 8 
miles; greatest length 8, greatest breadth 5 miles; area 13,880 acres: surface, hilly; 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 363 

soil, limcbtone. Pop. in 1860, 3,108; Taxables, 880; value of Heal and Por^onal 
Property, $1,184,123. It contains 7 Grist and 3 Saw Mills, 3 Furnaces, i; Hotels G 
Stores and 13 Common Schools. The Bis Chiquesalun-a is the Northwestern bound- 
ary of the township, and tlows into the Susquehanna at the X. \V. extremity. P. O. 
at Columbia, Mountvllle and Silver Spring. The most important place is Coi.rMiUA. 
an incorporated borough, (in 1814) with an area of 820 acre.s. a population (in 18G0) of 
5,007; Taxables, 1,144: assessed value of Heal and Personal Property, |7G2,813. Tlio 
subjoined two independent accounts of the early history of Columbia are extracted 
from Hazard's Register: 

A brief statement of facts relating to the lirst settlement of C()luml>ia, Lan< aster 
county, Pennsylvania, by Arthur B. Bradford, who says, in his letter accompanying the 
communication, that "the facts were gathered chiefly from a manuscript journal, be- 
longing to the great grand-daughter of Robert Barber, the first settler." 

Recollections of the First Settlement of Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa. : About the 
year 1726-7, Robert Barber of Chester, came to this place, and took up (as it was then 
called) 1,000 acres of land on the river Susquehaima, (purchased I think from Jere- 
miah Langhorne, the agent of the proprietor,) bounded north by Chiques hill, S. E. by 
what was afterwards called Patton's hill. The journey from Che.ster in those days 
was thought a very great undertaking, the country being uninhabited by any except 
Indians, whose wigwams were scattered promiscuously. In the following year, (1728), 
three farmers, actuated by a laudable spirit of adventure, 'came from Chester to make 
their homes in the wilderness. Samuel Blunston, the richest of the three, i)urchased 
500 acres of the land taken up by R. Barber, next the North Hill: he built on the rising 
ground occupied at present by Samuel Heise. The house was tt)rn down a few years 
since, to make room for the building which now stands on the spot. John Wright 
took the middle part (aboiit 200 acres;) he Iniilt where Misses E. and A. "VV right now 
reside, (2d st. opposite the Catholic chapel.) The house has been much altered and 
repaired, but the greater part of it is still the same ho built. He came from Manches- 
ter, England, among the early settlers in 1714; was a preacher in the Friends' Society; 
and was judge of the county court for many years. Robert Barber retainid the re- 
maining 300 acres next the lower hill — he came from Yorkshire, England — he followed 
the sea for many years, and had been a prisoner in France. He built the brick house 
now occupied by John Ilinkle— he was sheriff of the county, and it wa,s intended the 
seat of justice should have been here, in consequence of which he built a prison near 
his house — a strong log building, which was pulled down not many years since. James, 
aftenvards Sir James Annesley, was once confined there, luu-iiig nm away from his 
master, (his story is well known.) R. Barber had a son bearing his own name, who built a 
house which has gone. There were no pine ]K)ards for architectin-e as at the present day, 
the joists, and window and door frames were madeof oak; whatlittlepine wasinit, wasolv 
tained from logs found in the river, and sawed at a mill on Stricklcr's Run, owne<l by Na- 
thaniel Barber. There was also a fulling-mill on the same stream owned by S. Barl)er. 
The land back from the river was settled principally by (iennans: Foiry's. Stricklcr's, 
Sherrick's, Guber's, &c. Their first purchase was from an old woman named Maiy 
Ditcher, who used to go through the country making what was then called improre- 
ments—a few sticks piled together, a lire kindled, and a pot hung over it. I'onstitutcd a 
first right. Those who could pay for the land liad first choice, but these improvements 
were generally bought for a trifle by those able to pay for the lands. This old Mary 
Ditcher seems to have been rather a singular jjersonage. She is described as wander- 
ing through the wood.s, leading an old horse, her only property, with ln^ knitting in 
her hand, and clad in a garment chiefly of sheepskin. This was called Hempfield town- 
ship, from the great quantity of hemp raised there. The townshi]) below was called 
Manor, from lands resei-ved by the proprietors, and called in imitation of the Engli.sh 
custom, the Proprietor's Manor. The settlers adjoining were Irish families named 



36J: AUTHENTIC HISTOKY 

Patton, wlio gave name to the hill and the current below, called Patton's current. It 
has been said there was once a great slaughter of the Indians at that place, by a party 
of cruel men headed by a person named Bill. In the neighborhood, were many ijlaces 
said to be the graves of the Indians, and it was believed [that a piece of cannon lay 
sunk in the current. Below this the settlers were Germans — Stineman's, Kauffman's, 
Hare's, Kupley's, &c. The townsliip above was called Donegal by the Irish settlers, 
Anderson's, Cook's, Tate's, Hay's. Anderson's ferry, where ^Marietta now stands, is 
well known. ]\Iany changes have taken place since the tirst selling of the lands. AVhere 
Robert Barber first built, there was an island opposite the land, with large trees grow- 
ing on it, but since torn away by the ice. The winters being very severe the ice was 
very thick, and in the general breaking up those trees were gradually torn up, and 
carried oft". At such times the water rose to a great height above where the row of 
storehouses now stands. The old Indians said they remembered the river rising to 
the second bank with a break of ice; and Mr. Barber has ploughed up muscle shells, 
at that distance from the river. Near the point of Turkey hill, were what was called 
the shad rocks ! Avhere shad were caught with dip nets, every one paying a set price for 
a dip. The first shad caught with a seine, was between 1760 and 1705, on the east side 
of the river below the old ferry course. A sturgeon was once caught in a fish basket 
in the lower falls. 

The ferry across the Susquehanna was very early established. Two large canoes 
lashed together Avere used at first to take a wagon across, which had to be unloaded. 
In 1750, it was much improved and rented for £100 per annum, with the ground at- 
tached to it. 

John Wright's stone house was built between 1740-50, also the little stone mill at the 
mouth of Shawnee run, (still standing,) this latter was built by James Wright. There 
was flour made at this mill, for the use of Braddock's army. It was packed in small 
casks for the purpose, and carried on pack-horses, a cask on each side. It was taken to 
what was then called Raystown and Fort Duquesne, (now Pittsburg.) 

The people who had hired a time with the owners of the lands, or had been much 
employed by thtm, seemed to claim a kind of patronage from their masters, and usually 
contrived to get a small house with a garden and potatoe patch. Their rent was so 
many days' work in harvest, or other farmer's work: many of them were tradesmen — 
weavers, shoemakers; and were paid for their work in grain, &c. Harvest wages were 
half a bushel of wheat; raising grain was not the principal object with the farmers, for 
there was no market for it: hops and hemp were the sources of profit. Many of these 
persons were Germans (redemptioncrs.) The tirst Friends' meeting-house was built in 
the upi^er part of the town, (Union street.) Catharine Peyton and Mary Peasley, min- 
isters from Ireland, held meetings there — they travelled on horseback. 

In the fall of 1755, the inhabitants were greatly alarmed on account of the Indians. 
Braddock's army had been defeated and dispersed the preceding sununer, and it was 
reported that the Indians were collecting a large number of bark canoes at the head of 
the Susquehanna, and were coming in great force to destroy all before them. The in- 
habitants were struck with fear at the slightest noise during the night, as they hourly 
expected the Indians coming down upon them. At last they agreed to take the women 
and children to Philadelphia. They rented a large house to accommodate all, and late 
in the autumn five families and their attendants, in all about thirty, left their homes 
through fear of the Indians. The men remained however, some of them going occa- 
sionally during the winter to visit their families. The few Indians who were on friendly 
terms with the whites, were also struck with fear at the expected invasion, and in con- 
sequence fled to Philadelphia, where one of the lobbies of the old state house was allowed 
them for a place of residence. The whites who remained, fortified the stone house 
belonging to John Wright, which was the strongest in the place. The winter passing 
without an assault from the hostile Indians, the families, together with the i^eaceable 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 365 

Indians, returned in the spring to their homes. Tlie town has never 1)ecn disturbcl l.y 
hostile Indians since its lirst settlement. 

In the year 1757 or '58, a physician (Dr. Moore,) came from Philadelphia t.) inocnlate 
the children who never had had the small-pox; being all connected, thoy were taken to 

one house, to make it convenient for the Doctor. He had forty patients one or two 

that did not take the small-pox, by inoculation, died; the rest all did well. It was the 
opinion then, that it would be wrong to inoculate the second time, lest tlie subject 
should take the disease the natural way, and have a double jjortion. 

Shortly after this date, the tranquillity of the town was disturbed by the revolution- 
ary movements; great excitement was felt here, as the inhabitants were moved by a 
patriotic spirit; having no, or few arms of any kind, their trainings, in particular for 
war, were performed with sticks, &c. 

From this date, the histoiy of the place is on record. 
Second account. 

We are indebted for the information contained below to a highly respectable lady of 
the Society of Friends, whose opportunities for gathering facts relative to the early 
history of the place, have been numerous: 

About the year 1726 or '27, Robert Barber of Chester, came to the eastern banks of 
the Susquehanna and took up 1000 acres of land, bounded on the north-west by the 
Chicques hills, and to the south-west by what was afterwards called Patton's hill. About 
500 acres of this land is embraced in what is now Columbia. At that time, the noble 
river, pursuing its undisturbed course in solitude, or ruttled only by the light canoe of 
the Indian — the shore covered with lofty trees — must have jn-esented a grand and im- 
posing sight. The land was purchased of .Jeremiah Langhorne, the agent of the pro- 
prietors. 

After the purchase, Mr. Barber returned to Chester, and in 17'-28, ho, with Sanuiel 
Blunston and John Wright, together with their families, left their homes in that place, 
and came to settle on the land which had been taken up the year before. These pei-sons 
were members of the Society of Friends. This journey was thought a very great under- 
taking; the country was uninhabited except by the Indians, who had their cabins in 
many places. 

Samuel Blunston, was the most wealthy of the three; he took 500 acres of the land 
next to the upper hills, and built where S. B. Ileise now lives. The old house was 
pulled dovm some years since, to make room for the building which is now .standing; 
the brick part of the building was afterwards built by him. His wife was a widow of 
the name of Bilton; her first husband kept a ferry over the Schuylkill. S. Blunston 
had no children; his estate w^ent to two nieces, and is now held by the Bethels, their 
descendants. 

.John Wright took 250 acres of the land, and built his house where E. Wright and 
sisters now live; the house has been much repaired and altered, but a part of it remains 
as originally constructed. He came from Manchester in England, among the early 
settlers of the province— w^as a preacher of the Society of Friends, and for many years 
judge of the court. His speech to the grand jury may be seen in Proud's History of 
Pennsylvania; he kept a store in Chester. He had two sons and three daughters. .John, 
the eldest, kept the ferry on the west side of the Susiiuehanna. and built the ferry-house 
there. Susanna, the eldest of the daughters, did not leave England till some time after 
her father. She was a person of great note in this place; her education was superior 
to most of her day: she was consulted in all dilhcult matters-tlid all the writings 
necessary in the place— was charitable to the poor, and gave medicine gratis to all the 
neighborhood. Samuel Blunston left all his estate to her during her life, and at Ins 
death she and all the family removed to his house. She lived to a great age; and died 
as she had lived, in the principles of the Friends. Patience, another daughter of John 
Wright, was married to Richard Lowden-the present John L. Wright is their descend- 



366 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ant by his mother. Elizabeth, daughter of John Wright, married Samuel Taylor, who 
was the owner of a large tract of land near where Strasburg now stands; he sold his 
property there, and once owned what is now called Wrightsville. The Wrights in this 
place at the present time are the descendants of James Wright, youngest son of John. 

Robert Barber kept the 2o0 acres next the lower hills; he came from Yorkshire in 
England. He had followed the sea for some years, and had ^been a prisoner in France, 
He married Hannah Tidmarsh, in Chester or Philadelphia; she also came from England. 
Her father came to America sometime before the rest of the family, and was accident- 
ally shot by an Indian before her arrival. R. Barber settled farther from the river than 
the others. He built the brick house now occupied by J. Hinkle. He was sheriff of 
the county, and in consequence of the intention to make this place the seat of justice, 
a prison was built near his house. It was a strong looking log building, and was pulled 
down not many years since. In this prison, James, afterwards Lord Altham, was con- 
fined, having run away from his master. R. Barber had several cMldren; the eldest son, 
John, was killed by the Indians, near where Pittsburg now stands; he had gone thither 
to trade in fur, or what was then called trapping. His other sons settled on the land, 
but it is now owned by the Stricklers, except about 60 acres, which was the shax-e of the 
second son Robert. He married Sarah, daughter of Samuel Taylor, and had ten children; 
but at this time they are all gone except one son and two daughters; the daughters live 
on the place, in the house which their father built 67 years ago. The old house was a 
few steps below the present mansion. In those days pine boards were little used; the 
joists, window and door frames were of oak. What little pine there is in the building, 
was got out of logs picked up in the river, and sawed at a mill of Nathaniel Barber's, 
on what was called Barber's run, the same stream which Strickler's large mill is on. 
Samuel Barber, another brother, had a fulling-mill on this stream. 

The land back from the river was mostly settled by the Germans — the Forry's, Strick- 
ler's, Shirk's, Garber's, &c. Their first purchases were from an old woman of the name 
of Mary Ditcher, who used to go through the country making what was then called 
improvements. These improvements consisted in piling a few sticks together, setting 
them on fire, and hanging a pot over; this was considered a first right; if they could 
then pay for the land they had the privilege of keeping it. This Mary Ditcher appeai-s 
to have been a singular person. She used to wander through the woods in a sheep-skin 
dress, leading an old horse, her only property, with her knitting in her hand. The 
township in which Columbia is situated, was called Hempfield, from the great quanti- 
ties of hemp which were raised in it. Manor township, below this, was so called from 
the circumstance that the land in it was reserved for the proprietor. 

Some Irish families, of the name of Patton, settled on lands adjoining the lower part 
of Columbia. They gave the name to the hill, and to the current below the mouth of 
the run, which is well known by the name of Patton's current. Tradition says, that 
there was a great slaughter of the Indians at that place in the early settlement of the 
country, by a party of whites, led on by a person of the name of Bell. Our informant 
remembers seeing many places there, said to be the graves of the Indians who were 
killed in the battle; it was believed that a piece of cannon lay sunk in the current. To 
their last days, the Indians in this vicinity had a great dread of the name of Bell. 

Below this, the settlers were principally Germans — the Stehman's, Kauffman's, Rup- 
ley's, Herr's, &c., were among the first. The township above, called Donegal, was 
settled by the Irish — the Anderson's, Cook's, Tate's, Kay's, &c. Anderson's ferry, is 
well known where Marrietta now stands. 

Sixty years ago, where the gravel appears in low water, opposite the Miss Barbers', there 
wa.s an island with large trees. Large buttonwood and other trees grew at the water's 
edge; many of them were torn away by the ice. The largest trees have been seen to 
go down with the weight and force of the ice, seemingly as easy as a child would have 
broken a twig. The lower falls, as they were called, was a great place for hunting 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 3(j7 

wild fowls— geese and ducks were in abundance, and sometimes swans. The tirst shad 
caught here with a seine was somewhere between 17G0 and •(•,.-,, at the eiust end of the 
river, just below the old ferry course. At the lower fulls a sturgf,m w:i.s once caught 
in a tish basket. 

The ferry across the Sustiuehanna at this place, appears to have been early s. t up. 
At first it was necessarily very imperfect. Two large canoes lashrd together were used 
to take over a wagon, which lirst had to be unloaded. In UoO, it rented for £100 per 
annum, with the ground allotted to it. Tlie ferry course was a little below the bridge; 
there was a tolerable road from the old ferry-house to the landing— above that, it was 
wild and unfrequented— the "point rock" first, and then the well known "Chic.pies 
rock," rising in solitary grandeur. There was scarcely a foot-path between the rock 
and the river, and a hunter or fisher might be seen climbing his way along the side of 
the hill. Strangers used to visit this rock as a great natural curiosity, but Iht-y gene- 
rally went over the hill, as the path at the shore was nearly impassable. Pine and 
spruce bushes grew in the crevices of the rock and on the hill. It was a great place for 
fox hunting. 

The old feiTy-house now occupied by Peter Epley, in Locust street, was built in the 
early settlement of the place; the large room at the upper end was built long afU-r the 
other part of the house, by J. Lowden, who kept the ferry for many years. There was 
a stone kitchen at the lower end, which was pulled away a few years ago, to make room 
for the brick buildings now there. The barn was across the road, where Ilaldeman's 
store is. It was burnt by lightning the last day of 8th month, 1709 or '70. 

Sixty years ago the idea of a bridge across the Susquehanna was laughed at. 

The main road up the river went by the door of the Miss Barbers, over the breast 
of the dam, and into what is now called Second .street, continuing over the Chicques 
hills. 

Where the row of houses now .stands on Water street, below the turni)ikc, was what 
was called the bank, where the young people used to congregate for play. On it was 
a. thicket of bushes, wild plum and mulberry trees, grape vines, strawberries and wild 
flowers. The school house was where E. Wright and sisters now live. In those days 
there was no regular school. Strangers were employed without any recommendation, 
and retained or not, according to their behaviour. 

The main road to Lancaster was to the south of where the turnpike now is. The 
first-mile stone was about 40 yards north of Friends' meeting-house. The mark was 
76 miles to Philadelphia; 10 to Lancaster. Up the Shawnee run, as far back as Wm. 
Todd's tan-yard, was a thicket of trees, wild fruit and fiowcrs. The well known 
ground-hog spring, coming out of the bank at the south side of the run, was a beautiful 
shady and sequestered spot, where the children used to have their little i)artii-s. It 
took its name from its being said that the hole in the bank was made by a ground-hog. 

The stone house now occupied by John L. Wright, was built .souutime between 1740 
and '50; also, the httle stone mill on Shawnee rtm. They were built by James Wright, 
father of the present James and Wm. Wright. There was flour made at this mill for 
the use of Braddock's army: it was packed in small casks made for the purpo.se, 
and carried on pack-horses. It was taken to what was then called liaystown. There 
were a few small buildings scattered through the neighborhood, built mostly by iwr- 
sons who had served a time with the first settlers, as a compensation to them for paying 
their passage over to this country, they being themselves unable to pay. Many of them 
had come from Germany. One of the first of this kind of buiklings now stands in the 
upper end of the town, and is occupied by Peter 3Iays. Adjoining this building, at 
the end towards the river, stood the first place for public worship in the town. It was 
a small squared log building ; the logs are now in an outbuilding of Wm. Wright. 
Robert Barber, now in his 82d year, remembers attending meeting there. Catharine 
Peyton and Mary Pearley, public ;Friends from Ireland, hold meetings there : they 



368 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

travelled the country on horseback. Before this building was erected, the meetings 
were lield in private houses. At length, on account of the discipline not being properly- 
attended to, it was altogether put down by the monthly meeting of Sadsbury. Some 
years since, however, they requested and obtained permission to hold meetings here 
again ; they then built the present brick meeting house. 

There used to be a small shop on the corner where Dr. Houston's house now stands ; 
and on the opposite north corner there was a house, sometimes occupied by a tenant or 
tradesman. 

There were cherry trees on each side of the lane from S. B. Heise's to below E. 
Wright and sisters, and down to the ferry house. Cherries were very scarce in the 
neighborhood, and being in a great variety here, the peo^jle came from all quarters for 
them. As they were ripe about harvest, when all were busy, first-day was fixed upon 
to come for them. It got the name of cheriy fair — hucksters came from Lancaster 
with their baskets, and liundreds of people were collected at the old ferry-house, the 
only public house then in town. These fairs were continued many years — until their 
impropriety became so glaring that they were abolished. 

About half a mile from Columbia, on the road leading to the Chicques, among the 
hills, was the place called Smoke-town. Many now living may remember it. A little 
stream wound along amongst the hills; three or four little cabins were built near to- 
gether, and a few spots of level ground were sometimes cultivated by the inhabitants. 
It was the rendezvous for strolling beggars and such kind of people: many a midnight 
brawl has been witnessed here. All vestiges of this settlement are now gone, and the 
land belongs to the Hogendoblers. 

In olden times, the place being more thinly settled than it is now, the people seemed 
more affectionate to each other. When a death occurred in the neighborhood, it cast a 
gloom over all the inhabitants, even if it was from among the lowest class, and some of 
every family attended the funeral. The neighbors for many miles round were known 
to each other; if a stranger was seen in the place, great curiosity arose to know who he 
was and from whence he came. The first proprietors being all related or connected with 
each other, the greatest hannony and friendship existed between them. In those days 
tea was looked upon as too effeminate for men. There were no stores nearer than Lan- 
caster, and luxuries which all partake of now, were little known then. There was great 
difficulty in getting shoes, especially for children. 

The defeat of Braddock's anny, in 1755, produced great excitement here. All the 
females and children of the jjlace, to the number of about 30, went to Philadelphia and 
spent the winter. They occupied the house on Chestnut street, which stood on a part 
of the ground where the Arcade now is. The men who remained, fortified the store- 
house of J. L. Wright. 

In the year 1757 or '58, there was no physician in the place, and there being a number 
of children who had never had the small pox, Dr. Moore of Philadelphia, a friend of 
Susannah Wright, was engaged to come and inoculate them. One or two of the children, 
on whom the inoculation did not take, died. It was the opinion then, that it would not 
do to inoculate the second time, as there would be danger of taking the small pox the 
natural way, and thus the person woi;ld have a double portion. 

When the revolutionary war broke out there was a great excitement in all ranks of 
society; the peaceable and quiet state of the place seemed entirely changed — all was 
military. There were meetings in every corner, preparing for war — some exercising 
with old brooms or sticks, there being few arms amongst them. 

Columbia occupies the slope of a hill, the business part of the town extending along 
the river bank. The Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal navigation extends from here 
to the Maryland State line, a distance of 36 miles, and thence to Chesapeake Bay at 
Havre-de-Grace. It is the Southern terminus of the Pennsylvania Canal. It has 
Railroad communication by the Pennsylvania R, R. East and West; by the Reading 



APlajt Designed kor the 
ToVfN OF LAXCASTER,M.\IICHI730, 

reduced from the Oriqinal in the Office of the Secrcfmi'^ of fh c Commuti 
wealth atEmrishiircj. 



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OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 3^9 

and Columbia R. R. Nortli; and by the branch lino of the Nortlioni Central R. R. 
from Wrightsville on the opposite bank of the Sus(|nehanna, Soutli. Tlie sjilendid 
bridge which spans the river, is more tlian a mile and a <iuarter long, was bunit 
during the Rebellion, but has been rebuilt and is ready for traffic at tlic present 
time (December 18G8.) The principal trade of the borough is in lundter from tlie upper 
parts of the Sus(iuehanna; mucli capital is invested in tliis trade. One of tlie most 
prolific deposits of iron ore occurs in the neighborhood of Columbia, and supplies the 
numerous furnaces here and in the vicinity. The coal-trade of Columbia is also con- 
siderable. It has 9 churches, and its fine High Scliool building is deservedly admired. 

Lampeter, East.— Bounded N. by Manheim, N. E. by Upper Leacock, Y.. by Lcac<x-k, 
S. E. by Paradise, S. by Strasburg, S. W. by "West Lampeter, AV. by Lancaster township. 
Area, 13, 791 acres. Population in 1800, 2,305; Taxables, 047; value of Real and Personal 
Property, $1,370,598. Itcontains5 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 7IIotels, 4 Stores and 10 Com- 
mon Schools. The Conestoga creek bounds the townshii) N. AV., the Pecpiea S. E. and Mill 
creek traverses it centrally, the course of all three being S. W. The Pennsylvania Rail 
Road crosses the township centrally with a station at Bird-in-hand, or Enterprise. The 
former name is said to have originated in the sign of an inn, displaying a man with a 
bird in his hand and pointing to two other birds on a tree, and pictorially illustrating 
the proverb that "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush."' P. O. at Enterprise, 
Fertility, Greenland and Soudevsburg. 

Lampeter, AVest. — Bounded N. and AV. by Lancaster, E. by East Lampeter, S. E, 
by Strasburg, S. by Providence and S. AV. by Pcijuea. Area, 11,437 acres; Population 
in 1800, 1,771; Taxables, 440; Value of Real and Personal Property, 4:1,104,391. It 
contains 5 Grist and 3 Saw ^lills; Hotels, 2 Stores and 8 Common Schools. The 
Pequea is the S. E. boundary and the Conestoga the X. AV. receiving at the AV'esteni- 
most extremity of the township Mill creek, which crosses the Northern section. P. 
O. at Lampeter, AVheatland Mills at the Eastern extremity of the townsliip on the 
Pe«iuea, and AVillow Street. 

Lancaster. — Bounded N. by JIanhehn and Lancaster city, E. by E. and AV. Lam- 
peter, S. by Pequea, and AV. by 3Ianor. Surface, hilly; soil, limestcme. The Conesto- 
ga Creek Hows in a very serpentine course along its Southeastern boundary. Area, 
4,045 acres; popul. in 1800, 924; taxables, 170; value of Real and Personal Projx'rty, 
.$558,104. It contains 3 Grist and 2 Saw Mill«, 1 Distillery, 2 Hotels, and 3 Common 
Schools. 

Lancaster, City. — Area, 2,500 acres; Popidation in isiio. 17,003; Taxables 4,000; 
value of Real and Personal Property, |3, 044,231. 

Lancaster was laid out by Governor Hamilton as a Town in 1730, after the annexed 
plan, which I found among some loose papers in a closet in the office of the Secretai-y 
of the Commonwealth at Harrisburg. 

At that time George Gibson kept a tavern here, with the sign of the hickory tree, on 
the public road, by the side of a fine spring. "A swami^ lay in front of Gibson's, and 
another of some extent lay to the North." Near the spring there once stowl a high 
hickory tree, which tradition says was the centre of a small handet of a tribe called tho 
Hickory Indians. The swamp North of Gibson's is supposed to have extended from the 
centre of the square bounded by Duke, Queen, Chestnut and Orange streets, to tlic 
swamp along the run, now AVater Street. Gibson's pasture, afterwards Sanderson's 
pasture, was leased at an early period by IVIr. Hannlton to Adam Reigart. .Vn okl letter 
mentions "the log-cabin of the widow Buchanan," who was probably only a tenant, a.s 
her name is not among the purchasers. Gibson's original tavern is said to have occu- 
pied the site of Slaymaker's hotel, the spring nearly opposite. At that time it con- 
tained about 200 inhal)itants. "This year Stephen Atkinson built a fulling mill at great 
expense; biit the inhabitants of the upper part of the creek assend)led and pulled down 
the dam on the Conestoga, as it prevented them from rafting an»l getting their usual 
25 



■370 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

•supply of fish. Atkinson altered his dam ^vitli a twenty feet passage for boats and 
fisli." — Eiipj). 

In 1732 a violent contest for a member of Assembly took place between Andrew Gal- 
braitli and John Wright. On that occasion Mrs. Galbraith rode through the town at 
the head of a numerous band of horsemen, friends of her husband. In consequence of 
her activity, lier husband was elected. 

In 1734 an Episcopal Church was built in Conestoga, fifteen miles from Lancaster, 
(locality iinknown), and a Lutheran Church in Lancaster. The seat of justice was re- 
moved this year from Postlethwaite's to Lancaster. The hottest summer experienced 
in tlie county. 

In 1736 the first German Reformed Church, a log-building, nearly opposite the present 
•church, was dedicated; after the completion of the new church in 1771, it was converted 
into a private dwelling and occupied as such until January 14, 1836, when it was de- 
stroyed by fire. Rev. John Jacob Hook, or Hock, V. D. jM., was German Reformed 
Pastor in 1736. — Bwpp. 

August 5, 1736, at a court of General Quarter Sessions: Doctor William Smitli, a vaga- 
bond and beggar, being convicted before the court of being an impostor, it is the judg- 
ment of the court that he receive, in the town of Lancaster, ten lashes, and be conducted 
from Constable to Constable, and be whipped with ten lashes, in the most public place, 
till he comes to the bounds of the county, at Octol-aro, and there be dismissed. — Rujjp. ■ 

In 1738, the number of taxables, in Lancaster county, was 2,560. About the year 
1738, many emigrants from the Palatinate, Germany, settled in Brecknock township; 
among these were Jacob Guth, Christian Guth, who erected the first grist mill in the 
township; John Mussleman, Francis Diller, who erected the first distillery in Breck- 
nock; Jacob Schneder, Francis Eckert, Herman Deis, Christopher Waldhauer, William 
Morris, Englishman, and some others. — S. Boiomaii's Letter, in Ruptp. 

In 1739, the Scotch Presbyterians were at their request excused from "kissing the 
Book, ' " when giving evidence under oath. 

In 1742 Lancaster was incorporated as a borough by George Thomas. A cojjy of the 
charter is given, in Division X. 

In 1743 a German Reformed Congregation was organized, near Adamstown, called 
"Modecrick Church." 

Oct. 3, 1744 a meeting to organize St. James' Episcopal Church was held at Lancas- 
ter. The Rev. Richard Locke, an itinerant Missionary, was the first officiating Min- 
ister. The project of erecting a small stone church, initiated April 15, 1745, was not 
consummated until 1753. 

This year, Murhancellin, an Indian chief, murdered John Armstrong and his two 
men on Juniata; he was apprehended by Captain Jack's party, but released after a 
confinement of several months in Lancaster prison. 

John Musser, [1744] complained to the Governor that the Indians barked his walnut 
trees, in the town, designing the bark as covers to their cabins; he asked £6 for dam- 
ages and was granted £3. 

In 1745, the Roman Catholics procured a lot, from Hamilton's estate, on which a few 
years later they built a small log church, which w\as consumed by fire in 1760; the 
building now used as a School House, was founded in 1763. 

In 1745, the German pastor of the Lutheran Church united part of his congregation 
with the Moravians, an act which created much excitement among the Lutherans who 
alleged that they were compelled to hear a doctrine which they did not approve, or else 
to resign their church. This year the "dark swamp," once in the centre of Lancaster, 
was attempted to be cleared of wood, and a drain made to carry oft' the water. 

In 1746, the Rev. Mr. Locke, an Episcopal Missionary of the Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel, rejjorts the town of Lancaster to contain 300 houses. 

In 1749, James Webb complained to the General Assemblv of the undue election and 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 37i 

return of a member from Lancaster county, stating that vinlenco prevailed, that many 
persons voted from 5 to 10 times, maliino- 2.:500 out of l.OOU votes. The electi.Mi was 
■confirmed, but the officers were brought to the House and reprimanded. 

In 1751 a large meeting was held at Lancaster which resolved upon the erection of a 
house of emplo^-ment for the special use of settlers who had greatly suffered from want 
of employment and the hostilities of the Indians. A farm was procured and imi>le- 
ments of manufacture purchased. Stockings were made here, for tlie mamifactniv t)f 
■whicli Lancaster became soon noted. 

Lancaster in 1754. Extract from Gov. PownalFs journal: 

"To Lancaster one mile. Lancaster a growing town and making money— a manufac- 
tory here of saddles and packsaddles, also of guns— it is a stage town— five Innidred 
Louses — two thousand inhabitants. 

Between Lancaster and Wright's ferry, I saw the finest farm one can jMissililv con- 
ceive, in the highest culture; it belongs to a Switzer. Here it was I saw the metlu^d of 

watering meadows by cutting troughs in the side of the hill for the .springs to run in 

"the water would run over the sides and water the whole of the ground. If the plan 
be used in England I never saw it. 

A town called Ephrata, near Lancaster, settled by i)cople called Donkers, Doopers, 
Dimplers, they are I think, a queer set of protestant regulars. 

In speaking of Alexandria, he says, there is one good house in it; it is Lord Fair- 
fax's and perhaps seventy others.'' 

I copied ijart of CTOvernor Pownall's Journal for you. In the Book was the follow- 
ing note in manuscript: 

" When Governor Pownall visited Lancaster there was not one good house in the 
town. The houses were chiefly of frame, tilled in with stone — of logs — and a few of 
stone. When Lancaster was laid out it was the desire of the proprietor 'to raise an 
annual revenue from the lots; no lots were therefore sold of any large amount; but 
settlers were encouraged to build and receive a lot, paying an annual sum as ground 
rent — hence the large number of poor or persons in indigent circumstances who were 
induced to settle in Lancaster. The Lancaster town was therefore too large at an early 
period in i^roportion to the population of the surrounding country, and its inhabitants 
svifltered as much from a want of emplojnnent as from its local situation remote from 
water, it was not nor could it ever possibly become a place of business. The ])roprietor 
was therefore wrong in forcing the building and settlement of Lancaster. The town 
outgrew its strength, and looks dull and gloomy in consequence. 

Two Governors were buried in Lancaster, Governor Wharton and Governor Mittiin. 

"Lancaster, May 27th. 177S. 

"On Sunday last the remains of ins Excellency Thomas Wharton, junior. Esquire, 
President of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
Captain General and Commander-in-chief in and over the same, was interred in the 
Evangelical Trinity Church in this borough (the elders and vestry of that church having 
politely requested that the body might there l)e interred). The attention i)aid by Col. 
Geo. Gibson, Lt. Col. Stephen Bayard, and Captains Brown and Huston, in conduc- 
ing the military on the occasion of his Excellency's funeral, did them honour; and the 
gentlemen of the borough in their military character made a very handsome ai)peaninc.'. 
"The affection which the House of Assenddy had for his Excellency would not permit 
his body to be can-ied by any other persons than members, twelve of whom bore liis 
remains to the grave." 

" When the British came to Philadelphia, Robert Monis. J. M. Xesbitt and several 

others came to Lancaster for safety. 

"George Bartram, a merchant of Philadelphia, a native of Scotland, was comi>elled 
also to come to Lancaster. He dined out with a party of Whigs and took cold, which 
caused his death in his 43d year on the 24th of April, 1777, and was V)uried in front of 



372 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

the Episcopal church. A neat marble slab on the pavement marks the spot whei-e his-- 
remains were deposited." 

Peter Scliaub, of Lancaster county, setting forth to the Assembly, that when the 
forces under Col. Dunbar were at Lancaster, on their way to Philadelphia, a consider- 
able number of horses and cattle belonging to them were put into his meadow, and 
kept there for two days, whereby the greatest part of the grass was destroyed, required 
compensation for damages sustained; Jacob Myers and others valued the damages at 
£11. 7s. The Assembly considered the petition, September 19th 1755. John Brubaker 
presented a similar petition; his damages were £8. 6s. 

Col. Dunbar was an officer under Edward Bvaddock, who met with a fatal reproof, 
July 9th, 1755, near Pittsburgh, for his overweening confldence and reckless temerity. 
— Rwpp- 

In 1758, the freemen of the county, by reason of the badness of the roads to Phila- 
delphia, in spring and fall, pray to be excused from attendance there in the Supreme 
Court, and request a county coiu't in lieu thereof. 

Li 1759, owing to the distracted state of the country by Indian cruelties and French 
hostilities, a barrack was erected in Lancaster, containing 500 men, for the security of 
the country, Mr. Bausman, barrack-master. 

In 1760, statistics of Lancaster county — 436,346 aci'es of land, 5,635 taxables, each 
taxed £1.3s. Total tax £6,178.10s. 

In 1763, a petition by settlers on the Conestoga, complains of its dams, as destroying 
the former fishery of shad, salmon and rock-fish, which were before in abundance, 
Avhile the tributary streams had plenty of trout. 

In 1763 the house of correction was erected. The famous massacre of Indians by 
the Paxton Boys, wliicli took place this year, is fully described in a former part of this, 
volume, i^Sges 179 sq. 

In 1764, the Rev. Mr. Barton, Rector of St. James' Church, describes Lancaster as a 
very respectable and wealthy place, containing 600 houses. He reports also that a 
German surgeon married then about 300 couples a year, worth to him £150. 

In 1765 the Presbyterians ei-ected a lai'ge meeting house. Building Committee: 
AVilliam Montgomery, John Craig, James Davis. 

In 1783-1784 Johann David Schopf, who had been Commissioner of the Margrave of 
Brandenburg during the Revolution, undertook a journey through the Middle and 
Southern States and the Bahamas, and published an account of his travels at Erlangen 
in 1788. From that rare and able book I have translated the following account of 
Lancaster, which Avill doubtless be perused with great interest: 

"Among the interior cities of all North America, Lancaster is the most important. 
Although hardly eighty years old, it has already 900 houses. Its rapid growth cannot 
be ascribed to the nearness of a river, for the Susquehanna flows 10 miles to the South, 
and the small Conestoga 2 miles to the East. This town was originally designed to 
have been located on the Susquehanna, and a wooden Court House and jail had actu- 
ally been erected near Wright's Ferry, but Hamilton, a distinguished lawyer, used his 
influence to have the town located on land- belonging to him. His family still retain 
the proprietory rights, and draw an annual income of at least £1,000 sterling from 
ground-rents. These ground-rents are unequal, according as the respective lots were 
taken up at an earlier or later period, or are situated in different parts of the town; for 
the lots taken up at the first beginning of the place pay least; but with the gradual 
growth of the town tlie price of the lots was raised. The town is laid out with regu- 
larity; the Court House here, also, is in the centre at the intersection of two of the 
main streets, which detracts considerably from its appearance. It is said that not more 
than fifty English families dwell here; all the rest are Germans; but the English lan- 
guage, though not dominant, is the language of the courts. The inhabitants follow 
agricultural, industrial and commercial pursuits. The commerce, however, is not very 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 878 

•considerable, because the town is still too near to Philadelpliia. It has a haiulsonie 
Lutheran Church and a Latin School.! 

"But the greatest attraction which Lancaster presented to mo, was the pleasure I de- 
rived from the acquaintance with the Rev. Henry IVIuhlenberg. pastoi- of the Luthei-an 
•Church, and now Principal of the College there. 

"This excellent man, by his own diligence, has made considiMahlo attainments in na- 
tural science and is indefatigable in his investigations of the animals, jilants and min- 
erals of his neighborhood. I have great reason to regret the circmnstaiue that I made 
his acquaintance so late and for too short a time; l)ut it was the more jjrecious and I 
shall cherish my recollection of him the more, because he is the onhi natire Americnu 
with whom I became acquainted, who is a lover of science and of whom I was able to 
make scientitic inquiries. If his exemplary diligence and search of knowledge were 
more generally found among his countrymen, America would soon become lietter 
acquainted with her own products, and natural science become greatly em-iched. His 
cabinet of home minerals, though small, is nevertheless remarkable, l)ecause a Iwttor 
one is not found elsewhere." 

" The same author furnishes some curious specimens of the peculiar idiom, known as 
Pennsylvania Dutch, which .seems to have been eighty years ago as rii'hly developed as 
it is at this day; tlie reader, familiar with this indigenous dialect, will have no ditliculty 
to understand the following extracts from conversations had by Schopf, with Pennsyl- 
vania farmers in 1783: 

Ich hab' wollen mit my nachljar tshinen and a shtick geclart land pnnliasen. Wir 
batten no doubt a goote bargain gmacht und hatten kenne goot drauf ausmache. Ich 
■war aber net capable so'ne summe Geld aufzumache, und konnt nicht liinger expecten. 
Das thiit my nachbar net gleiche, und fing an mich eebel zu u.sen; .so dacht ich 's ist 
besser du toost mitaus." 

"Mine stallion iss ivverde Fens getshumpt and hat dem Xachbar sei wheat abscheu- 
lich gedamatsht." 

Subjoined is an interesting account of Lancaster in 1833, originally written for the 
Commercial Herald, and preserved in Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, vol. 12: 

"From Paradise, where our last sketch was made, we resume our journey on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and in about nine miles enter the city of Lancaster. In this 
distance we cross Mill creek by a viaduct 550 feet long and 40 feet high, and Concstoga 
creek by a viaduct 1,413 feet long, and 60 feet high. The latter is among the noblest 
structures in the State, perhaps on the Continent. Its great length is occasioned by 
the width of the Conestoga valley, at this point requiring a large proportion of land 
bridge. It is built upon the Town patent or Lattice plan, difleringin this respect from 
the other bridges upon the road, in which Burr's model has been pursued. Tlie con- 
tractor was Amos Campbell, of New Jersey, who constructed the present bridge at the 
falls of Schuylkill, several on the Germantown Railroad; and who is engaged to build 
all the important bridges on the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad. The Pennsylvania 
Railroad crosses the Conestoga about half a mile above the tuinpike bridge, which lat- 

1 Lancaster has now also a Clleire. "In the Interest of the Germans, who, from various i.reju.ilces. 
have hitherto failed to unite with their Enalish fellow citi/.ens in the establishment of an e.lucatlonal 
institution, the Assembly granted in the fall of 17SG, a charter and 10,000 acres of land, for the eree- 
tion of a College at Lancaster. This College is to bear the name of Dr. Franklin, who has ma-lc 
munificent donations to it. The Germans arc greatly rejoiced with this undertaking. The 7.e«l and 
liberality with which thev enter into every good work which contemphues the prosperity of their 
religion and nation, warrants the hope that this College will speedily ciuiil in wealth and reputation 
the oldest Colleges in Americy." (Extract from a letter from I'hiludelphla, 1787.) IheHev. .Mr. 
Muhlenberg states in a letter, dated .Tune 6. 1787,that this College has gone int.. operation with five 
tutors. Kev. Mr. Muhlenberg is President ; Kev. -Mr. Hendel, Vice-1'rincipal : the Kev. Mr. Melz- 
iaimer, Professor of German, Latin and Greek; Mr. Reichenbach, Professor ..f Mathematics, and 
the English minister, the Kev. Mr. Hutchins, teaches English and the Helles-Lcttres. 



374 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

ter is a substantial stone structure of some four or live arches. It was erected about- 
tke year 1789, by Abraham Witmer, a patriarch of the numerous and respectable tribe _ 
of that name. By an act of the Legislature, passed in 1787, this intelligent and enter- 
prising German obtained authority to construct the bridge, and to charge a reasonable 
toll. It continued to be his private property until five or six years ago, vi^hen it vras 
purchased by the county of Lancaster, and made free to all comers and goers. The 
preamble of the law referred to is curious and interesting, on account of the contrast 
which it exhibits between the resources and enterprise of the Commonwealtli at that 
time, and at the present. A. safe crossing of the Conestoga was then essential to the 
whole communication between Philadelphia and the interior — it was often impassable 
for many days together — and yet the State of Pennsylvania had not the means to con- 
struct a bridge which a single county now would readily undertake. 

The public spirited enterprise of a Pennsylvania fanner supplied the deficiency, and 
entitled him to honorable mention in every history of internal improvement in this State.! 
His w/is the second bridge constructed under State authority, probably the second of 
any magnitude in the State. The first was built in 1787, under a similar grant from 
the Legislature over Keshamony creek on the Bristol road, by CHiai'les Bessonett and 
Gershom Johnson, "proprietors of the stages from Philadelphia to Trenton on the 
Kew York road." The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Company — the first in 
the state or country — was not chartered until 1792, five years after the grant to Abraham 
Witmer. 

What a host of reflections spring from the recollection of these simple facts. Only 
forty-five years ago, the two great communications from Philadelphia, one leading to 
jSTew York, and the other to our interior, were rendered precarious by the want of 
bridges over such streams as the Conestoga and the Xeshamony. In that short period 
what changes have enterprise and industry, the genuine growth of free institutions, 
produced? More than forty millions of dollars have been expended in the construction 
of roads, bridges and canals. 

The Rail Road, after crossing the Conestoga, passes through the beautiful farm of _ 
the late Mr. Coleman, and enters the corporate limits of the city of Lancaster, on its 
northern edge. The elevation of the ground on which the city is chiefiy built, induced 
the Engineer, (Major Wilson) on the first location, to carry his line around half a mile 
north of the principal street, along a small valley sloping to the Conestoga. He con- 
sidered that the city would be as well accommodated by a short branch of inconsidera- 
ble expense, and which would not interfere with his choice of ground for the main line. 
After the routes chosen by him had been graded, the people of Lancaster induced the 
Legislature to carry a line nearer the main street, involving a heavy deep cut, and an 
additional expenditure of one hundred thousand dollars. It is doubtful whether they 
will derive advantage from the change. In the deep cutting, which occurs nearly all 
the distance through the city, no useful communication can be had with the road, and 
it must prove inconvenient in many other respects. If they are satisfied, however, far 
be it from us to complain. 

Lancaster is one of the three towns in Pennsylvania upon wliich the Legislature have 

IThe above statement requires correction. Binkley's Bridge, which seems really to be the oldest 
stone arched bridy:e in the county, if not in the State, was built at the eharae of Christian Binkley in 
17S9. His expenditure having; straightened his circumstances, his nei^-hbors proposed that he should 
transfer the bridge to the public "in consideration of X1,U00 in gold and silver coin, current lawful 
money in the State of Pennsylvania ;" acceding to said proposal, the amount was raised by volun- 
tary subscription in the vicinity. This bridge stood as originally erected until the summer of 1867^ 
when one of the piers gave way, necessitating the rebuilding of the same, which was completed late 
in the fall of 1868. The old flour and grist mill, adjoining the Bridge and built by Christian Binkley, 
was converted in 1SG6 into a first-class paper mill, known as " The Printers' Paper Mill." Christian 
Uinkley is certainly entitled to great praise for the disinterested zeal and public spirit, which prompt- 
ed him for the benefit of the public at large, to erect this substantial bridge at his own expense. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 375 

conferred tlie disnitied title of city. Of these it is third in uiaj^nitude— its populiition 
in 1830 being 7,700. It has a :Mayor, lieeorder, Alderman and Connmm Couneil, with 
a charter modeled after that of Philadelphia. The streets are laid out with rea.sonablo 
regularity, are of convenient width, and the principal ones are well pave<l. A stylo of 
building prevails there, not the most picturesque, and as wc should imagine neither econ- 
omical or convenient. About two-thirds of the liouses have but a single very l«w 
story— with heavy eaves, and highly sloped roofs, affording the least possible accom- 
modation in proportion to tlie ground occupied, and to the expenditure for rnofnig— 
always an important item. We Avish those Avho build hereafter would reft.nn this 
fashion altogether. As an additional motive for so doing we would mentiou tiie opini<jn 
of many eminent physicians, that Cholera is most apt to seize those who sleep on ground 
floors. If this theory be true, Lancaster may lay her accuiuit f(n- a severe visitation, 
should the pestilence enter her borders. 

Lancaster contains, nevertheless, many excellent houses, much good society, and a 
large share of wealth, and of productive industry. It ow^es its prosperity and impor- 
tance, mainly, to the fertile and admirably cultivated country which surrounds it — a 
district surpassed by none on the Continent, for capacity to furnish what man reqnii-es 
for comfort and convenience. Several branches of manufactures and mechanic art.s, are 
extensively followed here — especially the making of stage coaches, and of the itecidiar 
vehicles (hence called, Conestoga wagons,) and harness used on the great turnpikes, 
which lead to the west and north. It is not long since a post-coach built in Lancaster, 
took a premium over many competitors in New York and New Jersey. 

Lancaster was the seat of Government of the State from 1799 to 1812, wlieu llarris- 
burg succeeded to that dignity. The Legislature sat in the present Couit House, situ- 
ated in the middle of the main street, according to a practice fonnerly in vogue, and 
which is only defendable on the ground that it enables the Judges to refresh themselves 
by occasional peeps through the window, at the passing world, when the lawyei-s grow 
tedious, or the evidence is unentertaining. It has certainly great inconveniences, es- 
pecially if the street be paved with pebbles, and travelled with Conestoga wagons. In 
such a Court House many a poor fellow may have been tried, and condemned by a 
tribunal who heard but little of what the witnesses testilied. 

For the information of those who are curious in wine, we would remark, that they 
may always procure the article of excellent quality at the principal hotels in Lancaster. 
Let them only inquire for "Reigarfs particular,'' and they will surely be satisfied, how- 
ever fastidious their taste; or if it Avould amuse them to know all the particulars of St. 
Clair's defeat, let them seek out Captain Slough, who once kept the tavern at the cor- 
ner of the Court House Square, and who played a conspicuous part on that disastrous 
occasion. 

At Lancaster is the head of the Conestoga navigation, an improvement of that stream 
by locks and dams, down to its junction with the Sus<iuehaima, a distance of about 
fourteen miles. Its cost was aboiit eighty thousand dollars, principally sub.scribed in 
Lancaster county, but it has not realized the expectation of the proprietors. The locks 
(constructed entirely of timber) have proved too feeble to resist the pressure of water 
upon them, and there is not trade to justify the expense of rebuilding, or repairing. 
The project, in truth, was not founded in a wise calculation of the course of trade, and 
perhaps would not have been attempted, but for a certain feeling of preference for 
Baltimore over Philadelphia, which once prevailed in Lancaster, and which we liope to 
see removed by a more free connnunication with Philadelphia, and a frank intercliango 
of kind offices. 

Lancaster suffers, (in the estimation of sti-angers, at least,) for want of go<Kl water. 
That in common use, derived from wells, is so strongly impregnated witli lime, ius to 
be disaoreeable to the taste, and unfit for many domestic purposes. We woidd recom- 
mend this subject to the serious attention of the friends of Temperance in that city. 



876 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

When they urge water as the best beverage, they should be prepared to supply it of 
good and wholesome quality. For our part, we never drink the article in Lancaster, 
except in the fonn of tea or coffee, and even these are rendered unpalatable by the 
properties of the water. We do not know whether any plan of supplying the city 
with pure water is practicable. If it be so, we would hold up the example of Easton, 
Reading and Columbia, all situated, like Lancaster, on a limestone rock, and yet all sup- 
plied with excellent water from the surrounding hills. 

From Lancaster we proceed westward on the Rail Road through the great limestone 
range which we have heretofore described, and through farms of the best quality, to 
its termination at Columbia on the Susquehanna, a distance of twelve miles. One 
mile beyond Lancaster we cross the turnpike leading to Harrisburgh, the great mail 
route from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. Two miles further we cross the Little Conestoga 
by a viaduct 804 feet long, and 47 feet high. At the upper end of the borough 
of Columbia the Rail Road descends to the level of the Susquehanna by an inclined 
plane 1,720 feet long, with a perpendicular height of 90 feet. From the foot of the 
plane it is conducted imnrediately on the bank of the river along the whole front of 
the town, to the Basin at the upper extremity, which terminates the Pennsylvania 
Canal. Near the same spot is a noble bridge across the Susquehannah, a mile in 
length. This coming together of thi'ee such works, promises to make Columbia a most 
important position." 

The water-works, supi)lying the City with Conestoga Water, were erected in 1837-'38, 
at an original cost of about $106,000. Subseqent alterations and enlargements have, 
perhaps, doubled the original cost. 

Gas was introduced into the City, February 21, 1850. The Gas company was char- 
tered April 7, 1849. The works were erected at an original cost of f 28, 555.00. The 
fu-st Gas was manufactured from rosin, but the works were adapted to the manufacture 
of Gas from coal in 1852. 

Lancaster City has 9 Banking establishments, 10 places of Worship, 57 Common 
Schools, 2 daily, 1 semi-weekly and 6 weekly Newspapers. 

IVIore particulars concerning the public buildings will bo found in Division IV, con- 
cerning Churches in Division Y, concerning Education in Division VI, concerning Phi- 
lanthropic institutions and beneficiary Societies, in Division VIII. 

Leacock.— Bounded N. by Earl, E. by Sahsbury, S. by Paradise, W. by E. Lampe- 
ter and N. W. by Upper Leacock. Area, 11,272 acres; Population in 1860, 2,051; Tax- 
ables, 483; value of real and personal property, |1, 018,158. It contains 2 Grist, and 2 
Saw mills, 3 Hotels, 8 Stores and 10 Common Schools. Mill creek flows along the North- 
ern and Pequea creek along the Southern boundary of the township; the Pennsylvania 
R. R. traverses its S. W. extremity; station at Gordonville, where as well as at Inter- 
course are P. O. 

Leacock, UppEn.— Bounded N. by W. Eart, E. by Earl, S. E. by Leacock. S. by E. 
Lampeter, N. W.;by Manlieim. Area, ll,272acres; Population in 1860, 2,112; Taxables, 
547; value of Real and Personal Property, $1,062,882. It contains 3 Gnst, and 3 Saw- 
mills, 6 Hotels, 5 Stores and 12 Common Schools. This township is extremely well wat- 
ered, the Conestoga flowing along the N. W. and the S. boundaries. P. O. at Bareville, 
Groff 's Store and Leacock. 

Little Britain.— Bounded N. E. by Colerain, S. E. by Chester co., S. by the 
State of jVIavyland, W. by Fulton township, and N. AY. by Drumore township. CentraUy 
distant from the city of Lancaster 20 ms. S. E. Greatest length 10^ ms., breadth G ms. 
Area, 18,900 acres; surface, rolling; soil, clay. Pop. in 1860, 1,822; taxables, 412. 
The Octoraro creek and its W. branch flows on the N. E. and S. E. boundary, and the 
Racoon Run crosses it centrally from N. to S. ; near the middle of the township is situated 
Little Britain church. Little Britain P. O. is near the S. W. boundary, 81 miles 
from W. C. and 58 from Harrisburg. There are in this township 2 Forges, 5 Tan- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 377 

neries, 2 Fulling mills, 11 Grist mills, 11 Saw mills, :3 Clover mills ami a small Woollen 
Factory. 

Real and Personal Estate, $444,590; Ccmnnon Seliools. 7. The P. 0. arc: Kirk's 
Mills, Little Britain, Oak Hill, Oak Shade and Wrijilitsdale. The villages are: Asli- 
ville. Bethel, Eastland, Elim, Kimseyville. Pike'. s Peak, Pine Grove ami Sprinfj Hill. 
The following minerals are ascertained to be found in this township: 

Octahedral magnetic oxide of iron, on the Serpentine ridge, on Joel Jackson's 
farm. 

Massive and crystalized ferruginous oxide of chrome, or chromate of iron, occurs on 
a minor ridge of Serpentine, about a mile north of the main Serpentine ridge, being 
about two miles west of the southern western point of Chester county, on the proi)ertv 
of McKim, Sims & Co., of Baltimore, adjoining Joel Jack.son's farm. The disin- 
tegrated crystals of chromate of iron, are found coating the cavities of all the ravines 
made in the sides of the hill, and indicate the existence of this valuable material in 
quantity. 

jMagnesite. An extensive locality of this valuable mineral occur.s, fomiing veins in 
the Serpentine of considerable thickness, same locality, and is extensively quarried and 
manufactured by Messrs. McKim, Sims & Co., of Baltimore, into sulphate of magne- 
sia, (epsom salts.) These gentlemen have succeeded in making a purer salt at a nuich 
less price than it can be imported, which has entirely excluded importation; and the 
United States are now almost entirely supplied from this establishment. Four lumdred 
or five hundred tons of magnesite, have been o]>tained from this locality, and Messrs. 
McK. & S. manufacture 1,500,000 lbs. of Ei)som .salts annually. 

Actynolite, in green compressed crystals, in talc, Serjientine ridge, on Joel Jackson's 
fann. 

Noble Serpentine, with delicate veins of amianthus, Serpentine ridge, on Joel Jack- 
son's fann. 

Chalcedony. An interesting locality of this mineral occurs near the magnesite above 
described, about one and a half miles distant from the celebrated locality at Bock 
Springs, and near the locality of magnesite and chromate of iron. 

Makheim. — Bounded N. by Warwick, E. by Upper Leacock and E. Lampeter, S. by 
Lancaster city and township, W. by East Hempfield. Surface, rt)lling: soil, limestone and 
clay. Area, 16,666 acres; Population in 1860, 2510; Taxables, 6"-27; value of Real and 
Personal Property, |1, 656.679. It contains 5 Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 2 Distilleries. 11 
Hotels, 4 Stores and 13 Common Schools. The Little Conestoga tiows in a Southerly 
course along the Western, and the Conestoga in a S. W. direction along the Eastern 
boundaries of the township. The Pennsylvania R. R. crosses the Southernmost ex- 
tremity, and after passing through Lanca.ster city, traverses the S. W. pail of the town- 
ship, forming a bifurcation at Dillerville. P. 0. at Binkley's Biidge. Landis Valley, 
Manheim, Neffsville and Oregon. 

Maxok. — Bounded N. by East and West Hempfield, E. by Lancaster and Conestoga, 
W. and S. W. by the Susquehannah river; centrally distant from the city of Lancaster 
6 miles S. W. ; greatest length and greatest breadth, about 8 miles. The Conestoga 
river forms the S. E. boundarj-, receiving from the township, the Little Conestoga, and 
its W. branch. Surface, hilly and rolling; soil, limestone; Area. 25,700 acres; Popula- 
tion in 1860, 4,619; Taxables, 1,187; value of Real and Personal Property. ^2.020.709. 
It contains 14 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 3 Distilleries, 8 Hotels, 5 Stores and 21 Connnon 
Schools. This township contains the borough of Washington on the Sustiuelianna 
River, the village of Millersville, where is located the State Normal School, and the 
most interesting historical locality in the County, the famous Indian town of Conestogo, 
about 7 miles distant from Lancaster City. Not a vestige of its Indian character re- 
mains, but the early annals of the county, preserved in this volume, assign to it a 
prominence altogether uni.iue. The first massacre of the Conestogo Indians took place 



378 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

here. It is generally known as Indian Town. P. O. at Highville. Manor and Millers- 
ville. The whole of its river scenery is picturesque and grand. 

Manlieiin, Borough. — Population in 1860, 856; Taxables, 274; Value of Real and 
Personal Property, $157,944. 

About 1760 or 1761, Wilhelm Heinrich Steigel, an eccentric German, who for many 
years had managed the Elizabeth Iron Works, laid out this town. He bought 200 
acres of land from Messrs. Stedman of Philadelijhia, built a large brick house, which the 
simi^licity of the times described as a great castle, remaining to this day, with Dutch 
tiles in the fire-places, and a coarse kind of German canvas tapestry hanging on tho 
walls. It was built of imported brick and contained a pulpit in the salon. 

Steigel was, in turn, iron-master, glass-manufacturer, a preacher and teacher, and 
died in the latter capacity very poor, a special act for his relief having been passed 
Dec. 24, 1774. 

In 1762 Manheim contained 3 houses. Andrew Bartruft" erected the third house. 

Marietta BorougJi. — Population in 1860, 2,186; taxables, 402; value of Peal and 
Personal Property, §308,434. It was incorporated in 1812, and the adjoining villages 
of Waterford and New Haven were included in the borough. The original name of 
the place was Anderson's Ferry, so called after Anderson, whose farm then covered 
about one half of the town plot; he was a man of much enterprise and public spirit. 
He cut the road through the hills towards York and built extensive ferry accommoda- 
tions on the opposite bank of the river; when they were finished, the bridge, projected 
to have been built at Marietta, was erected at Columbia, and Anderson was ruined. 
Marietta has a considerable trade in lumber and coal. Eagle and Donegal Furnaces 
are in operation close by. The principal street of the borough runs along the river and 
is a mile and a half long. The borough contains several churches, and has within its 
limits 13 Hotels and 8 Common Schools. 

During the British war, Jacob Grosh, in response to Governor Snyder's appeal, 
formed a volunteer company of 107 men. The women of Marietta assembled in a 
school house and made garments and knapsacks for the volunteers who thus left fully 
equipped for Marcus Hook. 

Martic— Bounded N. by Pequea, N. E. by Providence, E. and S. E. by Drumore, 
S. and W. by the Susquehanna River, N. W. by Conestoga. Area, 31,542 acres; Popu- 
lation in 1860, 1780; Taxables, 482; value of Real and Personal Property, $276,506. 
It contains 3 Grist and 5 Saw 3Iills, 1 Forge, 4 Hotels, 5 Stores and 8 Common Schools. 
The Pequea creek flows in a S. W. course along the Northern boundary. Muddy creek 
on the S. E. and the Tuccpian creek crosses it centrally. This township is very hilly, 
with fine river scenery, especially near McCall's Ferry. P. O. at Bethesda, Marticville, 
Blount Nebo and Rawlinsville. 

Mount Joy. — Bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. by Lebanon county, E. by 
Rapho, S. by E. Donegal, W. by W. Donegal. Area, 16,373 acres; Population in 1860, 
2,760; Taxables, 566; value of Real and Personal Property, $738,186. It contains 6 Grist 
Mills and 1 Saw IMill, 2 Hotels, 2 Stores and 12 Common Schools. The Conewago creek 
flows along the N. W. border, and the little Chiquesalunga on the Eastern boundary. 
The Harrisburg and Lancaster R. R. skirts the twp. on the South. It contains the bor- 
oughs of Mount Joy and Elhabethtoion. 

Mount Joy, Borough.—Avea, 400 acres; Population in 1860, 1,739; Taxables, 405; 
value of Real and Personal Property, $215,360. This place was laid out in 1812 by Jacob 
Rohrer and disposed of by lottery; the adjoining village of Richland, now part of the 
borough, was laid out a year or two later by several persons. Mount Joy is a thriving 
place, contains several churches, a female seminary and" a boys' school. 

Paradise.— Bounded N. by Leacock, E. by Salisbury, S. E. by Sadsbury, S. by 
Bart and Eden, W. by Strasburg, JST. W. by E. Lampeter. Area, 11,980 acres; Popu- 
lation in 1860, 2,081; Taxables, 470; value of Real and Personal Property, $823,968. It 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 379 

contains 8 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, f. Hotels, 5 Stores and fl Common Scliools. 
The Peqnea creek, running in a Westerly direction, is the Northern boundary of this 
township. P. O. at Bellenionte, Kinzer's, Leaman Place and Paradise, a thriving villa;;e, 
originally settled by Mr. Abraham Witmer, who built a mill there; when in 1804 it was 
made a post-town and needed a name, Mr. Witmer remarked that to him it was a i)ani- 
dise, and thus it obtained its pleasant name. It contains several cliurches, and at 
present, a Soldiers' Orphan School. 

Pexn. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, N. E. by Elizabetli. E. by Warwick S. E. 
by Manheim, S. by E. Hempfield, W. by Kaplio. Area, 2."3,:{42 acres; Population in 
1860, 1,771 ; Taxables, 507; value of Keal and Personal Property sSOlLr^O. It contains ~f 
Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 4 Hotels, 5 Stores and 9 Common Schools. The big 
Chiquesalunga creek skirts the AVestern boundary. The Reading and Cohnnbia H. I{. 
enters the tp. at the S. W., and crosses the Southern section; stations at Seller's and 
Keller's; P. O. at Penn and White Oak. 

Pequea. — Bounded N. by Lancaster tp., E. by W. Lampeter, S. E. by Providence, 
S. by IMartic, W. by Conestoga. Area, included in Conestoga township. Poi)idation 
in 1860, 1,168; Taxables, 273; value of Real and Personal Property, ^0:30,3.37. It con- 
tains 3 Grist and 3 Saw Mills, 2 Distilleries, 4 Hotels, 2 Stores and 6 Common Schools. 
The Conestoga flows along the Northern and the Pequea along the Southern bounda- 
ries. 

Providence. — Bounded N. by W. Lampeter, N. E. by Straslnn-g, E. by Eden, S. 
by Drumore, AV. by jMartic and N. AV. by Pequea. Area, included in Martic town- 
ship. Population in 1860, 1,810; Taxables, G08; value of Real and Personal Property, 
$358,922. It contains 3 Grist and 3 Saw Mills, 6 Hotels, 4 Stores and 8 Connnon 
Schools. Big Beaver Creek, flowing along the Northeastern boundaiy, unites with 
the Pequea, which forms the N. AY. boinidary. P. O. at New Providence ami 
Smith villa. 

Rapho. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, E. by Penn, S. E. by E. Hempfield. S. by 
W. Hempfield, S. W. by E. Donegal, AV. Ijy Mount .loy. Area, 26,367 acres: Popula- 
tion in 1860, 3,528; Taxables, 917; value of Real and Personal Property; ^1,225,:',01. It 
contains 9 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 1 Furnace, 2 Distilleries, 4 Hotels, 3 Stores and 17 
Common Schools. The little Chiquesalunga creek flows along the AVestern boinidary in a 
Southerly direction and joins the big Chiquesalunga, which runs along the Eastern an<l 
Southern boundaries of the tp., near Mussehnan's mill at its S. AV. extremity. P. O. 
at Mastersonville, Mount Hope, Old Line and Sporting Hill. In ^lay, 1741, the inhab- 
itants of the North-east part of Donegal township petitioned for the erection of a new 
township to be called Rapho. 

Sadsbxtry. — Bounded N. by Salisbury township, E. by Chester co., S. by Colerain 
township, and AV. by Bart. Centrally distant S. AV. from the city of Lancaster, 16 ms. 
Greatest length H, greatest breadth 5 ms.; area, 12,111 acres; surface, hilly and rolling; 
soil, limestone and clay. Pop. in 18G0, 1,739; Taxables, 90."). The Octoraro creek 
rises near and flows along the Eastern boundary, and gives motion to three forges with- 
in the township, and one immediately below its Southern line. 3Iine ridge runs along the 
N. boundary, at the foot of which on the AVihnington and Lancaster turnpike roail is 
a post ofiice called the "Gap," established at the " Gap tavern."' 

A^alue of Real and Personal Property, $346,289. It contains .; Grist and 7 Saw Mills, 
3 Forges, 3 Hotels, 4 Stores and 8 Common Schools. P. O. at CHuistiana and Smyrna. 

Salisbury.— Bounded N. by Caernarvon, E. by Chester county, S. by Sadsbnry 
township, and AV. by Paradise, Leacock and Earl townships. Centrally distant E. from 
Lancaster about 16 miles; greatest lengtii 8, greatest breadth 6 miles; Area, 20,300 
acres. Surface, rolling; soil, limestone; Population in 1860. 3725; Taxables, 345. It 
is drained by the Pequea creek, upon the branches of which are sevenil Mills and one 
Foro-e. The AVclsh mountain runs along the North, and Mine ridge upon its South 



380 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

boundary. Value of Real and Personal Property, $1,190,015. It contains 9 Grist and 
8 Saw-Mills, 1 Forge, 10 Hotels, 12 Stores and 17 Common Schools. P. O. at Cain's, 
Cambridge, Gap, Pequea, Salisbury and South Hermitage. 

Strasburg. — Bounded N. by E. Lampeter, E. by Paradise, S. E. by Eden, S. by Prov- 
idence, W. by W. Lampeter. Ai-ea, 13,698 acres; surface, hilly and rolling; soil, lime- 
stone. Population in 1860, 1,858; Taxables, 511; value of Real and Personal Property, 
$1,000,986. It contains 9 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 2 Distilleries, 3 Hotels, and 8 Common 
Schools. The Pequea flows in a Southwesterly course along the Northern and Western, 
and big Beaver creek along the Southern boundaries. P. O. at Martinville and Stras- 
burg. 

Strasburg, Borough. — Area, 880 acres. Population in 1860, 921; Taxables, 270; 
value of Real and Personal Property, $192,313. An old German settlement; a Mr. 
Sample, ancestor of an old Lancaster County family, was the first and only English 
settler at the time of the Revolution. The place was formerly known as Bettelliausen, 
Beggarstown. The logs for the first house were hauled by a Mr. Hoftman. The first 
house in Strasburg was erected in 1733. The ancient Road from Lancaster to Philadel- 
phia ran through this place, and from it was called the Strasburg Road. The old King's 
Highway ran through Strasburg to the mouth of the Conestoga. It contains several 
churches and a branch Rail Road connects with the Pennsylvania Central R. R. at Lea- 
man Place. 

Warwick. — Bounded N. by Elizabeth, N. E. by Clay, E. by Ephrata and W. Earl; 
S. E. by Upper Leacock, S. by Manheim and West by Penn. Area, 11,670 acres; sur- 
face, rolling; soil, limestone, clay and gravel. Population in 1860, 3,057; Taxables, 
806. Value of Real and Personal Property, $1,084,944. It contains 7 Grist and 5 Saw 
Mills, 2 Distilleries, 8 Hotels, 7 Stores and 10 Common Schools. 

The Cocalico Creek flows in a Southerly direction along the Eastern boundary. P. 
O. at Brunnersville, Litiz, Millway and Rothsville. 

The tp. received its name from Richard Carter, one of the first settlers, and first 
constable appointed in 1739. On the fann of Simon Hostetter, part of the old Carter 
tract, is a lake 200 feet in circumference, of great depth, which at one time was errone- 
ously su^jposed to be bottomless. Rocks come up to the water's edge on one side, and 
if large stones are rolled over the rocks into the water, they may be heard for several 
seconds to bound from rock to rock in their descent. 

Litiz. — During Count Zinzendorf 's visit to Lancaster county in 1743, he stayed with 
Mr. Jacob Huber, of Warwick townshi]?. The same evening after his arrival, he ad- 
dressed the assembled neighbors. Many more would have attended, had they not been 
prevented by Mr. George Kline, Mr. Huber' s neighbor, who made eff"orts to dissuade 
others from hearing him, and endeavored to excite unkind feelings against him; how- 
ever, during the succeeding night, he became very uneasy, touching his course; his con- 
science told him loudly, he had not acted rightly. The following day, Count Zinzen- 
dorf went to Lancaster, where he had permission to preach in the court house. Kline 
followed him thither to hear him preach, and was one of his most attentive hearers. 
The Count's address removed all his prejudice, and made such an impression on his 
mind, that he, as well as some of his neighbors, requested him to visit them again, or 
to send them a minister who preached like him; this the Count promised to do, and 
Immediately on his return to Bethlehem, sent the Rev. Jacob Lischy to them, Avith 
orders also to visit other pions persons, who resided in various parts of Lancaster county, 
whom the Count had visited previously. After that they were for a number of years 
visited by others from Bethlehem. Their meetings were partly held in pi-ivate houses, 
and partly in a Lutheran church, which was built in 1741, on Mr. George Kline's land, 
and known as St. Jacob's church. The Reverend Theophilus Neyberg, who was then 
the Lutheran minister at Lancaster, preached every four weeks in this church imtil 
1746, when he left the Lancaster congregation, and devoted his whole attention to the 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 381 

Lutheran congregation in Warwick township, and fmally united himself with the 
greater part of his liock with the Moravian Society. 

In 1747, they conchuled to apply to the conference at Bethkheni, for an cnlained 
minister, who would live among them, and who could attend to the spiritual affairs of 
their small congregation; this request was readily granted, on condition that they would 
provide a suitable dwelling for him and his i'amily. As soon as ^Ir. George Kline lieard 
this, he offered three and three quarter acres of land, at tlio lower part of his farm, for 
this purpose, and it was determined to build a suitable house, which might serve for a 
dwelling, church and school house. On the 9th of February, 1748, this house was con- 
secrated, and on the 22d of July, following, the Rev. Leonhard Schncll niDved into it, 
as their minister and .school teacher. On the thirteenth of 3Iay following, he «ip«iied 
the school with four boys and three girls. This house was then known as the •• War- 
wick Church and School House," and .stood East of the present site of Litiz. 

In 1754 it was determined to establish a similar c()ngregatif>n like that at Bethlrhoni. 
Mr. George Kline being one of the nu)st zealous members of the then but sniall llork, 
and having no heirs, offered them to accept his farm of more than six hundred acres 
for that purpose. This kind offer was gratefully accepted, and the title thereof trans- 
ferred to the society according to law. In the spring of that year, Mr. George Kline 
had built a large two stoiy stone house for a residence, which, however, he occupied 
but a short period, as he moved to Bethlehem, where he ended his life. This house 
stood until 1867, when it was taken down. 

In 1757, the village w^as laid out by the Rev. Nathaniel Seidel, and ^Ir. .John Renter, 
who were sent from Bethlehem for that purpose, and the name of Litiz was given to it, 
in memory of a village in Bohemia, from which the iVirefathers of the United BivthRMi 
had emigrated. 

In 1761, the present Parsonage was built, and the greater part of the upper stttry was 
dedicated as a place of worship. It was provided with a small organ, and the walls 
were adorned with a number of beautiful oil paintings; the works of the celebrated 
Hayd, representing all the most remarkable scenes of our Saviour's life. In this Hall, 
the congregation worshipped until the 13th of August, 1787, when the present church 
Avas consecrated. 

In 1763, the Warwick church and school house, was removed into the village, to serve 
as a dwelling and school house for the teacher, who had the charge of the sdiool for 
such children as did not belong to the Society. In those days, schools were n«t as nu- 
merous as in our day, and there was not another school within foiu- miles of l.itiz, con- 
sequently, the children, from the adjacent country, were all sent to this scIhm.I. The 
children of the Society had then a separate school. Among those who resided in this 
house, and served as teachers, the Rev. Bernhard A. Grube, deserves particular notice. 
It was not only the object of this good man to teach the children to rea<i, write and 
cypher, but also to impress good morals on their minds, and to acipiaint them with their 
Saviour. Various were the methods which he adopted, but one in particular we wouhl 
mention: being an excellent ornamental writer, he wrote in his pupils' books, their 
names, adding some Avish or prayer, and from time to time, he presented them witli 
hymns of his own composition, or passages from Scripture, beautifully written. Many 
of these trifling presents, proved seeds sown into good ground, which gi-ew. and have 
brought fruit unto salvation. To this day, there are Bibles and spelling books to bo 
found in Warwick township, in which is found his writing, and many, who arc gn.nd, 
and great-grand children, of those, who, as children received his trilling pivsents m 
those long by-gone days, hold them as dear as their forefathers did. 

In 1771, the St. Jacob's church was taken down, and removed to the fulling null below 
the village, and converted into a dwelling house, for the miller: this house stands to this 
day, and is at present the property of Mr. John Keller. 

The grave yard, Avhich belonged to this church, is yet in existence, and is known by 



882 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

the name of " Warwick Grave Yard;"' it is located a short distance southwardly from 
the village, near the Lancaster road. To pei-sons who are fond of reading epitaphs on 
old tombstones, this place offers a fine opportunity. 

Having given the reader sonie account of the early settlement of this interesting 
village, we shall now attemi>t to describe it, as we find it in our day. 

It is not saying too much, if we state, that it is probably the neatest and cleanest 
village in Lancaster county. Its location is nearly East and West, extending in that 
direction, about three-fourths of a mile. There is not only pavement before all the 
houses through the whole village, but the dift'erent paths leading to the church, schools, 
«&c., are well paved, with bricks or limestone slabs. The square, around which are 
located the institutions, church and parsonage, is, perhaps, not surpassed in beauty by 
any other spot in the county; such is its splendor in the summer season, that it fre- 
quently occurs, that travellers stop in their journey to give it a closer examination 
than a mere transient notice. 

It is enclosed with a white fence, and tastefully laid out in gravel walks; around it is 
an avenue of locust and cedar trees, and the interior is adorned with Linden Cedar 
and Balm of Gilead trees, and a very great variety of shrubbery. 

The church is 6G feet in length, and 50 feet in depth; it is built of limestone, and 
has a very fine appearance, and the mason work in its front is generally considered a 
master-piece of workmanship; it is ornamented with a neat spire, and has a town 
clock, which is remarkable, because it strikes the quarters. It has two galleries, and 
is provided with an excellent organ. Originally, thei-e was no pulpit in the church, 
but merely a table, covered with black cloth, at which the minister officiated. It being 
fifty years in 1837, since the church had been consecrated, various alterations were 
undertaken in that year, and among others, also, that of placing a pulpit in the place 
of tlie table. After all the repairs were completed, the congregation celebrated the 
fiftieth anniversary of their church on Sunday the 13th of August, 1837. A brief 
account of such a celebration among the Moravians may perhaps be interesting to the 
reader; we shall, therefore, attempt to give some description of this church festival. 
The church was previously beautifully adorned with various inscriptions, and most 
tastefully decorated with flowers and evergreens, and the musicians selected and prac- 
tised their best sacred music; and to render it still more harmonious, invited a number 
of the best vocal and instrumental performers from Bethlehem and Nazareth, to assist 
them on the occasion. On the evening of the 13th, the congregation met for the purpose 
of solemnly closing the remarkable period of fifty years, during which the Lord had 
permitted them to worship in this sanctixary. Early on the morning of the 13th, all 
the inhabitantss were awakened by solemn music, announcing to them the approach of 
the happy day, for which old and young had been looking with such joyful anticipation. 
At |eight o'clock, the congregation met for the first time, in the new period of their 
church's existence, and dedicated the church, as well as themselves anew to the Lord. 
At ten o'clock, they met again, when an excellent address, suitable to the occasion, was 
delivered, and an account read of the first consecration, August 13th, 1787, and also 
the names of all those who served as ministers within the transpired period. At two 
o'clock, there was a Love Feast, a church ceremony which is customary at all festival 
occasions among the Moravians — in token of fellowship and brotherly union, and is in 
imitation of a custom in the priinitive churches; during which the congregation and 
the choir, accompanied with instrumental music, alternately, sang anthems, which had 
been expressly printed for the occasion; after that, the communicants met for the first 
time at the Lord's table in this new era of their church. In the evening, the beautiful 
square, which we have attempted to describe, was tastefully illuminated with upwards 
of 800 lights, and the whole congregation, together with numbers from the adjacent 
country, met in it for the purpose of solemnly closing this joyful festival. Anthems, 
which had been expressly printed for the occasion, were handed to all present, when 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 383 

in the .solemn evening hour of that blessed Sabbath, siuroundcd by thousands of l.>eau- 
tiful tiowcrs, and accompanied with instrumental music, all united in sin<;ing the 
praises of the Lord, for all the blessings conferred on them as a congregation; the scene 
was a heavenly one, and vrill long be remembered by all who witnessed it. 

In ISoT, the church, after having stood 70 years, underwent a tin uougli repair and 
many alterations Avere made, so that its internal and external appearance became more 
modern. 

The following ministers labored iu succession, in the congregation at Litiz: 

1742, Count Nicolas Louis de Zinzendorf; 174o. Jacob Lischy; 1745, Daniel Ncuberts; 
1747, Leonard Sclmell; 1749, Christian H. Ranch; 1748 to 17o:3, Abraham Heinke. 
Senior; 1754, Michael Zahm and Christian Bader; 1755, Christian Krogstrupp and 
Abraham Reinke, Senior; 1755 to 1787, JMathew liehl; 175G, Francis Christian Lembke; 
175G, David Nitshmann, Daniel Bishop and Daniel Neubert; 1757, George "SVeiser; 
1759, Jacob Till; 17C0, Abraham Rusmyer and Godfrey Roesler; 17G2, Christian Krog- 
strupp; 1763, Bernhard Adam Grube; 1765, Nicholas Eberhard; 1774, Godfrey Roesler; 
1784, John Klingsohr; 1790, Andrew Huebner and Abraham Reinke, Junior: 1801. 
John Ilerbst, John Meder and John F. Freeauf; 1811, Jacob Van Vleck and Constan- 
tine Miller; 1812, Andrew Benade, John 3L Beck and Abraham Reinke. Junior: 1822. 
Thomas Longballe; 1823, John Christian Beckler: 1829, Andrew Benade and John F. 
Loeffler; 1836, William Eberman and Charles F. Kluge; 1843, Peter Wulle and Cliarlcs 
AV. Senft; 1857, Samuel Reinke; 1860, Edmund de Schweinitz: 1866. Lewis F. Kamp- 
man; 1868, Edward T. Kluge. 

The Brothers' Eovse.—ln 1759, the Brothers' House at Litiz was built— which, however, 
is not used for its original intent at present. It is built of limestone, is three stories high. 
60 feet in length and 37 feet in depth. The basement story was occupied as a kitchen and 
dining room; the tirst story was divided into four rooms, iu each of which nine or ten 
brethren resided; part of the second story consisted of a large hall or chaix-1, for .spiritual 
purposes, which was provided with a very excellent organ. The remaining pari was 
divided into dwelling; rooms, in one of which resided the elder and steward: the duty of 
the fonner was tocare for the spiritual welfare of tliose in the house, and those of the latter 
for the temporal concerns thereof. One of the rooms in the second story was set apart for 
the boys between the ages of twelve and eighteen. The greater part of the third story 
Avas occupied as a dormitory, where they all slept; aside of it, was a room set apart for 
such as might get sick, and one of the brethren, who had the office of waiting on them, 
resided in this room. In each room where the biethren resided, there was one who was 
called the overseer, whose duty it was to correct any disorders that might arise, care 
for fuel, repairs and cleanliness of the room. In the room in which the boys resided, 
there were generally three overseers, whose duty it was to guard their morals, and 
to guide them in the path of virtue and religion, go with them t.^ cIuutIi. and during 
the winter season, to devote three evenings in the week for instructing tliem iu useful 
knowledge. These boys were partly employed in the town, and i)artly in the Brother 
House, in learning various mechanical trades. In the rear of the building, there are 
several houses, which were fonnerly occupied as .shops for cabinet makers, iliair makecs, 
weavers, &c. The shoemakers and tailors had their shops in the house. There also 
belonged a very extensive farm to it, on which a number were employed. Much atten- 
tion was paid to fattening cattle, and it was nothing unusual to l>uy whole droves for 
that purpose, which when fat were sold to the Lancaster and Philadelphia butchers. 
In the year 1817 it was found proper to discontinue the Brother House at Litiz. and 
after that period, it was for a time occupied by .several families, and at present is used 
for school purp<.ses. During the Revolutionary war, it was for a .short peno.l used as 
a hospital for invalid soldiers, a number of whom died there, and were bund a short 
distance eastwardly from the village. Although this system did not suit all who .-esuled 
in this house, yet it must be admitted, that there are numbers, who wdl ever a.scnl>e 



384 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

their welfare to having been in their younger years inmates, and under the care and 
admonition of such who fi'om experience could guide and instruct them. 

'^ The Sisters'' House.'''' This was built A. D., 1758. It is likewise built of limestone, 
three stories high, 90 feet in length and 37 in depth; the internal arrangement is the 
same as that described of the Brother House. At this time it is not occupied for its 
original purpose, but ;t is in connection with Linden Hall and is used for school 
purposes. 

There was never any kind of vow of celibacy connected with these Institutions; any 
of the sisters can leave the house if she has any desire to change her situation. 

In larger Moravian communities, similar houses are established for such widows as 
desire to live retired, and are called widows' houses. The individuals residing in these 
establishments pay a small rent, by which, and by the sums paid for their board, the 
expenses thereof are defrayed, assisted occasionally by the profits on the sale of orna- 
mental needlework, confectioneries, &c., on which some of the inmates subsist. We 
hope our account of these Institutions will prove satisfactory to our readers, and par- 
ticularly to such as have hitherto entertained different opinions. They are in their 
character nothing more than the different asylums for widows, homes for working 
women and young men, which are found in Philadelphia and other cities, and we are 
inclined to think, the idea for establishing those in the cities, has been borrowed from 
the Moravian Institutions. 

TJie Grave YcwdA — This beautiful spot is located on a rising ground to the South of 
the village, of which we will give the reader some account, there being perhaps not 
another similar arrangement to be found in Lancaster county : 

After entering the gate, the visitor finds himself in a beautiful aveiuie of cedar trees, 
which separates the graves of the males from those of the females, the former being on 
the right and the latter on the left as he passes on. We have before stated that the 
congregation is divided into classes; in the same order then as it is divided, so they are 
laid on the grave yard ; here the visitors find the rows containing nothing but the mar- 
ried men; and on the opposite side, luarried Avomen; as he passes on, those of the single 
classes; and further, those of little boys and girls under the age of twelve. The graves 
are all of two sizes, being without distinction of an oblong shape, and flat on the top, 
to which shape they are brought by two moulds, ex^jressly kept for that purpose, one 
for adults and the other for children. The sides are planted with sod, and the tops are 
overrun with the Virginia mountain pink, which in the month of May is in full bloom, 
and renders the appearance of the graves one of the most beautiful imaginable. On 
each grave there is a marble tombstone which, without distinction, lies flat on the grave, 
verifying the old adage "Death levels all, both great and small." 

The epitaphs contain the name, birth and departure; to some, a few more lines have 
been added, a number of which are truly edifying, and very striking. Each tombstone 
is numbered and the highest number in February, 1869, is 727. The first person was 
buried there in 1758. 

The Litiz Spring. — This spring, which is visited by so many persons, is situated on 
the land of the Society, about one-half mile westwardly from the village, and is proba- 
bly one of the largest springs in Pennsylvania. There are two fountains from which 
all the water, which forms a considerable stream, is discharged, and has water sufficient 
for some of the largest merchant mills in the county. From its head to the Conestoga, 

1 November 8, 1758, a lad of three years, named John Baumgartner, was buried in this Grave Yard; 
being the first interment; the occasion was improved by solemnly consecrating this parcel of ground 
as a resting place for the remains of the departed. On the arrival of the funeral procession, an appro- 
priate address was delivered by the Rev. Matthew Hehl; then, the usual funeral service ■\>'hile the 
corpse was let in the grave, was read; after which, the assembled congregation knelt down, and with 
solemn prayer consecrated the spot, for all who in future would be interred here, to rest in hope till 
that important moment when Christ shall call those who died in the Lord, from their graves to a glo- 
rious resurrection. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 385 

into wliicli the stream, denoniiiiated on the map of Lancaster county, " Cai-tcr's Crock " 
empties, it is six miles, and in that distance, there are seven mills. The water is tlic pure 
limestone, and very fresh. In former times, it fonned a largo pond, around wliich In- 
dians resided, of which the number of Indian arrow heads, hatchets, and stones, used 
for throwing in their slings, give ample proof. Could these Indians return and see the 
great change which has taken place at their spring, they would jirohahly net hclieve it 
to be the same, from which they had formerly drunk. Al)f)ut the year 17S0, some of 
the inhabitants of Litiz began to improve it by enclosing it with a circular wall ajul 
filling up part of the pond, and in later years the remaining part was tilled up, 
and where was fonnerly a considerable body of water, there is at this time a 
beautiful park of trees. Various improvements were undertaken from time to time; 
but at no period was it found in such an improved state as at this time. Around it are 
a number of seats, and on the hill, from under which it has its source, are hand- 
somely laid out gardens, arbors and ornamental shrubbery. Fi'om the spring to tho 
village is an avenue of Linden and jMaple trees, winding along the stream, the path of 
which is partly covered with gravel, and i^artly Avith tan, which renders access to it easy 
in wet, as well as dry weather. Along this avenue there are various scats under shade 
trees for the accommodation of visitors, and also several neat bridges, in case they wish 
to cross the stream. 

The population of Litiz is about 500; tlie number of houses 113. Formerly there 
was an extensive chip hat and bonnet manufactory carried on by Mr. Matthias Tschudy, 
which gave emplojanent to manj^ He was the only person in the United States that 
understood the art of manufacturing them, and supplied nearly all the cities and coun- 
try with his hats. The palm leaf and straw hats, coming into fashion, they were pre- 
ferred, and consequently the factory was discontinued. 

Organs were also built in Litiz in former times, which for tone and excellent work- 
manship, are very celebrated. A number of the best organs in Philadelphia, Baltimore 
and Lancaster, are si^ecimens thereof ; and among others, the large and beautiful organ 
in the Lutheran church, at Lancaster, is one of them.i 

In former times, the augurs which were sent from England had no screw, serving as 
a point, as we have them in our day. The invention of this screw was first made at 
Litiz, by ]Mr. John H. Ranch, Senior, during the last century; the pattern was then 
sent to England by Judge Henry, after which the screw point was generally introduced. 
The original augur, made at Litiz, by John Henry Ranch, in 1776, is now the i)roperty 
of his grand-son, E. H. Ranch, of Lancaster. It was among the rehcs exliibited at the 
Great Sanitary Fair held at Philadelphia in 1804. 

For an account of the Schools, see Division VI. 

Washington. Borough.— Foimlation in 1860, 560; Taxables, 199; Value of Real 
and Personal Property, $67,823. 

1 Abridged from Mr. John Beck's revision of the article on I.itiz in Rupp's History of Lancaster 
Countv. 



26 



^86 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



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OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 38" 



DIVISION III. 



BIOGRAPIIICAL, 

AND 

EARLY SETTLERS. 

Atlee, Samuel, a colonel of tlie first regiment of troops raised on the borders of 
Lancaster and Chester counties in the Revolution, He covered the retreat from Long 
Island, and being wounded was taken prisoner by the British, and kept confined in 
New York. After his release he left tlie army, and was elected to offices of trust by 
the people. Died suddenly in Philadelphia. 

Atlee, William Augustus, born at Philadelphia, July 1, 1735. He moved to Lan- 
caster at a very early age, was a prominent citizen and an active and leading Whig 
during the Revolution. He was commissioned a Judge of the Supreme Court of 
Pennsylvania, August 16, 1777, and held his place until his death in 1793, from yellow 
fever contracted in Philadelphia, while attending court. 

Barton, Benjamin S., M. D., professor in the University of Pennsylvania, was bom at 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1766. His mother was the sister of the celebrated Rittenhouse. 
In 1786 he went to Great Britain and pursued his medical studies at Edinburgh and 
London. He afterwards visited Gottingen, and there obtained the degree of Doctor in 
Medicine. On his retm-n from Europe in 1789, he established himself as a physician in 
Philadelphia, and soon obtained an extensive practice. In the same year he was ap- 
jDointed professor of natural history and botany in the college of Philadeli)hia. On tlie 
resignation of Dr. Griffiths he was appointed professor of materia medica ; and succeeded 
Dr. Rush in the department of the theory jand practice of medicine. He died in 181o. 
His chief publication is Elements of Zoology and Botany. 

Barton, Thomas, i was born in Ireland, in the year 1730. He received his education 
at Trinity College, Dublin. Shortly after he graduated, he came to this country, and 
engaged as an assistant tutor in the Academy of Philadelphia, where he i-emained for 
two years. In January, 175.'), he w^ent to England with letters testimonial fri>m the 
Professors of the College, and the Clergy of the Province of Pennsylvania, and with 
an earnest petition from the inhabitants of Huntingdon, Pa., that he might be appointed 
their Missionary. After the necessary preliminaries had been attenileil to, he was or- 
dained, and came back to this country as itinerant Missionary for the counties uf York 
and Cumberland. 

Having reached Philadelphia about the 10th of April, n.').), he inunediately wrote to 
the people of Huntingdon, apprising them of his arrival; whereupon they sent a num- 
ber of wagons to remove his efiects. He reached the field of his labors about the close 
of May, and his first business w\as to make himself acquainted with the condition and 
the numbers of the three congregations of York, Huntingdon and Carlisle; and. after 
he had settled Wardens and Vestrymen in each, they all met, and according to tlieir 
numbers, agreed mutually that he should officiate three Sundays in six at Huntingdon, 
two at Carlisle and one at York; and, having ascertained that there were within the 
1 From Sprague's Ann.ils of the American Pulpit. 



388 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

limits of liis Mission large numbers of the communion of the Church of England in 
Shippensburg, and some four or five other settlements in that region, he determined to 
visit each of those places four times a year, to jjrei^are them for the Sacrament of the 
Lord's Supper, and to baptize their children. 

Scarcely had Mr. Barton commenced his labors, before his attention was drawn to the 
wretched condition of the poor Indians, some of whom resided at no great distance from 
him; and, having heard that a number of them had come down from the Ohio to Carlisle 
to dispose of their fur and deer-skins, he took occasion to go among them, and to en- 
deavor to secure their good will, in the hope of making himself useful to them. He 
invited them to church, and such of them as had any knowledge of English, came, and 
seemed very attentive. These, subsequently, brought their brethren to shake hands with 
him; and the result of the interview was that he had great hope of being able to bring 
them under the influence of Christianity. But, just at that time, the tidings came that 
the forces under the command of General Braddock had been defeated, as they were 
marching to take Du Quesne, a French fort upon the Ohio ; and this was soon succeeded 
by an alienation of the Indians, which put an end to all hope of prosecuting successfully 
any missionary eftbrts among them. 

Mr. Barton, now finding himself exposed to the incursions of the French and the In- 
dians, was compelled to organize his own people for defence against their enemies; and 
such were his zeal and activity, that he even put himself at the head of his congrega- 
tions, and marched, either by night or by day, whenever there was an alarm. In 1758, 
the young men within his Mission ofiered to join the army if Mr. Barton would accom- 
pany them ; whereupon he proposed himself to General Foi-bes as Chaplain of the troops, 
and his services were thankfully accepted. He was, however, absent from his ordinary 
duties but a short time, though it was long enough to give him the opportunity of making 
tlie acquaintance of Washington, Mercer and other distinguished ofiicers in the army. 

For nearly twenty years, Mr. Barton resided at Lancaster, and was Rector of St. James' 
church there; but he divided his Sunday labors between that church and two other 
churches — one at Carnarvon, about twenty miles from Lancaster, the other at Pequea, 
nearly the same distance in a diflerent direction. In addition to these stated duties, he 
officiated occasionally at the churches of New London and White Clay Creek — the one 
distant thirty-five, the other sixty miles from his residence. So great was the amount 
of labor that he performed, and such the fatigue and exposure to which he was sub- 
jected in his missionary excursions, that he became sensible that his constitution was 
greatly impaired; but lie still kept on laboring to the extent of his ability; and the 
letters which, from time to time, he wrote to the Venerable Society, show that he was 
resolved to persevere in his labors until his health should entirely fail, or Providence 
should, in some other way, hedge up his path. 

Mr. Barton had never lost, in any degree, his interest in the Indians; and was ac- 
tually planning an excursion of a few months among them, in or about the year 1764, 
when his hopes were again blasted by the breaking out of the Indian War, which ren- 
dered any approach to them utterly hopeless. 

In 1770, Mr. Barton received the Honorary degree of Master of Arts, from King's 
College, New York. 

As the War of the Revolution came on, Mr. Barton found himself not a little impeded 
in the discharge of his ministerial duties, and was ultimately obliged to retire from his 
field of labor altogether. In a letter dated November 25, 1776, he thus describes his 
situation : 

"I have been obliged to shut up my churches, to avoid the fury of the populace, who 
would not suffer the Liturgy to be used, unless the Collects and Prayer for the King 
and Royal Family were omitted, which neither my conscience nor the declaration I 
made and subscribed, when ordained would allow me to comply Avith; and, although I 
used every prudent step to give no offence even to those who usurped authority and 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 389 

rule, and exercised the severest tyranny over us, yet my life and itropi-rty luivc Iwcu 
threatened, uron mere suspicion of being unfriendly to Avliat is call.'d thJ 'Anu-rioan 
cause.' Indeed, every clergyman of the Cluuch of England, wlio dared to a.t upon 
proper principles, was marked out for infamy and insult, in consequence of whi.h. the 
Missionaries in particular have suffered greatly. Some of tliem have heen .h-agged from 
their horses, assaulted with stones and dirt, ducked in water, obliged to tlee for their 
lives, driven from their habitations and families, laid under arrests ami imprisoned. I 
believe they were all (or at least most of tliem) reduced to the same necessity witli me 
of shutting up their churches. It is, liowever, a great pleasure to me to assure the 
Venerable Society that, though I have been deprived of the satisfaction of discharging 
my public duties to my congregations, I have endeavored (I trust not unsuccessfully') 
to be beneficial to them in another way. 

'•I have visited them from house to house regularly, instructed tlieir families, bajt- 
tized and catechized their children, and performed such other duties in j)rivate as atoned 
for my suspension from public preaching." 

Mr. Barton, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth, was per- 
mitted to sell his property, leave the Colony, and pnss within the British lines. He 
arrived at New York in November, 1778. Having, before leaving Lancaster, first been 
placed on the limits of his county, and afterwards, for a long time, confined to his 
house, his health, which had been reduced by his severe labors, now became much 
more impaired by his confinement. A dropsy ensued, under which he languislied until 
the 25th of May, 1780, when he died at the age of fifty years. 

Mr. Barton was married, in 1753, to a sister of the celebrated David Ritteuliouse, at 
Philadelphia. He left a widow and eight children, one of whom, Benjamin Smith, was 
a distinguished Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, and died in 1815. The 
eldest son, William, was the author of the Life of Eittenliouse. Mrs. Bai-ton, the 
widow, passed her last years in the house of her nephew and niece, Dr. Samuel Bard 
and his wife. "Within a few days of their decease, she also died, at the age of ninety. 

]\Ir. Barton published a Sermon on Braddock's Defeat, in 1755. 

John Penn, the Proprietary of Pennsylvania, speaking in a letter of the important 
services that Mr. Barton rendered in resisting the attacks of the French and Indians, 
says: 

"Mr. Barton deserves the commendation of all lovers of their country. * * « * 
Had others imitated his example Cumberland would not have wanted men enougli to 
defend it; nor has he done anything in the military way but what hath increased his 
character for piety, and that of a sincerely religious man and zealous minister. In 
short, he is a most worthy, active and serviceable Pastor and Missionary, and as such, 
please to mention him to the Society." 

Baker, John Christopher, Rev., D. D., was born in Philadelphia, May 7, 1702; 
had 5 years' education at Nazareth Hall, and pursued a course of Theological studies 
under Rev. Dr. Lochman, a Lutheran minister, at Lebanon. Licensed in 1811 by the 
Synod of Pennsylvania, he successively acted as Assistant Minister in the Gemian con- 
gregation at Philadelphia, Pastor of the church at Germantown in 1812, and Pastor 
of Trinity Lutheran church of Lancaster in 1828. In the latter capacity lie ser\-cd 
faithfully and acceptably until January 30, 1853. After severing his connection with 
Trinity church he returned to Philadelphia in charge of St. Luke's Lutheran church, 
and died there, ]\Iay 26, 1859. His mortal remains were taken to Woodward Hill Cem- 
etery. He was an earnest, laborious and faithful minister, and is held in loving re- 
membrance. 

Bowman, Samuel, Rt. Rev., D. D., was the fourth child of Captain Samuel Bow- 
man, an officer in the Revolutionary army, who took an active part in the battle of 
Lexington, and at the close of the war settled at Wilkesbarre, Wyoming Valley, Lu- 
zerne county, Pennsylvania. Bishop Bowman was born there May 21st, 1800. The 



390 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

judicious and enliglitened views of his father, husbanded by the refined tastes and 
Christian virtues of his mother, born and nurtured in the Church, were the influences 
that surrounded the earliest years of liis hfe. At the chartered Academy of Wilkes- 
bai're, an institution equal to any of its contemporaries, he received his education. He 
was destined for the bar and pursued his legal studies for a time under the late Charles 
Chauncy, Esq., of Philadelphia. Soon after commencing the practice of the law, he 
felt an invincible desire to enter the Church. He applied for holy orders, and was ad- 
mitted by Bishop White to the Diaconate in 18231 and to the Priesthood in 1824. He 
began his ministry at St. John's Church, Pequea, Lancaster county, in 1823, where he 
remained about two years. After a brief residence at Easton, Pa., where he had charge 
of Trinity Church, he returned to his first cure, which he held until 1827, when he was 
invited to take charge of St. James', Lancaster. After the death of Rev. Mr. Clark- 
son, the Eector with whom he was associated, he was elected in his place and filled that 
position until his death; for on his elevation to the Episcopate, his parishioners, dread- 
ing to sever the relations so long and so happily sustained, prevailed upon him to con- 
tinue them. In 1845, the clergy elected him Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, 
but the Laity refusing to concur, he cordially supported the nomination of Rev. Dr. A. 
Potter, who was eventually chosen. In 1848 he was elected Bishop of the Diocese of 
Indiana, but his strong attachment to Lancaster controlled his decision to decline. In 
May, 1858, he was chosen, and in August of the same year, consecrated Assistant 
Bishop of Pennsylvania. 

His death took jjlace on Saturday, August 3, 1861, between 8 and 9 A. M. He had 
left Pittsburgh at 6 A. M., by the Allegheny Valley Railroad on a visitation to the 
spiritually destitute "Oil District." After the train had proceeded about nineteen 
miles, an injury to the road caused by a late freshet and a land-slide nearly two miles 
beyond, induced some of the passengers to walk the distance; the Bishop was among 
the number. Unable to keep u]) with the others, he was missed when the train was on 
the point of starting, and was subsequently found lying by the road-side, his face 
buried in his hat, stretched out at full length, "a corpse, without signs of bruise or 
stx-uggle; his watch, purse and i^apei's untouched." The majority of physicians con- 
sulted, ascribe his death to apoplexy, but his family physician to disease of the heart. 

The remains were at once taken to Lancaster, where they arrived on Sunday morning, 
August 4th. The funeral obsequies took place at St. James', Lancaster, on Tuesday, 
Aiigust 6th, at 5 o'clock, P. M. Two Bishops, some seventy Clergymen, all the resident 
ministers of other communions, and a vast concourse of citizens were present. 

Bishop Bowman was twice married. His first wife, Susan, daughter of the late 
Samuel Sitgreaves, Esq., of Easton, Pa., bore him three children, one of whom, a 
daughter, survives. His second wife, Harriet R., daughter of the late Rev. Joseph 
Clarkson, Rector of St. James', died some years ago. 

The Bishop's body lies in the churchyard of St. James', by the side of his departed 
friends. 

Buchanan, 2 James, the Hon. Was born in Franklin county on the 23d day of 
April, 1791. His birth-place was a wild and romantic spot in a goi-ge of the Cove, or 
North Mountain, about 4 miles west of Mercersburg, and bearing the peculiar, but not 
inappropriate name of "Stony-batter." His father, .James Buchanan, senior, was a 
native of Ireland, and one of the most enterprising, intelligent and influential citizens 
of that part of the State. His mother, Elizabeth Speer, remarkable for her superior 
intellect and genuine piety, was born in the Southern part of Lancaster county. 

Five years after his birth his parents removed into the town of Mercersburg, then 
recently laid out, where he was brought up and fitted for college. He entered Dickinson 
College, Carlisle, then under the Presidency of the Rev. Dr. Davidson, in the year 

lAugiist 25th, 1S23; on the same day of the month he was consecratec] Bishop in 1S58. 
2 Written by the Rev. E. Y. Buchanan, T). T>., brother of the deceased. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 391 

1805, being at the time in his 15th year. In 1809, he graduated with distinction; and 
in tlie same year, commenced the study of law in Lancaster, in the office of James 
Hopkins, Esq. Three years after, or in 1812, ho was admitted to the bar. He at onco 
opened an office in Lancaster, and was almost immediately successful in obtaining 
business; his studious habits, his fine abilities, his agreeable maiuici-s and conx'ct de- 
portment, all combining to attract clients to him. He, in a very short time, tof>k his 
place among the foremost at the bar, and had the command of as much business an ho 
could attend to. There were soon very few important cases, either in Lancaster, or 
the neighboring counties, in which he was not employed; or at least, in which there 
was not an effort made to secure his services. In a very few years, besides deservedly 
acquiring the reputation of being one of the ablest and best lawyers in the State, or in 
the country, he had, from being the possessor of very little, amassed what he considered 
a competence, and withdi-ew almost entuely from practice. His first public employ- 
ment of any kind was that of prosecutor for Lebanon county, a position to which lie 
was appointed in 1813, by Jared Ingersoll, Esq., then Attorney General of the State, 
under Governor Snyder. This office he in-obably retained but a short time. In the 
next year, at the early age of 23, and only two years after his admission to the bar, he 
was nominated by his friends for the State Legislature, and elected. In the following 
year, or 1815, he was again nominated and elected. In both the sessions of the Legis- 
lature in which he sat, he was one of the most ])rominent members; by the .sensibleness 
and justness of his views, and the force of his high character and eminent abilities, 
exerting, though so young a man, not a Uttle influence. He was always, as on a more 
extended arena, in after life, at his post, and took an interest in eveiything that was 
done. His mode of expressing his views, was then, asaftenvards, clear and convincing. 
In the same year in which he was first elected to the Legislature, he went as a private 
in a company of volunteers to Baltimore, to aid in defending it against an anticipated 
attack from the British; and thus he early, by a voluntary exposure of himself to 
danger, gave evidence of that fire of sincere and true patriotism, which, till the last 
day of his life, glowed fervidly in his bosom. In the year 1820, his fellow citizens of 
the Congressional District in which he lived, (composed of the counties of Lancaster, 
Chester and Delaware,) and without solicitation from him, confened on him the further 
honor of electing him to the National House of Representatives. They elected him 
again in 1822, 1824, 1826 and 1828; when he declined further re-election. His tenn of 
service in the House expired on the 3d of March, 1831. During nearly all the time 
that he was a member of the House, he was a member of the Judiciary Committee; 
and in the last Congi-ess to which he was elected, he succeeded Daniel Webster as 
chairman of that Committee. ]\[oreover, he was, from almost his first entrance into 
the House, one of its most prominent and leading members, taking mnk witli such 
men as Randolph, ]\IcDuffie, P. Barbour and others, and expressing his views in a 
clear and forcible manner on all the important (luestions that came before it. His 
speeches then, as since, were models of lucidness, chastencss and force. One of the 
most remarkable of them was that delivered at the Bar of the Senate, at the conclusion 
of the trial of Judge Peck; he being chaii-man of the able committee appointed to 
conduct the case before the Senate. This speech has rarely been excelled in ability 
and eloquence. 

In the same year in which he ceased to be a member of the House, he was sent by 
President Jackson as 3Iinister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. Peterfjburg; where he 
made a most favorable impression, both for himself and his country, and where he nego- 
tiated the first Commercial Treaty, which this government ever had with that of Rus- 
sia. In 1833, he returned from Russia; and in this same year he was elected by the 
Le<^islature of Pennsylvania to fill a vacancy in the Senate of the United States occa- 
sioned by the resignation of William Wilkins. who had been appointed to succeed him 
at the Court of the Czar. He was afterwards twice elected for the full terms of six 



392 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

years; though soon after his secoud election, he resigned to take a place in the Cabinet 
of President Polk, His whole time of service in the Senate, was the same as it had 
been in the House; viz, 10 years. 

In the body of which he was now a member, he took a similarly high rank to that 
which he had occupied in the House. He frequently measured arms with Clay, "Web- 
ster and others, and without discredit or disadvantage to himself. He was, during 
most of the time, the principal leader of the Administration party, and expressed him- 
self at large, and very ably, on all the important questions under discussion. During 
most of the time, he was chairman of the important Committee on Foreign Relations. 

In 1845, he was tendered by the then recently inaugurated President, James K. Polk, 
the position in his Cabinet of Secretary of State. This position he occupied with great 
honor to himself and advantage to the country. "While in the State Department, the 
Oregon Boundary Question was finally settled, the war with Mexico was carried on 
and successfully terminated, and California acquired. 

In 1849, on the expiration of Mr. Polk's Presidential term, Mr. Buchanan retiree;! to 
his home at "Wheatland, whei-e he remained till 1853, when President Pierce tendered 
him, of his own accord, the Mission to the Court of St. James. This Mission he was 
averse to acceiiting, but, on its being pressed upon him, he at length accepted it. He 
remained in England till the Spring of 1856. "While there he was treated with marked 
respect by all classes, fi-om the Queen down. Lord Clarendon had reason to respect his 
abilities; for he found him more than a match in his diplomatic coi-respondence with 
him. His dispatches while Secretary of State and IMinister to England, have not been 
excelled by those of any other Cabinet or other Minister. 

In June of the year he returned from England, he was nominated, (again, without 
any effort on his part) by the Democratic National Convention, which met at Cincin- 
nati, as their candidate for the Presidency, and in the following November, he was 
elected. And, thus, from an humble beginning, after having previously occupied an 
unusual number of distinguished and honorable positions connected with the Govern- 
ment, he found himself, at the age of 65, exalted to what is perhaps really the highest 
jjolitical position on earth. The duties of this high office he discharged with ability; 
and, though much blamed for his course during the last few months of his adminis- 
tration (a period, when the affairs of the country had come to the fearful crisis to which 
they had long been tending) yet, in all he did, and in all he abstained from doing, he 
was actuated by the highest and purest motives of patriotism. He did that, and that 
only, which he believed he was authorized to do, and which he thought it best and his duty 
to do. He himself feared not the verdict of future times, as to his course, and as to his 
policy; and on more than one occasion, within only a year or two of his death, he had 
been heard to say, that, had he to pass through the same state of things again, he 
could not, before his God, see, that he could act otherwise than as he did. In sincere 
and cordial love for the Union he was second to no one. The principal respect in which 
he differed from many others was as to what were the best and most legitimate means 
of iireserving or restoring the Union. At the expiration of his Presidential term, in 
March 1861, he returned to his home at "Wheatland, where he spent the remainder 
of his life, enjoying the society of his neighbours and friends, and employing himself 
with his books and his pen. One of the books most frequently perused by him was the 
Bible; in the teachings of which he was a firm believer, and on the promises of which 
he cheerfully relied. He had always been a believer in the Holy Scriptures, and in the 
truth of the Christian religion; and, besides being always strictly moral in his conduct, 
had been, in many respects, a devout and religious, as well as a kind and charitable 
man. But he had never made an open profession of being a disciple of Christ, until 
within the last few years, when he became a communicant of the Presbyterian Church. 
He died calmly and peacefully on Monday, the first day of .June, 1868. On the Thui-s- 
day following, his remains were followed to the grave, by such numbers of his fellow- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 893 

citizens, (including a large number of persons from abroad) as indicated, tliat. how- 
ever he may have been censured by persons of opposite political opinions, while livinn. 
he was yet one, who, in public estimation, was both w ijreat and w (jood man; one, de- 
serving for his acknowledged strict integrity and his well known benevolence, esteem 
and regard; as, for his learning, satesmanship, elotiuence and talents, he cunimaudcd 
deference and respect. 

On opening his Will, it was found that he had remembered the pt>or of Lancaster, a« 
well as the Church of which he was a member; and had arranged that a handsome a<l- 
dition should be made to the Fund which he had appropriated for their Ix-nefit, years 
before. It may be added, that in person he was large; in manners courteous and 
polished; and that his stores of knowledge and his powers of conversation were sucli, 
that no one could be long in his company without being deeply interested, ami without 
receiving valuable information. 

Carmichael, JohnI was born in the town of Tarbert, in Argyleshire, Scotland, Oc- 
tober 17, 1728. His parents, Donald and Elizabeth (Alexander) Cannichacl, were both 
exemplary members of the Presbyterian church, and migrated to this country in the year 
1737. As they drew near the American coast, after a long voyage, a sudden gust well 
nigh overturned the vessel; and their son John, then a little boy eight years old, was 
precipitated overboard; but, happily, the waves bore him within reach of the Captain, 
and his life was saved. After remaining a short time at New York, they removed to 
Hackensack, a Dutch settlement in New Jersey, where they experienced nuich kind- 
ness from the people; but the irreligion, especially the profanation of the Lord's day, 
that prevailed theie, led the pious father to seek, particularly on account of liis cliildrcn, 
a more congenial residence. Such a place he found in what was then called Ward 
Session, a few miles from Newark, N. J. Here the family attended the ministry of tho 
Rev. Aaron Burr, whose preaching made a deep impression on the mind of this son, 
and whose addresses at the Communion table he always remembered as having been 
characterized with great pathos and power. 

In the year 1745, death deprived him of his father; he entered the College of New 
Jersey in the year 1755, and was admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, in August, 
1759. In November following, he was summoned to the death-bed of his mother, where 
he witnessed a scene of remarkable Christian triumph. 

After studying Theology at Princeton, under the direction of the Kev. Samuel Davies, 
who had succeeded to the Presidency of the College the year he graduated, he was 
licensed to preach by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, on the 8th of 3Iay, 17(10. 

Some time in the year 1760, he received a call from the church of the Forks of Bran- 
dywine, Chester county. Pa., to become their Pastor. This call he accepted; and tho 
Presbytery of Newcastle, then lately constituted from a part of the Donegal Presby- 
tery, met at the Forks of Brandywine, April 21, 1761, and ordained him to the work of 
the ministry, and installed him Pastor of that Congregation. This connection con- 
tinued until it was tenninated by his death. 

When the war of the Revolution came on, ^sh: Carmichael showed himself an earnest 
and uncompromising friend to the liberties of his country. In the summer ot 1 . .•» 
the militia of the town of Lancaster requested him to preach a military .sennon, pnntcU 

^^Th^e Rev^ Dr' J. N. C. Gricr, in a discourse which he preached in 1849, cntaining 
the History of the Church of the Forks of Bran.lywine, pays the following tribute to 

Mr. Carmichael: . , . , i . ■ i.»,. ;„ ♦!,« 

-The Rev. John Carmicliael was an eloquent man, m his day, and mightj m the 
Scriptures.' He was a man of ardent feelings, and what he did, he did -| ' - "J..' ^ 
He was the Pastor of this congregation during the whole of the great A-- - ' I^^ 
lution; and, like most of the Presbyterian clergpnen of that day, he e-spou-v-'d th. cause 
1 Abridged from SpragueM AnnaU uf the American Pulpit. 



394: AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

of his comitry, like one who would rather perish, battling for freedom, than live a slave. 
He was long spared to the aftections and the prayers of his people, going in and out 
before them, as a burning and a shining light, breaking to them the bread of life; and 
being an example to the flock over which the Holy Ghost had made him an overseer, 
ever calling upon them 'to be followers of him, even as he also was of Christ.' 

"The congregation increased under his ministry, which lasted about twenty-four 
years. He died greatly respected, and deeply lamented by his people — and having in all 
the churches of his Presbytery the reputation of a man thoroughly furnished for his 
work — one who needed not to be ashamed, because he rightly divided the word of 
truth." 

Clark, John, General, a native of this comity, was born in 1751. At twenty-five he 
entered the public services of his country. Congress appointed him, Febi'uary 6, 1778, 
as one of the auditors for the army under General Washington. He was also aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Green. The following letter from Washington, to Congress, speaks of 
Clark's character: 

Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Jan. 2, 1778. 

I take the liberty of introducing Gen. John Clark, the bearer of this, to your notice. 
He entered the service at the commencement of the war, and has for some time past 
acted as aide-de-camp to j\Iajor General Green. He is active, sensible, and enteri^rising, 
and has rendered me great services since the enemy has been in Pennsylvania, by pro- 
curing me constant, and certain intelligence of the motives and intentions of the enemy. 
It is somewhat uncertain whether the state of his health will admit of his remaining in 
the military line ; if it should, I sliall perhaps have occasion to recommend him in a more 
particular manner to the favor of Congress at a future time. At present, I can assure, 
that if you should, while he remains at York, have any occasion for his services, you 
will find him not only willing, but very capable of executing any of your commands. 
Respectfully, Geo. Washington. 

At the close of the Revolution, Clark resunied the practice of law at York. He died 
December 27, 1819. 

Eberly, John, M. D., was born in Manor township, in 1789, and died at Lexington, 
Ky., in 1838. He was distinguished as a practitioner, medical via'iter and linguist. His 
works are the following: Notes Of Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Medicine; 
Philadelphia, 1844. Treatise on the Diseases and Physical Education of Children. 
Treatise of the Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1847. 

Elder, JonN,l was born in the County of Antrim, Ireland, in the year 1706. His 
father, Robert Elder, migrated to America about the year 1730, and settled a few miles 
North of what is now Harrisburg, Pa. He brought all his family with him, except his 
son Joliii, the eldest of his children, who was left with his uncle, the Rev. John Elder, 
of Edinburgh, to complete his studies for the ministry. He (the son) was licensed to 
preach in the year 1732; and, some time after, (probably in 1736,) agreeably to previous 
arrangements, followed his father and family to America. In August, 1737, the churches 
in Pennsboro' and Paxton, Pa., applied to the Newcastle Presbytery for a candidate, 
and ]\Ir. Elder was sent in answer to the request. On the 12th of April, 1738, the people 
of Paxton and Derry invited him to become their pastor; and, about the same time, he 
was called to one or two other places. He accej)ted the call from Paxton and Derry, 
and was ordained and installed on the 22d of November following. 

As Mr. Elder resided on the frontier of the Province, the members of his congrega- 
tion were generally trained as "Rangers" in defence against the Indians. Many a 
family mourned for its head, shot down by a concealed foe, or carried away captive. 
The men were accustomed to carry their rifles with them, not only to their work in the 
field, but to their worship in the sanctuary; and their worthy minister kept his beside 
him in the pulpit. It was no uncommon occurrence for death to overtake them, as they 
1 Abridged from Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit. 



OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 395 

returned from the public services of tlie Sabbath to their scattered jilaiitation. In 17:,«, 
the meetiiig-house was surrounded ^Yith Indians, while Mr. Elder was proacliiiij,'; but 
the spies having noticed the large nundwr of rifles that the hearershad bn.uglit for their 
defence, the party silently withdrew from their and)ush, without makiiij; an attack. In 
1757, an attack was actually made, as the people were leaving the churcli, and two or 
three were killed. During the summer, they had some security by means of the visits 
of friendly Indians; but, at other seasons of the year, nuirders freciucntly occumHl, and 
they foiuid it impossible to discover the criminals. Mr. Elder himself supcriHtendcd tlio 
military discipline of his people, and became Captain of the mounted nuMi, widely 
known as the " Paxton boys." He aftenvards held a Colonel's commission in the pro- 
vincial service, and had the command of the block-houses and stockades fronj the Suh- 
quehanna to Easton. His apology for this extraordinary course, lies in the exti-aonli- 
nary state of things which led to it. It is not easy to overestimate the susix'nse and 
terror in which the inhabitants of that frontier region lived from 17.14 to 17G:}. Elder 
besought the Governor to remove the Conestoga Indians, because they harbored mur- 
derers; and he engaged, if this were done, to secure the frontier without exjiense totho 
Province. This being refused, a party of his Rangers detennined to destroy the triljc; 
and they called on Elder to take the lead in the enterprise. He was then in his fifty- 
seventh year. Mounting his horse, he commanded them to desist, and reminded tliem 
that the execution of their purpose would inevitably involve the destruction of the inno- 
cent with the guilty; but their prompt reply was — "Can they be innocent who harbor 
murderers?" — at the same time, pointing indignantly to instances in which their wives 
and mothers had been massacred, and the crimin.Tls traced to the homes of the Conesto 
gas. He still earnestly opposed the measure, and at last placed himself in the rf»ad, that 
they might see that they could advance only by cutting him down. AVhcn lie saw that 
they were preparing to kill his horse, and that all his entreaties were entirely unavail- 
ing, he withdrew and left them to take their OAvn course. The persons engaged in tliis 
desperate enterprise, were chiefly Presbyterians, who resided in that neighborhotKl, and 
not a few of them were men far advanced in life. They perfonued their work thor- 
oughly and mercilessly, destroying in Lancaster and Conestoga, every Indian they could 
find. On the 27th of January, 1764, Elder wrote to Governor Penn, as follows: 

" The storm which had been so long gathering, has, at length, exphnled. Had Gov- 
ernment removed the Indians, which had been frequently, but without effect, urged, 
this painful catastrophe might have been avoided. What could I do with men heated 
to madness? All that I could do was done. I expostulated; but life and reason were 
set at deflance. Yet the men in private life are virtuous and respectable; not cniel, 
but mild and merciful. The time will arrive when each palliating circumstance will Iks 
weighed. This deed, magnified into the blackest of crimes, shall be considered as one 
of those ebullitions of wrath, caused by momentary excitement, to which human in- 
firmity is subjected." 

The Indians were at length removed by the Governor, from every exposed place, to 
Philadelphia; and many apprehended that the "Paxton boys," in the overtlowing of 
their wrath, Mould pursue them thither. The Governor issued a proclamation, setting 
a reward on the head of one Stewart, supposed to be the ringleader, and some of his 
associates. Elder wrote to the Governor in their deicnce, stating the true .lianu-ter 
of the men, and the palliating, if not justifying, circmnstancestmder which they acted. 
Several pamphlets were pubHshed, commenting on the case with great severity, and 
some of them representing the Irish Presbyterians as ignorant bigots or lawless ma- 
rauders. But, amidst all the violent attacks and retorts, Elder is never .stigmatized as 
abetting or conniving at the massacre; nor is his aiithority pleaded by ti.e actors in 

their defence. , ,, 

The union of the Synods bn.ught >[r. Elder ami the other members of Donega 1 rcs- 
bytery into the same body with the leading members of the " >cw Side 1 resbjtcry 



896 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

of Newcastle. For a while, they maintained, ostensibly, vinion of action; but, at length, 
the "Old Side" men withdrew from the Synod, on account of dissatisfaction in respect 
to certain cases of discipline, and formed themselves into a separate Presbytery. They, 
however, finally returned, and were scattered, with their own consent, in Donegal, 
Newcastle, and Second Philadelphia Presbyteries. 

Mr. Elder joined the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia, May 19, 1768. In the for- 
mation of the General Assembly, he became a member of the Presbytery of Carlisle. 
He died in the year 1792, at the- age of eighty-six; having been a minister of the Gospel 
sixty years, and the minister of the Congregations in Paxton and Derry, fifty-six. 

Mr. Elder was married, about the year 1740, to IMary, daughter of Joshua Baker, 
who Avas armourer under King George the Second; and, by this marriage, he had four 
children — two sons and two daughters. After her death, he was married to Mary, 
daughter of Thomas Simpson, and sister of General Michael Simpson, of Revolution- 
ary memory, who was a Captain under General Montgomery, at Quebec. By his sec- 
ond marriage he had eleven children. The last of the whole number (fifteen) died in 
April, 1853, at Harrisburg, in his eighty-seventh year. 

Franklin, "Walter, was born in the city of New York in February, 1773. His 
father having during his minority removed to Philadelphia, he there studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in April, 1794. He was appointed Attorney General of Penn- 
sylvania in January, 1809, which ofiflce he held until January, 1811, when he was 
appointed President Judge of the Courts of Common Pleas of the second judicial 
district of Pennsylvania, which then comprised the counties of Lancaster, York and 
Daujihin, to which were afterwards* added Cumberland and Lebanon. He continued 
in this office till his death, which took place in February, 1888. He was distinguished 
for his eminent integrity and his superior attainments as a jvirist, for the clearness of 
his conception and the strength and vigor of his mind. His dignity of manner and 
uniform coi'rectness of deportment sprang from religious principle, and he was em- 
phatically, in the highest sense, a Christian gentleman. (By Hon. T. E. Franklin.) 

Fulton, Robert, was born in Little Britain, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in 
1765. At a suitable age he was api^renticed to a jeweller in Lancaster, where he acci- 
dentally caught a taste for painting — in the cidtivation and practice of which he was 
subsequently qiiite successful. His passion for the art induced him to relinquish his 
trade and make a voyage to London, where he was cordially received by Benjamin 
West, then President of the Royal Academy, and with whom he maintained a constant 
friendship till death separated them. In painting, Fulton's success did not equal his 
expectations; and he therefore gradually withdrew his attention from it, and devoted 
it to the Mechanic Arts. As early as 1793 we find that he had conceived the project of 
propelling vessels by the power of steam; as he addressed a series of letters at that 
time to Earl Stanhope, on that subject, and on the more general one of Internal Im- 
provement; these letters were favorably received and duly acknowledged by Stanhope. 

During his residence in England the British Government granted him patents for 
many useful inventions in the mechanic arts. He then crossed over to France and 
spent several years at Paris, where he devoted himself to the study of several of the 
modern languages, to philosophy, and the higher branches of mathematics. While in 
Paris he lived on terms of great intimacy with Joel Barlow, the author of our national 
poem, the Columbiad; and in 1797, in conjunction with Barlow, he made his first ex- 
periment in submarine explosion. In 1806 he returned to this country, and prosecuted 
at New York his investigations relating to steam navigation and submarine explosion. 
A full explanation of the latter subject was published in 1810, under the title of "Tor- 
pedo War." The country was then on the eve of the war with England; and in 1813 
the government placed in his hands an appropriation for the steam ship, "Fulton the 
First," which was built under his superintendence, and excited universal admiration 
for its tremendous power as an engine of war. 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 397 

His first experiment in steam navigation was made on the Hudson river in lsu7 
With the aid of Robert R. Livingston, he constructed a boat in which he made a trip 
to Albany. Speaking of this experuncnt he said; "The moniiny I left New York 
tliere were not perhaps thirty persons in the city who believed that the boat would .novo 
one mile an hour, or be of the least utility. And when we were putting off from tho 
wharf, which was crowded with spectators, I heard a mnnbcr <.f sarcastic ivmarlcH 
Tills is the way, you know, in which ignorant men compliment what they call philo.so- 
phers and projectors." But the multitude was disappointed, eveu his most Ningiiiuo 
anticipations were exceeded. His vessel "walked the waters like a thing of life." Ho 
made the trip from New Y'ork to Albany, in 33 hours, and back agai.i in ;jO h..ui-s. 

The following account of this first steamboat was published at the time, and was 
undoubtedly a reality, although it was tinged with the marvellous. "Passing ui. tho 
river she excited the astonishment of the inhabitants on the shore, many of whom had 
not heard of an engine, much less of a steamboat. She was described' by some who 
indistinctly saw her pass in the night, as a monster moving on the waters, defying tho 
tide, and breathing flames and smoke. Her volumes of fire and smoke by night at- 
tracted the attention of the crews of other vessels. Notwithstanding the wind and tide 
were adverse to its progress, they saw with astonishment that it was rapidly approach- 
ing them; and when it came so near that the noise of the machinery and paddles was 
heard, the crews in some instances sunk beneath their decks from the terrilic sight, and 
left their vessels to go on shore, while others prostrated themselves and besought Prov- 
idence to protect them from the approaches of the horrible monster, which was march- 
ing on the tide, and lighting its path by the fire it vomited." 

Fulton died on the 24th of February, 1815, in the 50th year of his age, and in tho 
midst of his usefulness — but ahuost in penury. Sixty years only have elapsed since 
he made his first voyage on the Hudson in the steamboat Clemiont, and the .same trip 
is now made in less than one-third of the time in which he made it: and instead of a 
solitary boat on that river, hundreds of them, like floating palaces, are daily traversing 
our rivers, lakes, coasts and seas of the eastern world — almost annihilating time and 
space by the celerity of their movements. The memory of such a man should be cher- 
ished by his countrymen — it is the only patrimony which he beciueathed his cliildren. 

Gibson, John, General, a brave soldier of the French and Revolutionary wars, was 
born at Lancaster in 1740, and died in the western countiy in 18'22. It was to him 
that Logan delivered his celebrated speech, the translation of which by Gen'l Gibson 
has been spread over America and Europe. 

Grosh, Jacob, a native of Lancaster county, was born January 2."5th, 1777, of Ger- 
man IVIoravian parents. He was a member of the Legislature during eleven years. 
and subsequently was twice appointed Associate Judge of Lancaster. He died at his 
residence, in Marietta, November, 1860. 

Hand, Edward, was born December 31st, 1744, at Clydafi", King's County. Province 
of Leinster, Ireland. He died at his farm, "Rockford," near Lancaster. September 3d, 
1802. 

In 1767, he received the appointment of Surgeon's >Iate, or Surgeon, to the 18th 
Royal Irish Regiment of foot, and sailed with that regiment from the Cove of Cork, 
May 20th, 1767, and arrived at Philadelphia, July 11th. He was Ensign in the s;unc 
regiment, and the commission being dated 1772, it would seem that he purchased it in 
this country. 

He went with the 18th to Fort Pitt, and returning to Philadelphia in 1774, he resigned 
his commission, and received a regular discharge from Ireland. In the same year lie 
came to Lancaster, with recommendations, in order to practise his profession of Physic 
and Sui-gery. In 1775 he married. His first American commission bears date June ..)th, 
1775. He was on Prospect Hill, 20th August following. He left Lancaster, Lieutenant 
Colonel of the First Battalion of Pennsylvania Riflemen, famous for its exploits dunng 



398 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

the war. He rose to the rank of Adjutant General, still retaining that of Brigadier 
General. 

He was the Adjutant General at the battle of Yorktown, and marched with the troops 
back to Philadelphia, where the Army was disbanded. After the war he resumed the 
practice of medicine. 

In 1798 he was appointed Major General in the Provisional Army. 

He assisted in accomplishing the independence of his adopted Country, with zeal, 
ability and fidelity, high in public esteem. As a physician venerated, in private life 
respected and beloved, he died lamented by all who knew him, especially by the poor, 
to whom he gave professional aid gratuitously; and when successive generations shall 
have passed away, his name and his fame shall survive in the history of his country's 
glory. 

The subjoined letter from General Washington, the original of which is in the hands 
of General Hand's grand-daughter, accords the highest meed of praise to the gallant 
subject of this notice: 

Mount Vernon, January lith, 1784. 

Dear Sir: When I left Philadelphia, I hoped to have had the pleasure of seeing you 
at Annapolis, before my departure from thence, and to have had an opportunity (previ- 
ous to my resignation) of expressing to you personally, amongst the last acts of my 
official life, my entire approbation of your public conduct, particularly in the execution 
of the important duties of Adjutant General. 

Notwithstanding I have been disappointed in that expectation, and have it now in my 
power — only as a i^rivate character — to make known my sentiments and feelings respect- 
ing my military friends; yet, I cannot decline making use of the first occasion, after my 
retirement of informing you, my dear sir, how much reason I have had to be satisfied 
with the great zeal, attention and ability manifested by you, in conducting the business 
of your Department; and how happy I should be in ojiportunities of demonstrating my 
sincere regard and esteem for you. It it unnecessary, I hope, to add with what pleasure 
I should see you at this place, being with great truth, my dear sir. 

Your real friend and most ob't serv't, 

G. Washington. 

The Hon'ble Gen'l Hand. 

Keagt, John M., M. D.i the distinguished educator, was born in in Martic 
township about the year 1795, of German descent, on the paternal and maternal side, 
the name of his mother's family being Litzenberg. He died in Philadelphia, in the 
winter of 1836-7, and is buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery. In 1819 he published a series 
of articles in the Baltimore Chronicle, which he reprinted at Harrisburg in 1824, in an 
octavo pamphlet of 38 pages. In 1827 he published his Pestallozzian Primer, at Harris- 
bvu'g, a book made up largely of the more modern object lessons, but under the name 
of "Thinking Lessons, and Lessons in Generalization." As soon as the child knows 
a vowel and a consonant, he is taught to spell and read the syllables which they form. 
In the Introduction, the author advocates the teaching of a child to read words "as if 
they were Chinese symbols,^'' and without a previous knowledge of the letters, a prac- 
ticable mode which avoids the absurdity of telling a cliild that see-a-tea (which should 
spell sate) spells cat ! 

In 1827, Dr. Keagy opened a Classical Academy in Harrisburg, where new studies 
and modes of instruction were introduced, such as the Natural Sciences taught orally 
in an excellent conversational style, for there were no proper books at that period. Be- 
sides being a classical scholar, the Doctor knew Hebrew, German, and French; he 
knew the principles of mechanics, and insisted that steam boilers should have more fire 
surface. Had he been brought up as a machinist, he would have invented tubular boil- 
ers, having constructed a copper model composed ijartly of tubes. 
ITke first syllable rhymes with plague. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



399 



After some years of instructing at llarrisburg, the Doctor went to Phihulelnlu-| to 
take charge of the Friends' High School, and whilst there he was elected cLsical 
Professor at Dickuison College, but did not live to act. Doctor Keagy was (k-eplv and 
practically religious-a Methodist, but entirely free from the demonstrative an-fnoisv 
characteristics of his denomination at that day. He had charitable fcelin-s lowinl 
other denominations, and several times went with a few of his b..arding i.upils t*. the 
Catholic church, where he conformed to the acts of the congregation, and taught hi« 
pupils that politeness required such conformity when visiting the chinches of vari<ju.s 
denominations. (By Prof. 8. 8. Ilaldeman.) 

Maxwell, Hugh, was born at Port, a Ferry, Ireland, December 7, 1777. His 
father's family were Scotch; his mother's, English. When about twelve yearsOf age 
he came to Philadelphia as ward and heir of a rich maternal uncle named liinghani. 
At the age of nineteen he entered into the book publishing business in i)artnershii) 
with Matthew Carey, and in connexion with him published one of the tirst litei-ary 
magazines in Philadelphia. He afterwards edited a magazine called the Port-Fo'io. 

While engaged in book publishing, he cast his own type and made his own w(xkI 
cuts. 

In the financial crisis, which occurred soon after the war of 1812, he lost heavily in 
business, and retired to his farm near the city. The activity of his mind would not 
suffer him to remain long in retirement; he removed to Youngmaustown and afterwards 
to Bellefonte, iu both of which places he published newspapers. 

In 1817 he removed to Lancaster and established The Lancaster Gazette, whieli he 
edited and published for a nmiiber of years. He then purchased The Lancaster Jour- 
nal, one of the oldest Democratic papers in the State, w^hich he published until 18^0. 

While a citizen of Lancaster he was ever an ardent and effective advocate of a State 
system of public improvements. He was one of the most active members of a com- 
pany organized in 1820 for the improvement of the navigation of the Conestoga, and 
called the first meeting (held at Columbia) for the purjiose of interesting the i)eoplc 
in one of his cherished projects, the uniting of the city of Philadelphia with the Su.s- 
quehanna, at that point, by rail. He had the satisfaction of seeing this work carried 
to completion, amid much opposition and ridicule. He was, if not the founder, t»ne of 
the originators of the "Mechanic's Literary Association" of Lancaster, and its tii-st Pix- 
sident;the author of several useful inventions, among which the "Printers' Roller," for 
which he obtained letters patent, in 1817, was the most important. He was one of the 
first to call attention to the causes of boiler explosions, for which he rcceivetl much 
commendation iu the newspapers at that early day. He discovered the Lyken's Valley 
and Short IMouutain coal fields, and with William White, ex-Sheritf of Lancaster, sent 
the first coal to market from those mines. As a writer, Mr. JIaxwell was remarkable 
for facility and vigor, was an industrious reader, a profound thinker and a bold leader 
in public affairs. He died at the residence of his son. Dr. Thomas :>raxwell. Jackson 
Hall, Franklin county, Nov. 1st, 1860. 

Among the young men in his printing ofHces who rose to jiositions of inlluence, John 
W. Forney, of Philadelphia, and John H. Pearsol, founder and still one of the publishers 
of the Lancaster Express newspaper are worthy examples. (By Mrs. J. li. 81/i'f^r.) 

Mifflin, Thomas, was born in Philadelphia, 1744. He took an active part in jjie 
struggle against British oppression, was a member of the Continental Congirss in 1774, 
and, though a Quaker, joined the patriot army in 1775, and by his great abilities s<H)n 
rose to the rank of Major General. In 1787, he was a member of the convention that 
framed the Constitution of the United States. The following year he wius elected 
President of the Executive Council, and afterward, first Governor of Pennsylvania 
under the Constitution of 1790. He died in 1800. in the city of Lancaster. 

MiLLEK, Henky, Gen., was an active and gallant ollicer in the Hevolnt.onary army, 
who took part in most of the important battles fought in this and the ne.ghbonng 



400 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

States. He was also a General in the war of 1812. He was born at Lancaster in 1741, 
and died at Carlisle, in 1824. 

Muhlenberg, Fred'k Augustus, M. D., was born on the 14th of March, 1795. 
He was the youngest son of Rev. Dr. Henry Ernest Mulilenberg, who was distinguish- 
ed as an eminent Botanist, and was pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church from 1780 to 
his decease in 1815. His son, Frederick A., the subject of this notice, studied medicine 
with the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, and graduated with high 
honors at the University of Pennsylvania on the 9th day of April, 1814. He com- 
menced the practice of medicine when only nineteen years of age, having his office in 
his father's residence, then the parsonage, now occupied as a law office by Newton 
Lightner, esq. He followed his profession with success and distinction for a period of 
over fifty years, and it is the testimony of all who witnessed his professional ministra- 
tions that no physician better understood and exercised the duties of a physician and 
friend in the sick room than he. When compelled by failing health to relinquish prac- 
tice, many old families whom he had attended for years could hardly be prevailed u^ion 
to give him up. 

Dr. Muhlenberg was always more or less prominently identified with the public in- 
terests, though never allowing these duties to interfere with the practice of his pro- 
fession. In 1821 he was appointed Prothonotary by Gov. Hiester, and in 1827 Gov. 
Shulze appointed him Register of Wills. When Prothonotary, Judge Long, then a 
mere lad, served as his clerk in that office, to whose memory we are indebted for most 
of the data for this brief sketch. He served as Trustee and Treasurer of old Franklin 
College for many years, and subsequently was one of the most active members of the 
School Board. He was elected President of the Lancaster Bank, at a time when that 
institution was on the decline, and to his excellent judgment, with the aid of the late 
James Evans, as Cashier, the subsequent populai'ity of that old institution was due. 
He resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Bachman. He was appointed a Trustee of the 
State Lunatic Asylum, when that institution was founded at Harrisburg, which position 
he held until relieved at his own request. He also held many minor trusts, being one 
of those men never seeking office, but always sought for to serve his fellow-citizens. 
In 18 — he was nominated by the Democratic party as a candidate for Congress, against 
Mr. Stevens, but popular as he was he could not overcome the strong majority of the 
opposition. 

Dr. Muhlenberg was a patriot of the old school. He served as a volunteer in the war 
of 1812, and so long as the Democratic party was the war party of the country, he held 
its principles and enjoyed its confidence. But when that party arrayed itself against 
the Administration of the Government, in its life-and-death struggle to crush the late 
gigantic rebellion, he cut loose from his party organization, and stood shoulder to 
shoulder with the thousands of patriotic war Democrats who preferred their country 
to party. He took an active interest in the organization of the Union League, and 
was its first President. Throughout the war he was firm and unyielding in his attach- 
ment to the cause of Liberty and Union, and felt a deep interest in the reconstruction 
of the Government on the basis of loyalty and equal rights — holding that in this he was 
adhering to the true principles of the old Democratic party in which he had been schooled. 

But the most pleasant word to us remains to be said, because we know that in saying 
it we do not fiatter the dead. Dr. Muhlenberg was a good man — nay, more, he was a 
Christian, which, as Dr. Young has so tersely expressed it, is "the highest style of 
man." During his long and eventful life he was warmly interested in the prosperity 
of Trinity Lutheran Church, of which he was a faithful member and officer, and he 
never failed to use his influence to promote the cause of Religion and Education among 
the citizens of his native place : 



-A good man never dies; 



His life on Earth is but the infancy, 
The opening bud, of an Immortal life! 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY, 



401 



Dr. Muhlenberg died at Lancaster, after a protracted illness, atte.ule.l with Krvat 
physical .sufferings, borne with Christian fortitu.lc and resignation, July n, 1SG7 i„ tl,o 
73d year of his age. 

Muhlenberg, Henry Ernst, D.D.,i was the youngest sr.n of llcnrv Melchior Muhlen- 
berg, D. D., and was born at the Trappe, Montgomery county, Pa.', in tlu« yi-ar 17.-i:5. 
The rvidiments of his education he received in his native place, and.' after the n'in..v:ii 
of his father to Philadelphia, he attended the public schools in that city. In the Spring 
of 17G3, when in the tenth year of his age, with Iiis brothers Peter ai"i<l Frederick, ho 
was sent to Europe, to finish his Academic studies, and to lay the foundation of' hi» 
theological course. After a voyage of seven weeks, tliey readied England, and s-H.n 
after they sailed for Holland. The brothers proceeded directly to Halle, and young 
Henry, having been placed under the care of an attendant, went by way of Oldenburg, 
Bremen and Hanover, with the intention of visiting Eiid^eck, his father's native jdaee, 
and in which many of his relatives still resided. On the journey an incident oceuiTcd 
which showed the resolute purpose, wiiich even at that early period of his life he jjos- 
sessed. Having been basely deserted by the man to whose protection lie liad U^en 
confided, in a land in which he was an entire stranger, he commenced tlie long joiuney 
on foot, without money or friends, in no way depressed or disposed to desjiond. As ho 
approached the end of his dark and dreary jcmrney, when almost exhausted by tlio 
fatigue, he was met by a stranger, whose benevolent heart was touched, when he lieaixl 
the sad tale of the inexperienced youth, and pitying his helpless condition, lie gener- 
ously carried him on his back to Einbeck, and cheered him by the way with the recital 
of pleasant stories. He never ascertained the name of this kind friend wlio relieved 
him in his lonely situation, but at the time he confidently believed that it was some 
good angel, commissioned by Providence to afltbrd aid to him in this hour of need. He 
Avas soon after sent by his friends at Einbeck to Halle, where he at once conunencecl 
his studies, to use his own language, "among the orphan children at tlie Orplian 
House." In this school he continued for some years, spending a larger time in the 
highest classes than was necessary, as he had not yet reached tlie age re(piired for ad- 
mission into the University. Tiiis he entered in the year 170i>, and remained a mem- 
ber about one year. After an absence from his home of seven years, it was natui-al 
that he should wish to return. He thought it desiral)le. also, to take advantage of Dr. 
Kunze's company, who was about to sail for the United States, a trip across the ix-can, 
in those days, being a much more formidable undertaking than at the present. During 
his residence abroad, he had made good use of his time and opportunities, storing his 
mind with useful knowledge, and disciplining it for futiu-e effort. He also sccui-ed tho 
acquaintance of some of the most learned theologians of Gennany, with whom lie. in 
after life, maintained a correspondence, and whose friendship he found of gi-eat value 
to him. 

Dr. Muhlenberg arrived in this country in 1770. and was the same year onlainod by 
the Synod of Pennsylvania, then in session at Reading. He immediately comnieneiMl 
the work of the ministry, and w^as associated in his labors for many yeai-s. with his 
father, who was still pVeaching in Philadelphia, and had charge of sevei-al congrega- 
tions in the vicinity. He occupied this field till 177G. when, in conseciuenoe of his 
attachment to his coimtry, and his devotion to the principles of the American Kevohi- 
tion, he was obliged, with his family, to flee from the city on the approach of the Krit- 
ish. Although he afterwards returned for a season, he was again forci-d to n-tiiv, 
during the occupancy of tlie city by the enemy. Disguised under a blanket, and with 
a rifle on his shoulder, narrowly escaping by the way with his life, he withdivw to tlio 
coinitry, where, relieved for a time from professional duties, he engaged with git>at real 
in the study of Botany. Here, no doubt, was awakened that anient an.l enthus.a.st.c 
love for this favorite piu-suit, which afterwards so strongly manifested its*.lf. On the 
1 Abrkl-ed from a sketch in the Evangelical Kevlew for April, l-5i. 

27 



402 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

departure of the Britisli troops lie resumed his clerical duties in Philadelphia, and con- 
tinued to labor there, till the year 1779, when he resigned, in order to take charge of 
congregations in Montgomery county. Pa. In the following year, however, having 
been invited to Lancaster, and believing that it would aftbrd a sphere of wider influence, 
and more extended usefulness, he consented to accept the appointment. In the Spring 
of 1780, he removed to the scene of his new home, and at once entered upon his work 
here, to which he assiduously and faithfully devoted himself, during a period of thirty- 
five years, till the end of his life. In the midst of his usefulness, the shaft of death 
was sped, and his earthly career terminated. On the 23d of May, 1815, he died of apo- 
plexy, in the sixty-second year of his age. Conscious of his approaching dissolution, 
he committed his congregation and the interests of the church at large to the Great 
Bishop and Shepherd of souls ; clasping to his heart the Bible, as his dearest treasure, 
and firmly clinging to the Rock of Age.s, he calmly and peacefully fell asleep in Jesus, 
and entered upon his eternal rest. His remains were followed to the grave by an im- 
mense, concourse of weej^ing friends, and an appropriate discourse was delivered by Rev. 
Dr. Helmuth, of Philadelphia, from the text — Remember them vilikli have the rule over 
yoMi who have spoken unto you the word of God; whose faith follow, considering the end 
of their conversation. 
The death of Dr. INIuhlenberg was universally lamented. 

Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit. 

He had enjoyed the uninterrupted regard, not only of his own congregation, but his 
virtues were enshrined in the hearts of the whole commvinity. He was highly esteemed 
in all the walks of life, and everywhere produced the impression that he was an vij^right 
and sincere christian. He possessed those excellencies of character, which always win 
the affections, and secure for an individual warm and devoted friends. He was ever 
ready to furnish relief to the needy, and to minister comfort to the afflicted. His heart 
overflowed with symjiathy for the suflering, and all who came within his reach expe- 
rienced his kindness and liberality. The young he regarded with the most tender in- 
terest, and zealously labored to promote their good. His influence over them, was un- 
bounded. They entertained for him feelings of the most profound respect, which they 
on all occasions evinced. When the Doctor met them on the street, engaged with their 
sports, they would immediately suspend operations, and quietly, with their hats raised, 
wait until he had passed them. His manners were easy and affable, Inxt dignified. 
There was nothing in his composition austere and repulsive, yet there was that which 
i-epelled rudeness or undue familiarity. At times he was quite humorous and playful, 

Neque semper arcum 
Tendit Apollo — 

his conversation abounding with pleasantry, and diftusing a genial charm over all who 
came within the circle of his influence. His eye was expressive of a kind heart, and 
his whole countenance reflected the warm.est benevolence. He was extremely fond of 
music, and on several instruments perfornred with much skill. 

In per.son. Dr. ]\Iuhlenberg was of medium stature, of a florid complexion and a 
robust frame. In the city, in which he spent more than half his life, there are given 
many traditional accounts of his extraordinary physical strength. On a cei'tain occa- 
sion a beggar -vdsited his study, and behaving rather insolently in his presence, it is said 
the Doctor, without any ceremony, picked the fellow up, and carried him out of the 
parsonage, with the greatest facility lifting him over the front porch, very much to the 
surprise of the stranger, and the amusement of the spectators. At another time he 
observed some men, as he was passing, laboring to remove from a wagon a large plank; 
he stopped and told them if they would desist from their profanity, he would help them, 
and appaiently without any difficulty, he alone accomplished the work, in which they 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 403 

had unitedly failed. He was a great pcdestiian, frequently .starting on foot from Lan- 
caster to Philadelphia, a distance of GO miles, and reRardin),' tlic walk a.s a triHintj f«-at. 

Dr. ]Muhlenberg possessed a vigorous intellect and extensive ac(iuii-einc«ntK. Tlie 
University of Pemisylvania, in 1780, conferred upon him the degree <.f A. M., and at a 
later period, honored him with the Doctorate of Divinity. He was regjudwl as a sound 
Theologian, a good linguist, and a fine oriental scholar. His attainim-nts in infflicine. 
chemistry and mineralogy were considerable. In the natvnal s(.ion<-*'s, g.-nfi-allv, lie 
took a deep interest. Botany was his fivvorite jtursuit. Finding tliat tliisstudv ilis- 
played in North America a vast field of inquiry, he very soon engaged in it with jinlor 
and perseverance, in which he was assisted by his European friends, lledwlg. Selirvlier 
and others. In this department, at that time, he was probably nnsuri)assed by any one 
in the United States, Dr. Baldwin! pronounces him the Aincriean lAniwuH. and sayg, 
to this appellation he is justly entitled. He was often quoted in Euroixi as authority. 
He carried on a large transatlantic correspondence with tlie most distinguished natural- 
ists then living, and by his communications to learned societies, contributed nnich to 
the advancement of natural science. He was connected with numerou.s scientific a.s.<i<>- 
ciations, and was visited at his home in Lancaster by Humboldt, Schoejif, and other 
mvans of Europe, on their tour through this country. 

Dr. Muhlenberg frequently wrote for the press. Numerous articles on scientific (pies- 
tions, from his pen, appeared in the newspai)crs of the day. His Catalogus Plantnrum 
and Descriptio Uberior (?/■«»«";!?<??* are well known. Ilia Flora Lrtncantriensin rvma'ma. 
still in manuscript. 2 He has also left valuable materials on Theology and Kthir», tlio 
preparation of which for publication, we hope will yet engage the attention of cue of 
his surviving relatives. 

Eamsay, David, j\I, D., was born in Drumore township, Lanca.ster county. Pa,, on 
the 2d day of April, 1749, The house is still standing in which he was born, and is on 
the farm now owned, I beheve, by Mr, Joseph Showalter, of the Borough of Oxford. Pa, 
His studies preparatory to entering college, were directed by the Kev, Sanipsou Smith, 
the pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Cliestmit Level, He graduated at Princeton, 
N, J., in 1765, and received a diploma of Bachelor of Physic from the Medical College of 
Philadelphia in 1772, which College subsequently became the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, He removed to Charleston, South Carolina, in 177:1 At the connneneement of 
the revolution and during its progress he took a decided and active part in the cause 
of freedom, at which time he was a member of the Legislature of South Carolina, in 
which he continued during the war. He was also a member of the Privy Council, and 
was banished by Cornwallis to St. Augustine, In 1782 he was elected a memlnr of 
Congress, and was again elected, and chosen President pro tcmpoi-e. during the illness 
of Hancock, in 1785. He resumed the practice of his profession and was nnich distin- 
guished for his attention to its duties, in 1786. On the 2:3d of January, 1787, he mar- 
ried 3Iartha, daughter of Henry Laurens, Governor of South Carolina, by wh.mi lio 
had eleven children; of these eight survived. His father, James liam.sjiy, marrie<l 
Jane Montgomery, a cousin of Gen. Richard ]\[ontg..mery of Quebec notoriety. This 
relationship is, at the present time, insusceptible of direct i>roof, but the eireumstanees 
favoring the assumption are numerous and .piite .strong. If this relationship were 
estabUshedby family records, her family could be traced "from the pres.-nt. through 
an unbroken succession of ten centuries to the first known of the name. Hoger de 
Montgomerie, who was 'Count of Montgomery, before the coining of Hollo m !•]•.. 

Dr Ramsay wrote a "History of the revolution in South Carolina," which he gave 
to the public in 1785, He published his " History of the American Revolution, in 

lEeliqui* BakUvinianiv. By William Darlington, 31. D , 184.3, \>. 1S8. 

2He a so publKlied " Vn English and German Lexicon and Gram.nar," 2 voU BcJo t.cl der tin 

.sue ai>o puuii.utu i .^ (^omnanlon to the CatcchlJm, or a court© 

weihun^' des Franlilin CoUegiums," Lancaster, L88. A i ompanion 

of Instr^uction in the Christian Religion, for the benefit of the young. 



404 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

1790; the "Life of Washington" in 1801; and a "History of Sonth Carohna" in 1808- 
He also wrote a "Universal History" and a "History of the United States" np to the 
year 1808. He died of a wound received from a nuuiiac on the 7th of May, 1815. — 
From the " Oxford Press,'' June 13, 18G8. 

Reynolds, John- Fulton, Major General, was born in Lancaster, Pa., on the 21st 
of September, 1820. He was educated in the schools of his native city, and in 1837 was 
appointed a Cadet at West Point. He graduated from the Military Academy in 1841; 
in July of the same year he was appointed brevet Second lieutenant in the Third Artil- 
lery, and was ordered to Fort McHenry, Baltimore; three months later he was promoted 
to a Second lieutenancy; early in 1843, he was ordered to St. Augustine, and at the 
close of the year was transferred to Fort Moultrie. In 1845 he was sent to Corpus 
Christi, and afterwards to Fort Brown. In June, 1846, he was promoted to first lieu- 
tenant, and marched with his battery, accompanying General Taylor's army into Mexico; 
was engaged at the battle of Monterey, and two days thereafter was bre vetted captain 
for gallant conduct. On the 21st of February, 1847, he was in the battle of Buena 
Vista, and received the brevet of major for meritorious services. At the close of the 
Mexican war he was sent to the forts on the coast of New England, where he remained 
four years, when he was appointed a staff officer to General Twiggs, and in 1853 went to 
New Orleans, but in the following year returned to the east and was stationed at Fort 
Lafayette, until he was attached to an expedition which was sent across the plains to 
Utah. He reached Salt Lake City in August, 1854; in IMarch, 1855, he was promoted 
to a captaincy, and sent across the mountains to California. During the year he re- 
mained on the Pacific coast he engaged in expeditions against the Indians, commanded 
posts, and at one time was on a board to examine candidates for admission into the 
army from civil life. In December, 1850, he arrived at Fortress Monroe, and in the 
summer of 1858 was placed in command of battery C, of the Third regiment, and was 
ordered to cross the plains with his command, to Utah. The battery was one of the 
most efficient in the service, and hence Secretary Floyd sought to destroy it by mounting- 
it and sending it across the Rocky mountains. The company, however, arrived in safety 
at Fort Van Couver in December, 1859. 

In September, 1860, Major Reynolds was appointed commander of cadets at West 
Point; in May, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Fourteenth infantry, 
and sent to New London, Connecticut, to recruit his regiment to its maximum strength. 
In August he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and was 
ordered to command Fort Hatteras; but, at the request of Governor Curtin, General 
Reynolds was assigned to the command of the First biigade of the Pennsylvania Reserve 
Corps. He marched and fought with his brigade on the peninsula, and in Pope's cam- 
paign. General Pope says in his report: 

"Brigadier-General John F. Reynolds, commanding the Pennsylvania Reserves, 
merits the highest commendation at my hands. Prompt, active and energetic, he com- 
manded his division with distinguished ability throughout the ojierations, and perform- 
ed his duties in all situations with zeal and fidelity. ' ' 

After the retreat of Gen. Pope to the defences around Washington, it became ap- 
parent that the enemy contemplated an invasion of Maryland and probably of Penn- 
sylvania. Governor Curtin, therefore, on the 4th of September, 1862, issued a pro- 
clamation calling out 75,000 of the State militia, and on the 12th Gen. Reynolds was 
relieved from the command of the Reserve Corps, and ordered to proceed to Ilarrisburg, 
at the request of the Governor, to organize and command tliese forces. He received 
the men who were pouring in incessant streams to the Capital, organized them into 
brigades, and marched them up Cumberland Valley to protect the borders of the State. 
After the battle of Antietam the militia was disbanded, and General Reynolds rejoined 
the Army of the Potomac, and assumed command of the First corps; he rendered dis- 
tinguished service at the battle of Fredericksburg, and carried the enemy's works on 



OF LAN'CASTER COUXTV. 405 

the left. He was appointed military -„venu.r of that .ity, a.i.l Iiis aclininistniti..n ..f 
affairs so was vigorous and equitable that the loyal citizens i-cjoi.-ed in the estahUsh- 
ment of the authority of the United States in their midst. His troops were prt-Hfut. 
but were not called into action at the battle of C'hancelh.i-sville. iWheii (Joncra'l 
Meade moved the army from Frederick into Pennsylvania, exiK-etinj; eatli hour to 
encounter the rebel force, he selected General Reynolds, his bosi.ni friend, and the man 
of all others in whom he reposed the most implicit conhdence, t.) lead the advanw 
wing, composed of three corps, the First, Third and Eleventh. Momiii;,' an«l 
evening, frequently during the day, and in the still hours of ni^ht, tliesT- two 
distinguished soldiers, Pennsylvania's noblest contributions to the army, ennld 1>e 
seen in close consultation and earnest discussion. The connnanding genenil eoinninni- 
cated fully all liis plans and intended movements to his comi)ani<.n, and heani witli 
deep interest the comments of the great soldier. Reynolds in turn, witli the \vh..le 
ardor of his noble nature, entered into tlie worlc assigned him; he hd f«.rtli his tniops. 
marching at the head of the great army as a patriot going out to battle for tlie honor of 
his country and the liberty of his race. 

When, on the morning of the 1st of July, he rose to tlie summit of the liills in front 
of Gettysburg, he saw at a glance, as his practised eyeViewed the country around him, 
that there, on those rocky hills, must be fought the great battle, which was to decide 
whether the honor of the Northern people should be preserved inviolate, or wlielher 
their cities, and country, and villages should be sacked and destroyed by the inva<ling 
foe. 

Arriving nearer the town, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, he found General IJuford's 
cavalry division already skirmishing with the Confederate troops, who ajipeared two 
miles to the westward. Reynolds, with his accustomed boldness to attack, did not lies- 
itate as to his duty, or wait for instructions; he was an accomplished .sohlier, and know- 
ing that it was Meade's determination to fight tlie enemy on the fii"st advantageous 
ground in his front, immediately advanced to the support of Buford's cavaln,-, and en- 
gaged the enemy. The First corps pushed fonvard through the town to occupy a hill 
on the west side, near Pennsylvania College, where it encountered Heath's division of 
Hill's corps of Confederate troops. The battle opened with artillery, in which the 
enemy at first had the advantage. Reynolds rode forward to change the position of the 
batteries; the rebel infantry immediately advanced, pushing forward a heavy skirmish 
line, and charged upon the guns, expecting tocai)tuie them. General Reynolds ordeivd 
up Wadsworth's division to resist the charge, and rode at the head of the column to 
direct and encourage the troops; but his gallantry made him a conspicuous mark for 
the deadly bullets of rebel skirmishers, and he was shot through tlio neck, and fell 
mortally wounded, dying before he could be removed from the field. The loss of tlieir 
brave leader, personally the most popular officer of his rank in the army, might well have 
seriously affected the behaviour of the men; but the spirit with which liis prcscni-c had 
inspired them did not perish at his death; his corps, led by the senior officer. General 
Doubleday, repulsed the enemy in a gallant charge, while the fighting, for a time, 
became a hand-to-hand struggle, during which the rebel General Archer and liis wlu.le 
brigade were captured and sent to the rear. 

General Reynolds was charged l)y some military criti.s with rashness in prematiuvly 
bringing on the battle of Gettysburg; but it would, perhaps, be more .in>t to say that 
he had but little direct agency in bringing it on; that it was unavoi.lable: tliat it wa.s 
forced upon us by the rebels; that if they had not been held in check that day. they 
would have pressed on, and obtained the impregnable position which our tnM>ps wen.' 
enabled to hold; and that, most of all, the hand of Providence, who gave ns at l.x>t 
a signal victory, guided the arrangements of that memorable day.- 

1 Sypher's History of the Pennsylvania Feservcs. 

2 Prof. Jacobs' Notes on the battle of G-ettysbursf. 



406 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

General Reynolds was one of America's greatest soldiers; the men he commanded 
loved him dearly; he shared with them the hardships, toil, and danger of the camp, the 
march, and the field; devoted to his profession, he was guided by those great principles 
which alone can prepare a soldier to become the defender of the liberties of a free 
people. He nobly laid down his life a sacrifice on his country's altar, at the head of his 
brave corps, that victory might crown the efforts of those who followed him to fight the 
great battle of the Nation. He fell, valiantly fighting for his country. Still more, he 
died in the defence of the homes of his neighbors and kinsmen. No treason-breeding 
soil drank his blood, but all of him that was mortal is buried in the bosom of his own 
native State. His body was carried to Lancaster and was buried in the family enclo- 
sure in the Lancaster cemetery, on the 4th of July, 1863. 

Over his remains the fannly have erected a handsome and substantial marble monu- 
ment, commemorative of the patriotic services of the deceased. On the south side, sur- 
mounted by the military emblem of the sword and belt, is the inscription — "John 
Fulton Reynolds, Colonel of the Fifth Infantry United States Army and Major General 
of Volunteers. Born Sept. 21, 1820. Killed at the Battle of Gettysburg, while com- 
manding the Left Wing of the Army of the Potomac, July 1, 1863." On raised panels 
immediately below are the words " Chancellorsville, " "Gettysburg." On the north, 
under the national coat-of-arms, are the words "Rogue River" and "Mechanicsville." 
On the west, the American fiags crossed over " Gaines Mills," " Second Bull Run" and 
"Fredericksburg." And on the east, the military emblem of the cannon, with the 
Mexican battle-fields on which the deceased won promotion, "Fort Brown," "INIonte- 
rey' ' and ' ' Buena Vista. ' ' i 

Ross, Geokge, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was the son 
of a clergyman by the same name, who presided over the Episcopal Church at New 
Castle, in the State of Delaware, in which town he was born in the year 1730. 

At an early age, he gave indications of possessing talents of a superior order. These 
indications induced his father to give him the advantage of a good education. At the 
age of eighteen he entered upon the study of law, under the superintendence of an 
elder brother, who was at that time in the practice of the profession, in the city of 
Philadelphia. 

Soon after being admitted to the bar, he established himself at Lancaster, at that 
time near the western limits of civilization. He soon became connected in marriage 
with a lady of a respectable family. For several years he continued to devote himself, 
with great zeal, to the duties of his profession, in which, at length, lie attained a high 
reputation, both as a counsellor and an advocate. 

Mr. Ross commenced his political career in 1768, in which year he was first returned 
as a representative to the Assembly of Pennsylvania. Of tliis body he continued to be 
re-elected a member, until the year 1774, when he was chosen in connection with several 
other gentlemen, a delegate to the celebrated Congress which met at Philadelphia. At 
the time he was appointed to a seat in this Congress, he was also appointed to 
report to the Assembly of the province, a set of instructions, by which the conduct of 
himself and colleagues were to be directed. The instructions thus drafted and reported, 
were accepted by the Assembly. In concluding these instructions, the Assembly ob- 
served: "that the trust reposed in you is of such a nature, and the modes of executing 
it may be so diversified in the course of your deliberations, tliat it is scarcely possible 
to give you particular instructions respecting it. We shall, therefore, only in general 
direct, that you are to meet in Congress the committees of the several British colonies, 
at such time and place as shall be generally agreed on, to consult together on the 
present critical and alarming situation and state of the colonies, and that you, with 
them, exert your utmost endeavors to form and adopt a plan, which shall afford the 
best prospect of obtaining a redress of American grievances, ascertaining American 
1 Contributed by J. M. W. Geist, Esq. 



OF LAN-CASTER COUNTY. 407 

rights, and establishing that union and harmony, which is most essential to tlie wi-lfaro 
and happiness of both countries. And in doing tliis, you are strictly charged t(. avoid 
everything indecent or disrespectful to the mother state."' 

Mr. Ross continued to represent the State of Pennsylvania in the nalinnal LegiMa- 
ture, until January, 1777, when, on accovmt of indisposition, he was ol.jigcd to retire. 
During his congressional career, his conduct met the wannest aj.prohation of his con^ 
stitueuts. He was a statesman of enlarged views, and under the inlluenco of a general 
patriotism, he cheerfully sacrificed his private interests for the public gootl. The high 
sense entertained by the inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, of his xeal for the gtMnl 
of his country, and of his constituents in particular, was expressed in the following 
resolutions: "Resolved, that the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds, out of the comity 
stock, be forthwith transmitted to George Ross, one of the members f>f Asscinblv for 
this county, and one of the delegates for this colony in the Continental Congress; and 
that he be requested to accept the same, as a testimony from this county, of their sc-nso 
of his attendance on the public business, to his great private loss, and of their appro- 
bation of his conduct. Resolved, that if it be more agreeable, "Mr. lioss jjurchasc with 
l^art of the said money, a genteel piece of plate, ornamented as he thinks proper, t«> 
remain with him, as a testimony of the esteem this county has for him, by reason of 
his patriotic conduct, in the great struggle of American liberty." Such a testimony 
of respect and affection, on the part of his constituents, nuist have been not a littlo 
gratifying to the feelings of Mr. Ross. He felt it his duty, however, to decline accept- 
ing the present, offering as an apology for so doing, that he considered it as the duty 
of every man, and especially of every representative of the people, to contril^nfe, by 
every means within his power, to the welfare of his country, without expecting i>ecn- 
niary rewards. 

The attendance of Mr. Ross in Congress did not prevent him from meeting with the 
provincial Legislature. Of this latter body he was an active, energetic, and intlucntial 
member. In the summer of 1775, it was found by the general Assembly, that the cir- 
cumstances of the State required the adoption of some decisive measuivs, esiH'cially in 
respect to putting the city of Philadelphia, and the province, in a state of defence. A 
committee was accordingly appointed, of which Mr. Ross was one, to report what meas- 
ures were expedient. In a few days that committee did report, recommending to the 
people to associate for the protection of their lives, and liberty, and proi«;rty. and 
urging upon the several counties of the province the importance of collecting stoR-s of 
ammunition and arms. A resolution was also offered, providing for the payment of all 
such associations as should be called out to repel any attacks made by the IJritish 
troops. To carry these plans into effect, a general conunittee of public sjifety was ap- 
pointed, and clothed with the necessary authority. To this committee Mr. Hoss was 
attached, and was one of its most active and efficient members. He also belongi'.l to 
another important committee, viz., that of grievances. 

On the dissolution of the proprietary government in Pennsylvania, a gcnend conven- 
tion was assembled, in which m. Ross represented the county of Lancaster. Here, 
again, he was called to the discharge of most important duties, bemg appomted to a.s- 
sist in preparing a declaration of rights on behalf of the State, for forming rules of 
order for the Convention, and for defining and settling what should l.e considered high 
treason and misprision of treason against the State, and the punishment winch should 
be inflicted for those oftences. , • i. r.- ♦i,o 

In the year 1779, Mr. Ross was appointed a ju.lge of the court ot adnundtj A u^ 1 1 o 
State of Pennsylvania. This was on the 14th of April. He --^ l--""^ , ;3; 
however, the honourable station which he now filled but a short t•"H^ " - ^-^ 
of July Allowing, he was suddenly and violently attacked by the gout, .hich teniunated 

his useful life, in the fiftieth year of his age. , w .i . ,.,^,.iMlin.' ac- 

In respect to the character of Judge Ross, we have httle t<. a.1.1 to the p.v...lin, ac 



408 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

count. As a lawyer, even before the revolution, he was among the first of his profes- 
sion, a rank which he continued to hold, while he practised at the bar. As a politician, 
he was zealous, patriotic, and consistent. As a judge, he was learned and upright, 
and vincomnionly skilful in the despatch of business. He comprehended with ease 
causes of the greatest intricacy, and formed his decisions, which often displayed much 
legal knowledge, with great promptness. It is to be added to his honor, that Avhile he 
was thus distinguished abroad, he was characterized in the fulfilment of his do- 
mestic duties, by an uncommonly kind and aftectionate disposition. 

Scott, Joshua, an Englishman, surveyor and engineer, lived for many years in Lan- 
caster. His large map of the County, on a scale of an inch to a mile, was published 
January 1, 1824. For science, accuracy and finish it compares favorably with the best 
government maps of the period and the current maps of the Coast Survey, though 
published forty years later, are not superior to it. 

Smith, Samuel Stanhope, D.D., LL.D., was born March IG, 1750, at Pequea, this 
county, where his father, the Rev. Robert Smith, kept an academy. In his IGth year 
he entered the Junior Class at Princeton College, and took his degree before the com- 
pletion of his 18th year. He accepted a call of Tutor in the Department of Classics 
and Belles Lettres, at Princeton, which he filled from 1770 to 1773. About that time he 
was licensed to preach, and after a useful residence in Virginia, in the double capacity 
of Pastor of a Congregation and Principal of a Seminary, he was, in 1779, elected to the 
Chair of Moral Philosophy in Princeton College, and succeeding Dr. Witherspoon, who 
died in 1794, in the Presidency, he held that office until 1812, when he resigned, and died 
in 1819. In 1783 he received the degree of D.D. from Yale College, and in 1810 that of 
LL.D. from Harvard College. He published several volumes of sermons and essays. 

Snyder, Simon, was born in Lancaster, November, 1759. He was a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1790. In 1797, he was elected to the Legislature, where, 
by successive re-elections, he served eleven years; and in 1802, was chosen Speaker of 
the House of Representatives. In 1808, he was elected Governor of the Commonwealth, 
which office he held nine years, having been twice re-elected. He died in 1820. 

Stevens, Thaddeus,! was born at Danville, Caledonia county, Vermont, on the 4th 
day of April, 1792, and died at his residence in this city, at midnight, on the 11th day 
of August, 18G8. His parents were poor, in a community where poverty was the rule 
and wealth the exception. Of his father I know but little, save that he enlisted in the 
war of 1812, and died in the service. Upon his mother chiefly fell the burden of rearing 
their four sons. She was a Avoman of great energy, strong will, and deep piety. Early 
seeing the ambition and fully sympathizing with the aspirations of her crippled boy, 
she devotedly seconded his efibrts for the acquisition of knowledge, and by her industry, 
energy and frugality, largely aided him in procuring a collegiate education. He returned 
her aftection with the full strength of his strong nature ; and for many years after he 
had acquired fame and fortune in his adopted State, had the pleasure of making an 
annual pilgrimage to the home which he had provided for her comfort, and where she 
dispensed, with means he furnished, a liberal charity. 

In the last year of his life, in writing his will with his own hand, while making no 
provision for the care of his own grave, he did not forget that of his mother, but set 
apart an ample sum for that purpose, directing yearly payments, upon the condition 
"that the sexton keep the grave in good order, and plant roses and other cheerful flow- 
ers at each of the four corners of said grave each spring." In the same instrument, 
devising one thousand dollars in aid of the establishment at his home of a Baptist 
Church, of which society his mother was an earnest member, he says; "I do this out 
of respect to the memory of my mother,; to whom I owe whatever little of prosperity I 
have had on earth, which, small as it is, I desire emphatically to acknowledge." 

IFrom the Eulogy of Hon. O. J. Dickey, prom >unced in the House of Uepreseiitatives at Washing 
ton. D. C, December 17, 1868. 



OF LANCASTER COfNTV. 409 

After attending the common schools of the nei-liboi-h..od, l.u (ilid l\,v i-o\U"n. :vt tho 
Peacham Academy, in liis native county, entered the University of Verinont" aiul rc 
mained there about two years. The college suspending operations .>n account of tho 
war, he proceeded to Dartmouth, and graduated at that institution in 1S14. Afn-r lead- 
ing law at Peacham in the office of Judge Mattocks f„i- s..n.e montlis. ho loft liis native 
State and settled in Pennsylvania in 1815, first in the town of York, wlioix" he taught an 
academy and pursued his legal studies. The rules of cunt in tliat distri<-t haviiig 
required students to read one year ii\ the oflice of an attorney, he went to Hel Air. Har- 
ford county, Md., and Avas there examined and admitted to practice in August, 181G. 
He at once returned to Pennsylvania and opened a law ottice at (tettysburg, in tho 
county of Adams, and entered upon the ])ractice of his profession in tliat and a«ljoinin;j 
counties. He was soon in the possession of an extensive and lucrative bu-siucsa, to 
Avhich he gave his entire attention for some sixteen years. 

Mr. Stevens first engaged actively in politics with the anti-masonic party of lH28-'29, 
which he joined in their opposition to secret societies. He was elected to the jjopular 
branch of the Legislature of his State in 1833, as a representative from the county of 
Adams, and continued to serve in that body almost without interruption luitil \>H0, 
during which entire period he was the leader of the party in the Legislature, if not tlie 
State. During this service he championed many measm-es of imj)rovement; among 
others the Common School system of Pennsylvania, which, at a critical moment, lie 
saved from overthrow by a speech which he always asserted to have, in his opinion, been 
the most effective he ever made. 

By that single effort he established the principle, never since seriously fpiestioned in 
Peimsylvania, that it is the duty of the State to provide the facilities of education to all 
the children of the Commonwealth. In behalf of this measure he joined hand with his 
bitterest personal and political enemies. He highly eulogized for his ci)urse n]>on this 
question, the chief of the opposing political party. Governor George Wolf, and denounciU 
with all his power of invective the time-servers of his own party. Himself the diiid of 
j)0verty, he plead the cause of the poor, and by the force of his will, intellect and elo- 
quence, broke down the barriers erected by wealth, caste and ignorance, and earned a 
name that will endure as hmg as a child of Pennsylvania gratefully i-enieuibei-s the 
blessings conferred by light and knowledge. 

In 18o7-'38 Mr. Stevens was a member of the Convention called to revise the CoiLsti- 
tution of Pennsylvania, an assemblage which numbered as members many of the strongest 
men of the State, among whom Mr. Stevens stood in the front rank. This Convention, 
notwithstanding the able and strenuous opposition of a strong minority, led by ^Ir. 
Stevens, inserted the word "white" as a qualification of suflrage, thus disfranchising a 
race. On this account he refused to append his name to the completeil instnunent, and 
stood alone in such refusal. For the same cause he opposed, but unsuccessfnlly, the 
ratification by the people. 

In 1843 Mr. Stevens, finding himself deeply in debt by reason of losses in the iroti 
business, and liabilities incurred in numerous indorsements matle for frienils, lemovetl 
to Lancaster county, one of the largest, richest, and most popuKms counties in the 
State, and resumed the practice of his profession. His i-eputation as a lawyer liad 
preceded him, and his income almost at once became the largest at the l)ar. In a few- 
years he paid his debts and saved the bulk of his estate. In 1848 and 1850, he was 
elected to Congress from Lancaster county, when, declining to be a candidate, he re- 
turned to his profession until 1858, when he was again elected and continued U> lioU 
the seat without interruption until his death. His course uj.on this tloor has pa«.setl 
into and forms no unimportant part in the history of a mighty i.eoi.le in a givat criMS 
of their existence. But I have promised to leave to others to say what may U- vmmr 
in illustration of his great achievements in his latter days. 

To those here who judged of the personal appearance of the deceased only as they 



•ilO AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

looked on him bearing the burden of years, and stricken with disease, though he still 
stood with eye undimmed and will undaunted, I may say that in his prime he was a 
man physically well proportioned, muscular and strong, of clear and ruddy complexion, 
with face and feature of great nobility and under perfect command and control. In 
his youth and early manhood, notwithstanding his lameness, he entered with zest into 
almost all of the athletic games and sports of the times. He was an expert swimmer 
and an excellent, horseman. AVhen residing at Gettysburg he followed the chase, and 
kept his hunters and hounds. 

On a recent visit to his iron works, I found the old mountain men garrulous with 
stories of the risks and dangers of the bold rider, as with horse and hound he followed 
the deer along the slopes and through the gaps of the South Mountain. 

In private life, among his friends, Mr. Stevens was ever genial, kind and considerate. 
To them he was linked with hooks of steel. For them he would labor and sacrifice 
without stint, complaint or regret. In his hours of relaxation there could be no more 
genial companion. His rare conversational powers, fund of anecdote, brilliant sallies 
of wit, and wise sayings upon the topics of the hour, made his company miich sought, 
and many of these are the current coin of the circles in which he moved. 

Mr. Stevens was an honest and truthful man in public and private life. His word 
was sacred in letter and spirit, and was never paltered in a double sense. In money 
matters he was liberal to a fault, and out of his immense professional income he left 
but a meagre estate. In his private charity he was lavish. He was incapable of say- 
ing no in the presence of want or misery. His charity, like his political convictions, 
regarded neither creed, race nor color. He was a good classical scholar, and was well 
read in ancient and modern literature, especially on subjects of philosophy and law. 
In his old age lie read but few books. Shakspeare, Dante, Homer, Milton and the 
Bible would, however, generally be found u^^on his table in his sleeping room, where 
he was accustomed to read in bed. He was simple and temperate in his habits. He 
disliked the use of tobacco, and for forty years never used or admitted in his house 
intoxicating drinks, and only then by direction of his physician. 

Mr. Stevens was deeply loved and fully trusted by his constituents. He was often in 
advance of their views; sometimes he ran counter to their prejudices or passions; yet 
such was his popularity with them, so strong their faith in his wisdom, in the integrity 
of his actions and the purity of his purpose, that they never failed to sustain him. 

Popular with men of all parties, with also his own supporters, his name was a house- 
hold word. To them and among themselves, "Old Thad" was a name of endearment, 
while even his foes spoke of him with pride as the ' ' Great Commoner. ' ' No man ever 
died more deeply mourned by a constituency than Thaddens Stevens. 

Having briefly selected some of the incidents that marked the history of my friend, 
I will in conclusion say a few words of him on the subject in connection with which he 
is probably more widely known than any other — slavery. Mr. Stevens was always an 
anti-slavery man. From the time he left his native mountains, to the moment of his 
death he was always not only anti-slavery in the connnon acceptation of the term, but 
a bold, fearless, determined and uncompromising foe of oppression in any and every 
form. He was an abolitionist before there was such a party name. His opposition to 
American slavery never altered with his party connection, and was never based upon 
mere questions of expediency or political economy. He always viewed it as a great 
wrong, at war with the fundamental principles of this and all good governments, as a 
sin in the sight of God, and a crinre against man. For many years, long before it be- 
came popular to do so, he denounced this institution as the great crime of the nation, 
on the stump, in the forum, in party conventions, in deliberative assemblies. On this 
question he was always in advance of his party, his State, and his constituents. 

Always resident in a border county, he defended the fugitive on all occasions, asserted 
the right of free speech, and stood between the abolitionist and the mob, often with 



OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 4 1 j 

peril to himself. This was one great cause of liis having hcon so long in a n.innritv 
and of his entrance late in life into the councils of the nation; but for this, he was 
fully compensated by living to see the destruction of an institution wlii.b ho 'loathed 
and by receiving for his reward, and as the crowning glory of his hfc. the blessings of 
millions he had so largely aided to make free. 

The remains of Mr. Stevens lie in Lancaster, in a private cemetery, cstablislicd by 
an old friend, in a lot selected by liimself, for reasons as stated in the touching anil 
beautiful epitaph prepared by himself for inscription on liis tomb: "I repose in tliis 
quiet, secluded spot, not from any natural preference for .solitude, but finding otlier 
cemeteries limited by charter rules as to race, I have diosen it that T might Ik- enabletl 
to illustrate in my death the principles whidi I have advocated through a long life- 
equality of man before his Creator." 

Weiser, Conrad,! an active, enterprising man, conspicuous in the annals of tliis 
county from its organization till 17G0, was born in Germany, lOilO. At the age of 13, 
in 1709, he left his Vaterland, accompanied by his father and seven brothers and si.sters; 
with three or four thousand other Germans, they went to England; tliencc they sailctl 
for New York, where they arrived the 13th of June, 1710. In the fall of the sjime 
year, the father of the subject of this notice, and hundreds of German families, weio 
transferred at Queen Anne's expense to Livingston District, where many of them 
remained till 1713; that year about one hundred and fifty families moved to Scholiarie 
to occupy lands presented to Queen Anne by a Mohawk chief, for the benefit of tliese 
Germans. While residing here, Conrad Weiser's father, in 1714, became acquainted 
with Quagnant, a chief of Maqua or Mohmrk nation. Quagnant proj)oscd to the fatlier 
to take Conrad with him into his country, and to teacli liim the language sjiokcn by 
his nation; the father consented, and Conrad accompanied the chief to his house in the 
autumn of 1714. Here his sufferings, according to Weiser's own journal, were almost 
intolerable. He was exposed to to the inclemencies of a severe M-inter, ^'pinched by 
Tiunger and frosV'' menaced with death by the inebriated Indians, to escape which, he 
had often to flee and conceal himself till reason was restored, and "a second tobtr 
thotight,''' restrained their threats. Having spent eiglit months among them, and 
acquired the principal part of tlie Mohawk language, he returned to the German colony, 
where, as interpreter, he acquired a competent knowledge of the language, in a very 
short time. 

Owing to a defect in the titles to their lands which involved them in difticulties. tliis 
German colony was dispersed; some remained at Schoharie; among these was A\ eiser, 
the interpreter, others left, in search of a new home; tlicse wended their coiu-so in a 
south-westerly direction till they struck the Susquehanna, where they nuule canoe.s 
freighted these with families and goods; floated down the river to the mouth of Swatara 
creek thence they worked their way up till they reached a fertile spot in TuliK'h.xkon, 
where they settled amidst the Indians, in 1723. 

Weiser, as stated, remained at Schoharie, till 1729, when he, liis wife and four clul.l- 
ren left, and followed his relations and friends to Tulpchocken, wliere they were all 
cordially received. Here he took up a tract of land within a few miles of the site of 
Womelsdorf. 

He, as occasion demanded it, acted as interpreter between tlie Indians an.l (.erman 
settlers. Though he had determined to spend his remaining days in i.nvate. Ins talents 
soon attracted the attention of the Government, and his services, as u.terpreter, were 
required, by the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Lieut. Govern. .r of Pennsylvania as early a.s 
1731; for that purpose, Weiser accompanied Shekellany and Cehaeluiuey, In.lians«lu. 
had returned from the Six Nations, to Philadelphia. He was called on i-eiK'ate.lly to 
act as interpreter while pursuing the improvement of his fann. _^ 

He was a man of unbounded benevolence, and disposed ^-to hope all things. it ^as 
IFrom Rupp's History of Lancaster County, p. 256 s<i. 



412 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

through him the Moravian bretliren were made attentive to Indian natives, especially 
the Iroquois, or Six Nations. Mr. Spangenberg received the lirst account of them from 
Conrad Weiser, a justice of the peace, and interpreter to the Government in Pennsyl- 
vania. The Governor and Proprietor of Pennsylvania had sent him in the winter of 
1736, to treat with the Iroquois, concerning a war ready to break out between them 
and the Indians of Virginia, and to endeavor to settle the dispute amicably. On this 
journey of nearly five hundred miles, he suffered great hardships. The weather was 
uncommonly severe, and he had to force his way, mostly on foot, through deep snow, 
thick forests, brooks and rivers, carrying provisions for several weeks on his back. 

Count Zinzendorf visited him August 14, 1702, where he met, at Tulpehocken, a 
numerous embassy of sachems or heads of the Six Nations, returning from Philadelphia. 
The count was desired to preach the Gospel to the Indians; Weiser was interpreter on 
this occasion, adding in conclusion of the discourse : " This is the man whom God hath 
sent, both to the Indians and to the white people, to make known his will unto them,'' 
confirming his words, after the Indian custom, by a present of a piece of red cloth. 

Sometime in the month of September, Conrad Weiser visited Shamokin, a populous 
Indian town, where he interpreted between Shikellimus and the Count. 

He attended all the principal Indian treaties held for a period of more than twenty- 
five years. About the year 1752, Conrad Weiser, in connection with the Governor of 
Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Mr. Peters, Secretary of the Land Office, Messrs. 
Turner and B. Franklin, was appointed a trustee and manager of the Public Schools, 
which were established through the eftbrts of the Rev. Michael Schlatter. By virtue 
of their commission, the trustees established schools at Lancaster, York, Reading, New 
Hanover, Skippack, and Goshenhopen. 

During the French and Indian hostilities, as Lieutenant Colonel, he commanded the 
second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, consisting of nine companies. ' ' They 
were thus distributed — one company at Fort Augusta, one at Hunter's mill, seven 
miles above Ilarrisburg, on the Susquehanna, one half company on the Swatara, at the 
foot of the North mountain, one company and a half at Fort Henry, close to the Gap 
of the mountain, called the Tothea Gap, one company at Fort Williams, near the forks 
of the Schuylkill river, six miles beyond the mountains, one company at Fort Allen, at 
Gnadenhiitten, on the Lehigh; the other three companies were scattered between the 
rivers Lehigh and Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, at farm-houses, others 
at mills, from three to twenty in a place. ' ' 

The duties of the numerous positions he filled were always discharged with fidelity 
and ability; he was both capable and honest. He closed his eventful life, July 13, 
1760. His remains were interred July 15, near Womelsdorf, Berks county. He left 
seven children and many relatives to lament his death. Weiser was a man of strong- 
mind — cultivated in the never failing school of experience. His poetical eftusions only 
remain, a few of which are said to be well written. The following is the concluding • 
verse of a hymn furnished by him at a church dedication: 

Fuer Feuer, Krieir "nd M'assers-Noth 
Wollst Ju dies Haus bcwahren ! 
Darnit naeh unserm sel'yren Tod 
Die Nachkommen erfahren, 
Uass wir dick, waliren Gott, geliebt 
Fnd uns in deinem AVort geubt, 
Um deines Namens willen. 

Yeates, Jaspek, born at Philadelphia, in 1745, settled at Lancaster in 1764, was 
appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State in 1791 and died at Lancaster 
in 1817. 

Twenty-five years of his life were spent upon the bench, the greater i>ortion of which 
he was in the difterent circuits of the State. His mind was vigorous and his opinions 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 413 

bold. Pennsylvania fomul in him a "good and faithful sen-ant.*' His Hoi)ort,«, the 
second of the Pennsylvania series, immediately suteecdinf,' Mr. Dalhi-s'. ......r. .• .'.■.••.. 

honor upon him, both as an author and a lawyer. 



EARLY SETTLERS.i 



Many foreigners had, prior to the issuing of Anne's pmcliiiuaiion, (ii'tenniiicd to 
seek refuge in America. The Canton of Bcni, in Switzerland, had einiiluycd 
Christopher de Graftenried and Lewis ^litchel or ^lichelle, as pioneers, with instnic- 
tions to search for vacant lands in Pennsylvania, Virginia or Carolina. One of 
these, Michelle, a Swiss miner, had been in America, prior to 1704 or 170."(. tnivei-sing 
the country to seek out "a convenint tract to settle a colony of their people on." Ho 
was among the Indians in and about Conestogo during 170(i and 1707. ''in search «tf 
some mineral or ore;" and, "it is believed, he and his associates built a foil not far 
from Connejaghera, many miles above Conestogo." 

In the year 1707 a few Quaker pioneers settled in Kennet, Chester county. Among 
others were Vincent Caldwell, Thomas Wickersham, Joel Bailey, Thomas Hope and 
Guyan ]\Iiller. 

No actual settlements had been made prior to 1708 or 1709 in Lancaster county: 
but a few whites had abodes among the Indians on the Sus(,nehanna. These were 
Indians traders, and all Frenchmen. Their names— Bezalioii, Chaitier. .Tessop and Lo 
Tort. Chartierhad, prior to 1704, lived long among tlie Shawanah Indians, and uih.ii 
the Susquehanna. 

Of the above Indian traders, Bezalion was the only one licensed. 
Ibout the year 1706 or 1707, a number of the persecuted Swiss Mennonites went to 
Eno-land, and made a particiUar agreement with the Honorable Proprietor. ^\ dham 
Peun, at London, for lands to be taken up. Several families, from the Palatinate, de- 
scendants of the distressed Swiss, emigrated to America and settled hi Lancaster county 

"'TheteacUtions, respecting the flrst visit to the place of subsecpient settlement are 
discrepant. From public documents and some private papers in the posses.sion o Abra- 
ham Meylin, and others, residing in West Lampeter township, we may eoi.hden ly state 
that the Meimonites commenced a settlement in 1709 or 1710, at the place wheiv the 
Herrs and Meylins now reside, near Willow Street. , . , ., , . ., , , ^^.„ 

,. A Swiss company, to emigrate to America, and settle m tl- -ildernes>. h.wl W 
organized, but who the projector of it was, we cannot state. The Ij :''-;- ^ 
Mevlin h s son Martin, and John Hans Herr, John Rudolph Bun.lol^. > . tin K.u.h 
l'!o^imeriZ^nOhorl.oU^, Hans Funk, Michael Oborholtz, Wen.le liow.naii and 
the"o^;^^^^^^^ conestogo in 1709, selected a tract of ten ^or^^^^^^^^^^^ 
on the north side of Pequea creek, and shortly afterwards, Vrocmea..^^^^^ 

same. It is dated October 10, 1710-the -----^^ ^-,7^;;^ t "e Ir^'^H ^ 
the 23d of the same month. The 27th of Apnl, 1.11, the ^"^^y^-^ ^^ "'^^^J.^. „^ 
request of the first purchasers, subdivided the said ten thousand acie.s n.to so many 
parts as they had previously agreed upon." j 

It appears' from tradition and other --^^^^f^J^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
agreement with William Penn, and by permission of the ^^ » J^^^*^ ;;^. .,^ j^^„^.,,^ „,.,! 
Gookin, they commenced making improvements be ore a ^^ ' !* ;\ ;;\^,,,, ,,,„t 
that while some were felling trees, removing /"«^^;^^-"f''^;"^^^'"^;if"Vhe following 
to Philadelphia to obtain a wanant for their choice tract of .oo.ls. The 
documents strengthen the tradition to be correct in the mam fact.. 

rrnn, Mr Rui.p-s HIstury of Lancajter connly and bU 

1 Most of the particulars given are taken from Mr. Kupp s nui > 

Collection of Thirty Thousand Names. 



414: AUTHEXTIC HISTORY 

' ' By the commissioners of property — Whereas we have agreed with John Rudolph 
Bundely, Martin Kendig, Jacob Miller, Hans Ilerr, Martin Oberholtz, llans Funk, 
Michael Oberholtz and one Wendel Bowman, Swissers, lately arrived in this province, 
for ten thousand acres of land, situate on the northwesterly side of a hill, about twenty 
miles easterly from Connystogoe, near the head of Pecquin creek, for which said land, 
they are to pay the sum of five hundred j)ounds, sterling money of Great Britain, in 
manner following: that is to say, the sum of one hundred pounds, part thereof in 
hands, at ye issuing of these presents, the sum of one hundred pounds more thereof 
(together with forty-eight pounds like money, being the interest of four hmidred pounds 
for two years) at the end of two years and six months, from the time of the survey of 
the said lands, (one-half year's interest of the whole being abated), one hundred and 
eighteen pounds further, part thereof with interest, included within one year, then next 
after one hundred and twelve pounds (the interest being included) further part thereof, 
within one year, then next after, the sum of one hundred and six pounds full residue 
thereof, that of all interest for the same, within one year, that next following, so that 
the said five hundred jDOunds and interest, as aforesaid, is to be paid in six years next 
after the time of survey. And also that the said purchasers, their heirs and assigns, 
shall pay unto the proprietary and Governor, William Penn, his heirs and assigns, the 
sum of one shilling sterling aforesaid, quit-rent yearly forever, for every hundred acres 
of the said ten thousand acres of land, and that said purchasers shall have said lands 
free of quit-rent for the two first years next after the survey thereof, and the said pur- 
chasers requesting of us a warrant for the location and survey of the said land aforesaid. 
These are, therefore, to authorize and require thee to survey or cause to be surveyed, 
unto the said purchasers, the full quantity of ten thousand acres of land (with reasona- 
ble allowance for roads and highways) in one entire tract, at or near the place aforesaid, 
and subdivide the same (if they request it) into so many small tracts or parts as they 
shall agree or appoint to each of them his respective share to be holden by the pur- 
chasers, their heirs and assigns, under the rents, payments and agreements aforesaid, 
subject to distress for the said rent in case of non-payment; and of thy transactions and 
doings in the premises, by virtue of these presents thou art to make such returns int(i 
the Secretary's office, with all reasonable expedition. Given under our hands and seals 
of the province, the tenth day of the eighth month at Philadelphia, A. D. 1710. 

Edwaed Shippen, 
Gkiffeth Owen, 
Tnos. Story." 
"To Jacob Taylor, Surveyor General. 
"Warrant Book, 1700—1714, p. 229. 

On the 23d of October, the land was surveyed and divided among the Meylins, Herrs, 
Kendigs, and others of the company. 

By warrant, dated July 5, 1712, there were surveyed, November 1, 1712, Pequea, now 
Strasburg township, for Amos Strettle, 3380 acres, who afterwards sold it in smaller 
tracts; the principal persons to whom he sold, prior to 1734, were Henry Shank, TJlrich 
Brackbill, Augustine Widower, Alexander Fridley, Martin Miller, George Suavely, 
Christian Musser, Andrew Shultz, John Fonts, Jacob Stein, John Hickman, John 
Bowman, Valentine Miller, Jacob Hain, John Herr, Henry Carpenter, Daniel Ferree, 
Isaac Lcfcvre, Christian Stoner, John Beiers, Hans Lein, Abraham Smith, John Jacob 
Hoover, Septimus Robinson, Samuel Hess, Samuel Boyer, John Musgrove. 

The Mennonite settlers having determined to send for their friends in Europe, a 
council of the whole society was called, at which their venerable minister and pastor, 
Hans Herr, presided, and after fraternal and free interchange of sentiment, much con- 
sultation and serious reflection, lots, in conformity to the custom of the Mennonites, 
were cast, to decide who should return to Europe for the families left behind and others. 
The lot fell upon Hans Herr, who had left five sons. Christian, Emanuel, John, Abra- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 415 

liam and one whose name we liave net learned, i This defisi..n was a-roeal.lo to Iuh 
omi mind; but to his friends and char-e it was unae.ei.tahlo; to lie "separated con 
ihrem prediger, from tlieir preacher, could be borne witli reluctance and IieavineKs of 
heart only. They were all too ardently attached to him to dieerfully ac-quiewe in this 
determiimtion. Reluctantly they consented to his departine— after nnu-li anxiety mani- 
fested ou account of this unexpected call of their pastor from them. Tlieir (sorrows 
were alleviated by a proposal made on the part of Martin Kendi;;, that, if approval, 
he would take Hans Herr's place — this was cordially as.sented to by all. Witlioiit un- 
necessary delay, Martin, the devoted friend of the colony, made ready— went to Phila- 
delphia, and there embarked for Europe; after a prosperous voyajje of five or six weeks, 
he reached the home of his friends, where he was ret-eived with ai)ostolie ffreetin^jsand 
salutations of joy. Having spent some time in pieliminary arrangements, he an<l a 
company of Swiss and some Germans, bade a lasting adieu to their old homes, and 
dissolved the tender ties of friendship with those whom they left. "With his oompanv, 
consisting of the residue of some of those in America, and of Peter Yoitlca, Jacob 
Miller, Hans Tschantz, Henry Funk, John Houser, John Bachman, Jacob Weber, 
Schlegel, Venerick, Guldin, and others, he retm-ned to the nao home, where they were 
all cordially embraced by their fathei's and friends. 

"At a meeting of the commissioners, Sept. 10, 1712 — the late connnissioners having 
granted 10,000 acres of land to the Palatines, by their warrant dated Otli. Btli. 1710, in 
l^ursuance thereof there was laid out to Martin Kendig, l)esides the 2,000 acix's already 
contirmed and paid for, the like (quantity of 2,000 acres, towards Susfpielianna, of wliich 
the General Surveyor has made a return. The said ^lartin Kendig now apix-aring de- 
sirous that the said land may be granted and confirmed to iVIaria Warenbuer. for wliom 
the same was taken up, or intended, and who is to pay the consideration of it. But 
upon further consideration of the matter, it is agreed among themselves that tlic s;iid 
land shall be confiinned to Daniel Fierre and Issac Lefevre, two of tlie said witlow's 
sons, and the consideration money, viz: £140 at £7 per 100 acres, by agreement having 
been for some time due, but is now to be paid down in one sum. 'Tis agreed that tlicy 
shall only pay £10 for interest, that is £150 lor the wliole." 

"The said Martin Kendig now (Sept. 10, 1712) appearing .lesirous that the said (2000 
acres) land may be granted and confirmed to jNIaria "Warenbuer, for trh<»a the Mine ira* 
taken up or intended, ^x.''' 

This tract was then in Chester county, Coucstoga township, now East Sti-asbnrg. in 
this county. It composed the farms now (1844) owned by Henry A. C'arpeiitrr. Fenx' 
Brinton, John C. Lefevere, Joseph L. Lefevere, Jacob Hershey, Cluistian Lenian, 
Henry and Jacob Brackbill, Theo. Sherts, Isaac B. Burrowes, Jacob Eshleman. C'liris- 
_tian Hershey, Messrs. "V\^itmer, R.' Conyngham, Esti., R. Taggart. Phili]. K(.ster, 
Henry Shert'z, John Shertz, F. S. Burrowes, D. Lefevre. 

In 1713, Christopher Schlegel, late of Saxony, took up with a view to settle, though 
he afterwards transferred his interest in his tract of one thousand acres, to others- 
this land is on a stream fiowing into the Conestoga, "not far from the lan.l grante.l to 
the Palatines." It was afterwards the place where the Cartlidges. Indian agent.s itv 
sided. Another person, Benedictus Venerick, late of Germany, took up two hundml 
acres, near the Palatines, in 1715.2 Between the Pe.piea and Cnestoga cveks, near 
the Susquehanna, Richard Carter, an Englishman, a wheel-wright, locatvd and un- 
proved two hundred acres, in 1716. The san^e year, Alexander Ik-ws took up four 
hundred acres on the south side of the Conestoga; Anthony Pretter, ol hast Jersc-j. 

1 Three of Hans Hevr's sons settled in what is now callcl We.t Lampeter «--;;'j; -^;,,7,;" 
Manor township; from these sprang a numerous connexion ol Hc.-rs, no e '';';7,;,'^,7^'; ,';,"..„„,/. 
of that name, de^cenaants of Hans Herr, are ta.xablos resul.n, wuh.n '-"..'; '^;i,;;, ^^^J, 

2. In and about Smoketown, in 1715, l>eter Hellas, Daniel Hannan, \\ .lli..m Kwn., 
settled. 



416 ' AUTIli:NTIC HISTOEY 

three hundred acres, nearPequea, on south side of Conestoga; and John Gardiner, Jr., 
from Philadelphia county, two hundred acres, on the same side of Conestoga. About 
this time, Jacob Greider, or Kreider, Jacob Hostater, Hans' Frantz, Schenk, and others, 
settled on the banks of Conestoga; Joseph Cloud, in 1717, took up 500 acres near 
Pequea creek. The same year, settlements were begun on the banks of Octoraro. 
William Grimson, constable of Sadsbury township, in 1717, was among the first settlers 
on the Octoraro; his neighbors were the Cooksons, Mayes, Jervis, Irwins, and some 
years afterwards, the Pattersons, Darbys, MaJckrels, Leonards, Jones, Steels, Mat- 
thews, Cowens, Murrays, Millers, Allisons, Mitchels, and others, all of whom settled 
on or near Octoraro. 

The Swiss settlement received an augmentation in 171 5-1 G and 17; besides those 
already named, were Hans Mayer, Hans Kaigy, Christian Hearsey, Hans Graaf, (who 
afterwards settled Graaf 's Thai) Hans Pupather, Michael Shank, Henry Pare, Peter 
Leman, Melchior Breneman, Benedictus Witmer, Henry Funk, Jacob Landis, Ukicli 
Houry, Hans Faber, Isaac Coffman, Melchior Erisman, Michael Miller, Jacob Kreutzer, 
Jacob Boehm, Theodorus Eby, Michael Donegar, and others. 

Down the Conestoga, towards Susquehanna, settlements were made between 1716 
and 1719. Among those who took up lands and settled thereon, were David Jones, 
Edmund Cartlidge and John Cartlidge. Edmund Cartlidge resided in Darby to^vn- 
ship, Chester county, as early as 1698, and in 1711, in Philadelphia countj'-,! John, his 
brother, for many years an Indian agent, was at one time held in high estimation by 
the proprietary's agents; but like many others, the day of trouble came upon him 
'■^ and he was not remembered.^^'^ A warrant "for land" was issued, dated "October 
1st, 1718, for him to take up on theniorth side of Conestoga creek, at some convenient 
place, three hundred acres, and to make an addition thereunto of two hundred acres, 
to be by him enclosed and held for the conveniency of pasturage for the term of four- 
teen years, in consideration of his services among the new settlers." 

It was at the house of this gentleman a number of councils were held with the In- 
dians. We have been in the house, built 1719, in which the councils were held. It is 
now owned by Benjamin Wright, of Manor township. 

It appears from the Public Records at West Chester, that John Cartlidge sold liquor 
by the small, prior to 1718, among the neighbors on the banks of the Conestoga. It 
was so reported by his vigilant ' ' fellow inhabitant, ' ' to the court. Christian and 
Joseph Stoneman, Sigismund Landart, all late of Germany, took up lands on the Cone- 
stoga, prior to 1719, and Francis Neiflf on the west bi'anch of Little Conestoga, prior to 
1715. 

Tlie following persons located lands in 1719: Jenkin Davis, late of AVales, near or on 
the branch of Conestoga creek, George Steward, near the Susquehanna, James Le 
Tort, on or near Susquehanna, where he had his station as Indian trader, and received 
a warrant for one hundred acres. Le Tort, Bizaillon and Chartier had resided some 
years previous to the commencement of Swiss settlements among the Indians; Chartier 
was among them before 1704,3 and in 1717, upon his request, he received a warrant for 
three hundred acres, where he " had seated himself on the Susquehanna river, above 
Conestoga creek, including within the survey the improvement then made by him, for 
which he agreed, on behalf of his son, Peter Chartier, in whose name he desired the sur- 
vey to be made, to pay for the same." 

In 1714, Peter Bizaillon, who had license to trade, prior to 1703,4 received a warrant 
from the commissioners of property: "We do hereby authorize and allow, Peter Be- 
zaillon, Indian trader, to seat himself at Pashtang, or any other Indian town or place 

1 Public Rec, West Chester, Vol. A. p. 291. 

2 John 'Jartlidge was one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace, appointed in 1718, July 4th.— Co?. 
Rec. III., 40. 

3 Col. Kec. II. 133. 
i Col. Kec. II. 100. 



OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 4I7 

on Susquehanna, in this province, and to erect such l.uildin-s as arc ueces.s:iry for hin 
trade, and to enclose and improve sucli «iuantities of hmd as he shall think lit for the 
accommodation of his family there, until further order shall he -ivcn by the pr.)priet..r 
or his commissioners: Pronded, always, That the said Peter shall not act or procce.1 in 
anything under color hereof, but by the free leave and approbation of tho Intliann 
amongst whom he dwells or resides. ' ' 

In various parts of the county surveys were made, from 1714 to 1718. A. Dubrio. 
Esq., of Drumore township, kindly furnished us accounts of suiTcys matle in Little 
Britain and other southern town.ships. 

A survey was made in Little Britain for Alexander Ross— warrant dated Nov. .".. 
1714— land situated near the middle of the township, on Little Conowinf,'o creek, now 
held by Christian King, and others. Another survey in part of .seven hundred acres 
was made for Edward Sleadwell, granted to him by warrant dated >Liy T), 1717, hituate.l 
in the south-west corner of the county, nearly surrounded Ijy Octoraro creek, and con- 
tained two hundred acres, and after his decease was divided between his son and rou- 
in-law, John Priest; and has since passed by the name of ^^Prmt's Neck.'' There were 
other surveys made between 1715 and 1720 in the south-west part of the township. 

" Teague's Endeavor.'" — A Maryland patent was granted to Mary Graham. June G. 
1715, for one hundred acres, now held by Bobert iMaxwcll. 

" Cornwall.'''' — A Maryland patent, granted to Emanuel Grubb, for onehundri'(l acre>. 
in 1716, and another, 1720, for two hundred acres; now held by Jeremiah B. ll:iine^. 
Levi Brown, and others. Three Partners. — Another 'Maryland i)atent, granted to 
Thomas Jacobs, September IG, 1720, a large tract now held by James Porter and others. 
From the foregoing, it is evident, that the Swm Settlement, with their _^/i<; country. 
attracted considerable attention, while it was yet in its infiincy. 

Not to weary the i;eader with general details of individual settlers, we shall i)re.sent a 
public document possessing more than ordinary interest to the numerous descendants of 
those whose names are recorded in it. They had all come to this country previous to 
1718, and had purchased and held lands before 1729. We are indebted to Abi-ahani 
Meyliu, of West Lampeter township, for a copy of it. This document h;usbeen ui)wanls 
of one hundred and foui-teen years in the possession of the !Meylin family. It is an art 
passed Anno Eegni Georgii II. Regis Magme BrUannm, Francice et IlibernuB^ tertio, Oc- 
tober 14, 1729. 

Whereas, By encouragement given by the Honorable William Pemi, Esq., late Pro- 
prietary and Governor of the province of Pennsylvania, and by i)eniii.ssiou of his 
Majesty, King George the First, of blessed memory, and his predecessors. Kings an<l 
Queens of England, &c., divers Prote.stants, who were subjects to the EemiK-ror of 
Germany, a Prince in amity with the Crown of Great Britain, transiwrted them.selvcs 
and estates into the province of Pennsylvania, between the years o?ie thousand tecfn 
hu7idred, and one thousand seven hundred and eighteen ; and since they came hither have 
contributed very much to the enlargement of the British Empire, and t«)thc raising and 
improving sundry commodities fit for the markets of Europe, and hare ahray* bfhir,d 
themselves religiously and jieaceahly, and have paid a due regard and obedience to the 
laws and government of this province; And whereas. Many of .s;iid pers4.n.s, to wit, 
Martin Meylin, Hans Graaf, and others, all of Lancaster county, in the .s;iid i.rovince, 
in demonstration of their affection and zeal for his present Majesty's i.ei-son and «ov- 
erument, quaUfied themselves by taking the qualification, and subs.-ribing the declara- 
tion directed to be taken and subscribed by the several acts of parliamcHt, made for the 
security of his Majesty's person and Government, and for preventing the dangei> which 
may happen by Popish Recusants, &c., and thereupon, have humbly s.gnUie<l to the 
Governor and Representatives of the freemen of this province, in Genenil As.si«ml.lj. 
that they have purchased and do hold lands of the proprietaiy. and othen*, hisMajc.st> .s 
subjects within this province, and have likewise represented their great desire of beuig 

28 



418 AUTHEXTIC HISTOEY 

made partakers of those privileges whicli the natural horn suhjects of Great Britain do 
enjoy within this province; and it being just and reasonable, that those persons who 
have bona fide purchased lands, and who have given such testimony of their affection 
and obedience to the Crown of Great Britain should as well be secured in the enjoy- 
ment of their estates, as encouraged in their laudable affection and zeal for the English 
constitution ; 

Be it enacted by the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor of the province of 
Pennsylvania, &c., by and with the advice and consent of the freemen of the said pro- 
vince, in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, That Martin Meylin, 
Hans Graaf. Christian Stoneman, Jacob Funk, Francis Neiff, Francis Neiff, Jr., George 
Kindeck, John Burkholder, John Burkholder, Jr., Abraham Burkholder, Micliael 
Bowman, John Hess,, John Frederick, Christopher Preniman, ]\Iartin Harnist, Joseph 
Buckwalter, Felix Landes, Jr., Adam Preniman, John Funk, John Bohman, John 
Taylor, Henry Neiff, Michael Mire, Henry Bare, Peter Bumgarner, Melcor Huftbrd, 
Melcor Erisman, John Brubaker, Jacob Nisley, Hans Snevely, Jacob Goot, John Wool- 
slegle, Jacob Mire, Christopher Sowers, Joseph Stoneman, Ihiniel Ashleman, Christian 
Peelman, John Henry Neiff, John Henry Neiff, Jr., Abraham Hare, John Ferie, Jacob 
Biere, Peter Yordea, Peter Leamon, Hans Jacob Snevely, Isaac Coffman, Andrew Coff- 
man, Woolrich Eodte/ Henry Funk, Boody Mire, John Mylin, Jacob Bheme, John 
Coffman, Michael Doneder, Charles Christopher, Andrew Shultz, John Houser, Chris- 
tian Preniman, Jacob Miller, black, Henry Carpenter, i Emanuel Cai'penter,2 Gabriel 
Carpenter, Daniel Herma)], Christian Herman,^ Philip Fiere, Mathias Slaremaker,3 Big 
John Shank, Jacob Churts, Jacob Snevely, Jr., John Woolrich llover, John Croyder, 
John Leeghte, John Stampher, Martin Graaf, Peter Newcomat, Jacob Bare, Jr., John 
Henry Bare, Jacob Weaver. Henry Weaver, John Weaver, David Longanicker, George 
Weaver, Abraham Mire, Woolrick Houser, John Mire, Henry Musselman, JMichael 
Shank, Jacob Miller, Jacob Miller, Jr., Martin Miller, Peter Abye, Hans Goot, Chris- 
tian Staner, John Jacob Light, Adam Brand, Christoijher Franciscus, Casper Lough- 
man, Frederick Stay, John Line, John Swope, Bastian Royer, Jonas Lei'ow, Simeon 
King, John Abye, E verba rd Ream, all of Lancaster county, be, and shall be to all 
intents and purposes deemed, taken, and esteemed. His Majesty's natural born subjects 
of this province of Pennsylvania, as if they and each of them had been born within the 
said province; and shall and may, and every one of them shall and may, within this 
province, take, receive, enjoy, and be entitled to all rights, privileges and advantages 
of natural born subjects, as fully, to all intents, and constructions and purposes 
whatsoever, as any of his Majesty's natural born subjects of this province can, do or 
onght to enjoy, by virtue of their being His Majesty's natural born subjects of His 
Majesty's said province of Pennsylvania. 

London Lands. — In 1096, a company, called the London Company, owned 65,000 
acres of land in Pennsylvania, usually known by the name of London Lands; of this, 
there were 47, 800, in Lancaster and Berks, Part of these lands were rented at the 
rate of £2 per 100 acres, with exception of some thousands of acres sold from 1718 to 
1720, by the company to different persons. The rest remained in possession of the 
company until 1762. At this time the heirs of those who originally constituted the 
company had been considerably scattered, and many entirely unknown. An Act of 
Parliament was therefore procured authorizing the sale of the land, and Dr. Fother- 

" IHenry Zimmerman or Carpenter arrived in Pennsylvania in tlie year 1698, and returned afterwards 
to Europe for liis family, wliom he brouj<ht out in 1706, and settled first in Germantown, and removed 
within the present bounds of Lancaster county, (then Chester) in 1717." His descendants are very 
numerous and respectable. 

2. Emanuel Zimmerman or Carpenter, son of Henry Carpenter, was born in Switzerland, in the year 
1702 and died 1780. His influence was salutary and great in the county. He had the unbounded con- 
fidence of his fellow-citizens. 

3. The name was originally in German Schleicrmacher. 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 419 



low. 



gill, Daniel Zachavy, Thomas How, Deboicaux Bowly, Luke Iliinle, Rielianl IK 
Jacob Hagen, Sylvanus Giovc and William Heron, were' the agents apiK-iiite.! to suirt'- 
intend the business. Their attorneys in this country were Samuel Shwinaker, Jacob 
Cooper and Joshua Howell. In 1762, sales were aeconliu-rly elVectcd to tlio great 
satisfaction of the occupants of the land, who had generally made considerable im- 
provements, cleared away the wood, and erected comfortable fann-hou.scs, and out- 
buildings, many of them not being altogether aware of titles; but .supi)Osing that they 
were possessed of a fee simple estate in soil — the price.s, howevci-, at which they wcro 
held, were not unreasonable; each settler, it is believed, with few exceptions, jmr- 
chased the tract upon which he was seated. There were a few sipiatters who were not 
willing to comply. 

The case of Horrabine is still remembered by some of the descendants of the first 
settlers on the London Lands. One Richard Brazier had Mpiatted in the vicinity of 
the Slaymakers. Brazier died, left a widow and some money — Horrabine made suit 
to, and married the widow. He forged a deed for a London tract. The misdating of 
three days exposed the forgery, and he Avas tried, convicted, cropped and sent to Hon- 
duras Bay to chop logwood. His family was left pennyless. 

Conestoga Manor y^a.^ surveyed for the use of the Proprietary in 1717-1718, as ap- 
pears from the following order to Jacob Taylor, Surveyor Genci'al. 

"These are to authorize and require thee without any delay to survey or cause to bo 
surveyed all that tract of land lying between Sasquehannah river and Conestogo creek, 
from the mouth of said creek as far up the river as the land already granted to Peter 
Chartier, and then by a line running from the said river to Conestogo creek, all wliich 
tract of land for the proper use and behoof of "William Penn, Esq., Proinietary and 
Govcrnor-in-Chief of the said Province, his heirs and assigns forever. Given iniiler our 
hands, March 1, 1717-1718." The Manor was afterwards divided and sold to purchasers. 

This sui-vey included more than 10,000 ticres. It was aftei-Avards sold in small tracts 
and patented. The following were the principal patentees: Israel Peniberton held 300 
acres, date of his patent, October 1st, 1733. The Messrs. Wrights own L.jOO acres — 
date of patent, December 13, 1735 — sold afterwards in smaller parcels to John Ilcrr, 
Andrew Stineman, Daniel Lintner, Jacob Killhaver, Rudy Ilerr, Jacob Frantz, Gotlfrey 
Klugh, Matthew Oberholtzer, Rudy Ilerr, Jr., John Killhaver, Christian Hei-shey, An- 
drew Kauffman. James Pattison, 107 acres, November 21, 1734. James Lt>g-an, 700 
acres, patent dated July 15, 1737, afterwards held by George Brenner, Philip Bre-nner, 
Christian Stouffer, Casper Souter, Adam Fisher, Valentine Runnnel, Lawrence Cliller, 
Christian Stake. ]\Iichael Baughman, 489, Michael Mayer, 131 acres, both same date, 
February 20, 1738. jMichael ]\rayer, sen., 21 7 acres patent dated OctoberlG, 1737. Abra- 
ham Steiner, 63 acres. May 3, 1740. John Wistler, 107 acres, July 3, 1741. Jacob Kuntz, 
166; Anna Ottila Betty Koffer, 166: Jacob Ilostetter, 475; John Shank, 197 acres, patent 
dated July 30, 1741. Edward Smout, 113 acres, June 21, 1743. Michael BauKlnnan. 339, 
May 28, 1752. Abraham Hare, 424, April 22, 1751. Jacob Wistler, 125; Valentine Miller, 
140, l)otli ]\Iay 25. 1756. IMartin Funk, 237, Decend)er 18, 1758. Jacob Wistler. 202, Ja- 
cob Shuck, 185, August 18, 1759. Abraham and John Miller, 89; Valentine Ilaith, 20; 
Robert Beatty, 220, February, 1700. Samuel Ilerr, 247; John Kea-y, 188; Henry Funk, 
150; Jacob Wistler, 173: Ludwicli and Frederick Ziegler, 209, June, 1700. John Witn.er, 
77; Abraham Miller, 204; Rudolph Hcrr, 170; Jacob Witmer, 77, Xovember. 17G1. James 
McMastcr, 247, April, 1701. John Keagy, 150; Henry Funk, 177; David Hare, 105; John 
Miller, 150; George Adam Dustier, 112; John Correll, 209; Cluistian Stoner, 244. all 
dated 1761. ^lichael Kauffman, 110; John Kauttman, 118; Jacob Kauffman, 107: Chris- 
tian Kauffman, 103; Michael Kauffman, 118; Abraham Steiner, 200; John Wonnelv, 
115; Jacob Whistler, 19; Jolan Kreemer, 184; Bartholome>v Butt, 40; John orntT UO, 
all dated 1702.^ Philip Ulweiler, 39; Benjamin Miller, 220: David Hare. Jr 94; Peter 
Snyder, SO; Henrv Atkinson and Adam Bigging, 49; Peter Witmer, 132, dat.-l 1 



420 ' AUTHENTIC HISTOPwY 

Jolm Miller, 60, January 19, 1764. John Newcomer, 100; Joseph Nelson, 100; Jacob 
Wisler, 178; Mary Wright, 119, dated 1767. John Kendrick, 558; James Pratt, 332, 
1768; Henry Buckley, 150, 1769. William Wright, 257, 1770. Ulrich Rebur, 232; John 
Manning, 165, 1772. Jacob Ashleman, 340, 1774. Indian Town, 414; Blue Rock, 800 
:aci'es. We omitted fractions of acres. 

"Thomas Penn estimated the value of Conestogo Manor, being 65 miles from the 
city of Philadelphia, 13,400, at £40 per hundred acres, £5,360, Pennsylvania cur- 
rency. There is no date to the paper from which we made the extract." — Sparks' 
Franldiii, III. 553. 

" The settlement of the Ferrees and Lefevres, received a considerable augmentation 
about this time. The promising fruitfulness of the country, beside other advantages, 
attracted settlers; among them are the names of Slaymaker, Witmer, Lightner, Eschel- 
man, Herr, Hershey, Espenshade, Baer, Grofi', Graaf, Zimmerman, Koenig, Keneagj-, 
Denlinger, Beck, Soudor, Becker, Ream, and many others. 

A settlement was also commenced in the interior of the county; Hans Graaf located 
lit the head of a small stream, known by the name of Grove's Run, in AVest Earl town- 
ship. i He was joined next year by Mr. Wenger, one of whose grand-sons, Josei>h 
Wenger, occupies the Homestead. 

From and after 1718, settlements, in their incipient stages, had been pretty general 
throughout 'the greater part of the county. The Mill Creek settlement, and others, 
were commenced about the year 1710, or 20. 

About the year 1708, Alexander Mack, of Shriesheim, and seven others in Schwarze- 
nau Germany, met in a religious capacity; from which society, arose, what is well 
known, the Tuiikers, or First Day German Baptists; and who, though apparently inof- 
fensive, were made subjects of persecution, and were driven by force of oppression into 
Holland, some to Creyfels, and the mother church voluntarily removed to Serustervin, 
in Friesland, and thence emigrated to America, in 1719, and dispersed to different parts 

l-'Hans Graaf fled from Switzerland to Alsace, with one of his brothers, about the year 1695 or 96; he 
came to Germantown, where he remained for a short time; alterwards settled on Grove's Run, in Earl 
township, both of which were named in honor of him. The following circumstance, as related to us 
by one of his lineal descendants, will show the reader how Graaf was led to settle in Graaf 's Thai; for 
this is the name by which the settlement is known to this day : 

Hisliorses having strayed from I'equea; while in pursuit of them in a northern direction from the 
inhabited parts, he discovered a tine spring in a heavily timbered spot; tiie liead of Grove's Run. la 
this elysian dale, said he, will I fix my permanent abode. He nevertheless pursued his horses till he 
found them, and returned to Pequea. A short time afterwards he made a disposition of his effects. 
Now he returned to the spring, and about one-half mile down, on the north side, he erected a cabin 
under a large White Oak tree, in which he, his wife and an only child, stayed all winter. In the spring 
of the year, having secured by a warrant, dated November 22, 1717, a large tract of land, he erected a 
house near the cabin. The spot where he erected the house in the spring of 1718, is still pointed out by 
his progenitors. At this time, as was common with the aborigines in all the new settlements, the In- 
diansTsalled frequently at his house to sell baskets and Hickory brooms. Mr. Graaf had six sons; as 
soon as some of them were grown up, he turned his attention to dealing in blankets, and other articles 
of merchandise, which he procured at Philadelphia, and took them to Harris's Ferry, on the Susque- 
hanna and exchanged them for skins, furs and the like. 

He spoke it is said, the Indian language fluently. "When one of the sons drove, the old gentleman 
accompanied him, riding a fine steed, for he kept none but fine horses. On one occasion, as his team 
was returning to Philadelphia, Peter, the oldest, was driving; in crossing the Brandywine, which was 
very flush at the time, he was in danger of a watery grave; the father on a lofty steed, rode in, took the 
young fellow on his own horse behind him, and seizing the lines, drove safely through the rushing 
stream. 

He had six sons, Peter, David, the grandfather of John Graaf our informant, John, Daniel, Marcus 
and Samuel, who was known as Graf der Jaeger, the huntsman. 

Hans Graaf, alter having served his day and generation, the public also on several occasions, and 
having divided his land among his sons, died, leaving a large family connection. Perhaps there is no 
family in the county, more numerous, respectable and useful citizens than the Graafs. So, without 
doubt, the magistrates and inabitants of Lancaster county thought, when they mtt to settle upon the 
bounds and give names to townships, June 9, 1729: they had regard to the worth of this family in calling 
one of the townships, after the first'settlers Graaf, i. e. Earl township."— iZztpp. 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 421 

in Pennsylvania, some to Conestoga, some to IMill Creek, some to Oley, some to Skiiv 
pack, some remained at Germantown, -niiere they fonnecl a church in 1723, under the 
charge of Peter Becker. 

Among the early settlers on Mill" Creek, were Conrad Beissel, a man of some noto- 
riety in the religious history of the county, Joseph ShaefTer, Hans ]\reyer, Henry Hoehn, 
and several Landises. 

The settlement near and around Lancaster, began to increase. Francis Neff, Hans 
Henry Neff, Doctor of Physic, who, and his descendants, are well known, Roody Mire, 
]Michael Shank, Jacob Imble, and others, having settled here for some time. Lancaster 
Avas commenced about the year 1721, or 1722. " The settlements about the Indian vil- 
lages of Conestoga were considerably advanced in improvements at this time; the land 
thereabouts being exceedingly rich; it is now (1721) surrounded with divers fine plan- 
tations, or farms, where they raise quantities of wheat, barley, flax and hemp, without 
the help of any dung." 

Andreas, Benjamin and Christian Hersiiey, were early settlers in tins County. 
They were natives of Switzerland and went with their father to Friedensheim, in the 
Palatinate, who, with his two sons, Andreas and Benjamin, emigrated to America and 
settled in Lancaster County in 1719; Christian, the third brother, had to stay on the 
farm in the Palatinate until 1739, when he also came hither. These three brothers were 
preachers among the Mennonites. Andrew, l)orn in 1702, died in 1792, leaving twelve 
children. Christian, Andreas, Johannes, Benjamin, Jacob, Abraham, Isaac, Ilcinrich, 
Peter, Catharina, Maria and Odti. 

John Brubacher, a Swiss, and founder of the numerous Brubacher family, was one 
of the earliest settlers, and is said to have located in Hempfield To^Aniship, on the Little 
Conestoga, and to have built the first mill in Lancaster County. The family registei-, 
from which this notice is drawn, mentions neither the date of his arrival, nor the exact 
locahty where he built the mill. 

About the year 1723 a number of Germans, who had been living for ten years at Scho- 
harie in New York, settled on the Swatara and Tulpehocken creeks. Among these was 
Conrad Weiser, whose descendants are numerous, and include the Muhlenberg family. 

Donegal was organized in 1722; David Jones was appointed constable. The first 
settlers were chiefly Irish; among them occiu- the names of Temple, Patterson, jVIitch- 
ell, Hendricks, Speer, Galbraith, Anderson, Scott, Lowrey, Pcdan, Porter, Sterrit, Kerr, 
Work, Litle, Whitehill, Campbell and others. 

In 1726 Kobert Barber, John Wright and Samuel Blunston commenced a settlement 
on the Susquehanna; they were Quakers Barber took np and bought 1000 acres, 
bounded north by Chicques Hill and extending down the river to the present site of 
Columbia. He and his friends actually settled on their lands in 1727. 

For an account of early settlers on the land back of the river see page 363. 

In the northeastern part of the county, a settlement was commenced about tlie year 
1733 or 24, by Eberhart Ream, whose descendants still reside in the village called after 
the fii-st settler and proprietor. This place, Uke many others, was occupied solely by 
the Indians, at the time Mr. Eeam located here. He ventured with his wagon and 
horse into the woods, where he unloaded his "fixtures and furniture," imder a largo 
oak tree that spread its extended boughs over him and his small family till he had put 
up a rude log cabin, which he built upon what is now Lesher's fann. His nearest mill 
was on the Brandywine, and his nearest neighbors, the Miilbachcrs, then living on :Mill 
creek. After clearing a small spot, he procured a warrant and located about four hun- 
dred acres; in 172.'5 he received a patent for the same. 

Some of his first or early neiglibors, who had been attracted by the improved spot 
and fine water, were Bucher, Huber, Walter, Keller, Schwarzwalder, Leader, Schneider, 
Killion, Dock, Forney, Rupp, Balmer, :May, [Mayer, Hahn, Resler, Beyer, Leet, Schlott, 
Graf, Wolf, Feierstein, Weidman and others. 



422 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

In the very infancy of the Pennsylvania colony, a number of Welsh, of Sterling 
worth and excellent character, arrived in the province in 1682. They had early pur- 
chased of the Proprietary, in England, forty thousand acres of land, and settled west 
of the Schuylkill. A few years later their number was so much augmented, that they 
had settled, before 1692, six townships in the lower counties. 

The Welsh custom agreed in many respects with that of the Swiss and Palatines. 
At first they would send persons across the Atlantic, to take up land for them, and 
make some preparations for the reception of their families. Among the Welsh, who 
acted as pioneer, was the well known Rowland Ellis, who sent over Thomas Owen and 
family to make a settlement, and as soon as Owen had made some improvements, on 
which he spent a few years, Ellis, and one hundred other Welsh passengers, arrived in 
1686. 

In 1698, other Welsh families arrived;. among them were William Jones, Thomas 
Evans, Robert Evans, Owen Evans, Cadwallader Evans, Hugh Griffith, Edward Foulke, 
John Humphrey, Robert Jones, and others, who purchased ten thousand acres of land 
of Robert Turner, in Gwinedd township, Chester county. 

Another settlement was commenced, about the year 1722 or 1723, by the Welsh, ex- 
tending to the present site of Cliurchtown. Among the principal settlers were : Torbert, 
Douglas, E. Davis, A. Billing, Z. Davis, Spenger, Henderson, Evans, Ford, Lardner, 
Morgan, Robinet, Edwards and Jenkins. 

While the Welsh were making improvements, a few miles south of Allegany, a region 
on the Tulpehocken, some Swiss and Germans settled in Weber Thai, south of Cones- 
toga creek, so called from the Webers, or Weavers, who took up between two and three 
thousand acres of land, in 1723 or 1724. George Weber and Hans' Guth, brothers-in- 
law, Jacob Weber and Henry Weber, all Swiss, were the first settlers contiguous to the 
Welsh. Guth located north-east from the Webers. The valley, or thai, was timberless 
when the first settlers commenced. Guth or Good settled in Brecknock township, 
where a numerous connection of them reside. 

The Webers and Guths had, previous to taking up land here, lived some twelve or 
fifteen years near Lancaster. They were a young family, seeking a place of permanent 
abode, where they have since become both wealtiiy and numerous.l George, the oldest 
of the three brothers, had three sons and two daughters; Hans, Henry, Samuel, Maria 
and INIagdalena. The present generation of Weavers still possess the lands of their 
ancestors. Some of them have moved West, others to Canada. The Webers were soon 
joined by Martin, Schneder, Miller, Zimmerman, Ruth, and many others, principally 
Mennonites. 

During the year 1727, more than a thousand Palatines arrived in Pennsylvania; among 
among these were the names of Diffenderfer, Ekman, ]\Icyer, Bowman, Eberlee, Zug, 
Shultze, Funk, Frantz, and others. Two brothers, Alexander and John Diffenderfer, sail- 
from Rotterdam,'- ai-rived at Philadelphia in the month of September; Alexander settled 
in Oley, now Berks county, and John at Siiue Schwamm, now New Holland, in the woods. 

SWISS AND GERMAN SETTLERS IN LANCASTER COUNTY, 1710—1725. 

1710. Johann Rudolph Bundeli, Martin Kendig, Jacob ]\Iiiller, Hans Griiff, Hannes 

1. The following, ■which we copied at the liouse of Samuel Weaver, in 1S42. may give the reader some 
idea of the numercul strength of the family. Christian Weaver's father was a native of Switzerland. 
Christian Weaver was born in Earl townsliip, Lancaster county, Pa., Dec. 25, 1731 — married Sept. 30, 
1749, to 31iss Magdalen Ruth — lived 55 years in a state of matrimony, and 16 years as a widower. He 
•was a member of the Mennonite church. Died of a lingering disease, Feb. 13, 1S20, aged 8S years, 1 
month, 1 week and 2 days. Had eight sons and five daughters. Of the seven sons and live daughters 
■were born, before C. W's. deatli, and living at the time, 99 grand-children, 88 grand children's children, 
and 55 great grand children's children. His lineal descendants were 309. Henry Martin preached his 
funeral discourse. Text, .Tohn, 14: 12, 13. (Rupp.) 

2 They sailed in the Ship William and Sarah, William Hill, master. There were ninety Palatine 
families, malving in all about 400 persons, in this ship.— CW. liec. III. 390. 



\ OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 403 

\^^ HeiT, Martin Obevlioltz, Hannes Funk, :Micliael Oberlioltz, Wendel Eauman, Hans 

^s. Meylin, sen'r, Hans JNleylin, jr., Martin Meylin, Sanuiel Gulden, Joliann Kuilolf Vau- 

\^H^ der Werff, Daniel Hermann, Christian Brenneniann, .Tohann Georf^ Trellinser, Hans 

^-* Meyer, Hans Haigy, Christian Herschi, Hans Pupather, Heinrieh Biir, Peter \elunan, 

^i Melchior Brenneniann, Benedictus Witnier, Ileinridi Funk, Christopher Franciscus, 

-.. Michael Schenck, Johannes Landes, Ulrich Hanerich, Emanuel Herr, Abraham Heir, 

Hans Huber, Isaac Kauffmann, jVIelchior Erismann, Michael Mueller, Christopher 

^ Schlegel. 

^^ 1715. Hans Georg Schutz, Martin Ringer, Michael Bachmann, .Jacob Hochstetter, 

— ^* Jacob Kreider, Benedictus Venerich, Jacob Krentzer, Jacob Bohm, Hans Faber, Mar- 

^vtin Urner, Theodorus Eby, Johannes Lein, Heinrieh Zinnuermann, Gabriel Zimmer- 

mann, Johannes Shenk, ]\Iichael Danegar, ]\Iarcus Oberlioltz, Christian Stein, Edward 

,^ ^ , Riehm, Joseph Steinman, Siegismund Landtart, 

\j 1720. Ulrich Breclibiihl, Christian Mosser, Andreas Schultz, Samuel Hess, Peter 

^ Yorde, Hans Schantz, Johannes Hauser, Franz Neff, seu'r, Franz XefT, jr., Georg 

^ Kendig," Johannes Burchhalter, sen'r, Johannes Burchhalter, jr., Abraham Burch- 

<S halter, ]\Iiehael Baumann, .Johannes Hess, Johann Fricderich, Christopher Brenneniann, 

<...■ Martin Harnisch, Joseph Buchwalter, Felix Landes, Heinrieh Xeft", ^Michael ]Meyer, 

Peter Baumgardtner, Melchior Hofiarth, Johannes Brubaeher, Jacob Ni'issli, Hans 

Schnebele, Jacob Guth, Johannes Wollschlegel, Jacob Meyer, Christopher Saner, Joseph 

Steinmann,' Daniel Eshelmann, Christian Biihlmann, Johann Heinrieh Nett', jun'r, 

Abraham Heir, Jacob Beyer, Hans Jacob Schnebele, Ulrich Roth, Rudolph Bleyer, 

Carl Christopher, Heinrieh Musselmann, Matthias Schleiermacher, .Jacob Ivurtz, 

Johann Ulrich Huber, Johannes Lichty, Johannes Stampfer, Peter Xeucomer, Johann 

Heinrieh Bar, Jacob Weber, Heinrieh Weber, Johannes Weber, George Weber, David 

XLongenecker, Abraham Meyer, Ulrich Hauser, Johannes Jleyer, Heinrieh ]Musselniann, 
Michael Slienck, Peter Eby, Johannes Guth, Christian Steiiier, Adam Brandt, Johann 
Jacob Lichty, Casper Jjaumann, Fricderich Stein, Johannes Schwaab. Bastian Rayer, 
Jonas La Rue, Simeon Ivonig, Eberliardt Riehm, Hans Graff, Johannes liui)p, Philip 
Dock. 

1725. Johannes Weidman. 

LIST OF SETTLERS PRIOR TO 1735. 

Among these, in various parts of the county, were the names of Roddye, Craighead, 
Towstenberier, Cookson, Maye, Jervis, McCawly, Story, Green, Whitehill, Her- 
man, Irwin, Wolf, Bezoar, Yenerick, Ritter, Millsep, Royer, AVoolrick, Housleman, 
Byerly, Simon, Palmer, Pouteh, Kitch, Travenger, Linder, Yerdree. Wise, Bar- 
nett. Ringer, Stoncr, Albert, Beard, Pendall, Kore, Owen, Eave. Thornbury, 
Marshall, Biicker, Lerty, Jackson, Beeson, Nessley, Swoojx Bear. Emiiiet, Iler- 
sey, Aston, Steer, McNabb, Smith, Becker, Forney, Rowland, Weidler, Elrood, Stump, 
Snevely, Eberle, Oikelberger, Wypreight, Fink, Long, Lindsey, Iving, Read, Well, 
Blyth, FuUerton, Moore, Francis, McKane, Delioof, Goughnour, Line, Dyer, Hiett, 
Stambach, Bumgarner, Iloff, Noacre, Lytle, Darby, Douglas, Sturm, Echman, Guy, 
Philips, Easier, Shinover, Scroop, Yarner, Mackrell, Shilly, Turner. Hoffman, Ivnowl, 
Whitmer, Kinrigh, Burkhard, Leephart, Pleystow, Weightman, Burkhunter, Ander- 
son, Piggot, Wiesenant, Black, Leonard, Steel, liamsay, Sype, Lynck, Lowdon, Mus- 
selman, INIatthews, McClanahan, Staigy, Braden, Burton, Gale, Cowen, Robinson, IMur- 
ray, Benson, Shannon, Brown, Kelly, Allison, Eddy, Fulton, :\Iitchell of Sadsbury, 
Foster, Graypeel, iShryer, Clineliaws, Haniist, Webb, Reitt", Watson. ^lontgomeiy, 
McCardy, Le Rue, Adlunin, Cleni.son, Conode, Plumb, Shieffer, Warder, Denning, 
Reist, Slemman, Armor, Templeman, McConnel, Sensiney, Tiller, Huston. :\reixell, 
Geer, Wolfspanier, Baughman, Ters, Henning, Andrew, 3IcNealy, I{udeneglee, Kitz- 
miller, Le Chaar, Buslmi, R^ede, teixghing, Jjjck, Flemming, 3IcClelland, Howard, 



t 



aar, Buslmi, R^ede, teirghing, Jjjck, Flei 



424 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Ellmaker, Adams, Ilaines, Haltzinger, Tettenhauer, Hokenbrack, Davison, Bishair, 
Seklenridge, Saunders, Slierrard, Moler, Stinson, Ranck, Keyser, Slierk, David, Paxton 
of Sadsbuiy, Robertson, Cox, Heistand, Pence, Painter, Pouts, Livistone, Keller, 
Winger, Liglitner, Bomberger, Kreil, IMcGarry, Shallyberger, Higgenbothem, Evalt, 
Walter, Middleton, Hanrick, Hey, Baldvpyn, Campbell, Vanlere, Stile, Musgrove, Ball, 
McKimm, Philips, Pegelli, Brittan, Dyer, Dieffenbach, Gilmore, Boyd, Over, George, 
Lamb, Bishop, Stritch, Krebs, Hasting, Alexander, McNealy, Kahoon, Hudson, Wen- 
del, Feezer, Westhaver, Cuftroot, Weitman, Lloyd, Lynck, Hewston, Berrier, Buchanan, 
Saudter, Sherrick, Perry, Cumpton, Reynolds, Moftat, IMoody, AUinson, McClenn, Lit- 
tle, Shennon, Classprinner, Kling, Griitith, Shizler, Henderson, iMcClure, Hughes, 
Thomes, Walter, Duffield, Stetter, Kate, Crall, Holler, Crawford, Denny, Scott, Balten, 
Bracken, McPherson, Pennock, Rippy, Daws, Walker, Roln-er, Richardson, Linville, 
Wall, Gaille, Ross, Postlewhait, Pugh, Beckott, Enck, Imble, Booson, Kyle, Baud, Elis, 
Blackshaw, Dougherty. ,'\!V,' 'o j ■' ' ••'*^~ 

Further details subsequent to the organization of the County, have already been 
given in the topographical part, under the different townships and localities. 



Coi^y of an Act of Naturalization: 

ANNO REGNI GEORGII II. REGIS MAGN^ BRITANNIA, FRANCIS AND 
HIBERNI.E DUODECIMO. 

At a GENERAL ASSEMBLY of the Province of PENNSYLVANIA, begun and 
liolden at Philadelphia the Foiu-teenth Day of October, Anno. Dom. 1738. In the 
Twelfth Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord GEORGE II. by the Grace of God, 
of Great Britain, France and Ireland, KINO, Defender of the Faith, «S:c. And from 
thence continued by Adjournments to the First Day of May, 1739. 

ANNO DUODECIMO GEORGI 11. KEGIS. 

An ACT for the better enabling divers Inhabitants of the Province of Pennsylvania, to 

trade and hold Land within the said Province. 

Whereas, by the Royal Charter of the late King Charles the Second, to William 
Penn, Esq; late Proprietary and Goveruour of the Province of Pennsylvania, Licence 
is granted to all Persons not specially forbidden, to transport themselves and Families 
into the said Province, in such Shipping as by the Laws of the Kingdom of England 
they ought to use, paying the Customs therefore due, and here to settle themselves, 
dwell and inherit, and plant for the publick and their own private Advantage; with 
License to purchase and hold Lands in Fee-simple, or otherwise, of the said Proprietary 
and his Heirs, with full License to all Persons who shall from time to time repair hither 
Avith a purpose to inhabit, or trade with the Natives of this Country, to load, freight, 
and transport, all and singular their Goods, Wares and ]\Ierehandizes, not prohibted by 
the Laws and Statutes of England, into any Ports whatsoever of the said late King, 
his Heirs and Successors, according to the Ijaws made or to be made within the said 
Kingdom of England, saving always to the said late King, his Pleirs and Successors, 
the legal Impositions, Customs, or other Duties, due or to become due by any Law or 
Statute for the said Wares or Merchandizes, as by the said Royal Chai'ter, among other 
things, may more fully appear. 

And whereas, Michael Albert, William Albert, Leonhard Bender, George Miller, 
John Bushung, Nicholas Candle, John Hagey, Charles Keller, Stephen Remsberger, 
Ludovick Dettenburn, Jacob Bare, jr., John Leiberger, Michael Becker, John Peter 
Cooher, Christian Lawer, .lohn Libough, Bartholomew Shaver, Caspar Stump, Jacob 
Becker, Tobias Pickle, Peter Rutt, George Klein, Paul Tittenhoffer, Matthias Tise, 
George Ludovick Horst, Sebastian Graff, Johan Henry Basseler, Matthias Jung, Jacob 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. ' 425 

Scliloug, Henry Michael Immel, Felix Miller, Martin Weybrecht, Fredrick EiKhelber<,'cr, 
Sebastian Fink, Hans Adam Schreiner, Christian Lani^, Casjjar Tiller, Anthony Bret- 
ter, Leonhard EUniaker, Andreas Bersinger, Hans Graft; Ja.^olt Hartnian, Thcophilus 
Hartman, Theophilus Hartman, jr., Benjamin Witmer, Abrahani Witmer, ,Tf>hanncs 
Pinkley, Turst Buckwalter, Henry Neaf, jr., Valentine Ilergelrat, Henry Basseler, 
Johan Stetler, Leonhard Homier, Leonhard Heyer, Peter Schell, Johan Xohaker, Nich- 
olas Miller, Johan Hock, Thomas Knoppenheiler, Michael Knoppenhefler, Christian 
Leman, George Unrook, Jacob Schefter, Valentine KelTci-, Jacob Etshbcrger, Hennan 
Walburn, Caspar Reed, Christian Manusmith, Nicholas Kutts, George Weyrick, Clnls- 
topher Ley, Jacob Lower, Hans Moor, Johannes Blnm, George Steitz, Erasmus Buck- 
enmeyer, and George Graft', inhabitants of the connty of Lancaster; being of tlie Pro- 
testant or Reformed Religion, and subjects of the Emperor of Germany, anil other 
Princes, now in amity with the King of Great Britain, having transported themselves 
with their families and eftects into this province, and being desirous to be made par- 
takers of the immunities, belonging to the natural born subjects of this province; and 
to be more effectually secured of those privileges and advantages granted by his .said 
late Majesty King Charles the Second, to persons coming into this Province to settle 
and inhabit, they having (as a testimony of their fidelity and affection to his present 
Majesty King George the Second and the Crowai of Great Britain) taken the qualifica- 
tions to his Majesty and his government by law appointed and enjoined to be taken, 
obtained leave to bring in this bill to the present Assenrbly. 

Therefoi-e may it please the Governor that it may be enacted. And be it enacted by 
George Thomas, Esq., Lieutenant Governor with the Royal approbation, under the 
honourable John Penn, Thomas Penu, and Richard Penn, Esqs., true and absolute 
Proprietaries and Governors of the Province of Pennsylvania, that they the said ^Mi- 
chael Albert, William Albert, Leonhard Bender, George Miller, John Bushnng, Nicholas 
Candle, John Hagey, Charles Keller, Stephen Remsberger, Ludovick Dettenburn, Jacob 
Bare, junior, John Leiberger, Michael Becker, John Peter Coolier, Christian Lawer, 
-John Libough, Bartholomew Shaver, Caspar Stump, Jacob Becker, Tobias Pickle, Peter 
Rutt, George Klein, Paul Tittenhoffer, Mattliias Tise, George Ludovick Horst, Sebas- 
tian Graft', Johan Henry Basseler, Matthias Jung, Jacob Scliloug, Henry Michael Immel, 
Felix Miller, IVLartin Weybrecht, Friedrick Eighelberger, Sebastian Fink, Hans Adam 
Schreiner, Christian Lang, Caspar Tiller, Anthony Bretter, Leonhard Ellmaker, An- 
dreas Bersinger, Hans Graft', Jacob Hartman, Theophilus Hartman, Theophilus Hart- 
man, junior, Benjamin Witmer, Abraham Witmer, Johannes Pinkley, Turst Buck- 
waiter, Heniy Neaf, junior, Valentine Hergelrat, Henry Basseler, Johan Stetler, Leon- 
hard Romler, Leonhard Heyer, Peter Schell, Johan Nohaker, Nicholas Miller, Johan 
Hock, Thomas Knoppenhefter, Michael Knoppenhefler, Christian Leman, George Un- 
rook, Jacob Schefter, Valentine Kefter, Jacob Etshberger, Hennan Walburn, Caspar 
Reed, Christian j\Ianusmith, Nicholas Kutts, George AVejTick, Christopher Ley, Jacob 
Lower, Hans IMoor, Johannes Blum, George Steitz, Erasnuis Buckeimieygr, and George 
Graff, inhabitants of the county of Lancaster; and every of them, are hereby declared, 
and shall at all times hereafter be esteemed and taken, to all intents and purposes, to 
be and to have been, since their first arrival in this Province, free and fully able, and 
capable to trade, trffick, load, freight, and transport all and all manner of Goods, Wares 
and Merchandizes, not by laAV prohibited to be imported or exported, as if they and 
every of them had been the natural liege people and subjects of the king of Great 
Britain, born in this Province of Pennsylvania; and also they and each of them shall 
and are hereby enabled, and adjudged able to all intents, constructions and purpo.ses 
whatsoever, as well to demand, take, have and enjoy any privileges and immunities 
belonging to his Majesty's Liege People, and Natural Subjects of this Province, as also 
to have and enjoy all lands and tenements, and all other hereditaments, by way of pur- 
chase or gift, of any person or persons whatsoever; and also to prosecute, pursue, 



426 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

maintain, avow end jnstify all and all manner of actions, suits and causes, and all other 
things to do, as lawfully, freely and fullj^ as if they and every of them had been and 
were born Natural Subjects of this Province, or as any other Person or Persons born 
within this Province may lawfully in any wise do, any Law, Custom or Usage to the 
contrary thereof in any Avise notwithstanding. 

Indorsed, 

Piiiladel'y, the 18 of September. 
Then lecived of Abraham Witmer the sum of one povnd and two shillings (and one 
pound before) which is in full for his Naturalization. I say recived by me, 

CHRISTIAN GRASSOLD, Collector. 



The following item was received too late for classification: 

"Caleb Cope, the elder, was Burgess of Lancaster, Pa., under the British Govern- 
ment, immediately prior to the Revolution. He had five sous — John, William, Thomas 
P., Israel and r Jasi>er, and also two daughters. Mr. Hennan Cope, just deceased, 
(1869) was a son of John Cope, the eldest of the brothers, and, consequently, a nephew 
of Thomas P. Cope. Our respected fellow-townsman, (Philadelphia) Caleb Cope, esq., 
is a son of the second brother. William. There is an interesting historical reminiscence 
connected with the Cope family, in Lancaster, which is worthy of note. Major Andre 
was captured by General Montgomerj', in U])per Canada, while on his way to Quebec, 
November 3, 1775, find taken, with other officers, to Lancaster, where he became an 
inmate of Caleb Cope's house. There, the eldest brother, John, then 13 years of age, 
received lessons in drawing from Major Andre; and the three brothers, John, William 
and Thomas had, in after life, vivid recollections of their games of marbles and other 
juvenile sports with the lively young English officer, who was destined to figure so 
terribly in the after history of this country. ' ' 




Lir<xu.ggI.rtJi TK^UrjcL". 



THE COURT HOUSE AT LANCASTER . 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 427 



diyisio:n' TV. 



POLITICAL. 
THE COURT HOUSE. 

On ]\Ionda,y, August 23, 18o2, the cornerstone of the present Court House was laid by 
S. Sloan, Architect, and James Crawford, Superintendent, in the presence of the Com- 
missioners of the county, the Judges of the Court, the members of the Bar, and a large 
concourse of citizens from the city and county. 

From an address delivered on the occasion by David G. Eshleman, Esq., we gather 
the following data for permanent record. 

" Immediately after the erection of Lancaster count}-, (in 1739) a violent contention 
arose as to the most suitable place for the seat of justice. Wright's Ferry (now Col- 
umbia,) Lancaster and Postlethwaite's — an old settlement and the site of an Indian 
wigwam in Conestoga township, about 7 miles south of Lancaster Avere the three places 
most strongly i-ecommended. Postlethwaite's was thought to possess superior advan- 
tages and was therefore selected. A log Court House, for which Postlethwaite was 
allowed the sum of seven shillings, and a log jail of equal pretensions were immediately 
erected, and the Courts held there till August term, 1730, when the increasing influ- 
ence of the Lancaster party enabled them to procure the removal of the seat of justice 
to this place. 

"A Court House was then erected in the centre of Lancaster, Avhere the present old 
Court House stands (1853.) That was built of brick, but it was a small and uncom- 
fortable structure. The floor was brick pavement, and the interior arrangements gen- 
erally were of proportionate grandeur. On the top of the house was a small spire with 
a clock of two faces, one for tlie south and the other for the north. In that house the 
justice of Lancaster coimty was judicially administered until about 1781, when it took 
fire and was burnt down. The courts were then held in the house of iSIichaol Ilubley 
until the i)resent old Court House was finished. 

"The existing Court House (in 1852) was commenced in 1783, and finished in 1785. 
That house, so far beneath the ideas of comfort and convenience of tlie present age, 
was at that time considered a magnificent structure. It was sntficient in size and con- 
veniences, not only to acconunodate the County Court and the Supreme Court of the 
Commonwealth, but was for many years the Capitol of Pennsylvania, and the sessions 
of the Legislature were held therein from 1799 until 1812. But times change and we 
change with them. Our Avants keep pace with our means, and a Court House that was 
sufficiently large and commodious in 1785, when the population of the county Avas less 
than 25,000, and the whole assessed value of property Avas only a fcAV hundred thousand 
dollars, and which could even accommodate the Legislature of Pennsylvania to 1810, 
is now found to l)e entirely deficient in size and comfort in 1853, Avhen avc exceed tAvo 
of the States of the Union in population, one State in assessed value of property, and 
equal the fourteenth part of the Avhole assessed valuation of Pennsylvania. A number 
of Grand Juries, representing the honest and industrious fanners and mechanics, Avho 
are justly proud of the Avealth and prosperity of their county, conscious of the total 



428 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

unfitness of the old county buildings and of the necessity of a new Court House, made 
presentments to that effect to the Court, and the Commissioners of the county, appre- 
ciating the wants of the people, and imbuetl with a commendable spirit of enterprise, 
immediately made arrangements to carry out the views of their constituents as expressed 
by the grand juries. This day's ceremony indicates the progress of the design, and 
when this building shall have been finished, with the elegance which its own impor- 
tance and the condition of the county seem to demand, it will stand for ages as a proud 
monument of the skill of the Architect who designed it, and of the public spirit of the 
Commissioners who caused it to be erected." 

The present Court House stands on the northwest corner of East King and Duke 
streets. It is a massive, solid structure, 164 feet in length, 72 feet in breadth and two 
stories in height. The basement is built of plain sandstone and the super-structure of 
brick, the surface of which is covered with mastic. Tlie building is strengthened and 
ornamented in the front, rear and middle portion of the east wall, and the roof par- 
tially supported by pillars resting upon buttresses. From the central portion of the 
roof rises a cupola, in which is a clock with four faces. A statue of Justice is placed 
upon the summit of the cupola. 

The building is entered from East King street by a flight of stone steps. The first 
floor is divided longitudinally and transversely by wide arched passages, paved with 
colored tiles, along which are arranged the various offices of the officers of the county. 
The second floor is occupied principally by the Court room — 83 feet in length, 66 feet 
in breadth and 25 feet in height, with frescoed walls and ceiling. The Judges' bench 
is placed at the north end. In front of the bench, a portion of the room is raised and 
enclosed for the use of juries and officers of the court. The remainder of the room is 
filled with seats for witnesses and spectators. Adjoiiung the Court Room is the room 
occupied by the Law Library. The Library consists of a large collection of standard 
professional text-books and books of reports of cases determined by the superior courts 
of the different States, and is sustained by members of the bar, composing an associa- 
tion for that purpose. 

The original cost of the Court House, in its completed condition, including furni- 
ture and the price of the ground on which it is erected, was $166,000. It was fully 
occupied by the county officers with the records of their offices on September 7, 1854, 
and the first regular term of Coui-t — being a Court of Quarter Sessions — was opened No- 
vember 20, 1854. 

The Prothonotary, Register, Treasurer, Sheriff, Recorder, Clerks of the Court of 
Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court, and Commissioners are i-equired, by law, to keep 
their respective offices at the seat of justice of the County. All the said officers are 
elected by the qualified voters of the County — the Treasurer biennially and the remain- 
der of them triennially. With the exception of the Commissioners, they must give 
bonds to the Commonwealth, with adequate surety, for the faithful perfonnance of 
the duties of their several offices. The Prothonotary, Register, Recorder, Sheriff and 
Clerks of the Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court, are compensated by fees fixed 
by law. The Treasurer receive.s a salary. The Commissioners are allowed com- 
pensation for each day and mileage, while engaged in the performance of the duties of 
their office. 

The Prothonotary is the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas and has the custody of 
its records and seal. He keeps a docket for the entry of Judgments, records election 
returns and transmits copies of the same to the Secretary of the Commonwealth. 

The Register records and files all wills produced under the i^rovisions of the Act of 
Assembly. He has jurisdiction of the probate of wills and testaments, of the granting 
of letters testamentary and administration, and of the passing and filing of the accounts 
of executors and administrators. 

The Recorder provides books of record and records therein all deeds of conveyance 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY, 409 

and release, mortgages, powers of attonioy, and commissions and l)(..nds of puljlic officei-s 
and Justices of the Peace. 

The Clerks of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court have the custody of 
the records and seal of their respective Courts. 

The Treasurer receives all moneys due or accruing to the County, and j.nys tiic samu 
on proper warrants. 

The Sheriff is the executive otTRcer of the Courts. His general duties are: To keep 
the peace within the County; he may apprehend and commit to prison all persons who 
break the ])eace or attempt to break it; he is required, by virtue of his otHcc, to i»ursuc 
and take all murderers, felons and rioters; he has the keeping of the County jail, and 
is bound to defend it against all attacks; he executes within the County, all process 
issuing from the Courts of the Commonwealth; and, iu case of resistance, has authority 
to call upon any individual to assist in its execution. lie also gives notice of the lime 
and place of holding general elections. 

The Commissioners exercise the corporate powers of the County, and have the 
custody of its seal.i 



LIST OF JUDGES IN LANCASTER COUNTY FROM 1813. 

Date of Ai - 

Name. Office. pointinent or 

Election. 

Thomas Clark, Associate, 1813. 

Samuel Dale, Associate, 1819. 

Whitehill, Associate, 1820. 

Charles Smith, President, 1820. 

John Lightner, Associate, 1822. 

Alexander L. Hayes, District, 1S33. 

Alexander L. Hayes, Associate, 18-")4. 

Alexander L. Hayes, Associate Law, 18!U. 

Oristus Collins, President, 1830. 

Benjamin Champneys, President, 1810. 

Emanuel Schaeffer, Associate, 1842. 

Ellis Lewis, President, 1843. 

Emanuel Schaeffer, Associate, 1848. 

Jacob Grosh, Associate, 1842. 

Jacob Grosh, Associate, 1847. 

Jeremiah Brown, Associate, 18)1. 

D. B. Vondersmith, Associate, I80I. 

H. G. Long, President, lyM. 

H. G. Long President, l^^'l- 

Ferree Brinton, Associate, 18j6. 

Peter Martin, Associate, 1866. 

John Jay Libhart, Associate, 1^^^- 



LIST OF ATTORNEYS OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Year of Admission. Names. Year of Admission. Names. 

1729. Joseph Growden. 1732. Francis Sherrard. 

" Ralph Asketon. 1734. Joshua Ilopkinson. 

" John Emerson. " William Peters. 

1731. Edward Harris. 1735. John Ross. 

" John Moland. " Edmund Ackworth. 

1 The account of the present Court House has been kindly furnished by William Leaman, Es i. 



430 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Year of Admission. Xamcs. 


Year of ^ 


Lclmission. Xames. 


1735. 


William Harper. 


1765. 


James Sayre. 


1736. 


James Calder. 


11 


Henry Elwes. 


1737. 


Walker Growden. 


K 


George Campbell 


u 


James Keating. 


(( 


Isaac Hunt. 


ii 


Alexander Percy. 


1( 


William Swainey. 


il 


Thomas Cookson. 


1766. 


Elisha Price, Esq. 


li 


Kinny. 


1766. 


Coates. 


1740. 


William Peters. 


1767. 


James Wilson, Phila. 


a 


Benjamin Price. 


i( 


James Allen. 


1741. 


Keper. 


1769. 


Casper Weitzel. 


1742. 


Lap. 


a 


Jacob Rush. 


u 


Benjamin Chew. 


<( 


Christian Hook. 


1748. 


George Smith. 


(( 


John Hubley. 


1744. 


James Reed. 


u 


Thomas Hartley. 


u 


Tench Francis. 


1770. 


Daniel Clymer. 


1746. 


David Stont. 


1771. 


Ashton Humphreys. 


<( 


John Lawrence. 


a 


George Noarth. 


1747. 


Thomas Cross. 


1774. 


Jasper Ewing, 


1749. 


John Ronshaw. 


1777. 


AVilliam Lawrence Blair. 


1750. 


George Rossi 


(( 


Peter Hoofnagle, Esq. 


u 


Joseph Rose. 


(( 


Wm. Aug. Atlee, Esq, 


<( 


Ranch. 


(( 


John Hubley, Esq. 


1751. 


Edward Shippen, jr. 


(( 


Jonathan D. Sargeant, Esq. 


a 


John Mather. 


a 


William Lewis, Esq. 


(( 


James IMorris. 


li 


Jacob Ruth, Esq. 


1753. 


James Smith. 


1778. 


George Stevenson, Esq. 


(( 


J. Read. 


li 


Edward Burd. 


(( 


William Parr. 


1779. 


Coloson Reed. 


1753. 


Thomas Otway. 


il 


James Wilson. 


u 


James Biddle. 


(( 


William Barton. 


1754. 


Andrew Colhoun. 


(( 


Robert Galbreath. 


1756. 


Charles Morse. 


li 


Col. Thomas Hartley. 


n 


Samnel Johnston. 


1780. 


Stephen Chambers. 


ti 


David Henderson. 


1781. 


John Potts. 


li 


Hugh Bay. 


il 


Joseph Hubley. 


11 


James Whitehead. 


il 


James Hamilton. 


u 


John Armand. 


11 


Thomas Duncan. 


1757. 


George Read. 


- 1783. 


Stephen Porter, Esq. 


1758. 


William Atlee. 


li 


John F. Mifflin. 


1759. 


John Morris, jr. 


11 


George Ross, Esq. 


1763. 


Wm. Smji;h. 


11 


John Wilkes Kittera. 


li 


Robert IMagaw. 


11 


George Thompson. 


1763. 


Nicholas Wain. 


1783. 


Matthew McAllister. 


1764. 


John Currie. 


(( 


John Vannost, Esq. 


(( 


Hughs. 


1784. 


James Riddle. 


(( 


Edw. Biddle. 


11 


WiUiam Montgomery. 


1765. 


Alexander Wilcox, 


1785. 


Jacob Hubley. 


li 


Jasper Yeates. 


li 


John Joseph Henry. 


11 


Richard Peters. 


a 


Andrew Hanna, Esq., Phila, 


li 


Stephen Porter. 


11 


John Reily. 


(< 


Andrew Allen. 


il 


Andrew Dunlap. 


(( 


Alexander Porter. 


1787. 


James Hopkins, Phila, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 



431 



Year of Admission. Names. 

1787. Charles Smith, Esq. 
" Galbreath Patterson, 

John Todd. 

" Sampson Levy. 

" Mr. Robert Hudson. 

1788. James Campbell, Esq. 
" Mr. Matthias Barton. 

" Alexander Dallas, Esq. 

" John Smith. 

1789. John Moore. 

1790. .Joseph Bnrd. 

" Daniel Smith, Esq. 

" David Moore. 

" Samuel Roberts, Esq. 

" James Kelley, Esq. 

1791. Thomas Divff, Esq. 
" Samuel Riddle, Esq. 

" Robert Henry Duncan, 

" Thomas Ross, Esq. 

" Charles Hall, Esq. 

" WilUam Smith, Esq. 

" Jacob Carpenter. 

" George Smith. 

" James Gibson, Phil' a. 

" Mr. Anthony Morris. 

" Mr. John Ross, Jr. -— ■"" 

1793. Richard Smith, Phil'a. 

" Robert Porter, Esq. 

" Henry Wickoff, Esq., Phil'a. 

" William Wallace. 

" Robert Frazer, Esq. 

" George Duffield, Esq. 

" Michael Kepple, Esq. 

1793. Marks John Biddle, Esq. 
" William Ross. 

' ' Jonathan Henderson. 
" William Barber, Esq. 
*' Evan Rice Evans, Esq. 
" John Shippen, Esq. 

1794. Aquilla M. Bolten, Esq. 
" William Foster, Esq. 

" Matthew Henry. 
'" Josiah McElwaine. 
" John Montgomery. 
" Samuel Scott Galbreath. 
" Ralph Bowie. 

1795. Jonathan Harvey Hunt, Esq. 
" Thomas D. Dick, Esq. 

" Samuel Bethel, Esq. 

" James Latimer, Esq. 

" George Henry Kepple, Esq. 

" Thomas Elder, Esq. 



Year of ailniission. Names. 

179G. James Montgomeiy. 
" Joseph Hemphill, Esq. 

" Fred"k Smitli, Es(p 
1797. George Fisher, Esrp 
" George Thompson Ross. 
" Andrew Graft", Jr. 
" Robert Hays, Esq. 
'* Thos. Barton Zantzingcr. 
'' John Passmore. 
" Robert Hazelhurst, Esq. 

1799. Patton Ross. 

" Charles Evans, Esq. 

1800. John Hubley, Esq. 
" William ]\Iaxwell. 

1801. Jonathan T. Haight. 
" WilUam Clark Frazer. 

" Andrew Buchanan, Esq. 

1803. Edward Godwin, Esq. 
" Joseph Vickroy, 

" William Jenkins, 
" Patrick Farrelly. 
" David C. Cunningham. 

1804. John S. Bell. 

1805. John Hand. 

1806. David Snively. 

1808. Isaac Darlington, Esq, 
" James McCoUough. 

1809. William Barton, Esq. 
" Samuel Baird, Jr. 

" Amos Ellmaker, Esq. 
Ziba Pyle, Esq. 

1810. Henry Wilson. 

" Wm. S. Biddle, Esq. 

1811. Thomas Montgomery. 
" Henry Shippen. 

" Molton C, Rogers, Esq. 
" John B. Gibson. 

1812. Jasper Slaymaker. 
" James Buchanan, 
" Henry Bullard. 

" John Stroman, Esq. 

1813. Jasper Yeates Smith. 
" Joseph Simon Cohen. 
" Edward Coleman. 

" George B. Porter. 

1814. Thomas F. Pleasants. 
'• Ebeuezer Wright. 

" Clement A. Buckley. 

1815. James M. Porter. 
" Bushnell Carter. 

"; William W. Smith. 
"' George R. H<jpkins. 



432 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Year of Admission. Names. 


Year of 


1816. 


Collin Cooke. 


182G. 


" 


Lewis M. Lane. 


a 


(( 


.John Hallowell, Esq. 


n 


(1 


Thomas M. Read, Esq. 


ii 


1817. 


.Jacob B. Weidman, Esq. 


1827. 


(( 


Edwin A. White, Esq. 


ii 


(( 


Charles Herbst. 


ii 


1818. 


Michael W. Ash. 


1829. 


a 


Charles A. Barnitz, Esq. 


(t 


ii 


Benjamin Champneys, Esq. 


1830. 


a 


Eliphalet L. Benedict. 


ti 


ii 


Daniel Fuller. 


1831. 


a 


Thomas Ii. Davis, Es(j. 


u 


(< 


John Duer, Esq. 


(( 


1819. 


George Heckert. 


1832. 


a 


James W. McClung. 


u 


11 


John Wright, Esq. 


1834. 


u 


Moses Cannon, Esq. 


ii 


1820. 


Nathan L. Boulden, 


1835. 


<( 


Samuel Parke. 


1836. 


ii 


INIichael Gallagher, Esq. 


(( 


ii 


Walter S. Franklin, Esq. 


(( 


1821. 


Geo. W. Jacobs. 


(( 


(( 


Archibald I. Findlay. 


1837. 


(( 


Thomas B. McElwee. 


1838. 


a 


William Norris, Esq. 


(( 


a 


George W. Inline. 


(t 


ii 


Henry H. Van Amringe. 


1838. 


f i 


William J. Christy. 


ii 


u 


John Ii. IVIontgomery. 


1839. 


a 


William N. Henry. 


(( 


1822. 


George B. Withers. 


1840. 


ii 


Washing-ton Hopkins. 


a 


(( 


Emanuel C. Reigart. 


(1 


<( 


John Adams Fisher, Esq. 


u 


(( 


Zepheniah McLenegan. 


u 


1823. 


Thomas Kelley. 


1841. 


(( 


Calvin Mason. 


(( 


(( 


Julien Henry. 


(( 


a 


Nathaniel Hall Loring. 


K 


a 


Evan Rice Evans. 


(( 


a 


Robert M. Brooke. 


1( 


1824. 


Richard Porter. 


1842. 


a 


Robert M. Barr. 


(( 


a 


Kinsey J. Vandyke. 


u 


(i 


Alexander L. Hayes. 


u 


u 


John B. Mayer. 


11 


1825. 


Reah Frazer. 


(( 


u 


Henry Rogers. 


1843, 


1( 


Morris Wilson, Esq. 


a 


(1 


Willet C. Ogilby. 


(( 


1826. 


Hugh Wallace. 


(• 



Admission. Names. 

Anson V. Parsons. 

Wm. C. Carter. 

William Whiteside. 

Alexander Reynolds. 

Henry G. Long. 

Henry M. Leonard. 

John Reigart. 

Wm. B. Fordney. 

Thomas H. Burrowes. 
. And. Thomas Smith, Esq. 

George W. Barton. 

Thomas E. Franklin. 

John K. Findlay. 

Alexander W. Leyburn. 
, Edward Purcell. 

Ashbel Green, jun'r, Esq. 

James Cameron. 

William F. Boone, Esq. 

William Ayres, Esq. 
, I. Newton Lightner. 

George Ford. 

Wm. F. Bryan. 

James Anderson. 
. Christ'n H. Lefever. 
. J. L. Thompson. 

N. EUmaker. 

Wm. O. Jenkins. 
, Washington Hall. 

Henry S. Magraw. 
, Jacob B. Aniwake. 

Daniel B. Vondersmitli. 
, George W. Hai'ris. 

Samuel Humes Porter. 

William R. Morris 

James H. Bull. 

James H. Van Horn. 
, Amos SlajTiiaker. 

William Mathiot. 

Abraham D. Ditmars. 

William P. Steele. 

Joseph C. Passmore. 

Peter A. Hawk. 
. David W. Patterson. 

William Houston. 

Thaddeus Stevens, Esq. 

Geo. M. Kline. 

A. Herr Smith. 

David G. Eshleman. 
. Junius B. Kaufman. 

Horace Hopkins. 

Francis Bacon, Esq. 

Francis Keenau. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 



433 



Year of Admission. Names. 

1843. Jesse Land is. 

" Samuel Carpenter. 

1844. William E. Barber, Esq. 
" Abraham A. Groff. 

" J. Graeff Barton. 

" John Potter, jr., Esq. 

" Elliott D. Stewart, Esq. 

" Alex. H. Hood. 

" Davis E. Bruner. 

" James L. Reynolds. 

" John F. Houston, Esq. 

1845. Charles Denues. 

" Charles W. Penrose, Esq. 

" Frederick S. Gossler. 

" La Fayette Hiener. 

" Isaac E. Hiester. 

" Charles A. Tomlinson. 

1846. Wm. L. Campbell, Esq. 
" James Black. 

" Franklin Pennington. 

" J. F. Osborne. 

" O. J. Dickey. 
^^^^ — George W. McElroy. — - 

'• Benjamin Herr. 

" Zuriel Swope. 

" Horace Hopkins. 

1847. William S. Amweg. 
" David G. McGown. 
*' Richard R. Bryan. 
" Philip Gossler. 

" Geo. W. Andrews, Esq. 

" Hiram B. Swarr. 

" Patrick Donnelly. 

" Bartram A. Sheaffer. 

" W. W. Brown. 

" Geo. W. Baker. 

1848. A. Jordan Schwartz, Esq. 
" Simon Stevens. 

" Geo. W. Hunter. 

" John B. Livingston. 

" Daniel G. Baker. 

" John J. Eshleman. 

1848. Edward Champneys. 

" Edward M. KauflFman. 

" James L. Gross. 

" James P. Sterrett, Esq. 

" John Williamson, Esq. 

1849. John A. Hiestand. 
" John S. Walker. 

" Jonas D. Bachman. 
" John J. Shuler. 
" Wm. R. Wilson. 



Year of 
1849 



1850 



1851 



1853 



1853 



1854 



1855 



1856 



1857 



1858 



Admission. Names, 

. Samuel E. Hench. 
IL M. North. 
John G. Thompson, Esq. 
Henry A. Wade. 

John B. Gest, Esq. 
John M. Am wake. 
Henry S. Myers. "^^ 

Emlen Franklin. 
Edward Shippen, Esq. 

James McConnick, Esq. 

John W. Meckley. 

James H. Reigart. 

John S. Detweiler. 

Isaac N. EUmaker. 

James L. Jones, Esq. 

W. H. Elder, Esq. 

Charles B. Weaver, Esq. 

Charles Leib, Esq. 

J. Ellis Bonham, Esq, 

John S. Walker, Esq. 

J. E. Hackenberg, Esq. 

Samuel Forrey. 

Samuel H. Price. 

William T. McPhail. 

Henry A. Wind. 

Aldus J. Neff. 

Kersey Coates. 

Charles B. Wallace, Esq, 

George F. Breneman. 

Peter Martin Heitler, 

Charles A. Hill. 

Simon P. Eby. 

Reuben H. Long. 

Wm. Augustus Atlee, 

George Brubaker, Esq, 

John C. Kunkel, Esq. 

David BLiir, Esq. 

W. F. S. Warren. 

James K. Alexander. 

Samuel H. Reynolds, 

William Whitehill, 

Joseph W. Fisher, 

Edward O. Reilly, 

Benj. F. Baer. 

P. L. Hackenberg. 

Edw. McGovern. 

W. J. McElroy, Phila. 

Alexander ILxrris. 

F. S. Pyfer. 

John F. Brinton. 

Thomas E. Cochran, Esq. 

Robert Lamberton. 



29 



434 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Year of Admission. Xames. 

1858. Hamilton Alricks. 
" David Mumma. 

1859. Roland Kinzer. 

" Thaddeus Stevens, Jr. 

•' George W. Matchin, Esq. 

" Abram Shank. 

" A. J. Hughes. 

" F. S. Stumbach. 

" Thos. Hall Foreman. 

" Wiinam C. Hays. 

" Wilberforce Nevin. 

" A. J. Steinman. 
R. W. Shenk. 

1860. James A. Congden, Esq. 
" Washington W. Hopkins. 
" William L. Scott, Esq. 

" James B. Tredwell. 

" William Leaman. 

" James D. Dougherty. 

1861. George M. Franklin. 

" ■ Franklin B. Gowen, Esq. 

" Thomas H. Pollock. 

" Gardner Furniss, Esq. 

" Edwin Henry Yundt. 

" Andrew M. Frantz. 

" John W. Bittinger, Esq. 

1862. John M. Ileyberger, Esq. 
" J. R. Sypher. 

" James Boyd. 

" David Wills, Esq. 

" George Nauman. 

" Hiram B. Essick, Esq. 

" John W. Johnson. 

1863. Smith Patterson Gait. 
" Benjamin C. Kready. 
" Thomas M. Coulson. 

1864. John B. Good. 

" Adam J. Eberly, Esq. 

" J. Duncan Cotrell. 



Year of 
1864, 

a 

1865. 



1866 



1867, 



1868 



admission. Names. 

AVm. E. McLaughlin. 

Amos H. Mylin. 
, Henry G. Smith, Esq. 

J. Glancy Jones, Esq. 

Andrew J. Sanderson. 

J. W. F. Swift. 

Cassius E. Stubbs, Esq. 

Archibald T. Patterson, Esq. 

Wni. A. Wilson. 

William K. Seltzer. 

Peter D. Wanner. 

H. Clay Brubaker. 
. Peter B. Urich. 

Octavus J. Norris. 

D. J. M. Loop. 

Andrew J. Kauffman. 

Adam C. Reinoehl. 

Cyrus P. Miller. 

A. Frank Seltzer, Esq. 

Chas. K. Robeson, Esq. 

Edgar C. Reed. 

Albert E. Carpenter. 

John 0. Byrne, Esq. 

Charles P. Muhlenberg, Esq. 

John K. Rutter. 

Robert A. Townsend. 

Chas. A. Mayer, Esq. 

Chas. S. Keyser, Esq. 

John B. Warfel, Esq. 

Wm. D. Seltzer. 
, Philip D. Baker. 

Marriott Brosius. 

Hon. Samuel Hepburn. 

D. P. Rosenmiller. 

Capt. John P. Rea. 

Martin M. Rutt. 

Major J. F. Frueauff. 

Nathaniel E. Slaymaker. 

J. Porter, Esq. 



MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY FROM LANCASTER COUNTY. 

1727— Thomas Edwards, John Wright, James IMitchell and Thomas Reed. 1730— 
John Musgrove, Thomas Edwards, John Wright and George Stuart. 1^31 — John 
Koyle, Andrew Galbraith, John Musgrove, Thomas Edwards. 1732 — George Stuart, 
Thomas Edwards, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Galbraith. 1733— Andrew Galbraith, 
Thomas Edwards, John Wright, John Koyle. 1734 — James Hamilton, John Emerson, 
Andrew Galbraith, John Wright. 1735 and 1736— James Hamilton, Thomas Edwards, 
Andrew Galbraith, Thomas Armstrong. 1737 — James Hamilton, John Wright, An- 
drew Galbraith, Samuel Smith. 1738 — James Hamilton, John Wright, Andrew Gal- 
braith, Samuel Smith. 1739 — John Wright, Thomas Ewing, Thomas Lindley, Thomas 
Edwards. 1740 — Anthony Shaw, and the same as before, except Thomas Edwards. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 435 

1741 aud 1742— Samuel Blunston, and the same as before, except Thomas Edwards. 
1743— Anthony Shaw, Arthur Patterson, Thomas Lindly, John "Wright. 1744— James 
Mitchell, John "Wright, Arthur Patterson, Samuel Blunston. 174.5 and 1746— John 
"Wright, James Mitchell, Arthur Patterson, James Wright. 1747 and 1748 — John 
Wright, Arthur Patterson, James Webb, Peter Worrall. 1749— James Wright, Artlmr 
Patterson, Cahdn Cooper, Peter Worrall. 1750 — Arthur Patterson, Calvin Cooper, 
James Wright, James Webb. 1751— Peter Worrall, James Wright, Cahin Cooper, 
Arthur Patterson. Those of 1751, were all re-elected for 1752, 175.3 and 1754. 1755 — 
No return made, but James Wright and James Webb, appeared. 1756 — Emanual 
-Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, John Douglass, 1757 — Isaac Saunders, 
Emanuel Cai-penter, James Webb, James Wright. Those of 1757, were re-elected for 
1758, 1759 and 1760. 1761 and 1762— Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James 
Webb, John Douglass. 1763 — Isaac Saunders and those before named, except James 
Webb. 1764 — James Webb, and those of 1763 except John Douglass. 1765 — Emanuel 
Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, Jacob Carpenter. Those of 1765 were re- 
elected for 1766 and 1767. 1768 — Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, 
George Ross. 1769 — Emanuel Carpenter, Jacob Carpenter, James Webb, George 
Ross. 1770 — Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, Joseph Ferree, George Ross. 1771 — 
Emanuel Carpenter, George Ross, Joseph Ferree, William Downing. 1772 — Joseph 
Ferree, Jacob Carpenter, Isaac Whitelock, James Webb. 1773 and 1774 — Joseph 
Ferree, James Webb, George Ross, Matthias Slough. 1775 — Ciuiis Grubb, ^latthias 
Slough, George Ross, James Webb, Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith. 1776 — Wil- 
liam Brown, John McMillan, Philip Marsteller, James Anderson, Alex'r Lowrey, Lud- 
wig Lauman. 1777 — Curtis Grubb, ]\Iatthias Slough, George Ross and James Webb. 
1778 — John Gillchrist, Curtis Grubb, Alexander liowvej, John Smiley, James Ander- 
son, William Brown. 1779 — James Anderson, John Smiley, John Gillchrist, Christopher 
Kucher, James Cunningham, William Brown, sen., Emanuel Carpenter, jr., William 
Porter. 1780— John Whitehill, Emanuel Carpenter, Jacob Cook, Christopher Kucher, 
James Anderson, Adam Reigart, James Cowden, Alexander Lowrey, ]\Iatthias Slough, 
James Jacks. 1781— John "Whitehill, Christopher Kucher, Jacob Cook, Jacob Carpen- 
ter, Abraham Scott, James Jacks, Matthias Slough, William Brown, Jacob Krug, 
James Mercer, James Porter. 1782— Joseph Montgomery, Christopher Kucher, John 
Whitehill, Samuel John Atlee, Abraham Scott, James Jacks, John Craig, Matthias 
Slough, Curtis Grubb, William Brown, James Mercer. 1783— Abraham Scptt, William 
Brown, James Mercer, John Craig, Matthias Slough, Joseph Work, Adam Orth, Adam 
Hubley, Jacob Cook, William Parr, Robert Coleman. 



STATE LEGISLATURE. 
Senator. Assembly. 

William Hiester, 1840. Benjamin Penncll. 

Joseph ^tcClure. 
Philip "\'on Neida. 
Christian Kiefter. 
Jacob Foreman. 
Hugh Andrews. 

1841. (The same.) 

Benjamin Champneys, 1842. Daniel Balmer. 

Alexander H. Hood. 
Charles Carpenter. 
Andrew Thompson. 
Jacob Foreman. 
John Warfel. 



436 



Senator. 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 
1843. 



1844. 



A. Herr Smith, 



1845, 



1846. 



1847. 



Joseph Konigmacher, 



1848. 



1849. 



Dr. E. Kinzer, 
E. C. Darlington. 



1851. 



1852. 



Assembly, 
A, Herr Smith. 
Lewis Urban. 
Charles Carpenter. 
Benjamin Herr. 
Abraham Kauftman. 

A. Herr Smith, 
John G. Shumau. 
Theodore D. Cochran 
Benjamin Herr. 
Joseph Paxson. 

Jacob G. Shumau. 
Theodore D. Cochran. 
Thomas B. Jacobs. 
George MoiTison. 
Christian Bentz. 

David W. Patterson. 
Abraham Shelley. 
Joseph C. Dickenson. 
Christian Bentz. 
George Morrison. 

Abraham Shelley. 
Jeremiah B. Stubbs, 
Joseph C. Dickenson. 
Thomas B. Jacobs. 
David G. Eshleman. 

Jeremiah B. Stubbs. 
David G. Eshleman. 
.Joseph W. Fisher. 
Joseph B. Hovrer. 
Daniel W. Witmer. 

Andrew Wade. 
Lewis Hurford. 
Robert Baldwin. 
Jacob Neissly. 

A. Scott Ewing. 

Moses Pownall. 
C. L, Hunsecker. 
John C. Walton. 

B, F. Martin. 
B. A. Shaeffer. 

Moses Pownall. 
John C. Walton. 
John A. Hiestand. 
Daniel Herr. 
Henry Gray. 



Senator. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 
1853. 



Jacob G. Sliuman, 



1854. 



1855. 



1856. 



Bartram A. Shaeflfer, 
Robert Baldwin, 



William Hamilton, 
John A. Hiestand, 



1857 



1858. 



1859 



1860. 



1861. 



1862. 



437 

Assembly. 
John A. Hiestand, 
Daniel Heir. 
Henry Gray. 
C. L. llunseckor. 
John Rawlins. 

Daniel W. Witmer. 
Hugh M. North. 
Emlen Franldin. 
Jacob L. Gross. 
John F. HciT. 

George G. Bnish. 
Jesse Reinhold. 
P. W. Housekeeper. 
William Hamilton. 
C. L. Hunsecker. 

William Hamilton. 
John A. Hiestand. 
P. W. Housekeeper. 
Christ'n S. Kauffman. 
Joseph D. Po^vnall. 

Emanuel D. Roath. 
Samuel H. Price. 
Jonathan H. Roland. 
Joseph D. Pownall. 

Nathan'l Ellmaker, jr. 
Samuel H. Price. 
Amos S. Green. 
Samuel Keneagy. 

Natliau'l Ellmaker, ji-. 
Samuel Keneagy. 
Jacob E. Cassel. 
Amos S. Green. 

Joseph Hood. 
John ]\r. Stehman. 
3Iichael Ober. 
Henry :^I. White. 

Heniy C. Lehman. 
James flyers. ^- 
Natlian Wf)rley. 
Abraham Peters. 

Benjamin C'hanipneys. 
Henry C Lehman. 
Nathaniel Mayer. 
Dr. H. B. Bowman. 



438 

Senator. 
Benjamin Champneys, 
J. M. Dunlap, 



ATJTHEN'TIC HISTORY 
18C3. 



Assembly. 

E. K. Smith. 
Esaias Billingfelt. 
Nathaniel Mayer. 
Dr. H. B. Bowman. 



1864. 



Esaias Billingfelt. 
R. W. Shenk. 
Day Wood. 
Charles Denues. 



1865. 



Day Wood.i 
Charles Denues. 
R. W. Shenk. 
J. M. Stehman. 



Esaias Billingfelt, 
Joseph W. Fisher, 



1866. 



David G. Steacy. 
Andrew Armstrong. 
Emanuel D. Roath. 
John M. Stehman. 



1867. 



1868. 



Abraham Godshalk. 
Adam C. Reinoehl. 
Andrew Armstrong. 
David G. Steacy. 

Aaron H. Summy. 
W. W. Hopkins. 
Jacob G. Peters. 
J. C. Gatchell. 



GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS. 

OFFICIAL VOTE. 



Date. Governor. Whole Vote. 

1841. David R. Porter, 13,999. 

1844. Francis R. Shunk, 15,053. 

1847. Francis R. Shunk, 14,036. 

1848. William F. Johnston, 15,341. 

1851. William Bigler, 17,390. 



Date. Governor. Whole Vote. 

1854. James Pollock, 15,661. 

1857. William F. Packer, 15,431. 

1860. Andrew G. Curtin, 20,165. 

1863. Andrew G. Curtin, 30,991. 

1806. John W. Geary, 33,184. 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. 

OFFICIAL VOTE. 



Date. President. Whole Vote. 

1840. W. H. Harrison, 15,148. 

1844. James K. Polk, 16,237. 

1848. Zachary Taylor, 17,470. 

1852. Franklin Pierce, 



Date. President. Whole Vote 

1856. James Buchanan, 19,931. 

1860. Abraham Lincohi, 19,657. 

1864. Abraham Lincoln, 21,453. 

1868. Ulysses S. Grant, 24,305. 



IDay Wood died before taking his seat the second term and John H. Shirk was chosen at a special 
election to fill his place. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



439 



CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS. 



Date. 


Congressmen. 


Date. 


1840. 


Jeremiah Brown. 


1856. 


1842. 


Jeremiah Brown. 


1858. 


1844. 


John Strohm. 


1860. 


1846. 


John Strohm. 


1862. 


1848. 


Thaddeus Stevens. 


1864. 


1850. 


Thaddeus Stevens. 


1866. 


1852. 


Isaac E. Hiester. 


1868. 


1854. 


Anthony E. Roberts. 





Congressmen. 
Anthony E. Roberts. 
Thaddeus Stevens. 
Thaddeus Stevens. 
Thaddeus Stevens. 
Thaddeus Stevens. 
Thaddeus Stevens. 
Oliver J. Dickey. 



LIST OF COMMISSIONERS FROM 1794 TO 1868. 



1797. 


John MeiUn. 


1833. 


John Erb. 


1798. 


Robert Maxwell. 


1834. 


Adam Bare. 


1799. 


Adam Reigart. 


1835. 


John Long. 


1800. 


Amos Slaymaker. 


1836. 


Christian Hershey. 


1801. 


John Whitehill, Jr. 


1837. 


Joseph Hartman. 


1802. 


Michael Musser. 


1838. 


Joseph Patton. 


1803. 


Andrew Caldwell. 


1838. 


John Landis. 


1804. 


Michael Schenk. 


1839. 


John Miller. 


1805. 


Conrad Schwartz. 


1840. 


Joseph Paxton. 


1806. 


James M'Sparren. 


1841. 


Benj. Brackbill, Esq. 


1807. 


George Weidman. 


1842. 


Frederick Hippie, Esq. 


1808. 


Benjamin Schaum. 


1843. 


Martin Miller. 


1809. 


James Patterson, Jr. 


1844. 


John Yarns. 


1810. 


Henry Shirk. 


1845. 


Thomas Patterson. 


1811. 


John Bomberger. 


1846. 


John Landis. 


1812. 


Christian Herr, Jr. 


1847. 


John Witmer. 


1813. 


Christian Stoufter, Jr. 


1848. 


Henry ]\Iusselman.' 


1814. 


George Musser. 


1849. 


David Styer. 


1815. 


Jacob Rohrer. 


1850. 


Samuel Frey. 


1816. 


Phineas Ash. 


1851. 


Christian Hess. 


1817. 


W. B. Ross. 


1852. 


John M. Hiestand. 


1818. 


Peter Holl. 


1853. 


Philip Geist. 


1819. 


Henry Shirk. 


1854. 


WiUiam C. Worth. 


1820. 


Jacob Duchman. 


1855. 


Daniel Brandt. 


1821. 


Henry Roland. 


1856. 


Jacob F. Frey. 


1821. 


John Buchanan. 


1857. 


Daniel Good. 


1822. 


Henry M. Reigart. 


1858. 


Joseph Boyer. 


1823. 


Henry Carpenter. 


1859. 


Levi S. Reist. 


1824. 


Abraham Gibbons. 


1860. 


John Doner. 


1825. 


Samuel Keller. 


1861. 


William Spencer. 


1826. 


Emanuel Reigart. 


1863. 


Da\ad Kemper. 


1827. 


John Slaymaker, .Ir. 


1863. 


Thos. C. Collins. 


1828. 


George Haverstick. 


1864. 


Jacob B. Shuman. 


1829. 


Jacob Kurtz. 


1865. 


Samuel Slokom. 


1830. 


Michael Musselman. 


1866. 


Christian H. Nissley. 


1831. 


Ch. L. Groh. 


1867. 


John Strohm, Jr. 


1832. 


Jacob M'Callister. 


1868. 


J. C. Kready. 



440 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



SHERIFFS OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



1729. 


Robert Barber. 


1773. 


John Ferree. 


1731. 


John Galbraith. 


1774. 


John Ferree. 


1732. 


Robert Buchannan. 


1775. 


John Ferree. 


1733. 


Robert Buchannan. 


1777. 


William Kelly. 


1734. 


Robert Buchannan. 


1778. 


William Kelly. 


1735. 


Samuel Smith. 


1779. 


Joseph Work. 


1736. 


Samuel Smith. 


1780. 


Joseph Work. 


1737. 


Samuel Smith. 


1781. 


Joseph Work. 


1738. 


Robert Buchannan. 


1782. 


Thomas Edwards. 


1739. 


Robert Buchannan. 


1783. 


Thomas Edwards. 


1740. 


Robert Buchannan. 


1784. 


Thomas Edwards. 


1742. 


James Galbraith. 


1785. 


John Miller. 


1743. 


James Galbraith. 


1786. 


John ]V[iller. 


1744. 


John Sterrat. 


1787. 


John Miller. 


1745. 


James Sterrat. 


1788. 


James Ross. 


1846. 


James Steri-at. 


1789. 


James Ross. 


1747. 


James Sterrat. 


1790. 


James Ross. 


1748. 


[No name.] 


^ 


■ * * * 


1749. 


Andrew Worrick. 


1797. 


Christian Carpenter. 


1750. 


Andrew Work. (Same as 


preceding?) 1800. 


Michael Rhine. 


1751. 


Robert Stuart. 


1803. 


John Reitzel, 


1753. 


Thomas Smith. 


1806. 


Emanuel Reigart. 


1753. 


Thomas Smith. 


1809. 


James Humes. 


1754. 


Thomas Smith. 


1812. 


Henry Reigart. 


1755. 


Joseph Pugh. 


1815. 


George Hambright. 


1756. 


Joseph Pugh. 


1818. 


John Mathiot. 


1757. 


[No name.] 


1821. 


Frederick Hambright, 


1758. 


(t 


1824. 


William White. 


1759. 


William Smith. 


1827. 


Adam Diller. 


1760. 


William Smith. 


1830. 


Adam Bare. 


1761. 


[No name.] 


1833. 


David Miller. 


1762. 


John Hay. 


1836. 


Peter Reed, Jr. 


1763. 


John Hay. 


1839. 


Anthony E. Roberts. 


1764. 


John Barr. 


1842. 


John Ehler. 


1765. 


John Barr. 


1845. 


David Hartman. 


1766. 


John Barr. 


1848. 


Jacob Huber. 


1767. 


James Webb, Jr. 


1851. 


Elias Eby. 


1768. 


James Webb, Jr. 


1854. 


George Martin. 


1769. 


James Webb, Jr. 


1857. 


B. F. Rowe. 


1770. 


Frederick Stone. 


1860. 


S. W. P. Boyd. 


1771. 


Frederick Stone. 


1863. 


F. Smith. 


1772. 


Frederick Stone. 


1866. 


Jacob F. Frey. 






CORONERS. 


1729. 


Andrew Galbraith. 


1735. 


James Armstrong. 


1731. 


Joshua Lowe. 


1736. 


Joshua Lowe. 


1732. 


Joshua Lowe. 


1737. 


Michael McLare. 


1733. 


Joshua Lowe. 


1738. 


Joshua Lowe. 


1734. 


Joshua Lowe. 


1739. 


Joshua Lowe. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



441 



1740. 


Joshua Lowe. 


1742. 


James Clark. 


1743. 


John Morris. 


1744. 


Robert Thompson. 


1745. 


William Hamilton. 


1746. 


Eobert Wallace. 


1747. 


Edward Douglierty 


1748. 


(No name.) 


1749. 


Robert Stewart. 


1750. 


Robert Stewart. 


1751. 


Josepli Howard. 


1752. 


John Dougherty. 


1753. 


John Dougherty. 


1754. 


Jolm Dougherty. 


1755. 


Matthias Slough. 


1756. 


Matthias Slough. 


1757. 


(No name.) 


1758. 


(No name.) 


1759. 


Matthias Slough. 


1760. 


Mattliias Slough. 


1761. 




1762. 


Matthias Slough. 


1763. 


Matthias Slough. 


1764. 


Mattliias Slough, 


1765. 


Matthias Slough. 


1766. 


^latthias Slough 


1767. 


Matthias Slough. 


1768. 


Matthias Slough. 


1769. 


Adam Reigart. 


1770. 


Samuel Boyd. 


1771. 


Samuel Boyd. 


1772. 


Samuel Boyd. 


1773. 


Samuel Boyd. 


1774. 


Samuel Boyd. 



1775. 


Samuel Boyd. 


1777. 


Francis Bayley. 


1778. 


Jacob Bayley. 


1779. 


Jacob Bayley. 


1780. 


Jacob Bayley. 


1781. 


John Ottucr. 


1782. 


John Offner. 


1783. 


John Offner. 


1784. 


John Offner. 


1785. 


John Offner. 


1786. 


John Offner. 


1787. 


John Oft'ner. 


1788. 


Michael App. 


1789. 


George Graff. 


1790. 


George Graft". 


* 


* * * 


1812. 


Jeremiah Mosher. 


1814. 


George Hambright 


1815. 


William Ferree. 


1818. 


Thomas Wentz. 


1824. 


John Upperman. 


1830. 


Peter Reed, Jr, 


1833. 


Anthony McGlinn 


1836. 


Jacob Eshleman. 


1839. 


George Daly. 


1842. 


Daniel Werntz. 


1845. 


Jacob Weitzel. 


1848. 


John Wright, 


1851. 


Frederick Dern. 


1854. 


Jacob Hebble. 


1857. 


Levi Sumrny. 


1860. 


Daniel Balmer. 


1803. 


A. B. Bixler. 


1866. 


George Leonard, 



A LIST 

OP THE MAYORS AND RECORDERS, FROM THE FIRST INCORPORATION OF THE CITY OF 
LANCASTER, AND THE YEARS FOR WHICH THEY SERVED: 



Mayors. 
John Passmore. 



18181 

1819 \ 

1820 J 

1821 ] 

1822 \ Sam'l. Carpenter 

1823 J 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 J 



Nathaniel Lightner. 



Recorders. 

18181 

1819 i-Mol. C. Rogers. 

1820 J 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 



Patten Ross. 



442 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



John Mathiot. 



M. Carpenter. 



1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 J 

18431 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 J 

1852 ] 

1853 \ Christian Kieffer 

1854 J 

1855 \- 
1856) 

1857 I 

1858 [ 
1859 1 
X860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 J 



Jacob Albright; 
John Zimmerman. 
Thomas H. Burrowes. 



George Sanderson. 



Patton Ross, 



2 
fo \ Jiio- K. Findlay. 



William Jenkins. 



1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 J 

18411 

1842 

184 

1844 J 

1845 

1646 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1854 \ Vacancy. 

1855] 

1856 

nil J. F. Reigart. 

1859 

1860, 

1861 

1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 J 



"William Carj^enter. 



CITY WATER WORKS. 

Tlie city of Lancaster is supplied with water from Conestoga creek. The project of 
its introduction was started in 1836. In that year, a Reservoir, of the capacity of 
2,700,000 gallons, was erected at the eastern extremity of East King street, distributing 
pipes laid in tlie streets from the Reservoir, and a pipe of 8 inches calibre for supply- 
ing the Reservoir laid from the works on the creek. From the Water House on the 
Conestoga, the water was pumped, by means of an undershot wheel, a distance of 3,800 
feet. Water was first received into the Reservoir on the 27th day of February, 1837. 
The entire cost of the works was about $106,000. 

In the year 1851, a second basin, of the capacity of 4,475,000 gallons, was erected, 
adjoining the one described on its East side and on the same level. Water was first 
pumped into it on the 1 1th day of June, 1851. It was constructed at a cost of $13,700. 

Both basins have an equal depth of 16 feet, and their united capacity may be stated 
in round numbers at 7,000,000 gallons. 

Since the completion of the original works, an additional wheel and pump have 
been erected, ond a main, of 12 inches calibre, laid from the Water House to the Res- 
ervoirs. 

About the year 1856, a high pressure stationary steam engine was put up at the 
Water House to propel the pumps during low stages of water in the Conestoga, at 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 443 

which times the water-wheels were insufficient for the purpose. The expense of pump- 
ing by this means being very great, in tlie years 1864 and '65, the old undershot water- 
wheels were removed, and two of Kraat's turbine wheels substituted, with the expec- 
tation that the use of the steam engine might be dispensed with. These wheels, al- 
though using considerably less water, and being more clfective than undershot wlieels, 
yet have not at all times accomplished what was anticipated, and the engine is koj)! on 
hand as a resource in such periods. 

The east basin receives the water from the creek. By means of a pipe, acting on a 
movable joint and attached to a buoy in order that it may rise and fall with the vary- 
ing depth, the water is conveyed, from a point two feet below the surface, and above 
all sediment, into the west basin from which the city is supplied. 

The sum of $16,903, the proceeds of 171 acres of land sold, forming part of the prop- 
erty acquired for the water works, should be deducted from the cost of said works. 1 



THE POOR HOUSE AND HOSPITAL. 

The buildings of the county for charitable purposes are situated in Lancaster town- 
ship, just without the eastern boundary of the city. A house of employment and 
SUPPORT FOR THE POOR was established by legislative enactment February 27, 1798. 
Under that authority a large stone building, 150 feet in length, 43 feet in breadth and 
two stories in height, was erected and continues to be used in accordance with its 
original design. Internally, it is conveniently arranged for the boarding and lodging of 
the himates and for their appropriate distribution according to sex, age and i)hysical 
condition. Provision is made for such poor and impotent persons as have gained a 
legal settlement in the county, and for strangers, who are suddenly taken ill, or other- 
Avise become indigent and must be relieved, until they can be removed to their proper 
place of settlement. Wandering paupers are also temporarily accommodated. 

The erection of the present Hospital and Insane Asylum was authorized by acts 
of Legislature of March 9, 1865, and April 4, 1866. The building is an extensive brick 
structure, its main portion 125 feet in length, 33 feet in breadth and three stories in 
height; and an adjoining wing— the old Hospital building refitted— 100 feet in length, 
40 feet in breadth, and two stories in height. It was fully completed in tlie fall of 
1868, at a cost of $55,000. The hiterior of the principal part— exclusive of aitartmcnts 
occupied by the Superintendent— is divided into six wards for the reception of sick and 
infirm and mild lunatics, properly assorted and classiticd according to sex and physical 
and mental condition. In the wing are the male and female wards for the hopelcs-sly 
and violently insane. Each ward is furnished with a bath room and other conveniences 
for the comfort and cleanliness of the occupants. The buildings are heated by fur- 
naces and supplied with water from the city reservoir. 

In the year 1868, orders were paid for the current expenses amounting to $31,318.oG. 
The average number of inmates in that year was 265. 8.210 were admitted as way- 
farers and furnished with supper, lodging and breakfost. 

The county is also the proprietor of a tract of land containing 197 acres, on which 
the buildings described are erected. The land is of excellent quality, and is farmed by 
the inmates of the Poor House, under the supervision of a manager employed for tlic 
purpose. The farm has a barn and other suitable buildings on it, and is lully stocked. 

The Hospital is under the immediate control of a Su])crintendent, and the Poor 

• House under that of a Steward. The general government of the Institutions is vested 

by law in six men, known as "Directors of the Poor," who are elected by the «iualilied 

voters of the county. They have power to appoint all inferior officers, and, witli the 

1. Contributed by AVilliam Leaman, Esq. 



444 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

approval of the Court of Common Pleas, to make all rules and regulations they may- 
think necessary and proper for the government and direction of the Institutions and 
the revenues belonging thereto. They serve for three years, and are divided into three 
classes, in order that the terms of two of them may expire each year.l 



THE COUNTY PRISON. 

The Lancaster County Prison is located in the eastern extremity of the city of Lancaster, 
between East King and East Orange streets, on a lot containing about 4 acres. The 
wall, fronting towards East King street, is built of sandstone, having large towers on 
either side of the entrance, and smaller ones at its extremities. A massive tower, rising 
to the height of 110 feet, constitutes the principal portion of the structure. From the 
base of this tower, proceeds a single long wing containing the cells, which are distri- 
buted in two tiers on either side of a passage dividing it throughout its entire length. 
The cells, eighty in number, are of the uniform size of 15 feet by 7i feet. Adjoining each 
of the cells in the lower tiers, are small enclosures, in which the prisoners are permitted 
to exercise at i)rescribed hours. A portion of ground surrounding the building and 
forming the prison-yard proper, is enclosed by a wall 18 feet in height. The Prison 
was finished and fitted for occupation in the fall of 1851, and prisoners were first re- 
ceived on the 12tli day of September of that year. Its original cost was $110,000. 

The Prison is under the management of a Board of Inspectors, consisting of six men 
elected by the qualified voters of the County, which appoints a Keeper and subordinate 
officers, and makes such rules for its internal regulation and control as shall not be in- 
consistent with the Constitution and laws of the Commonwealth. The government of 
the Prison is conducted in accordance with the principles of what is known as the 
"Pennsylvania System." The convict is consigned to separate and solitary confine- 
ment in a cell numerically designated, and by which he or she is known during his 
or her imprisonment, and is required to labor from sunrise to sunset, with the excep- 
tion of the necessary time for meals, or perform as much labor as would be done by a 
person in ordinary circumstances in that time. In case of misconduct, the prisoner is 
disciplined by a reduction of food, and in very refractory instances, confinement in a 
dark cell, and a ration of eight ounces of bread may be resorted to. Each convict 
receives one pound of rye or wheat bread daily; one pint of coffee in the morning; half 
a pound of beef made into a soup, and four potatoes at noon; mush in the evening; and 
half a gallon of molasses per month. 

From the report of the Board of Inspectors for the year ending November 30, 1868, 
it appears that the entire number of prisoners confined since the opening of the Prison 
to that date was 10,674 — white males, 8,097; white females, 1,420; colored males, 866 
and colored females, 291. The number committed during the year, excepting those 
convicted, was 1,052, of which 898 wei-e for vagrancy, drunkenness, and disorderly 
conduct resulting from drunkenness. There were sentenced during the same period, 
62, of whom 32 were born in Lancaster county, 10 could not read, 16 could not write, 
and 46 were of intemperate habits. They were occupied as follows: 9 weaving carpets, 
3 weaving bagging, 5 basket making, 6 cigar making, 6 shoe making, and 5 making 
garments, &c. The manufacturing operations during the year produced as follows- 
6,481 yards of carpet for sale, 3,021| yards of carpet for customers, 6,195 yards of bag- 
ging, 1,436 pairs of boots and shoes made and mended, 366,150 cigars, 942 baskets, 120 
dozen grain bags, 322 nets, and 26,400 skewers. The profits of the labor of the prison- 
ers were .13,818.32. 

The whole number of days ])risoners were boarded dui-ing' the year, was 35,805; 
34,596 at 30 cents per day, and 1,209 at 15 cents per day, amounting to |10,560.15, 
1 Contributed by William Leaman, Esq. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



445 



of which $5,057.55 were paid for the maintenance of vagrants. The actual cost of the 
Prison to the County, dui-hig the year, in excess of cash received and assets of the man- 
ufacturing department, was |1C,014.53.^ 



POPULATION OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 
From the Eighth Census of the United States, Taken in 1860. 

I. Population— White 112.85-1 

Free Colored 3,4.59 

Indian 1 



Total 110,314 

Number of Families 21,743 

II. Population of cities, towns, etc., etc. 



Adamstown 433 

Bart 1,532 

Brecknock 1,488 

Caernarvon 1,592 

Clay 1,438 

Colerain 1,740 

Columbia 5,007 

Conestoga 2,247 

Conoy 1,877 

Drmnore 3,098 

Earl 2,876 

East Cocalico 1,893 

East Donegal 2,183 

East Earl 2,303 

East Hempfield 2,613 

East Lampeter 2,205 

Eden 1,072 

Elizabeth 1,005 

Elizabethtown 700 

Ephrata 2,4-37 

Fulton 2,02G 

Lancaster City. 17,603 

Lancaster-twp 924 

Little Britain 1,822 

Leacock 2,051 

Manheim-twp 2,510 

Manheim 856 



Manor 3,672 

Marietta 2.186 

Martic 1,780 

Maytown 660 

Mountville 325 

Millersville 947 

Mount Joy 1,729 

Mount Joy-twp 2,150 

Newville 183 

Paradise 2.081 

Penn 1,771 

Pequea 1,163 

Providence 1,810 

Rapho 3,328 

Sadsbury 1,"39 

Safe Harbor 9-0 

Salisbury 3,725 

Springville '-1-' 

Strasburg 1-858 

Upper Leacock 2.091 

Warwick ^,056 

Washington 639 

West Cocalico -^^'>'> 

West Donegal 997 

West Earl 1-900 

West Hempfield, 3,1^08 

West Lampeter 1,7.1 



1 Ccntrltuted by "William Leanian, Esq. 



446 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

OFFICIAL RETURN OF VOTES POLLED IN 



02 


Auditor \ 


Surveyor 


Congress 


Congress 










;:> a 
^ ^^ a 


Oene 

< 
< 


ral. 

6 
o 


Oene 


ral. 

a 


Long T. 


Short T. 






hi 
m 








V 




a 












K 


1-1 
Hi 

■ w 


5 




CAN 

BLICA 

emoci 


32 

ID 


< 


to 


M 
o 

P 


CO 


P 


Q 


CO 



1^ 


Pti 

6 



d 


fl 



1-3 


g P 


a 




d 




•^ 


M 


>i 


^ 


K 


'l? 









S 




o 

1-5 


o 




d 


W 


6 


« 


< 


^ 


1-5 


< 


H^ 




fist Ward 


289 


239 


289 


239 


287 


238 


287 


23.) 


280 


282 


283 


281 


247 




2d Ward.... 


245 


209 


245 


209 


240 


211 


242 


211 


244 


238 


237 


242 


216 




3d Ward.... 


242 


207; 


242 


207 


240 


207 


241 


207 


239 


237 


237 


238 


218 




4tbWard.... 


310 


145 


310 


145 


263 


185' 


262 


185 


262 


265 


263 


265 


189 


1. Lancaster. -i 


5tli Ward.... 


120 


134 


120 


134 


117 


138, 


115 


139 


121 


121 


121 


120 


137 




6th Ward.... 


182 


203 


182 


203 


133 


203! 


177 


205 


178 


183 


178 


182 


203 




7th Ward.... 


137 


2^31 


136 


258 


179 


2.551 


134 


253 


134 


132 


134 


133 


255 




?th Ward.... 


126 


.3.53: 


126 


3.53 


127 


354 


127 


3551 


123 


123 


122 


124 


361 




L9thWard.... 


191 

1842 
305 
95 
466 
127 
144 


223 

1966 
285 
98 
127 

511 

85' 


192 


223 

1966 

285 

98 

127 

51 

85 


193 


223 

2018 

286' 

97 

140 

51 

86 


200 


2231 

2017 
286 

97 
140 

51 ! 

85 


186 


185 


186 


185 

1770 
299 
90 
429 
126 
144 


223 


City Total . 




1842 
304 
95 
406 
127 
144 


1779 

303 

88 

445 

1 126 

1 139 


1785 
304 
89 
444 
127 
137 


1767 
301 
90 
428 
127 
144 


1766 
296 
90 
429 
126 
144 


1761 
304 
90 
429 
126 
144 


'>049 




286 


3. Elfzabethtc 

4. Earl 




96 




140 


5 Elizabeth 


,51 


6. Stmsburg bor 


84 


7. Manlieim b 




375 
559 
252 
171 


2091 
206 i 
140 1 
129 


375 
559 
252 
171 


209 
206 
140 
129 


1 369 

1 550 

251 

171 


207 i 
206 
140 
131 


369 
547 
251 
171 


210 1 
2061 

140 
1311 


372 
543 
245 
171 


375 
546 
240 
172 


375 
550 
243 
172 


374 
549 
242 
172 


V.0H 




''06 


9. EastCocali 
10. E. Donegal- 




146 


-May town — 


131 


11. Carnarvon. 

12. Martic 




202 
248 
152 
135 
213 
432 
416 
211 


157 
119 
158 
225 
146 
212 
247 
156 


202 
248 
152 
135 
211 
432 
416 
211 


157 
119 
158 
225 
146 
212 
247 
156 


197 
236 
149 
130 
207 
430 
397 
200 


156 
119 
1571 
223 
144! 
211' 
259' 
165, 


197 
240 
150 
131 
207 
430 
397 
198 


l.')6 
119 
157 
222 
144 
212 
259 
1671 


197 
249 
152 
133 
209 
425 
391 
202 


197 
249 
153 
131 
209 
425 
400 
203 


197 
247 
152 
133 
208 
426 
398 
203 


197 
247 
144 
128 
207 
425 
396 
203 


1,56 




120 


13. Bart 


1.57 




222 


15 Fulton 


144 




'i'll 




296 




1st Ward 


165 


18. Columbia. | 


id Ward 


270 


190 


270 


190 


264 


191 


259 


195 1 


264 


264 


265 


266 


191 




3d Ward 


156 


190 


156 


190 


153 


191 1 


153 


1921 


155 


1.55 


1,55 


1.55 


191 


19. Saclsbury 


217 


106 


217 


106 


219 


104 


218 


104 


213 


214 


218 


214 


104 




288 
143 
297 


101 i 
185 

81 


288 
143 
296 


101 

185 

8-^ 


286 
141 
291 


92 1 
183 

88 


286 
140 
290 


92 1 
183 1 

89 


286 
142 

285 


286 
142 

289 


286 
142 
291 


286 
140 
Ml 


9^ 


21. Brecknock. 

22. Mount Joy 




183 


bor 


90 


23. Petersburg 
2i. "West Lamp 

25. donestoga. 

26. Washingtoi 




236 
303 


61 

28 


235 
303 


61 

28 


228 
303 


63 

28 


231 
303 


61 1 

28 


291 
3o4 


230 
303 


231 
302 


231 

304 


61 




?S 




329 
187 
342 
257 
350 
334 
285 


59' 
196 

187 
144 1 
167 
102 1 

52 1 


329 
186 
342 
257 
350 
334 
285 


59' 
196 
187 
144 

167 
102 

,52 


327 
18S 
337 
250 
850 
328 
286 


60' 
194 
184 i 
145, 
166' 
107i 

52 


326 
185 
334 

248 
349 
329 

286 


62 
1981 
189! 
1451 

167 
107! 

52 i 


329 
188 
335 
257 
333 
331 
281 


329 
188 
336 
257 
341 
332 
382 


331 
188 
334 
256 
342 
329 
284 


324 

188 
336 
256 
340 
332 
282 


61 




194 




187 


2S Conoy 


145 


29. Manlieim t^ 

30. Millersville 

31. West Earl.. 




IfiS 




107 




52 


32. WestHempfleld 


481 


?47 


481 


?47 


474 


?45 


473 


247 1 


472 


474 


471 


474 


245 


33. Strasburg 1 

34. Indiantowi 

35. West Coca 

36. East Earl.. 




297 
296 
205 
358 
267 
184 
144 


58 
61 

178 
115 i 

168! 

73 1 

37 


297 
296 
205 
358 
268 
183 
143 


58 
61 
178 
115 
168 
74 
37 


291 
294 
203 
356 
262 
179 
140 


591 
62 
176' 
116 
189! 
811 
,39 


293 
294 
203 
355 
263 
179 
141 


59, 
62 
177 
117 

l69 

81 ! 
38 


296 
294 
200 
354 
262 
181 
141 


296 
295 
201 
355 
262 
177 
143 


296 
294 
200 
355 
262 
171 
144 


295 
295 
201 
355 
262 
178 
141 


,59 




6^ 


lico 


178 




117 


37. Paradise - 


IfiR 


38. Rohrersto-ft 

39. Lancaster 1 




79 


twn 


.38 


40. I^ampeter p:ast 


392 


.52 


391 


.52 


386 


,52 i 


386 


53 


384 


,387 


384 


387 


53 


41. Little Hrita 




208 
279 


1491 
130 


208 
279 


149 
130 


199 
279 


1.50 
130 


200 
279 


150 1 
130 


204 
274 


207 
274 


204 
270 


198 
270 


149 




130 


43. Penn 


251 
68 
237 
214 
259 
120 
148 


138! 

23 
121 
118 

52 


251 
68 
237 
214 
259 
120 
148 


138 
26 
42 
23 
121 
118 
,52 


249 
61 
234 
198 
249 
117 
147 


139 
31 
43 
23 

122 
120 
52 


249 
61 
235 
204 
249 
117 
147 


139 
31 
43: 
23 
121 
120 
52 


249 
59 
231 
215 
258 
118 
148 


249 
59 
231 
215 
258 
118 
148 


249 
57 
231 
212 
25S 
118 
148 


249 
57 
231 
214 
258 
115 
148 


139 


44. Adamstowi 
4'i. Clay 


1 


,31 




43 




23 


47. Providence 
48 Eden 




V?l 




I'O 


49. Mount Joy, (Upper) 


52 


.50 West Donegal 


136 


115 


136 


115 


136 


115 


136 


115 


136 


136 


136 


136 


115 


51. Mount Joy, (Lower) 


101 


.39 


101 


.39 


104 


.39 


103 


39 


104 


104 


104 


104 


39 


52. Kapho, (S. S. H.) 


144 


22 


143 


22 


140 


''5 


140 


25 


138 


140 


140 


141 


2,5 


53. E. Donegal— Springville.. 


74 


35 


74 


35 


72 


.36 i 


72 


36! 


74 


73 


73 


73 


36 


51. Rapho, (iNewtown) 


111 


6 


111 


« 


110 


*l 


110 


6, 


111 


111 


110 


111 


6 


Total 




15313 


8570 


115304 


8572 


14993 


8674 ' 


15000 


86 


89! 


150 


33 


15069 


15065 


15036 


8761 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 
LANCASTER COUNTY, OCTOBER 13, 18G8. 



447 



Assembly. 


Associate 
Judge. 


District \ 
Attorn'' y. ' 


County 
ComvVr. 


Prison Inspectors. 


Directors of the 
Poor. 


Auditor. 
















: 

. 

» 

< 
n 

a, 




< 


^ 























M 

h 

< 


fi 

CO 

•a 


03 


(0 

a 




< 

n 


1- 
a 






n 


< 


5 
ni 


en 





B 




< 


>> 

.s 


1 

% 
a 


a 


5 





1 




+-1 


>3 

a 


P. 

a 


a 





d 




6 

bB 

u 





Ph 
>< 

M 


■a 
< 




to 


13 

a 

5* 


c 


C3 

< 
Q 

is 


&o 

s 




u 


a 


a 


w 


^ 





^ 


H 



i-i 









^ 


►^ 












•J 




1 


•240 


240 240 1 


282 


243 


260 


242 


284 


239 


282 


284 


240 


240 


284 


287 


239 


239 


287 


240 


210 


2081 2091 


243 


201 


229 


209 


245 


2091 


246 


244 


211 


209; 


245 


245 


209 


209 


240 


209 


208 


208, 208 


241 


207 


237 


206' 


241 


209 


242 


241 


20s 


208! 


241 


242 2(19 


208 


240 


208 


184 


185! 185! 


271 


183 


257 


183; 


264 


185! 


265 


265 


185 


185 1 


264 


265 


186 


185: 


2t)4 


186 


137 


137' 137 


118 


130 


126 


131 


121 


137 


122 


122 


136 


136; 


121 


113 


145 


137 


121 


137 


203 


2041 203' 


180 


204 


176 


202 


183 


203 


182 


182 


2u3 


2031 


182 


183 


203 


203 


lh3 


203 


255 


2561 255 


135 


256 


135 


255 


137 


254 


136 


136 1 255 


255 


136 


135 


255 


255 


137 


254 


358 


358 358; 


121 


358 


123 


356 


124 


358 


124 


124 357 


357 


121 


123 


361 


357 


124 


357 


223 


223 223 


184 


226 


178 


223 


187 


223 


186 


187 223 


223 


187 


189 


223 


222 

1 


187 


^ 


2018 


2019 2018 


1775 


2014 


1721 


2007 


1786 


2017 


1785 


1785 '201 8 2ul6 


1781 


1782 


2030*2015 


1789 


2017 


287 


287 1 284! 


299 


285 


293 


288 


304 


288 


305 


305 1 287 2871 


305 


305 


2871 287 


305 


286 


9d 


96; 96; 


95 


98 


93 


94 


90 


96 


90 


9u' 96 


96! 


90 


90 


96 96 


90 


96 


140 


1401 140! 


461 


142 


411 


139 1 


431 


140 


429 


4291 140 


1401 


430 


432 


1401 140 


432 


140 


51 


611 51 


127 


51 


125 


51 


127 


51 


127 


126; 51 


51 i 


126 


127 


51 51 


127 


51 


83 


84] 84 


144 


86' 


130 


84! 


114 


84! 


144 


144' 84 


86, 


143 


144 


84! 81 


144 


84 


208 


208, 208, 


375 


209 


367 


2081 


375 


2U8| 


375 


374 208 


208; 


374 


375 


208; 208 1 


375 


20s 


212 


206 206, 


556 


205 


523 


206 


553 


206' 


552 


551 206 


206 


552 


552 


206 206 


551 


200 


140 


1411 140 


249 


143: 


247 


130 


246 


140 


245 


245 139 


137 


232 


246 


139 138 


247 


140 


131 


131 131 


178 


131 


172 


131 


172 


131 


172 


172! 131 


ISl 


172 


172 


131 1 131 


172 


131 


156 


154 156! 


199 


154 


196 


156 


197 


156 


197 


1971 156 


156 


197 


197 


1561 150 


1 197 


156 


120 


1191 120 


252 


116 


245 


120 


247 


121 


249 


249 


120 


120 


249 


248 


121 120 


249 


120 


161 


157: 1571 


147 


160 


147 


158 


155 


157 


162 


155 


157 


156 


156 


156 


157 1 157 


156 


157 


222 


222! 222! 


133 


227 


127 


222 


133 


222 


132 


133 


222 


222 


133 


133 


222 222 


133 


222 


144 


144 


144 


207 


145: 


196 


147 


209 


144 


209 


209 


144 


144 


209 


209 


144 144 


209 


144 


211 


211 


212 


430 


211 


414 


212 


425 


212 


425 


425 


211 


212 1 


426 


425 


212 211 


425 


212 


259 


269 


259 


406 


252 


399 


259 


401 


259 


400 


4U0 


269 


259 


400 


400 


259! 259 


402 


257 


165 


165 1 165 1 


203 


165 


195 


165 


203 


165 


203 


203 


165 


165, 


203 


203 


165, 165 


203 


105 


191 


191 ! 191 


265 


195 


261 


191 


265 


191 


265 


266 


191 


191 1 


266 


266 


191 ! 191 


266 


191 


191 


191 


191 


154 


192 


155 


191 


155 


191 


155 


155 


191 


191 


155 


156 


191, 191 


155 


191 


112 


104 


104 


215 


108 


209 


106 


216 


105 


216 


216 


105 


105 


216 


216 


105; 105 


216 


105 


92 


92 


921 


284 


92 


281 


92 


287 


92 


286 


286 


92 


92 


286 


286 


92' 92 


287 


92 


183 


183 


183 


141 


186 


143 


185 


143 


185 


143 


143 


185 


185 


143 


143 


185 185 


143 


185 


87 


84! 871 


287 


90 


289 


89 


292 


89 


293 


293 


88 


88 


292 


293 


88! 89 


293 


88 


61 


61 61 


236 


61 


222 


61 


232 


61 


232 


232 


61 


I 61 


232 


231 


61 


61 


232 


01 


28 


28 28 


304 


28, 


296 


28 


302 


28 


304 


302 


28 


28 


304 


303 


28 


28 


304 


28 


57 


61 61 


324 


60 


324 


61 


329 


61 ' 


329 


329 


61 


61 


329 


329 


61 


01 


329 


61 


195 


1951 195 1 


186 


195 


188 


195 


190 


192: 


188 


188 


195 


195 


188 


188 


1951 195 


188 


195 


188 


188 i 188 


330 


183 


328 


187 


336 


188 


336 


333 


186 


188 


334 


337 


1881 188 


337 


188 


145 


145 145 


257 


145 i 


256 


145 


256 


145 


257 


256 


145 


145 


257 


257 


1451 145 


250 


145 


168 


168 1 168 


329 


176! 


327 


168 


316 


168 


347 


345 


167 


168 


347 


350 


168, 167 


348 


108 


107 


107 102 


336 


106 


319 


108 


330 


103 


332 


332 


107 


107 


331 


332 


1081 107 


332 


107 


62 


54 52, 


286 


50 


259 


54 


284 


52 


284 


282 


52 


54 


284 


284 


52! 52 


284 


52 


245 


245! 245: 


477 


248 


468 


245 


473 


245 


474 


474 


245 


245 


474 


474 


245 245 


474 


245 


69 


591 69, 


293 


58: 


295 


59 


296 


59 


295 


294 


59 


69 


295 


296 


59, 59 


296 


59 


62 


62 62' 


293 


62 


295 


62 


294 


62 


295 


295 


62 


62 


295 


295 


62 62 


295 


02 


178 


178' 178 


200 


174 


200 


173 


201 


178 


202 


199 


174 


173 


201 


201 


1871 177 


201 


178 


117 


117: 117 


367 


117 


347 


116 


354 


117 


354 


354 


117 


117 


354 


3M 


117 117 


354 


117 


168 


168, 168 


269 


172 


249 


168 


263 


168 


261 


261 


168 


168 


263 


2(i3 


108 168 


I 262 


168 


81 


80 79 


181 


78 


175 


79 


179 


81 


178 


178 


81 


1 81; 


179 


180 


81, 81 


1 178 


81 


38 


38 37 


144 


37 1 


139 


38 


143 


38 


143 


143 


38 


I 38 


143 


143 


38. 38 


1 143 


38 


53 


53 53 


391 


52 


368 


53 


388 


53 


388 


388 


53 


1 53 


387 


zm 


53 63 


I 388 


53 


150 


150 149 


207 


149 


203 


150 


206 


150 


206 


206 


150 


150 


206 


206 


150 150 


1 206 


150 


130 


130- 130 


279 


130 


257 


131 


274 


130 


271 


273 


130 


130 


274 


275 


130 130 


1 274 


130 


139 


1391 139 


252 


133 


246 


139 


249 


139 


219 


249 


139 


139, 


249 


249 


139 139 


, 249 


139 


31 


33 31 


64 


30 


54 


31 


58 


31 


59 


55 


31 


31 


57 


60 


31 31 


00 


31 


43 


43 43 


23G 


43 


229 


43 


232 


43 


232 


231 


43 


431 


933 


232 


43 43 


1 232 


43 
23 
121 
120 


23 


23 23 


214 


23 


212 


23 


215 


23 


215 


214 


23 


23! 


214 


215 


, U, 23 


i 215 


121 


121! 120 


268 


120 


252 


120 


258 


121 


25S 


25S 


121 


121 


258 


258 


121 121 


258 


120 


120 


120 


115 


120 


! 107 


120 


118 


120 


117 


118 


120 


120 


118 


118 


120 120 


I 118 
148 


52 


52 


52 


148 


52 


148 


52 


148 


52 


14.^ 


148 


52 


1 52 


148 


148 


52 52 


52 
115 
39 
25 
35 



115 


115 


115 


136 


115 


136 


115 


136 


115 


136 


136 


115 


! 115 


136 


136 


115 115 


'. vsc 


39 


39 


39 


104 


39 


104 


39 


104 


39 


101 


104 


39 


39 


104 


104 


39 39 


1 103 

14! 

73 

111 


25 


26 


25 


139 


26 


134 


26 


140 


26 


140 


140 


25 


25 


141 


1 141 


25 25 


3d 


34 


35 


73 


36 


73 


35 


73 


36 


73 


73 


3b 


1 36 


73 


i "^'^ 


36 36 


6 


b 


« 


110 


7 

8688 


110 


6 


110 


6 
8680 


111 
15071 


111 

15043 


6 


6 


111 

15054 


111 

1 


6 6 


8756 


8760 1 8749 


i 15100 


14744 8760 


t 15074 


8u75 8677 


15084 8C48 8077 


15091 8679 



448 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER 3, 1868. 

OFFICIAL VOTE OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 

The followinoc table shows the number of votes cast in each district : 



DISTRICTS. 



Lancaster — 1st Ward 

Do. 2d Ward 

Do. 3d Ward , 

Do. 4th Ward , 

Do. 5tli Ward 

Do. 6th Ward 

Do. 7th Ward 

Do. 8th Ward 

Do. 9th Ward 

City, total 

Adamstown 

Bart 

Brecknock 

Carnarvon 

Clay 

Cocalico, East 

Cocalico, West , 

Coleraln 

Columbia, 1st Ward 

Do. 2d Ward 

Do. 3d Ward 

Conestoga 

Conoy 

Donegal, E. — Maytown 

Do. Springville 

Donegal, West 

Drumore 

Earl , 

Earl, East 

Earl, West .. 

Eden 

Elizabeth 

Elizabethtown 

Ephrata 

Fulton 

Hempfleld, West 

Indiantown 

Lancaster township 

Lampeter, East 

Lampeter, West 

Leacock 

Leacock, Upper 

Little Britain 

Manheim borough 

Manheim township, 

Marietta 

Mart ic 

Millers ville , 

Mount Joy borough 

Mount Joy township — Ilpoer 
Mount Joy township — Lower 

Paradise 

Penn , 

Pequea 

Petersburg 

Providence 

Rapho, (S. S. H.) 

Rapho, (Newtown) 

Rohrersto wn 

Sadsbury 

Salisbury 

Strasburg borough 

Strasburg township 

Warwick 

Washington 

Total 

Republican Majority 



Whole Vote. 



Majorities. 



298 
262 
249 
298 
121 
195 
138 
133 
200 

1892 
61 
171 
156 
211 
243 
2ti9 
226 
137 
203 
274 
169 
334 
258 
174 
79 
137 
318 
476 
366 
295 
123 
139 
98 
362 
214 
495 
296 
151 
409 
305 
293 
287 
215 
400 
369 
437 
254 
358 
300 
154 
110 
276 
250 
223 
247 
2rf7 
147 
112 
181 
223 
558 
144 
294 
468 
187 



15,798 
8,509 



7,289 



231 
204 
204 
166 
145 
211 
254 
377 
221 

2013 

26 

139 

184 

146 

42 

146 

179 

228 

172 

184 

197 

59 

130 

131 

36 

114 

277 

138 

106 

47 

122 

62 

97 

190 

138 

246 

56 

41 

52 

27 

104 

114 

152 

209 

154 

232 

118 

96 

91 

48 

40 

171 

140 

15 

60 

117 

25 

4 

81 

102 

193 

87 

57 

191 

193 

8,509 



65 
58 
45 
132 



35 
32 

65 
201 
123 

47 

31 

90 

275 

128 

43 

43 

23 

41 

338 

2o0 

248 

1 

87 

1 

172 

76 

249 

240 

110 

357 

278 

189 

173 

63 

191 

215 

205 

136 

262 

209 

106 

70 

105 

110 

208 

187 

150 

122 

108 

100 

124 

365 

57 

237 

277 



7,563 
274 

7,289 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



449 



POST OFFICES IN LANCASTER COUNTY 



Adamstown. 

Akron. 

Bainbridge. 

Baievillc. 

Bart. 

Bartville. 

Beartown. 

Bellemonte. 

Bethesda. 

Biiikley's Bridge. 

Blue Ball. 

Bowmansville. 

Brickerville. 

Brunnei-ville. 

Buck. 

Buyerstown. 

Cains. 

Camargo. 

Cambridge. 

Chestnut Level. 

Christiana. 

Churchtown. 

Clonmell. 

■Cocalico. 

Colemanville. 

Cole rain. 

Columbia. 

Conestoga. 

Durlach. 

East Hempfield. 

Elizabeth. 

Enterprise. 



Ephrata. 

Falmouth. 

Farmersville. 

Fertility. 

Fulton House. 

Gap. 

Goodville . 

Gordouville. 

Goshen. 

Green Bank. 

Greene. 

Greenland . 

Groff's Store. 

Hempfield. 

Highville. 

Hinkletown. 

Intercourse. 

Kinzer's. 

Kirk's Mills. 

Kirkwood. 

Lampeter. 

Lancaster. 

Landis Valley. 

Landisville. 

Leacock. 

Leaman Place. 

Liberty Square. 

Lincoln. 

Litiz. 

Little Britain. 

Lyles. 



Manhcim. 

Manor. 

]\Iarictta. 

Marticville. 

Martinsville. 

Mastensonvillo. 

May. 

Maj-town. 

Mechanic's Grove. 

Millcrsville. 

Mi 11 way. 

Mount Hope. 

Mount Joy. 

Mount Nebo. 

Mountville. 

INIuddy Creek. 

Nefisville. 

New Danville. 

New Holland. 

New Providence. 

Nine Points. 

Oak Hill. 

Oak Shade. 

Octoraro. 

Old Line. 

Oregon. 

Paradise. 

Penn. 

Pequea, 

Peters' Creek. 

Pleasant Grove. 



Qiianyvillc. 

Kawlin.sville. 

Rcanistown. 

Reidenbach's Store. 

Ruinliold's Stiilion. 

Reinholdsville. 

Ri>thsvillc. 

Sate Harbor. 

Salisbury. 

Salunga. 

Schoeneck. 

Silver Spring. 

Slackwater. 

Smith ville. 

Smyrna. 

Soudersburg. 

South Hermitage. 

Sporting Hill. 

Spring Garden. 

Stevens. 

Stra.sburg. 

Swartzville. 

Terre Hill. 

Turkey IliU. 

Vogansville. 

Wakefield. 

West Earl. 

Wheatland Mills. 

White Oak. 

Willow Street. 

Wrightsdale. 



FIRE DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 

Union Steam Fire Engine and Forcing Hose Company, No. 1— organized August 
13, 1760. 

Suu Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 1— organized December 10, 17G3. 
Friendship Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 3— organized December 10, 1763. 
Washington Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 4— organized March 4, 1820. 
American Engine and Hose Company, No. 5— organized July 2, 1(536. 

Humane Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 6— organized , 1839. 

Shiftier Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 7— organized July 14, 1853. 
Empire Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1— organized June 9, 18")6. 

There are also Fire Companies at the following places: Columbia— (Columbia and 
Vigilant;) Marietta— (Pioneer;) Litiz, lilanheim, and Mountjoy. 

30 



450 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



DIVISION Y. 



EELIGIOUS, 



RELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF LANCASTER COUNTY, ACCORDING TO THE 
EIGHTH CENSUS, TAKEN IN 1860. 



Adventist 

Baptist 

Do. (Mennonite) 

Do. (Seventh Day).. 

Do. (Tunker) 

Do. (Winebrenner) 

Episcopal 

Friends 

German Refonned 

Lutheran 

Methodist 

Moravian 

Presbyterian 

Do. (United)... 

Roman Catholic 

Swedenborgian 

Union 



Total 220 



35 

1 



11 

15 

24 

60 

2 

19 

3 

4 

1 

15 



350 

2,500 

11,105 

1,000 

2,400 

2,500 

8,125 

2,650 

7,600 

12,250 

21,535 

600 
8,100 

950 
3,400 

250 
5,725 

86,040 



5s 



$ 120 

9,100 
42,300 
10,000 

6,050 
17,800 
49,800 
17,150 
71,350 
110,750 
133,375 

9,700 
81,600 

4,000 
55,000 

1,000 
88,300 

$657,395 



BAPTISTS. 
I. Mennonites. 

a. Old. "In 1709, several families from the Palatinate, descendants of tlie distressed 
Swiss Mennonites settled on Pequea creek. With this colony came Hans Herr, a Menno- 
nite minister, who dispensed to them the word of life. The Mennonites were of course the 
first regularly organized denomination in the county. Among their first ministers in 
this county, before 1725, were Hans Herr, Ulrich Breckbill, Hans Tschantz, Hans 
Burkholter, Christian Herr, Benedict Hirschi, Martin Bear, Johannes Bauman. They 
had been very numerous till about the year 1791, or '92, when a certain Martin Boehm 
and others made inroads upon them, and a considerable nmnber seceded and united 
themselves with the United Brethren or Vereinigte Brueder. They have about forty- 
five ministers in the county. These are divided into bishops and ordinary ministers." — 
Bupp. 

The Mennonites had in 1830 thirty-five meeting houses in the county. 
b. Reformed. 

A branch of the former which seceded under the leadership of John Herr on the 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 451 

ground of alleged departure from the purity of foiiner times. The secession or refor- 
mation began in 1811 (John Heir, in Rupp's lie Pasa Ekklesia, p. 503 s(|. i They liave 
bishops and ordinary ministers, 3 meeting houses and 8 or 10 other stated places in tho 
county. 
c. Ornish or Amish. 

They are sometimes called Hooker Mennonites, because they use hooks on their 
clothes instead of buttons, and are thus distinguished from another class called Button 
Mennonites. They settled in this county at an early date, and though (juite numerous 
in 1735, are now only feebly represented. They have 5 or G miuLstcrs. In doctrine 
they accept the Mennouite faith, but are more exclusive, and maintain greater simplicity 
of dress than other branches of the Mennonites. The name AmisJi, or Ornish is derived 
from Jacob Amen, of Amenthal, Switzerland, a rigid ^lennonite i>reacher of the seven- 
teenth century, (Sliem Zook, in Rupp's //e Pkmi Ekklenia, p. oGl.) They meet in private 
houses. 

II. Seventh Day Baptists. 

The history of this denomination has already been given in Division II. s. v. Ephratu, 
p. 354 sq. 

III. TUNKERS OR DUXKERS. 

They are German Baptists and call themselves '"Brethren." Prior to 1721 they 
settled in this county, formed a congregation ministered by Peter Becker. They have 
7 places for meeting in the county. 

IV. WiNEBREXNARIANS. 

"This denomination is of comparatively recent origin. The name of ^^ Church of 
God,''' was assumed by it about the year 1827 or '28. The church in the city was 
first gathered about the year 1820, under the ministry of the late Rev. John Elliott, 
who preached the gospel many years faithfully and with success, to an independent 
congregation in the city. After he left, the church declined, till about the year 1841, 
when the Rev. John Winebrenner, V. D. M., of Ilarrisburg, Rev'ds. Jacob Flake and Jo- 
seph Ross and others of the Eldership of the Church of God, held protracted meetings, 
when a number were revived and others awakened, and a deep interest manifested, and 
soon a congregation of one or two hundred was organized." — Hupp. 

This denomination has Church edifices at the foUoAviug places: Lancaster City, 
Washington Borough, Mount Joy, jMaytown, Bainbridge, Landisville, Smith ville and 
Elizabethtown, and an aggregate membership of 900. It publishes an organ, called the 
Church Advocate and a Sunday School paper called the Sunday School Gem, published 
by the Rev. E. H, Thomas, at Lancaster. 

EPISCOPALIAXS. 

3Iissionaries of the Church of England visited this county as early as 1717 or 1719. 

Rev. Mr. Backhouse, of Chester, Pennsylvania, in a letter to tlie Society for the Pro- 
pagation of the Gospel in London, reports a visit in 1720 to the people of Conestoga, 70 
miles back in the country (from Philadelphia.) 

The Rev. Mr. Lindsay visited Lancaster County about 1735. 

St. James's Church, Lancaster, was organized Oct. 3, 1744. Thomas Cookson and 
John Postlethwaite, Church Wardens, and Edward Smout, Daniel Sjmg, AVilliam 
Bristow, John Folke, Morgan Morgan and John Connelly, Vestrymen. 

At a meeting of the Vestry on April 15th, 1745, steps were taken for the ei-ection of 
a stone church. James Hamilton, Esq'r, granted a lot of ground; subscript i..ns 
amounting to £16G 9s. enabled the people to erect and roof the church, 44 feet ni length 
and 34 feet in breadth, about 1750. From 1744 to 1750 the Rev. Mr. Locke oflic.at«d 
at Lancaster. He was succeeded in 1751 by the Rev. George Craig, durmg whose rec- 
torship the church was finished in 1753, at an additional cost of £102 os. At this time 



452 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

congregations existed at Pequea, Carnarvon, Huntingdon and Carlisle. In 1755 the 
sum of £38 2s. 6d. wes expended on furniture of the church at Lancaster. 

The Rev. Tliomas Barton began his ministiy in 1759. He reports in that year 50 
communicants at Lancaster. In 1761 the people, by way of lottery, raised a consider- 
able sum of money, with which they afterwards built a steeple, erected galleries, bought 
ibells, and linished a stone wall round the church yard. The improvements were com- 
pleted in 1704. In 1765 the Vestry resolved that the minister should be entitled to a 
.'Surplice fee of five shillings for every grave dug in the church yard. 

For particulars concerning Mr. Barton, who left Lancaster in 1778, see page 387 sq. 

The ministry of Rev. Joseph Hutchins at St. James', Lancaster, covers the period of 
1783 — 1790. In 1791 the Rev. Elisha Rigg became minister, and continued his labors 
until 1799, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Joseph Clarkson, whose connection with 
the Parish continued until January 35, 1830, when he departed this life. 

In 1830 an arrangement was entered into by the congregations of St. James's, Lan- 
'caster, St. John's, Pequea, and Christ Church, Leacock, for the joint service of two 
clergymen in said three churches. 

On October 15, 1830, the present edifice of St. James's Church, Lancaster, was conse- 
crated by the Rt. Rev. William White, D. D., Bishop of Pennsylvania. He preached 
the consecration sermon from Ps. 96,9: "0 worship the Lord in the beauty of holiness. ' ' 

On Dec. 1, 1830, the Rev. William Muhlenberg entered upon his office of Go-Rector 
of St. James' Church, agreeing to officiate three Sundays in every month at Lancaster, 
and on one Sunday at St. John's, Pequea. This connection continued until June 1836, 
■when he resigned. 

The Rev. L. S. Ives was Co-Rector of St. James's Church from October 1836 to Sept. 
25, 1837. In his place was elected, on Sept. 37, 1837, the Rev. Samuel Bovmian, for 
particulars of whose ministry, which terminated after his elevation to the Episcopate 
and with his death, on Aug. 3, 1860, see page 389, sq. 

The present Rector, Rev. J. I. Mombert, D. D., was elected Associate Rector, May 
23, 1859, and Rector Aug. 30, 1861. 

During Bishop Bowman's pastorate, St. John's Free Church, the Orphan Asylum, 
Sunday School House and Parsonage were erected; and under that of the present, the 
Parsonage and Orphans' Asylum were enlarged, the present edifice for the Church 
Home secured, and St. James Chapel built, the latter at an expenditure of upwards of 
$6,000, all paid for. 

EPISCOPAL CHURCHES IN LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Lancaster City, St. James' Church, St. John's Church, St. James' Chapel; ChurcJi- 
toicn, Bangor Church; Leacock, Christ Church; Paradise, All Saints'; Columbia, St. 
Paul's Church; Marietta, St. John's Church; Mount Hope, Hope Church; Gap Mines, 
Grace Church. A new Church enterprise has been started at Manheim. Aggregate 
number of commvmicants reported in 1868, 517. Estimated number of worshippers, 
2,500. 

EVANGELICxVL ASSOCIATION. 

This sect, sometimes called "Albrechtsleute, " originated in this county about 1800, 
and was founded by Jacob Albrecht, a native of Berks County, who settled in Earl 
township prior to 1800. They have several places of worship in the county. 

FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. 

They were numerous in the county as early as 1735-1730. In 1739 they numbered 
not less than 1000 families; at present they have only 11 meetinghouses, with an aggre- 
gate accommodation for 2650 persons. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 453 

GERMAN REFORMED. 1 

The German Reformed congregatit)n in Lancaster, organized in ITHf), had ah-cady 
attained considerable strengtli at the time when Schhitter [arrived; for here, in 1747, 
he administered the Holy Snpper to 225 persons, the majority of whom, it is fair to 
suppose, were members of the Reformed Church. There was a small congi-cgation also 
at Seltenreich's, two miles south of New Holland; another at ]\r<)dcncreek, ^1743), 
another at Cocalico, (1730); and still another at Donegal. Besides tliese, it is probable 
that there existed in other parts the nuclei of congregations not yet organized. Such 
was the condition of the German Reformed Church in Lancaster County, in 174(;. when 
Schlatter arrived in America. 

The Rev. Michael Schlatter, of St. Gall, Switzerland, was sent to Pennsylvania, 
charged to visit the destitute Germans, of the Reformed faith, preach the Gosjiel and 
administer the Sacraments, organize the people at suitable points into congregations, 
settle ministers and consummate the work by the organization of the Coetus. Reach- 
ing Philadelphia September 6, 1746, he immediately entered upon his work. Already, 
on the 23d of the same month, we find him in Lancaster; and from that time he made 
frequent and often laborious journeys through this county. Wherever he went, ho 
preached with great acceptance to the people, baptized their children and administered 
the Holy Communion. He formed neighboring congregations into pastoral charges, 
and united them more closely with one another and with the mother Church in the 
Fatherland, so that by mutual co-operation, the infant Church might be more tinnly 
established and more readily supplied with such aid as it needed in its weak, scattered 
and destitute condition. It is to Schlatter, that the German Refoimed Cluu-ch in Lan- 
caster county owes, not indeed its existence, but its regular organization. 

The mother congregation in the city was organized in 1736, and its first stated pastor 
was the Rev. John Jacob Hock. Prior to that time there was no church edifice, but on 
Whitsuntide of this year a iiew log-church was consecrated, amid the rejoicings of the 
people. Mr. Hock served the congregation sixteen months; but whether his ministry 
terminated by death or removal, is unknown. The second pastor was the Rev. Cdsper 
Lewis ScJuutrr, whose ministry extends from November, 1744 to ^farch, 1746. He 
appears to have, been unworthy of his calling; for, having been charged with several 
misdemeanors while at Lancaster, he was tried, found guilty and punished. His later 
history is unknown. During the vacancy thus created, the Reo. John Reiycr, preached 
as a supply. He was a native of the Palatinate; but, emigrating to America in 1731, 
he settled in Lancaster. His field of labor lay rather in the country than in the town; 
but, at the time of Schlatter's first visit, he was preaching for the congregation in Lan- 
caster. Certain difficulties having sprung up between him and the Church, Sddatter 
used his best endeavors to heal them. The people were unanimous in securing a stated 
minister; and JSIr. Reiger, himself deeming this best, withdrew. He continufd to reside 
in Lancaster, where he died March 11, 1769, and was buried near the south-wi-st corner 
of the First German Reformed Church. The vacant congregation urged Schlatter to 
obtain a minister for them from Holland. Li answer to this call, the Synod of Holland 
sent two ministers i)i 1748, one of whom, the Rev. John Jacob Jlochrcutner, a native of 
St. Gall, Switzerland, preached at Lancaster with great acceptance and was immedi- 
ately called by the congregation to become its pastor. He accepted the call, and it was 
approved and confirmed by the Synod; but, by a mysterious Providence, he never en- 
tered upon his field of labor. When all the arrangements for his journey from Phila- 
delphia to Lancaster were made, and his horse stood in readiness for him at the door, 
he was suddenly prostrated in death by the explosion of a gun from which he was endea- 
voring to extract the load. The whole Church, as well as the cc)ngregation at Lancas- 
ter, was deeply affected by this sad event. 

1 c;ontributecl by Rev. F. A. Ua^t. 



454 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

Thus disappointed iu its hopes, the Church continued vacant till January, 1750, when 
the Bev. Ludicig Ferdinand Vock, became the pastor. His ministry, however, was short. 
Owing to some dissatisfaction, the relation between him and the congregation was dis- 
solved at the end of the year. 

He was succeeded by the Bev. William Otterbein, a native of Dillenburg, in Nassau, 
Germany, who was induced by Schlatter to become a missionary to the destitute Gemian 
Churches in America. Full of vigor and holy zeal, he entered upon his pastoral duties 
in August, 1752. "Under his ministry, the old small wooden church, which stood in the 
back part of the graveyard, was superseded by a massive stone church, at the street, 
which was built in 1753 and only taken down in 1852, having stood almost a century. 
Internally, the congregation greatly i^rospered. Evidences of his order and zeal look 
out iipon us from the records in many ways; and enterprises, started in his time, have 
extended their results, in the permanent features of the congregation, down to this 
day." He resigned his charge at the close of 1758, with the intention of visiting his 
native land.l The congregation then extended a call to the Bev. Dr. William Stay, 
who was one of the six ministers brought by Schlatter to this country in 1752. He 
began his ministry at Lancaster iu October, 1758, and continued his labors with consid- 
erable vigor and enterprise till January, 1763. In January, 1765, the Bev. William- 
Hendel, D. D., became pastor of the congregation, and served it with zeal, piety and 
faithfulness till September, 1769. He was followed by the Bev. Charles Lewis BoeJime, 
whose ministry at Lancaster ended July, 1775. After a vacancy of six months, the 
Bev. John Albert Helfenstein became the pastor. Mr. Helfenstein sprang from a family 
in which the ministry has had an uninterrupted succession from the Keformation to the 
present time. He was born in the Palatinate, Germany, 1748. Having finished his 
studies at the University of Heidelberg, and resolved to devote himself as a missionary 
among his brethren in the New World, he came to America in 1772, under the care of 
the Synod of Holland, and settled as pastor of the Germantown charge, near Philadel- 
phia. After laboring here with marked success for about three years, he received a call 
from the congregation at Liincaster, which, after due consideration, he resolved to accept. 
In January, 1776, he entered upon the duties of his new charge, in which he continued 
till July, 1779. "During his ministry at Lancaster, the captive Hessians of Trenton 
were barracked in that town, and it became his duty frequently to preach to them. ' ' 

After Mr. Helfenstein resigned, the Bev. John Theobald Faber was called to the 
charge, in which he continued from September 1779 to September 1782. It appeal's 
that his ministry was successful, and the records of baptisms and confirmations show 
that he performed a large amount of ministerial duty. In September 1782, the same 
month in which Mr. Faber left. Dr. Hendel, iu answer to a second call, removed again 
to Lancaster, returning with his former learning, eloquence, zeal and piety. The 
second term of his ministry in the congregation continued twelve years, and they were 
years of unusual spiritual prosperity to the Church. Dr. Hendel was succeeded by 
the Bev. Dr. Christian Becker, who entered ui:>on his pastoral duties in March 1795 and 
continued in the discharge of them till June 1806, when he removed to Baltimore. He 
was a man of extensive learning and great dignity of character, and commanded the 
universal respect of the community. The Ber>. John Henry Hoffmeier, born at Anhalt- 
Koethen, Germany, and educated at Halle, came to America in 1793 and became the 
pastor of the Lancaster congregation in 1806. His ministry extended through a quarter 
of a century. It was during this jjeriod that the question of English preaching was 
first agitated. Previously the Church ministrations were all conducted in the Gemran 
language; but the congregation, rapidly becoming English, demanded that part of the 

1 William Otterbein, in conjunction with Martin Boehm, is said to have founded the sect called the 
United Brethren in Christ, or Vereinigte Brueder, but I am assured by the present pastor of the First 
Eeformed Church that he never seceded, but died in the communion of the German Keformed Church. 

J. I. IMOMBERT. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 455 

services should be held in English. Mr. Iloffmcier, in consequence of dissatisfaction, 
resigned his charge. He died IVIarch 18, 1838, and lies buried at the Church whidi ho 
so long and faithfully served. A handsome niar1)le slab, adorning the interior of the 
Church, perpetuates his memory. The Rev. Martin. Bniner wati calle<l in 18:32, and 
labored in the congregation till 1838. At the commencement of his ministry the Sunday 
School was organized. liev. George W. Glessner became pastor in 1840. After a suc- 
cessful ministry of seven years, he resigned, and was succeeded in 1847 by the Hep. 
Nathaniel A. Keyes. Difficulties springing from the Gennan <iucsfion, end)arrassL'd 
the ministry of this faithful and pious pastor, in consequence of which, lie with a mi- 
nority of his congregation, went out and organized St. PauVs German Reformed 
Churcli. In the spring of 1850, the Rev. Dr. Henry Ilnrbavgh became pastor of the 
Mother Church. His ministry of ten years and a half was attended with signal succes.s. 
In 1852, the old Church was removed and the present handsome edifice erected. Besides 
the great amount of literary laljor performed by Dr. Harbaugh, the records bear testi- 
mony to his fidelity to his pastoral duties. During his ministry at Lancaster he bap- 
tized 420 infants and added 251 to the Church by the rite of Confirmation. Dr. Har- 
baugh was succeeded by the present pastor of the congregation, the Rev. Amos IF. 
Kremer, who, after a ministry of fifteen years and a half at Carlisle, accepted a call 
from the Lancaster Church and was installed April 21, 1861. During these eight years 
he has received into the Church by Baptism 307, and by Confirmation 263. The Sab- 
bath School numbers 366 scholars, and the congregation, through his efficient .services, 
is in a prosperous condition. 

St. Paul's German Refonned Church, as already stated, was organized during the 
ministry of the Rev. Nathaniel A. Keyes. In January 1850, after a long struggle grow- 
ing out of the German question, more than 100 members of the mother congregation 
withdrew, requesting certificates of dismission, which the Church was directed by the 
Lebanon Classis, under whose jurisdiction it stood, to grant to all who might desire 
them with a view to organizing themselves into an English Gennan Refonned Church. 
A division of the Church property was efl:ected and the new organization completed. 
For a time worship was held in the old Franklin College building; but vigorous meas- 
ures were at once taken for the erection of a new Church edifice. A lot was purchased, 
and in Nov. 1851, the Church at the South-west corner of Orange and Duke streets 
■was consecrated to God. Mr. Keyes was pastor of the congregation till October, 1855. 
He was succeeded by the Rev. Isaac 8. JDemund, whose ministry iu the congregation 
extended from April 1856 to April 1864. After a vacancy of half a year, a call was 
given to the Rev. Henry Mosser, who accepted it and retained his connection with the 
congregation as pastor till March, 1866. Tlie present pastor, the Rev. Edwin H. Nevin, 
after preaching as a supply for six months, entered upon his past<iral duties in April 
1868. The congregation having at the time of its organization about 110 members, 
now numbers more than 200. 

This denomination has churches at the following places: Lancaster 3, (First. St. 
Paul's and College Chapel), Millersville, Roherstown, Conestoga Centre, Columbia. 
Elizabethtown, Maytown, Bainbridge, New Providence, Quarryville, New Holland. 
Seltenreich'.s, Heller's, Manheim, Rapho, Petersburg, New Haven, Bethany, Ephrata. 
White Oak, Brickerville, Reamstown, Swamp, Vogansville, Centre and Modencreek; it 
has 13 ministers, and 2,362 Church members. 

JEWS. 

The Jews have a handsome synagogue at Lancaster, which was consecrated Septem- 
ber 13, 1867. 

LUTHERANS. 

Among the German immigrants to this county prior to 1730 were many Lutherans. 
Simultaneously with the building of Lancaster is the planting of Hie parent congrega- 



456 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

tion, Trinity church. As early as 1730 the Rev. John Christian Shultze did missionary 
work here. An organized congregation existed in 1783. The Rev. John Casper 
Stoever was pastor from 1736 to 1739; the lirst church, situate between the present ediiice 
and the parsonage, was consecrated Oct. 28, 1738. It had a steciile and bells and was 
furnished with an organ in 1744. From 1739 to 1748 the congregation was served by 
several ministers, and sorely tried during the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Nyberg, a 
Swedish Lutheran, from 1744 to 1748. In that year the Rev. I. F. Handschuh took 
charge of Trinity church and reinained its pastor until 1751. A Lutheran congregation 
existed at Earltown (New Holland) in 1748. The Rev. Messrs. Wagner, Engeland and 
Wortmann served Trinity church from 1751 to 1753, when the Rev. John Siegfried 
Gerok entered upon a long and useful pastorate which lasted until March 29, 1767. 
During his connection with the congregation the present edifice was erected, the cor- 
ner stone was laid May 18, 17G1, and the building was dedicated May 4, 1766. Rev. 
Dr. Muhlenberg, Mr. Schultz and others rendered occasional service until the arrival in 
1769 of Rev. Dr. Ilelmuth, whose earnest and faithful pastorate continued until 1779. 
He was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. G. H. E. Muhlenberg, (whose memoir will be found 
in Div. III.) whose indefatigable and noble work of twenty-five years' faithful minis- 
trations is a bright page in the annals of the church he served. During his ministry, 
the handsome steeple which crowns the i>resent edifice, was erected. It was begun in 
the autumn of 1785, and after sundry interruptions, comjileted December 8, 1794. Its- 
height is 195 feet. 

President Wharton was interred in Trinity church with military honors in 1778, and 
Governor Mifflin in front of the church, January 22, 1800, immediately under the mural 
tablet with the inscription : 

"In perpetuation of the memory of Thomas Mifflin, Esq'r, Major General of the 
Revolutionary Army of the United States and Governor of the State of Pennsylvania. 
A distinguished Patriot and zealous Friend of Liberty. Died January, 1800." 

Rev. Dr. Endress succeeded Dr. Muhlenberg and tenninated his ministry of thirty 
years, after a faithful pastorate of twelve years at Lancaster. The new German Zion's 
church was erected during his pastorate, and preaching in the English language was 
introduced by him. After Dr. Endress' decease in 1827, the pastorate devolved on the 
Rev. Dr. Baker (commemorated in Division III,) who from 1828 to 1853 went in and out 
among his people, and to his energy the church is indebted for the Sunday School. The 
beginning of St. .John's Lutheran church also was made in his ministry by the estab- 
lishment of a branch Sunday School in 1852. In 1853 the Rev. G. F. Krotel was elected 
pastor and continued his relations to the church until 1861. During his ministry the 
renovation and rededication (May 21, 1854,) of Trinity church took j^lace, St. John's 
Lutheran church was built, and a branch Sunday School was opened in James street. 
The centenary jubilee took place May 19, 1861. Rev. Dr. Coni-ad was pastor from 1863 
to 1864, Rev. Samuel Laird from 1864 to 1867, and was succeeded by the present pastor^ 
Rev. Dr. Greenwald, May 1, 1867, through whose instrumentality a new Sunday School 
building has been erected in West King street. 

LUTHERAN CHURCHES IN LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Lancaster City, Trinity, Zion's and St. John's; Strasdiirg, St. Michael's; also at the 
following iilaces: MillersTiUe, ElizahctJitown, Mount Joy, Mechanicsburg, New Holland, 
Columbia (two congregations), Conestoga Centre, ninkletoicn (four churches at and near 
this place), Eplirata (four churches at and near this place), Bainbridge, Maytoicn, Brick- 
ersville, Manheim and Petersburg. Aggregate membership about 6,000. 

METHODISTS. 

In 1781 Methodist ministers first visited the county. The Lancaster Circuit was 
formed in 1 782 and the Rev. William Partridge appointed minister. About 1805 or 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 457 

1806 the Rev. Isaac Gruber pvoatlied occasionally at Lancaster. The lirst re<,'nhir service 
was conducted in 1807 by the Rev. Henry Boelnn. in the house of Philii) Benedict. 
Lancaster was made a regular charge in 1839, since which period regular niiinsters Imve 
been stationed here. 

The Methodists have places of worship in the following localities: Laiica.ster (two— 
respectively known as the First Methodist Church and St. Paul's ^l. E. Church i, Safe 
Harbor and ]\Lanor, Columbia, ]\Larietta and Maytown, Mount Joy, Bainbridge and Fal- 
mouth, Fulton, Mount Nebo, Strasburg, Enterprise and Conestoga. Aggregate num- 
ber of members in 1869, 2122. 

"Henry Beam or Boelim was born in 1775. His grandfather emigrated from the 
Palatinate in 171o. His father, JIartin Boehm, was a minister of the Mennonite Society 
and elected a full minister or Bishop in 175.1. He used to complain of the absence of 
vital godliness in his society. He happened to visit the Shenandoah valley, which wa.s 
then called New Virginia. There he met with people called "New Lights," supposed 
to be remnants of the followers of Wicklift'e. Their preachers proclaimed the Gospel 
with much spirit and power. "When his father returned home he brought some of their 
fire with him. Some complaints were made against him by his old brethern, and com- 
mittee after committee was appointed to investigate his case and at last he was deposed 
because he 'mixed with people of a strange tongue.' He, however, still continued to 
preach the Gospel, and soon after the Methodists came into the neighborhood, with 
Avhom he joined. 

"Boehm's Chapel, the first Methodist Chui-ch in Lancaster county, was built in 1790. 
He himself went to where Columbia now stands to fetch lumber to build it. There was 
then no town there. The place was called Wright's Ferry. 

"In 1807 he organized the first Methodist Society in Lancaster, in the house of Philip 
Benedict. At that time Lancaster did not extend further north than where the ^letho- 
dist Church now stands, south to Vine street, and on the west to tlie intersection of 
Columbia and Manor turnpikes. In going from Lancaster to Columbia there was much 
ground lying common and not fenced in." 

MORAVIANS. 

The Moravians, or United Brethern, have congregations at Lancaster and Litiz. For 
an account of their establishment in the county see page 380 .sq. 

In 1742 Count Zinzendorf visited Lancaster. In 174(5 a Moravian Provincial Coun- 
cil was held at Lancaster. 

' ' In the first quarter of the eighteenth century (in the year 1722), the Moravian Church 
was renewed in Saxony, by the descendants of the ancient "Unitas Fratum,'' who im- 
migrated to that country from ]\roravia — hence the present name of tlie church, and 
found an asylum on the estate of Count Zinzendorf. 

They introduced the discipline of their fathers and received the ancient episcopate, 
which had been carefully preserved in the event of the renewal of the church. 

In the year 1735 the first colony came to America. Tiiey formed permanent settle- 
ments at Nazareth and Bethlehem, Northampton county. Pa. 

In 1745 a congregation was organized in Lancaster by Bishop Spangenberg. In 1746 a 
church and school house were built on the corner of Orange street, and what is now called 
Market street, between North Queen and Prince streets. The school house, which, 
also formed the parsonage till 1849, when a new one was built, still stands. The 
church, which stood for nearly three quarters of a century, was taken down in 1820 
and the present edifice was erected. 

In 1868 extensive alterations were made. The galleries were removed, the building 
was enlarged, a central reflector for lighting was introduced, and many other improve- 
ments were made. The present ninnberof communicants is 221 and tiie total member- 
ship under pastoral care 351. 



458 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The following pastors have served the congregation: 1747, Rev. Leonard Schnell; 
1748, Rev. Abraham Reinke; 1751, Rev. George Neisser; 1753, Rev. Christian Ranch; ^ 
1754, Rev. Otto Krogstrup; 1755, Rev. Christian Bader; 1756, Rev. Christian Rus- 
myer; 1757, Rev. Charles G Rundt; 1759, Rev. Christian Bader; 1762, Rev. Christian 
Rusmyer; 1766, Rev. Andrew Langgaard; 1778, Rev. Otto Krogstrup; 1785, Rev. Lud- 
wig F. Boehler; 1786, Rev. John Herbst; 1791, Rev. Abraham Reinke; 1795, Rev Lud- 
wig Huebner; ISOO, Rev. John Martin Beck; 1803, Rev. Abraham Reinke; 1810, Rev. 
Constantine Miller; 1819, Rev. Samuel Reinke;* 1823, Rev. Peter WoUe;* 1826, Rev. 
John G. Herman;* 1829, Rev. Rev. Charles F. Reichel; 1834, Rev. Charles A. Van- 
vleck; 1835, Rev. Samuel Reinke;* 1839, Rev. George F. Bahnson;* 1849, Rev. Robert 
de Schweinitz; 1853, Rev. Henry A. Shultz;* 1855, Rev. Lewis F. Kampman; 1858, 
Rev. Joseph H. Kummer; 1862, Rev. Edwin T. Senseman; 1864, Rev. David Bigler,* 
Epis. Frat.l 

*This mark denotes that the clergymen to whose names it is attached have become Bishops. 

PRESBYTERIANS.2 

The Presbytei-ian Church of Lancaster was founded in 1763. The names of the orig- 
inators, as far as can now be ascertained, were Edward Shi ppen, Esq., Dr. Robert Boyd, 
William White, Henry Helm, Charles Hall, Samuel Boyd, William Montgomery, Wil- 
liam Ross and Judge Yeates. 

William White and Henry Helm were the tirst Ruling Elders. The congregation 
worshipped first in the Court House, then situated in Centre Square. 

The first Pastor of the Church was the Rev. John WoodhuU, called in 1769. Only 
one-third of the time of the Pastor was given to Lancaster, the remainder being 
devoted to the neighboring Church of Leacock, at that time much more fiourishing 
than its sister Church of Lancaster. 

The first Church edifice was finished in 1770 or '71. In 1770 the Church obtained 
leave of Synod to place itself under the New Castle Presbytery. 

The Pastorate of Mr. Woodhull continued about ten years. 

In 1780, the three Presbyterian Churches of Leacock, Lancaster and Middle Octoraro 
imited in calling Mr. Nathaniel W. Sample. The call was accepted in August of next 
year, and Mr. Sample was ordained and installed in December, 1781. This pastoral 
relation continued unchanged for 40 years, the Lancaster Church as before having but 
one-third of the time of the Sabbath ministrations, and probably not so large a pro- 
portion of the pastoral labors, as the Pastor lived all this time within the bounds of • 
the other churches. 

Mr. Sample demitted his charge in September 1821. During his ministry the Church 
seems to have made considerable advancement. In 1804 the Church was incorporated 
through the enterprise of a very eflicient Board of Trustees. In 1820 the Church edifice 
was somewhat enlarged and improved. 

The Rev. Wm. Ashmead succeeded Mr. Sample in the pastoral charge of the Church 
at Lancaster in 1821. At that date the Church was sufficiently large to demand the 
entire services and sufficiently wealthy to be able to pay a salary of $1,000 a year. A 
very liberal salary for that time. 

Mr. Ashmead was ordained and installed by the Presbytery of New Castle on the 
evening of September 26, 1821. His connection with the Church was dissolved on the 
7th of April, 1829, owing to continued ill-health. 

The Rev. Richard W. Dickinson was installed as the successor of Mr. Ashmead on 
Monday evening, October 26, 1829. 

Rev. John T. JNIarshall Davie was installed as the next Pastor of the Church, Janu- 

1 Communicated by Rt. Kev. David Bigler. 

2 Drawn up by Kev. George Robinson, chiefly from a MS. Sermon by the late Rev. \V. Powell. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 459 

ary 31, 1834, and remained about six years. In l>i41, tlie Rev. .lolm McNair was 
called to the pastorate and on the 1st of June installed by the Presbytery of New 
Castle. Under Dr. McNair's ministry the edifice now standinfj was built and dedi- 
cated to the worship of God on May 11, 1851. In the followin<r Uetobcr. after t«n 
years' service, and against strong solicitation, the pastoral relation was (lissolved— 
not by the New Castle Presbytery, but by the Donegal, which had again come 
into existence, and within whose limits the Church of Lancaster then was and con- 
tinues to be. 

Soon after the completion of the hcmse of worship, there was unhappily a division of 
the church, and the formation of what was calleil the Second Prcsl)ytcrian C'inirch of 
Lancaster. This branch called the Rev. Alfred Nevin whose pastorate continued about 
four and a half years. 

The First Church, as the old society came to be called after the division, called the 
Rev. J. Abeel Baldwin, who was installed over it on Tuesday evening, October 28, 1852, 
and continued his ministry initil April 8, 18o6. 

On the 9th of July, 1857, Mr. Walter Powell was ordained and installed as i)astor of 
the First Church. During the early part of his ministry the breach between the two 
branches was healed, and the struggle to maintain sei)arate existence was hai)pily 
brought to an end in 1858. The pecuniary embarrassments which had greatly hampered 
the churches in their separate existences were gradually removed. Tlie debt on the 
church edifice was paid. In 18(j4 a comfortable house was jjurchased for tlie free use 
of the pastor and family, and the church edifice, chiefly through the exertions of the 
ladies of the church, was put into a better state of repair. 

During the summer of 1867, the health of Mr. Powell, which for some time had been 
impaired, became so much reduced as to render it impossible for him to perfonn the 
arduous duties which were incumbent upon him. The congregation with commendable 
liberality granted him a six mouths' leave of absence, but the respite came too late. 
His disea.se, which was of an insidious character, gradually sajiped his strength until, 
on .Tan. 23, 1868, his Master, whom he had so faithfully served, released him from all 
earthly labors. 

After a vacancy of several months a call was extended to Mr. George Robinson, and 
by him accepted. On the evening of Sept. 8, 1808, Mr. Robinson was ordained and in- 
stalled over this church. Present membership, 255. 

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES IN LANCASTER COUNTY WITH DATES OF THEIR ORGAMZ.\TIOX. 

« Donegal, 1722; Pequea, 1724; Middle Octoraro (Bart), about 1727; Chestnut Level, 
unknown; Leacock, about 1741; Little Britain, imknown; Lancaster, 1763; Columbia, 
1807; Coleraine, 1816; Marietta, 1832; Bellevue, 1832; Strasburg, 1832; Mount Joy, 

1839; Cedar Grove, 1839; Mount Nebo, 1858; Carnarvon, ; Free Presbj-tcrian 

Church of Colerain (Octoraro), . 

THE ROMAN CATHOLICS.i 

Tlie Catholics of Lancaster County, were first organized in 1740. Tlie fii-st Church. 
St. Mary's, was built in 1745, destroyed by fire in 1760, and rebuilt in 1762. The Ger- 
man and English speaking Catholics worshipped together until 1850: when the congre- 
gation had been so largely increased, that it became necessary to build a larger Cliurch; 
the Gennan portion withdrew, and selected a site in tlie south-western part of the City, 
and erected a fine building, under the patronage of St. Jo.seph; that church, owing to the 
increase of the congregation, now requires enlargement. Those who still worshipped 
in the old church, soon found it necessary to erect a larger building also, the foun- 
dation of the present edifice was laid in 1852, and the church dedicated in 185(5. In 
January, 1867, a fire in the basement, supposed to liave been occasioned, owing to .some 
1 Contributed by Mr. Peter McConomy. 



460 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

defect in the flues of the heater, damaged the church considerably, and owing to the 
defective framing of the roof, it became necessary to remodel the entire church which 
was re-dedicated on Sunday, May 3d, 1868. The archives of St. Mary's Church, ex- 
hibit the names of the following Clergymen, who served as Pastors: Fathers Molineaux, 
Farmer, Schnider, Pellentz, Ailing, Brosius, Hellron, Rosseller, Stafford, Geisler, Homm, 
Mongrand, Fitzsimmons, Lewermond, Janin and Entzcn, from 1740 to 1802; in the 
latter year, the Rev. Dr. Egan, and the Very Reverend Louis De Earth were stationed 
at Lancaster. The former was transferred to St. ^Mary's Church, Philadelphia, in 1806; 
and in 1808, the Diocese of Philadelphia was formed, which then comprised the States 
of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. The Rev. Dr. Egan was appointed the 
first Bishop of Philadelphia. He died the 22d of July, 1814. His former associate in 
Lancaster, the Very Reverend De Barth, was appointed Administrator of the Diocese, 
after the Bishop's decease. 

Their successors in the Pastorate of St. Mary's Church, Lancaster, were the Rev. I. 
Beschter, S. J., Rev. Mr. Byrn, the Rev. Schenfelder, Rev. J. J. Holland, succeeded by 
the Rev. B. Keenan, who still survives, and although time has made its marks, he still 
possesses considerable elasticity of spirits, and regularly officiates at the Altar. He is 
the oldest priest in the Diocese, and ministered to the spiritual wants of the Catholics 
of Lancaster for nearly half a century, having assumed the duties of liis charge in 1823. 
Tlie Pastors of Lancaster attended, in former times, to the Missions of Milton, Sun- 
bury, Harrisburg, Lebanon, Colebrook, Elizabethtown and Columbia. The old stone 
church, built in 1762, is still in excellent preservation, though wearing the unmistaka- 
ble mark of old Father Time. It was used for divine service in 1867, after the fire had 
occurred, until the repairs on the new church were finished. 

It is interesting to look back over the early history of the Catholic Church in Lan- 
caster, to recall the zeal and devotion of its forefathers in tlie cause of Religion. It is 
recorded that during the building of the old stone church, the women of the congrega- 
tion came daily to mix the mortar, while the men gathered the stone from the adjoin- 
ing farmers, and carried them to the site of the building, where they assisted in the 
erection of the edifice, considered, at that period, a very fine and commodious church. 

The Catholic churches in the County, exclusive of those in the City, are St. Peter's 
and Holy Trinity, of Columbia; St. Peter's, of Elizabethtown, and St. Catherine's, of 
Drumore township. 

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH.i 

Universally styled, by the members thereof, the ^'■Nero Church," as contradistin- 
guished from all other christian denoini nations, which they collectively regard as the 
'■'Old Chvxrch;" but by the world in general better knowai perhaps as Swedenborgians. 
There has not been a period since the year 1765 when there has not resided within the 
limits of Lancaster city and county one or more receivers of the doctrines of this church, 
as revealed through the writings of Swedenborg; yet owing to their paucity of num- 
bers, during the long interval between the above date and the present time, and the 
absence of all attempts at prosel}i;ism, their very existence has almost been unknoAvn 
to the mass of the jjopulation. 

Baron Henry Von Buelow, a German nobleman, and a native of Pi-ussia, who in his 
early years had adopted the military profession, visited America in 1765, and sj)ent 
some time in Lancaster. He had some time previously embraced the peculiar views of 
Emanuel Swedenborg, and with a view to the dissemination of those doctrines, had 
brought with him from Euro^je a number of works, containing them, for gratuitous dis- 
tribution and for sale. 

About the same period, William Reichenbach, a native of Saxony, and a man of 

1 Contributed by Mr. S. S. Rathvon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTV. 4G1 

classical attainments, left his native country, antl innnediatcly on his arrival in Lan- 
caster was appointed professor of niathcniatics and (u'rnian literatnre in Franklin 
College. This college was located on North Queen street near James, and tht- l»uilding 
during the Revolutionary War had been used as '-Barracks"' for tlie accommodation of 
soldiers. Afterwards it was known as tlie "Old Store House," and more recently as 
"Franklin Row;" it is now occupied by live or six funulies of some of our most wortliy 
fellow citizens as tlieir private residence. 

Through the teaching of Von Buelow, Reichenbach became a receiver of the Doc- 
trines of the New Church and avowed them openly. He aftenvards wrote and pub- 
lished several works on the doctrines, one of which was entitled .-l(/a//i'>/i— publislied 
both in English and German — and was favorably received, but has become so rare 
that it is doubtful whether more than a single copy exists in the county now. 

Von Buelow afterwards returned to Europe, l)ut from his etVorls, before lie left Lan- 
caster, there aro.se a small band of '"receivers," about the year 1788, which lias con- 
tinued with alternately increased and diminished numbers, down to the ]>resent day. 
Among the first, besides Von Buelow and Reichenbach, in this county, who became 
receivers of the doctrines of the New Church, were Francis Bailey and family, Jacob 
Carpenter, the intimate friend of Buelow, Frederic Damish, a Saxon, a teacher of music, 
and a Mr. Eckstein. Subsequently, Joseph Ehrenfried, John Funk, Henry Kefter, 
intimate friends of Damish — William Girling, formerly a Methodist minister, John 
Henry Young, Henry Baer, Henry A. Carpenter and wife, Louis C. Jungerich, Charles 
Frederic Nauman and wife, Frederic J. Kramph, John Robertson, the intimate friend 
of Girling, Henry Pinkerton and son, Christian Fritz and wife, William II. Benade, 
previously a Moravian minister, Alexander Officer, L. J. Demuth and others, became 
receivers of these doctrines, and were members of the Lancaster Society. Of tho.se who 
became receivers elsewhere and afterwards settled here, either permanently or for a time, 
were Joseph C. Boardman, David Pancoast and family, ]\Irs. Ann Kramph, 3Irs. Mary 
Kramph, William Toelle and others. 

The Lancaster New Jerusalem Society was organized February 14th, 183G, and 
although small in number, and unaided by auy one outside of their own organization, 
they purchased a property in East Vine Street, Lancaster city, and erected a small 
Temple in 1837, since which time, religions services have been held therein, almo.st 
every Sunday, down to the present time. This Society was regularly instituted by Rev. 
Manning B. Roche, of Philadelphia, on the 17tli of April, 188G, and Avas incorporated 
by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, June 8th, 1841. No resident Pastor, regularly 
elected, has been employed by the Lancaster New Jerusalem Society, except Rev. 
Isaac Worrell, from October 1839, to April 1840, and Rev. N. C. Burnham, from July 
1866, to October 1868; but the ordinances of the Church have been administered .si-mi- 
annually or quarterly, and occasional preaching had, by New Church Pastors and 
Ministers, ever since the Society was first in.stituted. The Sunday School was organ- 
ized in 1840, and has been in operation from that time to the present, under the tlirection 
of a Superintendent. In the absence of a Pastor the services are conducted by a Leader. 

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST, OR VEREINIGTE BRUEDER. 

The founders of this sect were William Otterbein, a German Reformed Mini.stw- in 
char<re of the congregation at Lancaster (see Geum.^n Rekokmkd) and Martin Boclim, 
a Mennonite. The origin of the name of this sect is said to have been as lollows: 
About 1758 a large meeting attended by Cliri.stians of many denominations took place 
at Lancaster. Boehm, a man of small stature wearing the lyiennomtc costume, at the 
close of a discourse was folded in the arms of Otterbein, a man of liberal dimensions 
who exclaimed, ^^Wir sind Bruederr "We are brethren;" to this incident is ascribed 
the denominational title of this sect, which exists in Lancster county, but whose stati.s- 
tics I have not been able to secure. 



462 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



DIYISIOJS" YI. 



EDUCATIONAL. 

The first school seems to have been established by the Seventh Day Baptists, at 
Ephrata, as early as 1733. They employed a master who taught the primary branches 
and the classics in German. See Ephrata in Division II. p. 354 sq. 

Within a fev*^ years from that period, we read of Lutheran and German Reformed 
Schools, in connection with the respective congregations at Lancaster ; they were sup- 
plied with teachers, books and bibles by the generosity of European friends, and the 
zeal of the church authorities at home. The Rev. Michael Schlatter, a Gei-man Re- 
formed minister, and an accomplished teacher, sent out at the expense of the Refonned 
Synod of Amsterdam, in 1746, had an excellent school in operation at that early pei'iod. 

In 1749 tlie Rev. Leonard Schnell, a Moravian, opened a school at Warwick, which 
was afterwards transferred to Litiz, and ably conducted by the Rev. B. A. Grube. 

The first Sunday School in America was opened by Ludwig Hacker, at Ephrata, 
in 1740. 

The Governor of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Messrs. Peters, Turner, Benja- 
min Franklin and Coni-ad Weiser, were appointed Trustees and Managers of the Pub- 
lic Schools to be established in the province. 

An account of the Moravian Schools at Litiz, and the Latin School which ultimately 
developed into Franklin and Marshall College, is given beloAV. Bee also Div. II. p. 380 sq. 

Towards the close of last century private schools and academies were founded in the 
Borough and County of Lancaster. Under the oi^eration of the Act of Assembly of 
April 4, 1809, entitled "an act for the education of the poor, gratis," numerous poor 
children were taught the elementary branches, but the system introduced by said act 
failing to lead to satisfactory results, another act was passed by the Legislature, April 
1, 1822, entitled "an act to provide for the education of children at the public exjjense 
within the City and incorporated Boroughs of the County of Lancaster," which pro- 
vided, that the City and incorporated Boroughs of the County were erected into the 
"Second School District of the State of Pennsylvania," and that 12 Directors should 
. be annually appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the county. It prescribed 
the duties and powers of the Directors, regulated the admission of children, ordered 
the adoption of the Lancasterian System and provided the expenses, described the sub- 
division of the District into sections whenever required, and the mode of its accom- 
plishment. The first and only section of the District was the City of Lancaster. 

The Directors appointed by the Court foi-thwith bought a lot of ground, erected a 
large and convenient school house, employed teachers of both sexes, adopted the Lan- 
casterian System and were so successful in their conduct of the school that the City 
of Lancaster forbore for a long time to accept the General School Law of June 13, 
1836. But the partiality of the system rendered it very unpopular and at last under 
the provisions of an act of the Legislatvu-e, passed April 14, 1838, the county by a pop- 
ular vote accepted, with certain modifications, the Common School System. 

A brief account of this system, the chief promoters of which are intimately con- 
nected with the county, is given in the following extract from Mr. J. R. Syijher's 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 463 

interesting and useful "School History of Pennsylvania," published at Philadelphia 
in 1868. 

"The Constitution of 1776 provided tliat 'a school or schools shall be established in 
every county;' and the Constitution of 1790 provided tliat 'the arts and sciences shall 
be promoted in one or more seminaries of learning.' Comparatively, a largo number 
of academies and public schools were opened under these requirements. In 1833, fifty- 
five institutions of this class had been regularly incorporated by the legislature. There 
■were also, at that time, two universities and eight colleges in the State. Tlic chailers 
of many of these required that a specified number of poor children « should be taught 
gratis. ' 

"A law was passed in 1809, which improved on thatof 1804, but did not fully accom- 
plish the object for which it had been enacted, it was several times amended, and, 
finally, in 1827, all the amendments were repealed; yet still, in its operation it came far 
short of the great results the friends of education aimed to attain. The i)e(iple had 
labored earnestly, during thirty years, to devise a system of public schools that would 
fulfil the constitutional rec[uirement, by providing education for all the youth of the 
Commonwealth; yet, in 1833, less than 24,000 children attended school at public expense, 
and most of these were taught by very incompetent teachers. The schools were called 
'pauper schools,' and were despised by the rich and shunned by the poor; the children 
were classified as 'pay' and 'paui^er scholars;' thus the law, practically, separated the 
poor from the rich, and hence failed; for in a republic, no system of education, which 
makes a distinction on account of wealth or birth, can have the support of the i)eoi)le. 

"Numerous effoi'ts were put forth to imj^rove the Public Schools in all i)ai-ts of the 
State; a remarkable instance of wise legislation, in response to the petitions of the 
people, is seen in the act passed in 1831, which provided for the appointment of tru.s- 
tees of the public schooUiouse in the town of Landisburg, Perry county, and gave 
them power to examine teachers for said school, to visit the same once a month, and to 
dismiss the teachers for misconduct, want of capacity, and negligence. 

"In 1827, a society was fonned in Philadelphia for the promotion of education in the 
State; a committee, appointed for that purpose, opened con-espondence with the lead- 
ing men in every county, collected statistics, and secured a union of eftbrt in favor of 
free schools, that, in 1834, culminated in the enactment of a law which rejected the old 
idea that only 'pauper children' should be educated at public expense, and provided for 
the establishment of schools that would be free to all. This was the beginning of the 
Common School System. 

"The act of 1834 inaugurated a new era in education in this State. From that time 
forward steady progress has been made. At times it was slow, and to many imper- 
ceptible; but public sentiment was never stagnant, and legislation never went back- 
ward. With this law the foundation of the system of Connnon Schools now in use was 
laid. It provided that a tax should be levied on all the taxable property and inhabitants, 
that townships, boroughs, and wards should be school districts, and that schools should 
be maintained at public expense. The establishment and supervision of schools iu 
each district were intrusted to a Board of six Directors, to be chosen by the legal voters. 
The people in each township were allowed to determine by an election, whether the 
new School system should be adopted or rejected, and an election upon this tiuestion 
might be held once in three years. The Secretary of the Connnonwealth was made 
Superintendent of Schools, and the Legislature was authorized to appropriate funds, 
annually, from the State Treasury in aid of the work of education. 

"In 1835, a powerful effort was made to repeal this law; but through the exertions of 
Thaddeus Stevens, then a member of the Legislature, aided by Governor Wolf, who 
promised to use the veto power if necessary, the new system was successfully defended, 
and free schools were permanently established in Pennsylvania. 

"No special efforts were made during the first year to put the system in opei-ation. 



464 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The law was, in some respects, imperfect, and was not iinrlerstood by the officers whose 
duty it was to enforce it. In 1836, the act of 1834 was revised so as to adapt it to the 
wants and condition of the people. 

"Joseph Ritneri was at that time Governor of the Commonwealth. He was a ti'ue 
type of the Pennsylvania Gennans — firm, and even obstinate in the right ; an earnest 
advocate of free education, he resolved that the school law should be enforced, and it 
was enforced. He appointed Thomas H. Burrowes Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
and intrusted to him the execution of the law. 

"The secretary entered earnestly ui>on the work of organizing the school system. 
He issued instructions to the school officers throughout the State; he traveled into 
the several counties and addressed the people, answering their objections and re- 
moving their prejudices; he directed the public officers of every county in the per- 
formance of their duties; and presented full and instructive reports to the legislature, 
wherein he indicated what amendments and alterations were necessary to perfect 
the law. 

"In his report, made to the Legislature in 1838, Mr. Burrowes said: 'It is true, the 
system is neither in full operation, nor is its machinery perfect; but the momentous 
question, can education be made as general and unbought as liberty? has been an.swer- 
ed in the affirmative in Pennsylvania.' 

"In many districts the law was not accepted. The State had been settled by an intel- 
ligent, liberty-loving people, who had iled from Europe to escape the freedom of govern- 
ments, wherein arbitrary laws destroyed liberty of conscience, and oppressed indepen- 
dent Christians. They valued free education as highly as they valued free worshijj and 
free speech. All denominations of Christians, whether Protestant or Catholic, came to 
Pennsylvania, bringing their jireachers and school-teachers, and by the side of the log 
church they built tlie log school-house in every county and in every settlement. The 
work of educating all the children was made the sacred duty of the church; and because 
our ancestors feared that the State would not do this work as well as the church did it. 
they opposed the Common School System. They loved education, they favored free 
schools, but they distrusted State supervision. 

"The German people believed that all schools should be under the care of Christian 
denominations, and therefore regarded the State system as one that would defraud the 
church of its most powerful auxiliary; they feared also that the interests of the GeiToans 
would sutler by the gradual exclusion of the German language from the public schools. 
Therefore, notwithstanding their zeal in the work of providing free education under 
church patronage, they were hostile to what they called 'political schools.' 

"The progress of events, however, so far removed these prejudices, that in 1849 the 
section of the act of 1836, which left the adoption of the system to the option of each 
district was repealed, and the i^rovisions of the law were extended to every township 
throughout the State. 

"The school system was, however, not successfully administered until after the passage 
of the act of 1854, when, for the first time, its officers were clothed with adequate 
powers to enforce the law. Though the general plan of the system remained un- 
changed, new and important features were introduced. 

" Subdivisions of school districts and sub-committees were abolished; ample power 
was given to enforce the collection of school taxes; the School Department was directed 

1 "Joseph Ritner is a native of Berks county, of German parentage ; he received a very limited edu- 
cation in Lancaster, and is truly a " self-made man," rising from ignorance and obscurity by the force 
of his own high qualities. He removed to Washington county, where he was a practical and hard- 
working farmer ; was a member of the legislature and speaker of the House of Representatives. In 
1S35 he was elected Governor of the State, and won imperishable honor as the steadfast supporter of 
the Common School System. Governor Ritner retired to private life on a farm in Cumberland 
cour.ty." 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 465 

to publish a manual of School Architecture,! and Directors were authorized to levy a 
'building tax' and to locate schoolhouses. The law i)rovided that <,a'()<rrai)hy and 
grammar, together with such liigher branches as the Directors niiglit prescribe, should 
be added to the list of studies taught in every school; the Directors were empowered 
to establish graded schools, and to assign pupils to the proper grades. The office of 
County Superintendent was established, and the law prescribed the (lualilications and 
duties of that office. 

" The appointment of a Deputy Superintendent of schools was authorized, whose duty 
it was to administer the system, under the supervision of the Secretary of the Conunon- 
•wealth, who still remained ex officio Chief Superintendent, and hnally, the School term 
was increased to four months for each ye^r. The old law reipiired only three months. 

" The county superiutendency soon proved itself worthy to be called the 'riglit arm' 
of the system. Under the guidance of the Department, it organized the educational 
forces in every part of the State, and infused greater energy into the work. The Deiv 
uty State Superintendent and the County Superintendents aroused and educated public 
sentiment, and the Directors, clothed with ample powers, carried out with considerable 
zeal the much needed reforms. 

"To these stimulating influences were added the efforts of teachers, .stniggliiig, by 
means of Institutes, County and State Associations, and annual conventions, not yet 
authorized by law, to improve themselves and to elevate their calling to tlie dignity of 
a learned profession. 

"The act of 1857, which separated the school superiutendency from the office of tlie 
Secretary of the Commonwealth, and made it an independent department, and which 
placed the system in all its parts above and beyond the arena of party politics, greatly 
increased its power for good. But the Normal School Law, passed by the legislature 
in the same year, was the crowning work of school legislation in Pennsylvania. It set- 
tled the public policy on the subject of education, set a high standard for futui-e gen- 
erations to work up to, and substantially completed the organic structure of the Com- 
mon School System. 

"The State is divided into twelve normal districts, and each district is authorized to 
erect a State Normal School. The first institution established under this law was the 
Normal School for the Second District, at Millersville, in Lancaster county, recognized 
\yy State authority in 1859. The Normal School for the Twelfth Di.strict, at Edinboro", 
in Erie county, was recognized in 1861; for the Fifth District, at ]\Iansfield, Tioga 
county, in 1862, and for the Third District, named 'Keystone Nonnal School,' at 
Kutztown, in Berks county, in 1866." 

An account of the State Normal School, at :Millersville, is given below. 

The actual condition of popular education in the county is exhibited in the following 
tabular statement from the official report of the State Superintendent, tlie Hon. J. P. 
Wickersham, for the year ending Jund 1, 1868. 

1. This manual, prepared by Dr. Thomas H. IJurrowes, was published by the State Department, and 
contained numerous cuts, and illustrations giving plans, accompanied by esplanatioiis, for the erection 
of schoolhouses suitable ibr every grade. 

31 



4:66 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



TABULAR STATEMENT FOR THE 





ScTiOols 




Teacher 


s. 


Scholars. ■ 


1 Tax and 


DISTRICTS. 


s 

c 


> 

e S 
Em 


1 

o 
to 


2i 

d 

B 
c 
o 

H 
O 

'^ 

o 

g 

CD 
ID 


> 
• m 


B? 
• ? 


1 

a> 
i-( 



P 
5" 

CO 

72 
180 
225 
229 
205 
309 
292 
210 
395 
299 
273 
455 
179 
401 
461 
315 
246 
186 
178 

86 
358 
247 
399 
443 
325 
242 
1,128 
102 
272 
362 

42 
240 
117 
389 
530 
277 
165 
345 
307 

32 
240 
221 
171 
235 
444 
248 

40 
256 

94 
5i6 
364 

_^ 
14,473 


"A 

S 

c* 



h^ 

■-l 
*^ 

m 

58 
163 
1S9 
186 
151 
232 
246 
165 
406 
253 
266 
370 
141 
336 
437 
282 
202 
148 
118 

84 
275 
236 
308 
397 
252 
205 
1,432 

88 
229 
291 

53 
200 
104 
26ii 
480 
314 
195 
252 
271 

26 
210 
192 
150 
207 
325 
203 

35 
202 

82 
498 
301 

79 

12,768 


3 > 

2 fB 

ra 

C 
53 

OS 
: i-i 

\% 

88 
240 
194 
257 
210 
371 
339 
19J 
581 
270 
433 
561 
203 
420 
524 
369 
295 
171 
225 
144 
425 
267 
4!«4 
573 
333 
2p5 
2,261 
108 
280 
431 

69 
276 
147 
407 
654 
355 
290 
407 
389 

31 
316 
298 
204 
320 
491 
198 

50 
281 
160 
650 
408 
142 

18,007 


i 

^ \ 
a> 

H 

B 


* 671 
75 
63 
81 

76 
73 
62 
75 
83' 
72 
87, 
85, 
92 
89 
71 
76 
971 
85; 
71 1 
80 
79; 
72 1 
91 1 
71 
95 
84: 
92 1 
79 j 
81 
88 i 
93 
55 
64; 
76 1 

1 09 
551 
64! 
98, 
66' 
77, 
92 

112, 
80! 
84,: 
96 : 
74' 
56 

77; 
871 
85 1 
63 

771 

$ 80 1 


5? 
SS 

i c- 
c* 

i c g 

(H 

1 w 

i '^ 

W Ml 

!" ° 


Cd 
S.B 

P 
wB 

d ^• 

"3 » 
»-, 


> 

SB 

CO 

d 
« ^^ 

ti a 

Is 

CO — ' 

• 1 




2 

7 

7 

9 

8 

9 

10 

9 

13 

9 

10 

13 

7 

15 

16 

11 

10 

5 

6 

3 

12 

9 

12 

13 

10 

8 

57 

3 

10 

12 

2 

7 

3 

13 

23 

9 

5 

12 

9 

1 

9 

9 

6 

8 

18 

9 

2 

8 

,1 

11 
3 

513 


6 

6>i 

6 

6 

5% 

5 

5 

7 

9Vi 

7 

5 

6 

5 

6% 

6 
6 

7 

?« 

6U 
6% 

6 
8 
8 
10 
8 
8 

r- 
V' 

6 

7 

5^ 

5 

6 
9 

8 
5 

7 
6 

5 

T>i 

7 

8 

7 

8 

6 

^K 

6.94 


2 
1 
6 
8 
8 
9 
9 
3 
3 
9 
7 

11 
6 
5 
9 

10 
8 
3 
2 
3 

11 
2 

11 

11 
7 
6 
5 
2 
6 

10 

3 
2 
6 

15 
1 
2 

10 
3 
1 
3 
9 
4 
8 

14 
2 
1 
8 
2 
4 
4 
1 

296 





*37 50 


*2933 
30 00 
18 00 

i56'66 
25 00 
3165 

30 o6 
32 5U 
30 00 
3.) 70 
32 72, 
30 00 
32 00 
35 00 

30 00 

35 66 

31 42 
40 00 
30 00' 
40 00 
40 00 
30 27 
40 00 

35 00 
37 UO 
37 50 

28 00 

32 00 
30 00 

36 05 
27 44 
27 50 
36 25 
32 50 

36 66 

3566 

35 35 

29 00 

3566 

30 33 
32 00 
30 00 

*32 63! 


9. 
5. 

,5- 
3. 

2.50 
4. 

i2. 
5. 
8. 
5. 
6. 
i2. 
3!33 
7. 
3. 
3. 

12.50 
0.25 
2.50 
8. 
2. 

4.75 
3. 

2.50 
2.50 
3. 
6. 

1.50 
2.25 
3.30 
5.50 
3.50 
4.30 
12. 
4. 
A. 
|6. 

7! 50 


0. 
0. 
0. 

1.25 

1.66 

0. 

1. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

•> 

I. 

3.12 

0. 

0. 

0. 

1.50 

5. 

2. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

2.50 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

7.10 

0. 

2. 

2. 

t 

2.50 


$ 458 92 


2. Bart 

3. Brecknock 


6 
1 
1 



? 

12 
11 


3 
2 
1 

10 
7 
1 
2 
2 
4 

1 
7 
1 
2 
3 
2 

52 
1 
4 
2 
2 

\ 

7 
8 
8 
3 
2 

^ 
6 

2 

4 



1 

14 
7 
2 


30 00 
30 00 
30 00 
30 00 
30 91 
30 00 
25 00 
64 00 

35 00 

36 43 
45 40 

36 40 

37 00 

36 23 

34 00 

33 50 

35 00 
30 00 

34 17 

35 00 
32 50 

39 31 

37 73 

40 00 
40 Ou 
63 00 
40 00 

35 00 

37 00 

28 66 

36 50 
32 00 

38 20 
60 00 
47 50 

34 25 

35 00 

36 00 
36 00 
35 79 
35 00 
40 00 
35 93 

29 00 
40 00 
40 00 
43 50 
32 25 
32 00 
45 00 


1,656 00 
1,130 48 


4. Caernarvon 


1,566 44 


5. Clay 


1,379 12 




1,583 11 


7. Cocalieo, West 


1,155 48 




1,843 54 




7,128 94 




2,734 42 




3,000 00 


12. Donegal, East 

13. Donegal West 


2,218 Oo 
1,325 00 


14. Di'uniore 


4,224 46 




4,73S 47 


16. Earl, East 


2,880 40 


17. Earl, West 


2,174 05 


18. Eden 


1,724 04 


19. Elizabeth 


1,277 92 


20. Elizabethtown 

21. Ephrata 


850 00 
1,903 40 


22. Fulton 


2,017 43 


23. Hempfleld, East 

24. Hempfleld, West 

25. Lampeter, East 

26. Eampeter, West 

27. Lancaster City 

28. Lancaster Township. . 


4,036 52 
2,745 02 
3,200 50 
3,.536 64 
21,246 30 
936 22 
2,406 39 


30. Leacook, Upper 

31. Litiz 


3,690 04 
766 06 


32. Little Britain 

33. Manheim Borough — 

34. Manheim Township.. 

35. Manor 


1,892 83 

582 55 

2,122 82 

10,000 00 


36. Marietta 


1,870 00 


37. Mt. Joy Borough 

38. Mt. Joy Township 

39. Martic 


1,056 00 
1,504 89 
2,357 00 




'3. 10. 
'3. 11. 
11.50 1.25 
1.30 2.90 

16. 2. 
2.25 0. 


348 00 


41. Paradise 


2,647 05 


42. Penn 


1,163 00 




834 00 




2,136 50 




2,602 42 




12: 

3. 

3.50 

5. 


0. 
0. 
0. 
0. 

1. 


2,674 00 


47. Sate Harbor 


223 00 


48. Strasburg 


3,387 21 


49. Strasburg Borough... 

50. Salisbury 


773 53 
6,325 50 


51. Warwick 


1.75 0. 


1,839 41 


52 Washingt on 


111. 


8. 


650 37 








223 


*37 09 


4.36 


2.55 


1739,523 42 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



467 



SCHOOL YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 18C8. 



Rate Per Cent. 






665 81 
1,044 79, 



640 00 



1,127 00 1 
1,435 04 1 
1,250 00; 



600 OO 
770 27 
871 22 



2,745 02 



100 00 



4,500 00 
935 00 
825 00 

1,504 89 
89167 



882 35 
1,300 00 
1,400 00 

710 00 



1,485 10 
520 'i-i 



96 00 
238 00 
340 00 
600 00 
314 00 
454 Ou! 
497 00; 

2100 
349 00 
414 00 

"652 66 

536 m 

"bVoo 

2CO0O 
212 00, 
180 00 



550 00 
400 00 
616 00 
616 00 
500 00 
256 00 
697 84 
145 00 
420 Ou 
468 00 
50 00 1 
260 00' 
21100! 
531 00 1 



Receipts. 



'~'^ n'S. 



O , 






Oo 
55 ^MO 



f 00 J 



200 00 
463 00 
318 00 

37 00 
420 00 
237 00 
270 00 
SWOO 
602 00 
335 00 

18 00 
349 00' 
215 00! 
8U0 00 
50100 
161 00 



454 92 
1,894 00 
1,470 48 
2,832 35 

2.737 91 
2,037 11 
2,262 48 
1,864 54 
7,47s 11 
3,148 42 
4,127 00 
4,305 10 
2,575 00 
4,760 46 

4.738 47 
2,977 40 
2,974 (15 
2,706 31 
2,329 14 j 

850 00 
2,453 40 
2,417 43 

4.652 52 
6,106 04 
3,700 50 
3,792 64 

21,94414 i 
1,08122. 
2,826 39 
4,158 01 

816 0:3 I 
2,152 83 ! 

893 55 

2.653 82 
14,500 00 ■ 

2,t<05 00 
2,071 00 
3,477 78 ' 
3,566 67 ' 

385 00 I 
3,949 40 1 
2,7U0 00 
2,504 001' 
3,19(j 50 ! 
3,264 46 
3,009 00 

241 00 
3,736 21 

988 63 : 
8,610 60 
2,3f0 41' 
1.33161 



\^o 



i 586 01 
2,0-29 24 
1,902 48 
3,220 70 
3,050 55 
2,238 19 
2,2il9 73 
2,507 05 
3,444 87 
3,389 51 
4,127 00 
8,474 15 
3,083 70 
4,904 75 
4,738 47 
3,127 20 
3,563 40 
2.783 11 
1,951 01 

944 00 
3,545 57 
2,428 04 
5,339 78 
6,674 97 
4,339 29 
4,290 56 
24,158 97 
1,552 50 
3,651 70 
4,636 9/ 
1,126 92 
2,305 27 
1,025 96 
3,249 36 

644 75 1 
2,730 17 1 
1,632 20 
4,321 04 
2,963 571 

413 801 
4,445 451 
3,276 51 1 
3,789 82 ^ 

265 861 
5,098 82 
2,832 80 

350 37 
3,736 21 
1,399 89 
9,144 40 
4,264 49 
2,873 59 



Expenditures. 



•<. 44 46 
153 28 
135 25 
132 21 
164 58 

230 88 
2.090 56 

166 14 
458 64 
:80 18 
163 41 
346 71 
1-J9 09 
287 82 
296 79 
257 40 
199 68 

99 45, 
104 52 

87 75 
269 881 
173 94 
303 25 
34749 
2tl 80 
163 80 
1,855 62, 

73 71, 
184 08, 
242 97' 

49 53 
149 76 1 
117 39' 
265 98, 
452 01: 
253 89, 
159 90 

231 97! 
163 80 

12 09 
205 92 i 
205 04 
122 07] 
240 87 
309 66, 
141 18 

48 36 
191 49 1 
108 42; 
347 10 
262 OS, 

77 61 



Balance or Debt 



$ 450 00 
1,3.53 00 
j 1,260 00 
1,600 00 
],365 00 
1,391 04 
1,500 00 
1,575 00 
5,212 00 
2,205 00 
1,725 09 
3,387 00 
1,210 00 
3,621 70 
3,793 74 
2,254 00 
1,992 63 
l,22o 08 

990 00 

615,00 
2,718 00 
],900 00 
2,832 50 
2,820 00 
3,200 (jO 
2,560 00 
19.596 30 

990 00 
2,800 00 
3,293 00 

675 00 
1,470 00 

630 00 
2,412 00 
6,000 00 
2,138 00 
1,95(> oO 
2,075 00 
1,800 Oft 

324 00 
2,59200! 
1,467 35 j 
1,47000; 
1,920 00' 
3,222 00 
1,633 23 

280 001 
2,480 00 

854 00 
4,512 50 
2,112 00 

701 ,uo 



hi 

o c 



: 3 
: a? 



S 73 65 
384 07 
221 00 
416 47 
153 00 
566 85 
164 65 
386 67 

1,089 61 
569 48 
614 35 
842 44 
23718 
684 73 
684 88 
465 00 
549 35 
775 97 
164 92 
145 00 
535 04 
470 79 

1,025 00 
764 ()1 

1,179 84 
442 84 

3,942 47 
210 34 
441 29 

1,055 45 
121 71 
355 00 
217 28 
581 23 

1,718 12 
278 26 
312 02 
821 85 
488 96 
76 70 
725 28 
746 79 
329 41 
320 00 
457 07 
712 24 
17 75 
3M76 
217 28 

2,573 47 
39975 
175 32 



S ^ cc 

2 p to 

• 5*® 
■ 2>i)i 



; 60 

149 

134 

1,064 

1,219 

24 

608 

l-'2 

780 

'l.'246 
28'' 

1,596 
317 
126 
54 

""877 

1,452 

140 

75 



43 * 193 

81 

50 263 23 

84 68 28 

91 

95 189 29 

43 

42 423 50 

35 i 

. . I 607 03 

42 I 245 13 

62 I 2,507 (i9 

56 : 19!Mi 

82,1 

62! j 

00' j 

31 I 
39 
00 
00 



*500 00 

3l"8 60 
26 60 



432 07 



44 00 
217 53 



625 00 
4,290 36 

"'986' 68 

1,831 00 

38 5;} 

113 60 

957 00 

"Vio'oo 

30 21 

"4",'812 66: 

175 00 

1,;0 00 

1,274 19 

280 04 

I 

1,253 52 
1,30710 
1,736 35 
2,372 25 
573 82 
19 00 
I 

""425 36 

'lV722"7'7 
1,444 54 

2,141 46 



476 11 



4,137 09 
1,52746 



34 32 

81KJ0<J 
45 80 

"Jw'ii 

27917 



louoo 
1,20b uo 



30106 



313 63 

298 81 



280 21: 
270 27 
95 87 
25613 
1,970 88 

"l64'i8 



19,300 00 
'""'7"l"i6 



1,101 09 



253 66 



845 94 
168 33 
52 62 
31 h8 
528 61 



308 20 



4'iO 48 
244 73 



3,650 00 



335 80 
244' t.i 



$22,193 40 .■5(16,201 84 *177,918 66 *190,205 38 .■tS,.S32 90 yl23,283 99 31,196 07 39,084 16, 4iU,G47 86 34,527 03 



468 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The Schools of Litiz have long been favorably known. The village contains now, 
besides 3 Public School, 4 Boarding Schools, 2 for girls and 2 for boys: 

1. The Young Ladies' Seminary, called Linden Hall, was opened as early as 1794, 
awl conducted at first partly in the Sisters' House and partly in a house adjacent to it. 
The new building, expressly built for school purposes, was occupied October 26, 1804. 
It is 3 stories high, 100 feet in length and GO in deiith. In the basement, is a large 
■dining room, and the first and second story are the school -rooms, principal's residence, 
and a chapel for spiritual devotions. The third story is occupied as a dormitory, and a 
room called the sick-room, which is expressly set apart for such as may be indisposed; 
a. nurse resides in this room, whose duty it is to attend to such of the pupils, as it may 
be found necessary to remove into it. In the rear of the building is a large yard, or play- 
ground, provided with a pavilion, seats, swings, &c., for the pleasure and amusement 
of tbe pupils. The Institution is provided with a very extensive Library, and as music 
is taught, every room is provided with a piano. It is customary in this Institution to 
have musical entertainments from time to time. A friend of ours who has occasionallj^ 
been present, assures us, that the performances of the pupils, in vocal and instrumental 
music, are truly excellent, and are probably not surpassed in any other Institution of 
the kind. Ornamental needlework of various kinds, is also taught to great perfection, 
and all other branches, which constitute a practical education, receive their due share 
of attention. There are 10 Tutoresses engaged, two always residing in each school- 
room, with about fourteen pupils, whose duty it is, not only to instruct them, but to 
have a watchful eye over their morals, and to take walks with them, after the daily 
exercises are closed. 

The Principals of this Institution, since its establishment, have been as follows: 
1794, Rev. John A. Huebner; 1801, Rev. John Herbst; 1802, Rev. John Meder; 1805, 
Rev. John F. Freeauf ; 1815, Rev. Andrew Benade; 1822, Rev. John C. Beckler; 1824, 
Rev. Samuel Reinke; 1826, Rev. John G. Kummer; 1833, Rev. Charles F. Kluge; 1836, 
Rev. Peter Wolle; 1858, Rev. Julius T. Beckler; 1867, Rev. William C. Reichel. 

2. The Young Oentlemen'' s Academy: We have already stated that in the early years 
of Litiz, there were two schools, one for the boys, belonging to the society, and the 
other for those from the adjacent country. As Warwick townshij) became more settled, 
so the schools increased, and there was no more necessity to send the children to Litiz, 
consequently, the one for the children from the country was discontinued. Mr. Chris- 
tian Schropp conducted the town school, for many years, and on the 2d of January, 
1815, Mr. John Beck took charge of it. At that period, the school was held in an old 
building, which had been fixed up for that purpose, and stood at the same place where 
the present brick school house stands. 

Mr. Beck spared neither pains nor expense in improving the school, and his indefati- 
gable exertions, as well as the various methods he adopted to further his pupils in their 
studies, became a subject of general remark. In 1819, the school began to attract the 
attention of parents from abroad, and boys were brought from various places. In 1822, 
it was found necessary to erect the present brick school house; the old building being 
too small to contain all the pupils. This building is two stories high, and is adorned 
with a neat cupola. The second story is, however, not occupied for school pur- 
pose, but as a concert hall, where the musical society of Litiz meets. It is provided 
with an extensive musical library, and a number of instruments belonging to the 
Society. 

The school continued to increase from year to year; and boys were brought from 
various parts of Pemisylvania, Virginia, Ohio, the Carolinas, Maryland, Louisiana, «S:c. 
This continued increase rendered it necessary, not only to add another building, but 
also more teachers. Accordingly, the large building, fonnerly called the "Brethren's 
House," which is near the brick house, was engaged, and arranged for school purposes. 
In 1865, after Mr. Beck had spent fifty years in the school, he retired, and Messrs. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 4g9 

George Ilepp and Ferdinand Rickert took cliarge thereof, in the full enjoyment cf its 
former reputation. 

Only two of several thousand pupils sent to Litiz, died at school. One was Sarah Ann 
Cazy, of Kent county, Maryland, who entered the school in delicate health; her grave 
is No. 379 in the church yard, in one of the rows containing young girls from 12 to 18 
years; the other was John Gaehle, aged 12 years, of Baltimore, whither his remains 
were taken. 

3. Sunnyside College for young ladies.— This Institution was estahlished hy the Rev. 
J, T. Beckler in 1863, and is located in the central part of the village, and considering 
that it is a new enterprise, is tolerably well patronized. 

4. Abraham Beck's Family ScJiool for small boys between the ages of seven and 
twelve. This Institution was established in I860, and the somewhat unexpected patron- 
age it has received since its commencement from abroad, has led him to ere<t a large 
and very comfortable building in the southern part of the village. l 

Franklin and Marshall College2 owes its existence to the union or consolidation 
of two older institutions, which were distinguished separately before by the honored 
names that are now joined together in its single title. 

About the year 1780, we are told by Rupp, .Jasper Yeatcs, Esq., Casper Shaft'ncr, 
Esq., Colonel George Ross, Charles Hall, Es(i., and other gentlemen of the place, tind- 
ing that the existing Schools under the charge of the Lutheran and German Pvefonned 
Congregations, as also the one established a number of years previous by the 3Ioravians, 
and conducted upon the same plan, wei-e inadequate to the growing wants of the peo- 
ple, and incapable of teaching the higher branches, engaged the services of a teacher 
of recommended abilities, to conduct a select academy for the education of their male 
children. This Academy continued in existence for .several years, as the High School 
of the place, until, owing to the violent temper of the teacher, and the many indignities 
which he offered to the pupils under his charge, it was tinally suspended. This school 
suggested the idea of establishing another; but upon a surer basis, under the control of 
Trustees by an act of incorporation, and ultimately begat the application to the Legis- 
lature for the incorporation of "Franklin College." 

On the 10th of March, A. D. 1787,3 the General Assembly of the State, granted the 
prayer of the petititioners, and passed an act with the following title: "An act to in- 
corporate and endow the German College and Charity School in the borough of Lancas- 
ter, in this State." The Preamble of the act explains the object which it was intended 
to effect, and is in the following words, viz: "Whereas, the citizens of this State of 
German birth or extraction, have eminently contributed, by their industiy, economy 
and public virtues, to raise the State to its present hai)piness and prosperity: And, 
whereas, a number of citizens of the above description, in conjunction with others, from 
a desire to increase and perpetuate the blessings desired to them from the jiossession 
of property and a free government, have applied to this House for a charter of Incor- 
poration, and a donation of lands, for the purpose of establishing and endowing a Col- 
lege and Charity School, in the borough of Lancaster. And, whereas, the preservation 
of the principles of the Christian Religion, and of our Republican form of Government 
in their purity, depend, under God, in a great measure, on the establishment and sup- 
port of suitable places of education, for the purpose of training up a succession of 
youth, who by being enabled fully to understand the grounds of both, may be led the 
more zealousy, to practice the one, and the more strenuously to defend the other. 
Therefore, &c." Here then follow the different sections of the act, the prominent fea- 
tures of which are these: §2. That the youth shall be taught in the German, English, 
Latin, Greek and other learned languages, in Theology, in the useful ai-ts, .sciences 

1 Communicated by IMr. Beck. 

2 Contributed by Rev. J. W. Xevin, D. D. 

3Sm. laws, page 39S. 



470 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

and literature. The corporate title shall be "Franklin College," in honor of His Ex- 
cellency Benjamin Franklin, Esqnire, President of the Supreme Executive Council, 
&c. The first Trustees are named and incorporated with the usual powers. Yearly 
income not to exceed £10,000. The annual meeting of the trustees to be at Lancaster, 
nine of them to be a quorum and to apjioint their own officers. Trustees to be in fixed 
proportion always from the Lutheran and Calvinist German Confessions; and the 
Principal of the institution to be chosen alternately also from one and the other. 
§3. The Constitution not to be altered but by the Legislature. §4. The College endowed 
with 10,000 acres of land. 

Under this charter and with a donation subsequently granted by an Act of Assembly, 
consisting of an old military store-house and two lots of gromid in the borough of Lan- 
caster, worth about $2,000, the College went into operation, A. D., 1786, as a Gram- 
mar School, with a Professor of the Latin and Greek Languages, and also a Professor 
of Mathematics. The first Principal was a German by tlie name of Melsheimer. Ar- 
dently devoted to his work he strove long and earnestly to promote a taste for learn- 
ing among the German population; and for a time the IloJte Schule (High School) seemed 
to prosper under his management. But afterwards, through the want of a proper care 
of its finances it gradually declined again; until finally, about the year 1821, it ceased 
operations altogether. 

Six years later, on application made to the Legislature for the purpose, an act was 
passed, April 14, 1827, incorporating what was called the "Lancaster County Acad- 
emy." In this Act, certain gentlemen were named as Trustees — the corporation was 
established with the usiial powers — the powers, privileges, meetings and duties of the 
trustees were prescribed — a donation of $3,000 was granted by the State, and poor chil- 
dren, not exceeding at any one time, four in number, to be educated in consideration 
thereof. The Trustees thus appointed by the Act, organized, received subscriptions, 
purchased a lot of ground in the city of Lancaster, and in the year 1828, erected a large 
and commodious house for their schools. They emi^loyed a competent teacher, and 
the academy was opened under flattering auspices. With varied, and at best but in- 
different success, it continued in operation, until the Sununcr of 1839; when, in pursu- 
ance of an Act of Assembly, passed on the 15th of May, A. D. 1839, authorizing the 
arrangement, the buildings of the Academy were conveyed to the Trustees of Frank- 
lin College; in whose hands they then passed, with some enlargement, into the service 
of the old Hohe ScJmle, which was now restored to life again, under its chartered title, 
upon a new plan, and with new promise of usefulness. It became a res])ectable Clas- 
sical Academy. 

It was felt, however, that it ought to l)e more than this, to fulfil the original design 
of its charter, and to turn to account faithfully the growing value of its endowment. 
It needed to be made a proper College in fact as well as in name. But it became more 
and more plain also, that if any such enterprise was to succeed it must go forward, in 
some way, under the auspices of one or the other, if not botli of tlie German Churches, 
which divided between thein already two-thirds of the corporate rights and powers of 
the institution. This led to negotiations, the result of which \\'as, in the end, that the 
German Reformed Chmch consented to buy out the Lutheran interest in the College, 
and to consolidate with it her own separate institution' previously established at Mer- 
cersburg, under the terms and conditions of a new charter, committing the whole to 
her special denominational charge and care. 

''^Marsliull College,^'' the subject of this translation, was founded in the year 1835. It 
sprang originally out of the High School attached to the Theological Seminary of the 
German Peformed Cliurch, which had been removed the year before from the Boroiigh 
of York to the village of Mercersbui'g. The College in this way grew out of the desire 
of the Church to secure an educated ministry; just as Harvard University, Yale College 
and Nassau Hall, owe their origin mainly to a similar zeal on the part of the religious 



, OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 471 

bodies by wbich they were first called into being. It was not confined, however, to 
this object; but like the venerable seminaries of learning just named aimed to be a 
nursery of liberal education in its most general form. In such character it had pui-sued 
its course, with no inconsiderable efficiency and success, througli a period of seventeen 
years; when through the arrangement which has been mentioned its history a.s a sepa- 
rate institution was brought to a close by its removal to Lancaster. It became merged 
thus in what is now known as Franklin and Marshall College. 

The Act providing for the amalgamation of the two Colleges was passed by the Legis- 
lature of Pennsylvania, in April, 1850. Certain terms or specitications were to be ful- 
filled, however, before the new charter could go into effect; so that the first meeting of 
the Board of Trustees created by it did not take place uutil January, 18."j;j. The regu- 
lar course of collegiate instruction began in ]\Iay following, and the o]KMiing of the Col- 
lege was formally solemnized by a public celebration, held in Fulton Hall, on the even- 
ing of the 7th of June. 

Until April, 18o0, the exercises of the Institution wei-c conducted in the old Franklin 
College Hall on Lime street. Efficient measures, however, had been takeu toward the 
erection of better accommodations. A fund of twenty-five thousand dollars, raised for 
the purpose in the city and county of Lancaster, was devoted to the purchase of a fine 
tract of ground, on the west side of the town, and the erection of a main central edifice 
for College use. The dedication of the new building took place, with appropriate cere- 
monies, on the 16th of May 1856. 

To this were added soon after the chaste, beautiful and commodious Halls of tlie two 
Literary Societies of the College, holding the relation of wings to the main edifice — ^the 
Goethean on the South and the Diagnothian on the North. They were fonnally opened 
on Tuesday, the 28th of July, 1857. The value of these buildings altogether may be 
estimated now at about fifty thousand dollars. 

The prosperity of the institution was seriously affected, of cour.se, by the war; al- 
though it has been steadily gaining strength all along, and has now a better endow- 
ment than ever before. Of late a new movement has been made in its favor on the 
part of the Church, which cannot fail, if it is properly carried througli, to add greatly 
to its importance and force. This contemplates the creation of an additional endow- 
ment for it of not less than a hundred thousand dollars, and the removal of the Re- 
formed Theological Seminary at the same time from IMercersburg to Lancaster, where 
the two institutions then are to stand in conjunction again as of old on the .same 
ground. Should these measures be crowned with success, we may expect soon to see 
the whole College land taken up with other buildings, which will add materially to the 
effect of its present partial improvement. 

The Faculty of the Institution, as it now stands, is composed as follows: Rev. Joirx 
W. Nevin, D. D., President and Professor of Mental Science, Ethics, Aeathetics, and 
the Philosophy of History; William M. Nevix, Esq. A. 31., Professor of Ancient Lan- 
guages a7id Belles Lettres; Rev. Theodore Appel, A. M., Professor of MathematicJi, 
Physics and Astronomy; Chakles H. Budd, A. M., M. D., Professor of Natural Sci- 
ence and Chemistry; John S. Stahr, A. B., Adjunct Professor of History and the Ger- 
man Language; David M. Wolf, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Languages and Math- 
ematics; John L. Atlee, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. 

In this scheme of instruction, it will be observed, the College holds itself strictly to 
the old idea of a classical and liberal education, without regard to what has become .so 
largely in different quarters at the present time, the popular demand for practical and 
business studies. This it does, not as undervaluing these studies in their right place, 
but from the sense of having a work to perform in which they are not proiwrly em- 
braced. There are no so-called scientific, technical, or professional courses in the in- 
stitution; no optional or select courses, leaving it with the student to suit his .studies to 
Ms own taste. The College, in this respect, is neither a Nonnal School, nor a Polj-teoh- 



472 AUTHENTIC HISTORY , 

nic Institute, nor a School devoted to Agriculture or Engineering; but a College simply 
as such, in the old American sense ; where there is but one course of study for all stu- 
dents, and this determined exclusively toward the cultivation of mind for its own sake. 
This of course limits in some degree the size of its classes. It has no irregulars on its 
catalogue; and can look for no miscellaneous patronage. Attached to it is a respectable 
Grammar School; but even this is no part of the College properly so called, although in 
a general way vuider the supervision of its Faculty. 

Franklin and Marshall College stands under the care immediately of the Gennan 
Reformed Church. At the same time, one-third of its Board of Trustees, are otitsiders, 
as they ai-e called, gentlemen taken from other religious denominations. It is thus a 
public interest in the full sense of the term ; an interest, in which the State is concerned 
no less than the Church. It is also a local interest of the first magnitude, as all may 
easily see, for the city and county of Lancaster. 

In the double relation whicli it thus holds to the Reformed Church and to the com- 
munity around it, there is no reason why the institution, with its present fair auspices, 
should not take a chief i)lace among the Colleges of Pennsylvania, and win for itself a 
name of which Lancaster may be proud in all future time. Never had a community, 
with its population and means, better or more easy opportunity to secure to itself last- 
ing advantage and distinction in this way. With the spirit of New England, Lancaster 
county alone, being in truth a whole Commonwealth in itself, might soon have a College 
in which the entire country would have reason to rejoice. 

State Normal School, at Millersville. (Compiled from official sources.) 

The State Normal School at Millersville owes its existence directly to the influence of 
the County Superintendent of this county, an office established by the new school bill 
approved May 8, 1854. During a visit to Millersville he adverted in a public lecture 
to the project of founding a Normal School, 'and stated that the main difficulty of its 
execution arose from the want of suitable buildings. A building designed for an aca- 
demy, being at that time in course of erection, was generously off"ered by the Trustees 
to the County Superintendent without charge, if he would open his contemplated Nor- 
mal School at Millersville. The offer was accepted, and on March 5, 1855, a circular 
was issued defining as its object the furnisliing ' ' to the teachers of Lancaster county, 
and of as many other parts as can be accommodated, the means of obtaining, during 
three months of their summer vacation, thorough professional training; first, by giving 
sound instruction in the various branches; second, by imparting a knowledge of the 
most approved methods of teaching; by furnishing an opportunity for actual practice in 
the model schools connected with the Institution." The number of students collected 
at a month's notice, reached 135; the number of jiupils in the Model Schools about 200. 
The signal success of the experiment achieved under the most disadvantageous cii'cum- 
stances, induced the Trustees of the Academy, to initiate measures for enlarging the 
buildings and establishing a permanent^ Normal School, which went into oi^eratiou 
about November 1, 1855, under the principalship of John F. Stoddard, who, owing to^ 
a misunderstanding between himself and tlie Trustees, resigned, when the County 
Superintendent, J. P. Wickersham, was elected Principal, who launched the 
school on an unbroken career of prosperity. From 1855 to 1859 the Institution 
was wholly in private hands, and bore the name of the Lancaster County Normal 
Institute. "Virtually, however, it was doing the work of a State Normal School, 
as its students came from all parts of the State, and its special aim was to train 
teachers. ' ' 

The Normal School Law of Pennsylvania, prepared by the Hon. Thomas H. Bm-- 
rowes, became a law on May 20, 1857. On June 29, 1857, the Trustees and otliers in- 
terested in the school, resolved to bring it within the requirements of said law, and 
with mucli expenditure in time, attention and money (about $40,000) they had the 
satisfaction of completing their work in the autumn of 1859, enhanced by the recogni- 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 473 

tion of the Institution as tlie first State Normal Scliool in Pennsylvania, on Dec. 2, IBoO. 
The State has granted to it difterent sums ol" money, and incurred the exi>ense (.f sup- 
plying certiticates and diplomas. 

Professor Wickersham resigned the Princii)alship in 18fi(i. and was succeeded l»y 
Professor Edward Brooks, who has been connected with the Institution from the time 
of its organization as a permanent school in ISoo. The prosperity of the school has 
been so encouraging that additional buildings, costing about $28,000, were erected dur- 
ing the past summer, (1868.) 

The Normal School buildings are large, the east front being 252 feet, and the south 
front 160 feet, and conveniently arranged. There are boarding acconnnodat ions for 
300, and school accommodations for 40'J students. The buildings are surrounded with 
grounds to the extent of ten acres, which have been laid out and are used for play and 
pleasure grounds. The new building is 90 feet long and 40 feet wide, four stories high, 
and affords boarding accommodations for nearly a hundred more students. 

The Male and Female departments are entirely separate, each sex occupying a dilTer- 
ent building. Botli sexes, however, meet at lectures and in recitatiims; and it is be- 
lieved that the presence of each has a beneficial effect upon the other. 

The Institution already possesses considerable philosophical apparatus, and provision 
has bean made to increase it. It possesses also a good cabinet of Mineralogical and 
Geological specimens, and further contributions of this nature are solicited from its 
friends. The ladies have a Hall 112 feet long and 30 feet wide, which is devoted to 
gymnastic and calisthenic exercises. The gentlemen, also, have ample i)lay grounds, 
and considerable gymnastic apparatus. 

By a recent Act of the Legislature, the following appropriations are made by the State 
to Normal Students and Graduates: 

1. Each Student over seventeen years of age, who shall sign a paper declaring his in- 
tention to teach in the Common Schools of the State, shall receive the sum of fifty 
CENTS per week towards defraying the expenses of tuition and boarding. 

2. Each Student over seventeen years of age, who was disabled in the military or naval 
service of the United States, or of Pennsylvania, or whose father lost his life in said 
service, and who shall sign an agreement as above, shall receive the siun of one doll.\r 
per week. 

3. Each Student who, upon graduating, shall sign an agreement to teach in 
the Common Schools of the State two full years, shall receive the sum of fifty 

DOLLARS. 

4. Any Student to secure these benefits must attend the School at least one term of 
twelve consecutive weeks, and receive instruction in the Theory of Teaching. These 
benefits are to be deducted from the regular expenses of board and tuition. 

There are three courses of instruction: elementary, scientific and classical, respect- 
ively designed to prepare teachers for Common, English High Schools, and High Schools 
in which Greek and Latin are taught. Provision is also made in a preparatory course, 
for students deficient in a knowledge of the most elementary branches. 

A Model School, taught chiefiy by the graduating class of the Nonnal School, is in 
successful operation. 

Graduates in the Elementary Course are constituted Bachelors of the Elements, 
graduates in the Scientific Course, Bachlers of the Sciences, and graduates in the Cla.ss- 
ical Course, Bachelors of the Classics. Judicious arrangements prevail, by which, 
after two years' successful teaching and ]irosecution of their studies, BacMors are ad- 
vanced to Masters, and further distinguished by the corresponding professional titles of 
Teachers of Elemental, Scientific or Classical Didactics. 

Among the attractions of tlie School are two fiourishing Literary Societies, conducted 
by the students— the " Page "' and the "Normal." They hold weekly meetings. They 
have together, about 2000 well selected volumes in their Libraries, all collected within 



4:74: AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

a recent period. Any student may become a member of either of these Societies by 
payings a small initiation fee. 

The following is the summary of students in attendance at the school during 1867-8: 

Males. Females. 

In the formal School 440 214 654 

In the Model School 70 46 116 

"Whole number during the year 770 

Number during the Winter Ses.sion 472 

Number during the Summer Session 516 

Total for both Sessions 988 

The government of the School is based upon the principle, "^o I'igJit because it is 
oHghi.^'' 

Special eftbrts are made to secure obedience to regulations by the cultivation among 
the pupils of a high sense of honor. 

More reliance is placed in the principle of self-government than in positive rules or in 
penalties attached to arbitrary restrictions. 

The positive regulations adopted are based upon the following principles: 

1st. No student should be allowed to trespass upon the rights and privileges of 
another. 

2d. Privileges that all cannot enjoy should be granted to none. It is taken for granted 
that every student who enters the school is disposed to do right, and to obey the particular 
regulations of the school, and implicit trust is placed in his sense of honor and pro- 
priety. 

Parents and guardians are earnestly requested not to send persons who have con- 
tracted bad habits, as the safety of others will demand their dismission. 

Every care is taken to remove temptation to wrong doing, but upon the discovery 
that a student cannot be trusted, he will be removed from the school. 

Among the religious privileges of the School are a Sunday School, Bible Classes, 
Prayer Meetings, and a sennon or religious lecture in the School Chapel every Sunday. 
Students are required to attend the Sermon or Lecture. Attendance upon other exer- 
cises is optional. 

Besides the Institutions already named, there are numerous private schools in dif- 
ferent parts of the County. Among these we name : 

St. James's ScnooL is a graded school, for yovuig ladies, ably conducted by a competent 
corps of teachers, under the direction of the Rector of St. James's Church. It has all 
needed appliances for a sound and liberal education. It has six teachers and about 100 
pui^ils. 

The Rev. Mr. Bruning, a Lutheran minister, also conducts a grls' school, known as 
the Conestoga Collegiate Institute. Mr. Davis has a mixed school, and the Rev. Mr. 
Gast, in conjunction with Mr. Gerhard, has charge of the preparatory department of 
Franklin and Marshall College. 

All these institutions are Day Schools and located at Lancaster. 

The Rev. Mr. Dodge conducts a Young Ladies' Seminary at Mount Joy, and at the 
same place is also an Academy for Boys; both are Boarding schools. 

Soldiers' Orjjhans are also educated in several jiarts of the County. 

LiBKARiES. — There are three public libraries in Lancaster county — the Mechanics' and 
the Athenaeum, in Lancaster city, and Shoch's, in Columbia. Tke Mechanics'' Society 
has 3,500, the Athenaaum Association 3,500, and Shoch's School Library 1,500 volumes. 
The Mechanics' Society was organized on the 8th of May, 1829. The l:)uilding in South 
Queen street, at present used by Geo. B. Schaum as a cabinet wareroom, and which 
was for several years owned and occupied by the 2d Presbyterian Church, was built in 
1839 by the Mechanics' Society, who owned and occupied it for a number of years, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 47.-, 

using- the lower room for the library, and Icttin- out the second lloor for conceits and 
other entertainments. At one time the society j-rew weak, an.l was kept up only by 
about half a dozen members, who instead of dividin.i;- the books and funds amon- them- 
selves, as they mioht have done, and as was proposed by several of them, met rJ^ularly 
for several years and kept the Society alive, until some ten years ago, wlieii ww life 
was infused into it, and it now has thirty-seven members and one hundivd and sixty- 
four subscribers, with $4,150 invested in mortgage on real estate. The Historical, 
Agricultural and Mechanics' Society was organized on the 22d of Septeml)er, l^.i;, to 
secure the $1,000 donation of books shortly before made by Congress to a sm-iety in 
each Congressional district, devoted to history, agriculture and mechanics. This So- 
ciety had its library on the second lioor of Kusscl's hardware building in Noitli (iueen 
street, until February 7, 1859, when the books and other articles were removed t.. the third 
floor of the City Hall. Hon. E. C. Reigart having about this time intimated that if a 
luiion could he effected between the Mechanics" Society, the Historical, Agricultural 
and ]\reclianics' Society, and several other somewhat sunilar organizations in the city, 
he would give $3,500 towards the purchase of books and fitting up a proper place for 
keeping them, an effort was made to accomplish this object. The movement failed. 
However, on the 11th of August, 1858, a society called the Athenaum was organized, 
and the rooms of the third story of the City Hall given without rent, by City Councils, 
for the use of the society. To this society jMr. Reigart gave ^2,500— $1,000 on the 1st 
of January, 1859, and $500 thereafter annually for three j-ears. The rooms were fitted 
up for a libraiy and reading room, and formally opened to the public on tlie ITth of 
Februarj', 1859. On the 20th of December. 18G0. the Atheuiuum Association and the 
Historical, Agricultural and Mechanics' Society were united, and their libraries con- 
solidated, vuider the name of the Athemeum and Historical, Agricultural and Mechanics' 
Society. The similarity of names renders it proper to mention that the "Mechanics' 
Society," first above referred to, is a different institution and entirely uuconuected 
with the "Historical, Agricultural and Mechanics' Society." The Shoch Library 
was established in Columbia, in 1808. Samuel Shoch having donated ^ioOO 
towards the purchase of books for the free use of the pupils of the i)ublic schools 
of Columbia, the Board of School Directors of that borough purchased about 
1,500 voltmies. Citizens of Columbia, by the payment of a small animal fee, are 
permitted to use this library. A society called the Conservatory of Arts and 
Sciences, which was organized in Lancaster city some tweiity-five years ago, established 
a library, and loaned books to its members. It has long since ceased to exist, and 
many of its publications are now on the shelves of the AtheniBum. Two ladies, named 
Jordan, many years ago opened a circulating library in Lancaster, which was kept up 
tuitil some eight years ago, when the sui-viving proprietress died, and the books were 
sold at auction. The Mechanics' Society introduced ir.to Lancaster popular lectiu-es 
and night schools. Redmond Conyngham delivered before the Society a series of lec- 
tures on History, and Dr. W. L. Atlee a series on Chemistry. Other lecturers were 
also employed by this Society.! 

"The LiNK^AN Society of Laxcaster City axd County" was instituted and or- 
ganized February 15, 15:62, and incorporated under tiie above style and title by the Court of 
Common Pleas of Lancaster county, on August 30, 18G5, "for the cultivation, development 
and advancement of natural science; and fortheinvestigati'm of the character, quality and 
habits of tlie animals, plants and minerals of Lancaster county and adjacent teritoiy."' 

The founders and most active promoters of the objects of the Society were Profs. T. 
C. Porter, J. P. Wickersham, E. B. Weaver, and Mes.srs. S. S. Rathvon, J. Stauffer, 
J. R. Sypher, J. B. Kevinski. Samuel Auxer. John F. Heinitsh ami D. G. Swartz. 
Subsequently Messrs. G. M. Zahm. J. ^sl. Seitz, H. M. Bruckart. P. E. Gibbons, 
J. S. Witmer and others were added. 

1 Contribute.) by Sir. II A. lOckaflel 1. 



476 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Its first President was Professor T. C. Porter, D. D. Tlie present officers of the 
Society are President, Hon. J. P. Wickersliani ; Vice Presidents, Charles A. Heinitsli, H. 
G. Bruckart; Recording Secretary, Jacob Stauff'er; Assistant Secretary, H. A. Rocka- 
field; Corresponding Secretary, C\\?iv\Qii'^-A\\vam\; I'reusurer,^. S. Rathvon; Librarian, 
Jno. B. Kevinski; Curators, J. Stauffer, S. S. Rathvon, Jno. B. Kevinski, H. G. 
Bruckart. The Society has been in successful operation since its beginning and earned 
a good report. An account of its labors, extracted from an Essay by Mr. S. S. Rath- 
von, read before the Society on its 4tli anniversary, February 24, 18GG, speaks for itself : 

"Before concluding this essay, allow nre for a moment to advert to the fact, that four 
years ago, we had not a single animal, a plant, a shell, a fossil, a mineral or a Ijook in 
our possession, nor yet a case of any kind, not even a box, to put anything in, if we 
had had it. But at the present day we have a comparatively large collection in our 
possession, or under our control. Our Library, contrary to the expectations of many 
of us, consists of about one hundred and sixty-live books and pamphlets. Our Botan- 
ical collection, although not immediately accessible, is large and comprises nearly, or 
quite, all of the plants and mosses known to Lancaster County. As soon as proper 
receptacles are provided, the Society will have a large and rare collection of botanical 
specimens under its immediate control, numbering some five hundred species. 

^'■Mammalogy seems to be the only order that does not exhibit signs of healthy progress; 
no special laborer in that field having yet volunteered his service. Yet, there are ten 
or twelve mammals, and twenty-five craniological specimens now in possession of the 
Society. It is hoped that some practical student will take up this department of natu- 
ral history, and give it a thorough exploration during the present year. Should such a 
one be found, there is not a doubt he would find the subject sufficiently prolific and 
interesting to remunerate him for his trouble, and would also confer a benefit on the 
Society. 

"In Ornithology owv collection numbers two hundred specimens, part of that number 
being birds of exceeding beauty and variety, still found as occasional visitors in this 
locality and latitude. In Jc/ii/tj^ofo^ry the number of specimens is about two hundred and 
fifty, most of which have been found in our immediate waters. In Ilerpetology we 
number some twenty specimens, comprising nearly all of that order of animals found with- 
in the limits of Lancaster county. The siiecimens in Reptilia are about fifty in number. 
Perhaps the largest collection of any class of animals in the custody of the Society, is 
that included in Entomology, the specimens of Coleoptera alone being not far below 
twelve thousand; besides, nearly one-fourth of that number, belonging to other orders, 
will be placed in the possession of the Society during the present year. In Conchology 
the collection numbers over fourteen hundred specimens, including most of the species 
known to the county of Lancaster. In Oology there is a small but beautiful collection, 
numbering one hundred and twenty-five specimens. The Mineralogical collection 
includes nearly all of the varieties known to this locality, besides many from other local- 
ities, numbering about fifteen hundred specimens. In Paleontology and Fossilology in 
general, the collection is very respectable, and numbers about five hundred specimens. 
There are about four hundred specimens for which no department has yet been organ- 
ized, and therefore these objects are, for the present, referred to Scientific Miscellany. 
The collateral branch of Archeology is growing interesting, and numbers not less than 
two hundred and fifty specimens. This is but a partial eiunneration of the specimens 
of various kinds in possession of the Society, and yet it ' foots up ' the incredible num- 
ber of more than thirty-two thousand, not including the library." 

—Concerning the literary activity and zeal of the members of this Society, this volume 
bears ample testimony, for almost all the contributions to the Natural History of the 
County, constituting Division IX, have been furnished by them, and the fidelity and 
care with which they have executed their work, entitles them to well-merited 
praise. 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 477 

LANCASTER CITY AND COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

The Lancaster City and County Horticultural Societyl was organized in Septenilier 
1867, under that name ; but, subsequently, it added Agriculture as one of the ol»jccts 
of its development. Although several similar organizations had previously existed, yet 
none seemed to have attained the prominence of the present Society, or exliibitcd tlie 
same prospects of eflftciency and permanency. It meets regularly on the fust Mimdny 
in each month, in the Orphans' Court Room, in tlie city of Lancaster; and usual] v 
holds two exhibitions of fruit, flowers, vegetables, and agricultural ])rodu(e in eacii 
year— one in June and one in September. Under its auspices a monthly .jmunal is jml). 
lished, called The Lancaster Farmer, which usually contains Essays read before tlie 
meetings of the Society, a synopsis of its proceedings, and original and selected paiKJi-s 
on Agriculture, Horticulture, Floriculture, Entomology, Botany, and miscellaneous 
subjects. Its present officers are : President, Henry M. Engle; Vice Presidents, Levi 
S. Reist, Jacob B. Garber, J. H. Hershey and Henry K. Stoner; Recording Secretarj-, 
Alex. Harris; Corresponding Secretary, A. D. Hostetter; Treasurer, Dr. P. "W. Heis- 
tand; Entomologist, S. S. Rathvon; Botanist, Jacob Stauffer; Chemist, Dr. J. H. 
Musser; Librarian, John B. Erb. It has also annually appointed a number of .stan<liiig 
committees, who have special charge of the different departments assigned to them, 
according to the provisions of the constitution. 

The Publishing Committee of the Farmer arc: Dr. P. "\V. Heistand, H. K. Stoner, 
J. M. Frantz, Casper Hiller, Levi W. Groff and Alex. Harris; and tlie Editorial Com- 
mittee are: J. B. Garber, H. M. Engle, L. S. Reist, Dr. W. L. Diffenderfer, Dr. J. II. 
Musser and S. S. Rathvon; the last named on each of the committees lieing residents of 
Lancaster city, and the remainder residents of different districts in the county. 

The Society has a large membership, and is composed of some of the most practical 
and influential farmers and fruit growers within the limits of Lancaster city and coun- 
ty. Its proceedings, thus far, seem to be in harmony with the progressive spirit of the 
age. 

NE\\SPAPERS IN LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Although Printing has been styled "the art preservative of arts," it is remarkalile 
that perhaps the only excei^tion to the rule is to be found in the preservation of the 
history of an important branch of that art itself — the history of the news])aper press. 
It is surprising how little is known of the actual hi.story of the early newspapei-s of 
Lancaster. To write a comjjlete history of the press of Lancaster from the first organi- 
zation of the county, would involve the labor and research of months, and tlien much 
of tradition would necessarily supply the place of facts of wliich tliere is no record and 
no definite recollection in the minds of persons now living. We were never so deeply 
impressed with the imi)ortance of filing and i)reserving newspajjers as since we ad- 
dressed ourselves to the task of sketching the history of our local newspai)ers. Files 
even of newspapers published within the knowledge of the present generation aiv either 
not accessible or so imperfect that they are of little value for our jiurpose. What a 
treasure to the local historian of to-day would be the complete files of the newspapers 
published by Miller and Holland, Lahn, Albright and other-s, a huiulred yeai-s ago! 
And in how high esteem will the complete newspaper files of this eventful decade Ixj 
held by those who may fill our places and study our daily history a century hence! 

The newspaper press of Lancaster has always been distinguished for its neatness in 
typography and the enterprise and ability witli which it has been conducted. In these 
respects it has always compared favorably with the press anywhere outside of the great 
Metropolitan centres. It is therctV>re to be regretted that so little material for its 

1 Uontributed by Mr. S. S. Pathvon. 



478 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

complete history is now within reach. It is hoped, however, that the knowledge of 
the deficiency thus brought to pviblic notice, will lead to the collection of many facts of 
value in the revision of a future edition of this work. 

The history of the newspaper in Lancaster can be traced back as far as 1751. In 
January of that year a newspaper in the English and German language was published 
in this city by Miller and Holland. What the title of it was we cannot now learn, 
neither the date of its suspension. Before the revolutionary war, and for a short time 
after its commencement, William Albright, associated with Lahn and Stumer, publish- 
ed a newspaper in English and German; and soon after the beginning of the war, Francis 
Bailey published a paper in English. Subsequently, he removed to Philadelphia and 
published the Freeman'' s Journal. Over half a century ago Benjamin Grimier pub- 
lished a German paper in this city. 

The Lancaster Journal vrns, established by Wilcox & Hamilton in .June, 1794. In 
June, 1796, it passed under the control of Wm. Hamilton, who continued to publish it 
until January, 1820, when he was succeeded by Huss & Brenner. In July of the same 
year Captain John Reynolds, (father of the late distinguished Major General J. F. 
Reynolds,) took charge of the Journal, by whom it was conducted until 1834, when it 
passed into the hands of Hugh Maxwell, by whom it was conducted until merged in 
the Intelligencer, in 1839. 

About the period of the late war with Great Britain, there were several papers pub- 
lished which either ceased to exist or lost their identity in other papers with which they 
were consolidated. Of these, one of the ablest and most influential in its day, was the 
Ijancaster Gazette, published for several years by Hugh Maxwell. 

About the year 1821, MatthewKelly published the Lancaster i^ree Press, and about the 
same period Samuel C. Stambaugh, a noted Democratic politician of his day, published 
the American Sentinel. In 1829, or 1830, the Anti-Masonic Opponent -was published, and 
edited by Cyrus Jacobs. About the same time Hermann W. Ville published in Eng- 
lish the Standard of Liberty, a neutral paper, and also a German paper, which was rad- 
ically Democratic in its politics. In 1833 or 1834, the Lancaster Miscellany was pub- 
lished by Redmond Conyngham, whose office was where the Synagogue now stands, in 
Orange street. About the year 1835 Francis Frank started a German paper called the 
Walire Americaner, which was bought by Jacob Myers in 1840, who changed the title 
to Wahre Demokrat. Mr. Myers afterwards started a paper devoted to the interests of 
the working men, called the Working-Men'' s Press. It was subsequently (1846,) uni- 
ted with the ^imerzcrtyi Republican, which in 1859 (as noticed elsewhere) was merged 
in the Liquirer. 

A paper called the Lancaster Democrat was started on May 8, 1844, by Henry Hays, 
publisher, and Col. John Forsyth Carter, editor, a writer of great fluency, who had the 
faculty of imparting unusual interest to a column of items. Mr. Hayes was succeeded 
as publisher by William B. Wiley, who subsequently sold out to the editor. Col. Carter. 
In 1845 Patrick Donnelly became the publisher, in whose hands the paper reniaiued 
until its susijension. 

The Lancasterian was established on the 1st of January, 1848, by Marcus D. Hol- 
brook, in the interest of the Cass Democracy. On Oct. 23, 1852, he sold out to Henry 
S. Myers and Wm. B. Wiley. It was published one year by Myers & Wiley, when Mr. 
Myers retired. The Lancasterian was hostile to the election of Mr, Buchanan to the 
Presidency, and on the 12th of October, 1855, the subscription list was purchased by 
his friends and united with the Intelligencer. 

The American Bepublican was started in 1844, by David S. Kieffer, as an organ of 
the "Native American" party, and was published by him until 1846, when he sold out 
to Jacob Myers, who united it with the Press, as noticed elsewhere. 

The Semi-Weekly Gazette was issued on the 19th of August, 1839, by James H. 
Bryson, J. H. Pearsol and James Wimer. Four months subsequently, it was changed 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 479 

to The Age, a weekly temperance paper, then regarded as one of the best conductcl 
organs of the temperance movement in the country. Financially, liowever, it was not 
a success, and it was discontinued in the latter part of 1842, a sliort time before Mr. 
Pearsol started the Express. 

The Moral Reformer, a small temperance weekly, was started by Rev. Henry Miller, 
in January, 1844. On the foin-th of July of that year he transferred tlie conreni to j! 
M. W. Geist, who subsequently enlarged the paper, changing the title to Auterican 
Reformer. Like its predecessor, The Age, it was a pecuniary failure, and in 184.") its 
publication was suspended. It was subsequently revived at llarrisburg, and published 
a few months there, as a State Temperance organ, with no better success. 

The Anti-M<isonic Herald was started at New Holland by Theophilus Fenn and Dr. 
Thos. H. Vesey in June, 1828, and published until April, 1829, when it wa.s removed to 
Lancaster, and conducted by Fenn & Fenton. Mr. Fenton having retired, Mr. Fenn 
conducted it until April, 1831, when he sold to Dr. John F. Charles. In January, 1833, 
Dr. Charles sold to Geo. "W. Hamersly, who published it for eighteen months, when 
it was united with the Examiner. 

The Lancaster Union was started May 24, 1834, by John L. Boswell, then of the 
Columbia Spy. On the 28tli of November, 1834, he formed a partnership with Carpen- 
ter McCleery. It was published by Boswell & ]\IcCleery until April, 183."), when 
McCleery became sole proprietor. On the 9th of April, 1839, the office was purchased 
by A. H. Hood. Mr. Hood conducted the paper until October 18, 1842, when he sold to 
Henry Montgomery. The Union^a.mnexg&fihxth.Q. Independent IFA?// in November, 1851. 

The Independent Whig was established by a joint stock comi)any, at the head of 
which was Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, in November 18ol. It was started as an organ of 
the anti-slavery Whigs, iii opposition to the Examiner, whicli was then conservative 
on that question. The company purchased the old Union from Mr. Hamersly for 
$6,500, and made it the basis of the Whig. The new paper was edited by Edw. 
M'Plierson, (now Clerk of the House of Representatives at Washington,) assisted by 
E. H. Ranch. On the 12th of May, 1853, they issued The Inland Daily, then a small 
three-column penny morning paper. In the fall of 1853 Mr. Ranch retired, and Mr. 
INI'Pherson soon after resigned the management of the paper. He was succeeded by 
Tlieo. Fenn, as publisher, and Harvey L. Goodall, as editor of the Daily, which was af- 
terwards enlarged and called The Inland Daily Times. In the summer of 1855, The 
Inland Weekly was started, as an organ of the " American" movement. About thistime 
the Whig was published for a short time as a semi-weekly. The various enterprises 
proving a pecuniary loss to the company, Mr. Fenn became the owner of the concern. 
He finally sold out to Thos. E. & J. J. Cochran, Sept. 21, 1858, who discontinued the 
Daily Times and changed the name of the weekly to I'he Lancaster Union. (Jn the 
first of January, 1863, the Messrs. Cochran sold to J. A. Hiestand & Co., who consoli- 
dated it with the Examiner. 

The Public Register was started in December, 1853, by II. A. Rockafield. as an inde- 
].endent paper. In June, 1854, its name was changed to Public Register and American 
Citizen, and conducted by John F. Huber as an organ of the "Know Nothings" or 
"American" party, then recently organized. In the fall of 1854, Mr. llnber formed 
a partnership with M. M. Rohrer. Huber & Rohrer were succeeded by AValter G. 
Evans, who subsequently sold to Jacob >Iyers, who consolidated it with the Press. At 
one thne the Register &■; Citizen had the largest circulation ever attained by any paper 
in Lancaster. 

In September, 1808, a literary monthly publication, called the Gleaner, or M>i,(hly 
Magazine, was issued by Stacy Potts, jr. editor, and William Greer, printer and publisher. 
It was a very creditable monthly for that day, but as we have no record of its pidjHcation 
beyond one year, it was doubtless a pecuniary failin-e. E;icli number contained 48 
octavo pages and was handsomely pi'inted. 



480 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

In June, 1833, a monthly educational magazine was started under the auspices of 
Amos Gilbert, for many years a prominent school teacher in this city and county. It 
was called The Inciter, and was the first educational publication in the county of 
which we have any record. It was an octavo of sixteen pages, and was discontinued 
at the end of the year for want of patronage. 

The Old Guard, a Whig paper, was established by the friends of Hon. John Strohm, 
in 1839. Wm. Kennedy Avas the first editor, and was succeeded in 1840 by Theodore 
D. Cochran. The paper was subsequently transferred to Loyd Jones & Brother, and 
finally sold to Edw. C. Darlington, and merged in the Examiner. 

In the year 184.5 Ele Bowen commenced the publication of a large weekly agricul- 
tural paper, called the Lancaster County Farmer. After publishing a few numbers, 
the enterprise failed for want of capital. Mr. Bowen subsequently enlisted Jacob B. 
Garber in the enterprise, who with a liberal expenditure of capital and the emi^loy- 
ment of editorial talent, made it an excellent paper. The name was changed to Farmer 
and Literary Gazette, and the talented authoress, Mrs. Lydia Jane Pierson, was en- 
gaged on the editorial statt', assisted by Albert G. Williams, David G. Swartz and 
others. The establishment was sold to Aaron Eshleman and P. 11. Gochnauer, in 
1849, who were succeeded by Wm. H. Spangler, as publisher, and A. M. Spangler, as 
editor. It was finally merged in the Examdner. 

A Whig paper called The Tribune and Advertiser was started by R. W. Middleton 
on the 20th of June, 1846, and was published about two years. It was united with the 
Union under the title of Union and Tribune. 

The Mechanics'' Coiinsellor, a monthly paper devoted to the interests of the Order of 
American Mechanics was issued by E. H. Ranch, in 1852, and published one year. 

The Conestoga Chief, devoted to the interests of the Independent Order of Red Men, 
was published about 1855, by Harvey L. Goodall. 

A daily jiaper called the Morninrj Herald, was commenced by E. S. Speaker on the 
2oth day of June, 1859, and published about two months. 

In Oct. 1858, E. S. Speaker commenced the publication of a weekly temperance paper 
called the Temperance Advocate, which was published about three years. 

There were quite a number of spirited campaign papers published in Lancaster during 
the past thirty years, which had considerable influence in the campaigns of their day. 
We can call to remembrance, the Buckeye, published by R. W. Middleton in the cam- 
paign of 1840-41; the Mill-Boy, by E. C. Darlington, started in May, 1844; the Bough 
and Beady, by John S. Jones, and the Grape-Shot, by R. W. Middletown, in 1848; the 
National Whig, by John S. Jones, June 19, 1851; and the Scott Bugle, from the office 
of the Independent Whig, July 23, 1852. There were doubtless others of which we 
have no recollection. 

Among the papers of which we have no precise data, were The Daily Free Press, an 
organ of the liquor interest, published by Jacob Myers and edited by Frs. H. Carjien- 
ter; the German Democrat, published by Rudolph Kuhn, afterwards the Harrisburg 
and Lancaster Democrat; and the Pathfinder, by John F. Huber and E. J. Pinkerton. 

About the year 1831, Reuben Chambers commenced the publication of a weekly 
paper at Bethania, Lancaster county, called the Betliania Palladium, which he publish- 
two or three years. 

The Strasburg Bee, was issued by Martin M. Rohrer, in the Borough of Strasburg. 
on the finst of December, 1850. Mr. Rohrer was succeeded by Mr. Whitehill. In 
December, 1855, Samuel B. Markley became publisher of the Bee, and on the 24th of 
May following, he enlarged and materially improved the paper, and published it until 
Nov. 8, 1856, when he retired, and the paper was soon after discontinued for want of 
patronage. 

A paper called The Trtimpet was started at Elizabethtown in 1864, by B. H. Lehman. 
Its name was subsequently changed to the Gazette. Size 24 by 36. In April, 1869, it 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 4s]^ 

was removed by Mr. Lehman to Mount Union, lluntingJoii county, and establisliod 
there as the News. 

In 1858 the Strasburg Herald was started in the Borough of Strasburg by AVni. .1. 
Kauffman, and continued until the spring of 1861. 

In the political campaign of 1860, the Constitution, an organ of the Bell and Everett 
party, was published in Lancaster, by Samuel B. Markley. 

In the same year ]\Ir. Markley published a monthly magazine, called the Educational 
Record, which was edited by T. L. Sanders. 

In 1859-60, the Parje MontUy, an organ of the Page Literary Society of the State 
Nonnal School, at Millersville, was published by B. H. Ilershey; at the same time tlie 
Normal Weekly, the organ of the rival Literary Society at Millersville, was published 
in the Weekly Express. 

On the 26th of June, 1868, a daily paper called the Morning Telegram was started in 
Columbia, by Frank S. Taft. It was published only a few months. 

Of all the towns in Lancaster county. Marietta has been the most prolific in news- 
paper enterprises. In 1816 or 1818, William Pierce commenced the publication of a 
monthly magazine called The Ladies' Visitor, which was continued two or three years. 
About the year 1820, John Huss started The Pilot, a weekly newspaper, which he con- 
tinued until 1825, when he changed it to The Pioneer. He afterwards sold out to 
Charles Nagle. In 1827 or 1828 Nagle sold to A. B. and R. K. Grosh, who published 
it as an Anti-Masonic and Adams Organ, until about 1830, when they sold the material 
to Sheaflf & Heinitsh, of Columbia, who started the Columbia Courant. The Marietta 
Advocate\Y?i.s commenced in 1832 by Wm. R. McCay, and continued for about four yeai-s, 
when it was removed to Lewistown. The Washingtonian was commenced in 1841 or 
1842, as a temperance paper, by Taylor & Goodman. It was succeeded by The Orb, by 
Thomas Taylor, who afterwards changed the title to The Ant. The Argus was stalled 
by Goodman & Baker, April 20, 1844, and continued for three years. The Litth Mis- 
sionary, published by John F. Weishampel, was cotemporaneous with The Argus, but 
was published only about a year. It was a religious royal octavo semi-mouthly. 
The Mariettian was started in 1854. (See page 483-4.) 

The foregoing embraces all the material now at hand relating to the dead past of the 
newspaper history of Lancaster County. The following is a brief record of the living 
present : 

The Lancaster Express, (daily and weekly.) The weekly E-rj^ress was started by 
John H. Pearsol, on the 10th of February, 1843. It was then a six-column paper, about 
the size of the present Lancaster dailies. Mr. Pearsol continued the publication until 
August, 1849, when Wm. Meeser purchased an interest in the othce. In August, 1850, 
Mr. Meeser re-sold his interest to Mr. Pearsol, who enlarged the paper to the double- 
medium size, and remained sole publisher and proprietor until August, 1856. In the 
interim he was assisted in the editorial management of the paper by different writei-s, 
the late Mrs. Hugh Maxwell having been one of the most energetic and successful in 
adding to the interest of its columns. Up to this time the Express was the acknow- 
ledged organ of the Temperance movement, and maintained a neutral position in rela- 
tion to the political parties of the day. On the 1st of August, 1856, J. M. W. Geist, 
who had been the managing editor since 1852, purchased a half-interest in the Express, 
when the Weekly was again enlarged and arrangements commenced for issuing the 
Daily Express, which made its appearance on November 3, 1856. In the meantime, 
the Kansas troubles having assumed the magnitude of a great national question, the 
Express abandoned its neutrality and advocated the foniiation of the Ropul)iioan party, 
caUing the first meeting which convened for that purpose. May 31, 1856. The Express 
is still published by its founders, Pearsol & Geist, and is independent Republican in 
politics. The Daily is printed on a sheet 22 by 32, and the Weekly 31 by 47 niches. 

The Lancaster Intelligencer, (daily and weekly. ) The weekly Intelligencer was estab- 

32 



482 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY 

lisbed by William and Thomas Dickson, in 1799, being then only' a small four-column 
sheet. It was issued regularly by William Dickson, until his death in 1823. The pub- 
lication was continued by his widow, assisted, first by her son-in-law, Mr. Bedford, and 
subsequently by Thomas Feran, esq. In March 1837, it passed into the hands of James H. 
Bryson and John W. Forney, who enlarged it, but Mr. Bryson retired within a year. 
In September, 1839, Mr. Forney bought out the Journal, which had been established in 
1794 and united it with the Intelligeticer under the title of the Intelligencer & Journal^ 
which he again enlarged. In 1845, Mr. Forney removed to Philadelphia, leaving the 
paper in the management of Marcus D. Holbrook. In 1846 Mr. Holbrook became the 
sole publisher, but in a few months transferred the establishment to Franklin G. May, 
of Chambersburg. On the first of January, 1848, it passed into the hands of Edwin W. 
Hutter, esq., who continued his coiniection until July 1849, when he abandoned the 
profession of journalism for the pulpit. He was succeeded by George Sanderson, who 
subsequently associated his son Alfred in the management, who continued its publica- 
imtil the 18th of July, 1864, when it was sold to John M. Cooper, H. G. Smith, Wm. 
A. Morton and Alfred Sanderson, who published it under the firm title of Cooper, San- 
derson & Co. until November 1, 1866, when it passed into the hands of H. G. Smith, 
and A. J. Steinman, the present publishers. In August, 1864, Cooper, Sanderson & 
Co. started the Daily Intelligencer, which is still continued by H. G. Smith & Co. The 
Intelligencer is Democratic in politics. The Weekly is printed on a sheet 31x46 inches 
and the Daily 22x31 inches. 

The Lancaster Examiner and Herald, (semi- weekly.) The Examiner was started 
in the spring of 1830, by Samuel Wagner, who published it until June, 1834, when he 
sold to Geo. W. Hamersly and Luther Richards, who united it with the Herald. Ham- 
ersly & Richards published it as the Examiner and Herald until December, 1838, 
when it was purchased by Robert White Middleton. On the 8th of December, 1841, 
Edw. C. Darlington purchased an interest in the establishment, and the paper was 
published a short time by Middleton & Darlington. On the 22d of December of that 
year Mr. Middleton withdrew and the publication was continued by JNIr. Darlington, 
until the 20th of October, 1858, when he sold out to John A. Hiestand, John F. Huber 
and Francis Heckert. The firm of Hiestand, Huber and Heckert was dissolved by the 
death of Mr. Huber, November 4, 1862. On the 9th of February, 1863, the interest of 
Mr. Huber was purchased by Ed. M. Kline, who had been connected with the editorial 
department for some years, and the firm changed to J. A. Hiestand & Co. On the first 
of January, 1864, Hiestand & Co. purchased the Lancaster Union from T. E. & J. J, 
Cochran, and consolidated it with the Examiner, making it a semi-weekly publication 
from that date — or, rather, issuing a portion of its edition on Wednesday, and the rest 
on Saturday. On the 1st of May, 1864, Mr. Heckert withdrew from the firm, and his 
interest was purchased by John I. Hartman, the style of the firm being changed to 
Hiestand, Kline & Hartman. On May 1, 1868, Mr. Hartman withdrew, and the paper 
is now published by Hiestand & Kline. The Examiner ^ Herald was formerly conser- 
vative Whig, and is now radical Republican in its politics. It is printed on a sheet 29^ 
by 45 inches. 

Ber Volksfreund und Beohachter, (Weekly, German.) The Volksfreund (the 
Peoples' Friend) was started by William Hamilton in 1808. It was edited by the late 
Josei)h Ehrenfried', and was Federal in politics. ]Mr. Hamilton, then Sheritf of Lan- 
caster county, becoming involved in pecuniary difficulties, the establishment was pur- 
chased by ]VIr. Ehrenfried at Sheriff's sale. The enterprise not proving a pecuniary 
success in Mr. Ehrenfried's hands, the office was again sold by the Sheriff", and pur- 
chased in 1817, by John Baer and Samuel Kling. The latter retired the same year, 
leaving Mr. Baer sole proprietor. Under his management the enterprise became a 
complete pecuniary and political success. In 1829-30 it was Anti-Masonic in politics, 
and subsequently Whig and then Republican, with the advent of that party. In 1838 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 483 

Mr. Baer bought Dcr Beobachter (the Observer) from Samuel Wagner and consolidated 
the two papers under the present title. He continued his management of the paixjr 
until his death, on the 6th of November, 1858, when he was succeeded by Kcuhen A. 
and Christian R. Baer, under the firm of John Baer's Sons, the present publishers. 
The Volksfreund is printed on a sheet 28 by 43 inches. 

The Lancaster Inquirer, (weekly,) was started on the first of Januaiy. IB-IO, by 
Stuart A. Wylie, Jacob D. Gompf and J. W. Gaintner, doing business as the finn of 
S. A. Wylie & Co. On the first of September folloAving tliey purchased the Amcriain 
Press and BepuhUcan from Jacob Myers & Son, and united it witli the Inrjvirer, at tho 
same time enlarging it from a six to a seven-colunni paper. In 18G0 Mr. Wylie V>ought 
out the interests of Messrs. Gompf and Gaintner, and continued the publication alone. 
On the 7th of July, 1863, he commenced the publication of the D(tily Inquirer, which 
■was published until Feb. 13, 1864. On the first of May, 1868, Mr. Wylie .sold an in- 
terest in the Inquirer to Elwood Griest, and the paper was enlarged to eight cohunns, 
being now published by Wylie & Griest, on a sheet 28 by 43 inches. In politics tlie In- 
quirer is radical Republican. 

The Columbia Spy, (weekly,) claims a history as far back as 1816, but the office having 
been twice destroyed by fire, and with it the files, we have been able to ])i-ocure very 
little reliable data for its history. It grew out of tlie Pionetr, established in ^Marietta 
by John Huss, which was formerly called the Filot. Huss may have started tlie Pilot 
in 1816, as he was in the war of 1813, in Capt. Grosh's company, and engaged m the 
printing business soon after his return. He had learned his trade in Hugh ^laxweirs 
office. Huss sold the Pioneer to A. B. & R. K. Grosh, who, in 1830 sold to John A. 
Sheaflf and Chas. H. Heinitsh, who resumed the publication under tlie name of the Co- 
lumbia Oourant. In 1831 John L. Boswell bought out Slieaff & Heinitsh, and clianged 
the name of the paper to the Spy. The paper was edited while Boswell Avas publislicr 
by Thos. E. Cochran. In 1835 the concern was purchased by Preston B. Elder. It 
was subsequently i^ublished by .James Patton, E. Beatty, Chas, J. Barnitz, J. G. L. 
Brown, Eshleman ifc Kammerer, Stephen Greene, Coleman J. Bull, and Samuel 
Wright. The present publishers being unable to give us any information on the sub- 
ject, we are reluctantly compelled to leave the record incomplete. The *S^^ is now 
published by A. M. Rambo & Sou, who established the daily edition on the 22d of 
June, 1868. Size of the weekly, 38 by 43; daily, 20 by 26 inches. 

The Church Advocate, a weekly religious journal, published under the au.spices of the 
" Church of God," was started as the Gospel Publisher, at Harrisburg in 1835, by Rev. 
John Winebrenner, who was succeeded by Rev. John F. Weishampel, and then by 
Rev. Geo, McCartney, as editor. Owing to the pecuniary embarrassments of the Board 
of Publication, it was suspended. In 1846 the publication was revived by Mr. Winebren- 
ner, who called it The Church Advocate, and continued as its editor for eleven years. Ho 
was succeeded by Rev. Geo. Calder, who edited it for two years. In 1850 it was removed 
to Lancastei/ and placed in charge of the present editor. Rev. E. H. Thomas, who, 
during the ten years of his management, has doubled its size and circulation. It is 
printed in quarto form, on a sheet 82 by 44 inches. 

The Father Abraham was started at Reading, as a Republican campaign paiKjr, in 
July 1864, by E. 11. Ranch & Son, and continued during the campaign. It was rcvivetl 
July 1, 1866, by E. H. Ranch and published during that campaign. On the 29th of 
May, 1868, it was revived in Lancaster, as a campaign paper, by E. II. Ranch and Thos. 
B. Cochran, and continued as a permanent weekly, Nov. 20, 1868. Size 23 by 33 inches. 

The Mo^vnt Joy Herald was started March 17, 1854, by F. H. StautVer, (who, we 
omitted to mention in the proper connection, succeeded Mr. Goodall as editor of tlio 
Inland Daily Times.) He was succeeded by Rev. E. II. Thomas, who sold out to tho 
present publisher, J. R. Hoffer. It is Republican in politics. Size, 23 by 32. 

The Mariettian was established on the 11th of April, 1854, by a joint stock company, 



484 AUTHEJ^TIC HISTORY 

with Israel Goodman as publisher. It was edited for several years by members of the 
■company. The stock was finally bought up by Frederick L. Baker, the present editor 
.and publisher, under whose auspices it has reached its fifteenth volume. It is i)rinted 
on a sheet 24 by 30 inches. 

The Manlieim Sentinel was started at Manheim in 1858, by Samuel Ensminger, who 
was succeeded by his son, J. M. Ensminger, the present publisher and editor, and in 
politics is republican. It is printed on a sheet 24 by 36 inches. 

The Columbia Herald was established Dec. 3, 1867, by W. Hayes Grier, publisher, 
and Geo. Young, jr., editor. It is printed in quarto form, on a sheet 31 by 47 inches, 
and in politics is Democratic. 

The Columbia Daily Spy was issued by A. M. Rambo & Son on the 22d of June, 
1868. It is printed on a sheet 20 by 26 inches, and is Republican in politics. 

The Keystone Good Templar, was started as a monthly, called the Monthly Circular, 
in July, 1866. It was edited by L. Ellen Wright, Secretary of the Grand Lodge of 
Good Templars, under whose auspices the publication is conducted. In July, 1868, it 
was published semi-monthly, and the title changed to Oood Templar. On Dec. 1, 1868, 
E. H. Ranch became the managing editor, and on April 1, 1869, it was changed to a 
weekly. It is i^rinted in quarto form, on a sheet 21^ by 28 inches. 

The Voice of Truth, a monthly temperance paper, was started in 1868 by B. H. 
Wamer & W. J. Kafroth, with Rev. E. H. Nevin, as editorial contributor. It is now 
conducted by W. W. Beardslee. Size 24 by 38 inches. 

The Mechanics' Advocate, an organ of the Order of United American Mechanics, 
commenced its regular issue in April, 1869. It is published by Snyder, Wylie & Snyder, 
and edited by W. T. Wylie. It is published monthly, in quarto form, printed on a 
sheet 24 by 36 inches. 

The Sunday School Oem, an illustrated monthly Sunday School paper, issued from 
the office of the Church Advocate, and edited by Rev. E. H. Thomas, was established 
in January, 1867. Size, 17 by 23 inches. 

The Pennsylnania School Journal was established by Thos. H. Burrowes, in January 
1852, as the organ of the "Lancaster County Educational Association." The enterprise 
proving encouraging, on the following July, it was made a State organ of the Common 
School cause. In May, 1866, J. P. McCaskey became associated with Mr. Burrowes 
in the management of the School Journal. It is a royal octavo monthly magazine of 
thirty-two pages, and has an extended circulation. 

The Guardian, a monthly magazine, devoted to the social, literary and religious in- 
terests of young men and ladies, was established at Lewisburg, Pa., by the late Rev. 
Dr. Henry Harbaugh, in January, 1849. In 1850, he removed the publication to Lan- 
caster, where it was printed for a time by Edw. C. Darlington, and subsequently pub- 
lished by Pearsol & Geist, Dr. Harbaugh still retaining the editorial management. 
In 1863 Pearsol & Geist transferred their interest to S. R. Fisher & Co., of Philadel- 
phia, and in 1864, Rev. Benjamin Bausman succeeded Dr. Harbaugh as editor. It 
remains under the auspices of the same editor and puljlishers. The Guardian is an 
octavo monthly of thirty-two pages, and is steadfastly devoted to the highest interests 
of the young. 

The Lancaster Farmer, a monthly agricultural and horticultural publication, was 
established in January, 1869, under the auspices of the "Lancaster County Agricul- 
tural and Horticultural Society." It is printed by Wylie & Griest, under the direction 
of a publishing committee, consisting of Dr. P. W. Hiestand, H. K. Stoner, Jacob M. 
Frantz, Casper Hiller, Levi W. Grofi" and Alexander Harris. The editoriiil committee 
consists of Jacob B. Garber, H. M. Engle, Levi S. Reist, W. L. Diffenderfer, J. H. 
Musser and S. S. Rathvon. The Farmer is an octavo of sixteen pages.i 
1 Contributed by J. M. W. Goist, Esq. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 485 



DIVISION YII. 



AGEICULTUEAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE IN LANCASTER COUNTY FROM THE Sxn 
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKEN IN 1860. 

Acres of Land. Improved, in farms, 44.'»,838 

Unimproved, iu farms, 0'2,()73 

Cash Value of Farms s52,.-)0n.4Gl 

Value of Farming Implements and Machinery, *l,onr»,333 

Live Stock. Horses, 22,983 

Asses and Mules, 1.328 

Milcli Cows, ='A93G 

Working Oxen, IJyoG 

Other Cattle, '^~'^'^'> 

Sheep, '''0^'' 

Swine ^-i'^2G 

Value of Live Stock, ^■'' ' "^^ I!~.'^ 

Produce. Wheat, bushels of 2.12.),7~v 

Rye, do 9''001 

Indian Corn, bushels of 2,048,398 

/-^ J. 1 1 D*^'"* 923 

Oats, do i..t-..j>..^ 

Tobacco, pounds of 2,001,547 

Wool, do 22,949 

Peas and Beans, bushels of ^ \'^^^ 

Irish Potatoes, do 32.'),647 

Sweet Potatoes, do ^^^^^^ 

Barley, do '-••';^:; 

Buckwheat, do ..V'"^'!- 

Orchard products, value of !^b. , i j» 

Wine, gallons of -o- nio 

Market garden products, value of f^'* , 

Bixtter, pounds of 2,.-).-,0,8.s7 

™ , 49,.3."i.", 

Cheese, do ^^„ 

„ ^ . 116,089 

Hay, tons of _^ 

Clover-seed, bushels of "'' ' 

Grass-seeds, do '^'^^^ 

Hops, pounds of -i' a- 

Flax, do '^g^ 

Flax-seed, bushels of ^^ 

Sorghum Molasses, gallons of : '_■/_ 

Maple Molasses, do '^!^^ 

Beeswax, poiuids of ,. '_"^ 

, l.)..)40 

Honey, do jci; 413 

Manufactures, home-made, value of. jft9M-'4~9 

Animals, slaughtered, do • '• '' 



486 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



VALUATION OF ESTATE, EEAL AND PERSONAL, IN LANCASTER CO., 
ACCORDING TO THE EIGHTH CENSUS TAKEN IN 1860. 

Real, $69,024,318 

Personal, 25,173,703 

Aggregate, $94,198,021 



STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES IN LANCASTER COUNTY, FROM THE 
EIGHTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, TAKEN IN 1860. 



00 CO 









No. of 
Hands 
euipl'd. 



o P 



> 

O 3 






Agriculturail Implements— I I 

Miscellaneous 17 $ 

Horse Powers 8 

Mowers and Keapers 1 

Ploughs 1 

Bark, ground 1 

Blacksmitlnng 105 

Book-bind in g 1 

Boots and shoes 107 

Boxes, packing 1 

Bread 11 

Brick 17 

Brushes 1 

Carpentering 7 

Oar pen t e r s ' T ool s 2 

Carpets 1 

Carriages 3s 

Cigars 12 

Clothing, Men's 23 

Clover, hulling 2 

Combs 1 

Confectionery 7 

Cooperage 11 

Cordage 3 

Cotton Coverlets li 

Cotton Goods 4 

Cutlery 1 

Dyeing and Coloring 1 

Edge Tools 3 

Fire-arms 4 

Flour and Meal 1 72 

Furniture, C abinet 33 

do. Chairs 5 

Gas I 

Gilt Frames, Mirrors, &c 1 

Hardware, Miscellaneous 1 

do. Augers 1 

Hats and Caps 8 

Iron, l)ar, steel, railroad 3 

do. blooms 5 

do. castings ■ 7 

do. stoves 1 

do. ore 7 

do. pig 10 

Lamp fixtures 1 

Leather 34 

do. Morocco 3 

Lime 51 

Liquors, distilled 24 

do. malt 11 

do. rectified 1 

Lumber, planed 1 

do. sawed 40 

Machinerj', Steam Engines, etc 5 

Malt 1 

Marble and Stone Work 5 

Medicines, Extracts, Drugs, etc 2 

Millinery and Dressmaking 4 

Mineral Water 2 



77,260 

30,r.00 

23,500 

300 

4,000 

44,720 

300 

75,393 

2,000 

24,050 

35,325 

1,500 

9,370 

1,250 

400 

(12,180 

33,598 

34,525 

3,000 

5,000 

6,2.i0 

5,410 

LUOO 

7,850 

378,50(J 

(3,000 

l,uOO 

15,.500 

36,700 

1,511,405 

62,100 

2,700 

78,000 

6,000 

300 

50 

27,750 

410,000 

60,500 

88,000 

8,000 

201,200 

1,139,000, 

1,000 

202,840 1 

12,800' 

50,905! 

85,900 

85,400 1 

10,000; 

39,000 

168,800 1 

56,1201 

10,000 

15,600 

1,100 

3,240 

6,000 i 



41,204 

16,068 

4,510 

860 

900 

38.250 

1,210 

80,163 

495 

21,412 

10,764 

2,300 

10,037 

1,050 

350 

36,264 

25,10S 

49,667 

2,796 

2.950 

11,190 

3,039 

2,270 

13,355 

448,123 

185 

500 

6,185 

7,854 

2,46;^, 682 

19,285 

3,038 

5,250 

1,680 

470 

120 

16,600 

5.'.0,19(i 

75,803 

22,035 

0,.525 

4,092 

679,610 

1,500 

139,877 

25,000 

49,646 

155,907 

43,714 

18,700 

15,000 

113,543 

11,263 

2,960 

9,970 

2,250 

5,500 

3,660 



129 .. 
58 .. 

35 ., 
2 . . 
1''.'. 

194 .. 

5 3 
337 1 80 

4 .... 

27 

96 .... 

6 .... 

36 .... 
4 .... 

1 .... 
184 .... 

73.... 
87 C5 

2 .... 

19 6 
15 2 

20 .... 
9 1 

18l 3 



323 516 
1' 

2! 
19 

as; 

271 
105! 
13 
5 
4 
1 
2 

26, 

415 

67 

63 

18 

281 

428, 

1 

104 

27' 

98 

45 

38 

1 

14 

104' 

54 

2 

18 

3 

...J 171 



38,844 

17,016 

12,000 

480 

240 

43,824 

1,284 

92,184 

1,200 

5,676 

23,028 

2,160 

8,580 

2,460 

120 

50,916 

14,748 

33,600 

600 

5,880 

10,59<j 

4,476 

1,860 

5,556 

148,548 

3'>0 

480 

6,036 

20,748 

66,048 

27,480 

3,900 

2,400 

2,400 

300 

600 

9,144 

1.54,500 

16,080 

17,700 

6,000 

59,040 

151,740 

300 

26,460 

8,232 

27,372 

11,664 

8,220 

300 

3,900 

37,580 

15,960 

7:;o 

6,000 
1,080 
3,264 
2,148 



i 127,113 

45,690 

35,125 

1,402 

1,200 

109,476 

3,000 

203,886 

1.800 

36,057 

41,575 

5,000 

27,620 

4,700 

525 

137,692 

53,510 

99,879 

3,278 

17,100 

23,676 

10,822 

5,850 

36,600 

772,000 

600 

1,200 

14,400 

46,195 

2,740,760 

70,994 

8,993 

18,000 

5,500 

820 

1,200 

37,800 

867,000 

99,240 

64,350 

22,000 

121,000 

971,280 

2,000 

234,527 

34,538 

106,694 

193,759 

90,618 

25,200 

22,200 

195.920 

42,580 

4,000 

20,150 

4,600 

15,000 

10,240 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



487 



Nickel 

do. Ore 

Paper, Bookbinder's Boards 

do. Printing 

Photographs 

Pottery Ware 

Print ing, Newspaper 

Saddlery and Harness i 3'i 



Sash, Doors and Blinds. 

Ship and Boat Building 

Soap and (handles 

Spokes, Hubs and Fellows, etc 

Stone Quarrying 

Tin, (.Copper and Sheet Iron Ware. 

Turning 

Umbrellas and Parasols 

Vinegai' 

Wagons, Carts, etc 

Wool Carding 

Woollen Goods 



^ 


•C 


O 


No. Of 


> 


> 


B? 


a-s 


2° 


Hands 


era 


03 


a M 


£^ 


empl'd. 


"^3 


<^T 




a 


. 


OP 


t(S 






2.0 


t^ 1 V 


►1 — 




: o; 


• 3 

: < 

• a 

• (B 

: T 


• sa 
: P 
: ^ 


: 1 ® 


; 1 

: o 


k 


1 


20,000 


17,.')00 


25.... 


7,200 


4.'),0OO 


1 


90,000 


2.;«6 


40 .... 


18,0<jO 


30,628 


2 


3,500 


2,750 


6 .... 


1,128 


6,400 


2 


38,000 


17,350 


11 6 


2,232 


46,325 


4 


3,200 


2,130 


7 .... 


1,««8 


6,400 


V 


3, '300 


2,762 


21 .... 


5 078 


11,293 


9 


09,200 


25,977 


63 .... 


19,29) 


54,310 


'i'l 


4.1,070 


41,177 


84 2 


19,332 


76,715 


•I 


0,200 


1,000 


14 .... 


4,080 


9,350 


1 


700 


604 


3 .... 


720 


1,520 


•2 


3,800 


5,000 


7 .... 


1,632 


8,9«J0 


•i 


U.tiOO 


1,335 


7 .... 


2,220 


4,910 


1 


ItiO 


180 


12 .... 


3,312 


7,700 


t\ 


32,650 


28.106 


59 .... 


15,861 


64,954 


■2 


4,100 


900 


3 .... 


1,56(1 


3,700 


i 


40C 


400 


1 .... 


360 


800 


1 


2,00C 


1,150 


, 1 .... 


30C 


4,400 


30 


18,711 


7,592 


61 .... 


13,1W 


2i,4U 


1 


500 


50C 


1 .... 


24C 


980 


9 


72,500 


3s,000 


35 12 


8,01b 


62,549 



Total 967 5,690,182 5,483,374 4440 725 1,349,432 8,371,207 



INTERNAL REVENUE. 

Internal Revenue paid to the United States by Lancaster County, exclusive of receipts 
from the sale of stamps and the tax on salaries of officers in the .sci-vice of the United 
States, duringr the year ending June 30, 18G7. Drawn up from the Report of the Com- 
missioner of Internal Revenue. 

Manufactures and Productions. 

Bonnets not made and trimmed by milliners, 5 per cent * 1 C^ 

Boilers, water tanks, and sugar tanks, 5 per cent 1,201 2-5 

Boots and shoes, not made of India i-ubber, and shoe strings, 2 per cent 2,223 22 

Blinds, doors, sash and mouldings of wood not specially exempted, 5 per cent. 3G7 8o 

Brushes, 5 per cent 1"7 7i 

Candles, 5 per cent 1*^3 74 

Carpetings 419 03 

Carriages and other vehicles, 5 per cent 7,914 75 

Cars, railroad, 5 per cent I'' '^ 

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, valued at |8 per thousand or less, ^2 per 

thousand 17,467 74 

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, valued at over 18 per thousand and not over 

|12 per thousand, $4 per thousand 21,355 23 

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, valued at over $12 per thousand, |4, and 20 

per;en; •. H243 5S 

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, of all descriptions, per thousand, ^o 5. .13 22 

Cloth and all textile, knitted or felted fabrics made of cotton or wool 78,598 43 

Clothing made by weaving or knitting 

i r'''3 1 4 
Clothing made by sewing "*• '" 

Coffee and substitutes therefor, roasted or gi'ound ^■'^-^ 39 

Confectionery ^'^"^ ^^ 

Crockery and pottery ware, 5 per cent "^ -^ 

Cutlery, 5 per cent ~' ' * 

97 GS 
Earthenware, 2 per cent 



488 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Fire-arms, 5 per cent | 499 00 

Fermented liquors, $1 per barrel 20,506 09 

Furniture, 5 per cent 3,868 03 

Gas, monthly product over 500,000 and not over 5,000,000 cubic feet, 20 cents 

per 1,000 cubic feet 1,782 79 

Gas, monthly product not over 200,000 cubic feet, 10 cents per 1,000 cubic feet. 302 09 
Gas, monthly product over 200,000 and not over 500,000 cubic feet, 15 cents 

per 1,000 cubic feet 42 00 

Glue and gelatine, solid, 1 cent per pound 46 46 

Hats, silk, 5 per cent 88 33 

Hats, felt and straw, and caps, 2 per cent 861 31 

Hoop skirts, 5 per cent 22 36 

Iron, advanced beyond muck-bar, blooms, slabs or loops, and not beyond 

bars, $3 per ton 6,549 80 

Iron, castings not specially exempted, $3 per ton 1 , 090 10 

Iron, railings, gates, fences and statuary, five per cent 7 20 

Iron, stoves and hollow ware, $3 per ton 481 36 

Iron, not specially exempted and not elsewhere enumerated, 5 per cent 30,145 20 

Leather of all descriptions, curried, finished or oil dressed, 5 per cent 6,644 61 

Leather of all descriptions, tanned or partially tanned, in the rough, 5 per 

cent 6,748 75 

Machinery, including shafting, tools, &c., 5 per cent, 992 57 

Monuments of stone, valued over $100, 5 per cent, 291 02 

Oils, essential, 5 per cent, 19 30 

Paper, 3 per cent 1,674 00 

Photographs, &c., 5 per cent 665 03 

Saddlery, harness, trunks and valises, 5 per cent 1,492 26 

Silk, manufactures of, 5 per cent 218 40 

Snuff, 40 cents per pound 2,465 20 

Soap, not perfumed, half cent per pound 218 78 

Soap, perfumed, 3 cents per pound 114 53 

Spices and substitutes, 1 cent per pound 25 06 

Spirits, distilled from other materials than apples, grapes or peaches, $2 per 

gallon 267,881 68 

Steam, locomotive and marine engines, 5 per cent 13,141 69 

Thread and twine, 5 per cent 5 80 

Tinware, Spercent 857 90 

Varnish, 5 per cent 253 61 

Wine made in imitation of imported sparkling wine, in bottles containing 

more than one pint, and not more than one quart, $6 per dozen 5 30 

Woolen cloth, «fec., 24 per cent 135 70 

Manufactures not elsewhere enumerated, 5 per cent 1 6, 966 58 

Maniifact'd articles increased in value by polishing, painting, &c., 5 per cent. 18 30 

Total manufactures and productions $574,444 73 

Gross Eeceipts. 

Advertisements, 3 per cent $ 537 80 

Bridges and toll roads, 3 per cent - 1,360 59 

Canals, 2i i^er cent 22 32 

Ferries, 3 per cent 248 59 

Insurance Companies, 1| per cent 1,105 13 

Lotteries and lottery ticket dealers, 5 per cent 13 45 



■...-).-,') 02 


1.7.-, 1 .-,0 


:{0 00 


2 00 


102 48 


4 85 



OF LANCASTEB COUNTY. 489 

Railroads, 2| per cent ^ j (jg- o- 

Stage Coaches, &c., 2^ per cent UK; oQ 

Telegraph Companies, 3 per cent ;^ qj) 

Theatres, circuses, &c., 2 per cent 0^4 qq 

Total of gross receipts jj; 

Sales. 

Auction sales, one-tenth of one per cent ^ 

Brokers, cattle, annual sales over $10,000, $1 per $1,000 

Brokers, commercial, one-twentieth of one per cent 

Dealers, annual sales over $50,000, $1 per $1,000 

Dealers in liquor, annual sales over $50,000, $1 ])er $1,000 

Total from sales ^ l^ggO 33 

Special Taxes. 

Apothecaries, annual sales not over $25,000, $10 $ 188 33 

Architects and civil engineers, $10 10 00 

Auctioneers, annual sales not over $10,000, $10 379 33 

Auctioneer.s, annual sales over $10,000, $10 289 10 

Banks and bankers, capital not over $50,000, $100 • 21G 07 

Banks and bankers, capital over $50,000, $2 for each additional $1,000, in 

addition to the $100 4,280 00 

Billiard rooms, each table, $10 20 00 

Boats, barges and Hats, of capacity exceeding 100 tons, $10 5 00 

Bowling alleys, each alley, $10 110 00 

Brewers, annual manufacture less than 500 barrels, $50 595 84 

Brewers, annual manufacture not less than 500 barrels, $100 387 50 

Brokers, cattle, annual sale not over $10,000, $10 2,257 52 

Brokers, commercial, $20 188 14 

Brokers, produce, $10 078 21 

Brokers, stock, $50 25 00 

Builders and contractors, $10 105 00 

Butchers, annual sales not over $25,000, $10 ... 004 50 

Butchers who sell from carts exclusively, $5 028 10 

Circuses, $100 100 00 

Claim agents, $10 175 83 

Confectioners, annual sales not over $25,000, $10 50 00 

Conveyancers, $10 -100 GO 

Dealers, retail, $10 •""•'•"'l'- 45 

Dealers, wholesale, whose annual sales not over $50,000, $50 2.903 00 

Dealers, retail, liquor, $25 '■^•'>'^^ CO 

Dealers, wholesale, liquor, annual sales not over $50,000, $100 1,087 00 

Dentists, $10 -i~'> ^^ 

Distillers of coal oil ^-^ ^■' 

Distillers of spirituous liquors, $100 ^^''^^ ^^ 

Eating hou.ses, $10 ^^- 'fl 

Exhibitions, not otherwise in-ovided for, $10 •'•' '>' 

Gift enterprises, $150 "|J ^'^ 

Grinders of coffee and spices $100 ^•''] ^^ 

Horse dealers, $10 ^'*'-'' ^'"^ 

Hotels, yearly rental over $200, or less, $10 -•■1"^^ 00 

Hotels, yearly rental over $200, $5 for every $100, or fractional part thereof, 

in addition to the $10 



2.710 00 



490 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Insurance agents, domestic, annual receipts not over $100, fo $ 35 00 

Insurance agents, domestic, annual receipts over $100, $5 340 48 

Jugglers, $20 18 33 

LaA;\-yers, $10 633 50 

Livery stable keepers, $10 150 00 

Manufacturers, $10 5,473 49 

Miners, $10 20 00 

Patent right agents, $10 40 83 

Patent right dealers, $10 383 32 

Peddlers, who travel with two horses or mules, $35 345 83 

Peddlers, who travel with one horse or mule, $15 3,181 33 

Peddlers, who travel on foot, $10 1,047 10 

Peddlers of fish, $5 65 47 

Photographers, $10 360 00 

Plumbers and gas fitters, annual sales not over $35,000, $10 30 00 

Physicians and surgeons, $10 1,618 39 

Real estate agents, $10 51 67 

Rectifiers of any quantity not exceeding 500 barrels, $35 485 46 

Rectifiers of any quantity exceeding 500 barrels, $35 in addition to the $35 

for every 500 barrels rectified.: 45 84 

Stallions and jacks, $10 834 97 

Tobacconists, $10 1,547 63 



Total of special taxes $ 53,536 30 

Incomea. 

Income exceeding $600, and not exceeding $5,000, 5 per' cent $ 83,065 03 

Income exceeding $5,000 on excess over $5,000, 10 per cent 13,808 03 

Bank dividends, and additions to surplus funds, 5 per cent 7,498 74 

Bank profits, not divided or added to surplus, 5 per cent 7,437 30 

Canal companies' dividends, interest on bonds and additions to surplus 

funds. 5 per cent 336 90 

Insurance companies' dividends, interest on bonds, and additions to surplus 

fund, 5 per cent 76 00 

Railroad companies' dividends, interest on bonds, and addition to surplus 

funds, 5 per cent 2,887 50 

Turnpike companies' dividends, interest on bonds and surplus funds, 5 per 

cent 900 53 



Total incomes $115,010 31 

Legacies and Successions. 

Legacies, lineal issue, or ancestor, brother or sister $ 6,017 17 

Legacies, descendant of brother or sister, 3 per cent 3,713 59 

Legacies, great-uncle or aunt, or descendant of same, 5 per cent 340 00 

Legacies, stranger in blood, 6 per cent 366 10 

Successions, lineal issue or ancestor, 1 per cent 4,331 53 

Succession, brother, sister or descendant, 3 per cent 1,374 30 

Succession, uncle, aunt or descendant, 4 per cent 33 38 

Succession, stranger in blood, per cent 607 08 

Total of legacies and successions $16,673 05 

Articles in Schedule A. 
Billiard tables kept for use, $10 each $ 40 00 



OF LAXCASTEP. COUNTY. 491 

Carriages, including harness, kept for use, valued at over $300 and not over 

$500, $6 each ^ 1,G22 10 

Plate of silver, kept for use, per ounce troy 327 15 

"Watches, gold, kept for use, not over $100 in value. .^1 eacli 1,277 00 

Watches, gold, kept for use, over $100 in value, $2 each 38G 00 

Collections not othenvise herein provided 4,0v0 00 

Total of articles in schedule A $ 7,702 25 

Bank Circulation and Deposits^ 

Bank deposits, per month, one twenty-fourth of one per cent $ 2,040 53 

Bank capital, per month, one twenty-fourth of one per cent 1,100 07 

Bank circulation, per month, one twelfth of one per cent 920 81 

Banks, on amount of notes of any person. State bank, or State banking asso- 
ciation, used for circulation, and paid out, 10 per cent 25 00 

Total of bank circulation and deposits $ 4,114 31 

Passports, ^x. 

Passports, $5 each $ 5 00 

Slaughtered animals 891 32 

Total of passports, &c $ 89G 32 

Penalties, ^r. 

Unassessed penalties $ 478 57 

United States moiety of penalties recovered by suits 070 00 

Penalties received on compromises 50 00 

Total of penalties, &c 1.1'-^^ -i* 

Total from all sources of revenue $779,480 01 

THE MANUFACTURE OF PIG IKON IN LANCASTER COUNTY.^ 

ANTHRACITE FURNACES. 

When 
Locality. Proprietor. Constructed. Tons Cupacity. 

St. Charles, 1 Furnace, at Columbia, C. B. Grubb, 1854, 5,500 per annum. 

Cordelia, 1 "' " Kauft'mau Iron Co., 1846, 5,000 " 

1844. ) 
Shawnee, 3 " " Chestnut Hill Ore Co., 1853, W5, 000 - 

18'59, y 
Henry Clay, 1 " " Denny & Hess, 1845, 5,000 

Musselman, 1 " Marietta, Henry Musselman, 18G8, 5,500 

Marietta, 2 " " H. M. Watts & Sons, J^^^; } 10,000 " - 

Doneo-al 1 " " Myers & Benson, 1847, 5,000 " 

Eaglet ' 1 " " S. F. Eagle & Son, 1854, 5.000 " 

Chicqiies, 1 " " E. Haldeman & Co., 1845, 5,000 " 

Conestoga, J •' Lancaster, Thomas & Peacock, 184G, 5,000 '* ^• 
Safe Hai'bor, 1 " Safe Harbor, Phojnix Iron Co., 1848, 5,000 

Total capacity of Furnaces 71,000 tons of pig metal per annum. This amount is 
produced at the present time. 

CHARCOAL FURNACES. 

Constructea. Cftpaclty. 

Mount Hope, 1 Furnace, owned by E. & A. B. Grubb. 1785 1000 tons. 

Conowingo, 1 " " Cabeen & Co., 1800 1000 • 

1 For interesting articles on Banks and Insurance see Appendi.K, Division X. >o. 13. 

2 Contributed by Charles B. Grubb, Esq. 



492 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



THE MANUFACTURE OF BLOOMS IN LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Spring Grove Forge, not in operation. 
Pool '• " 

Windsor " " 

Brooke " " 

Ringwood " in operation. 

Sadsbury " " 

Martic " " 

Colenianville •' " 

Those not in operation have been abandoned for many years and will probably never 
rur again. The production is about 1000 tons per annum, per forge. 



Columbia Mill, 
Susquehanna Mill, 
Rohrerstovvu " 
Becker ' ' 

Safe Harbor, " 



ROLLING MILLS. 
Kind. 

Columbia, Railroad Iron 

" Merchant Iron, 
Rohrerstown, " " 

Marietta, " " 

Safe Harbor, 



Capacity. 
G,000 tons per annum. 
5,000 " 

1,200 
1,200 
6,000 " 



Railroad ' ' 

In illustration of the extraordinary development of the iron interest consequent 
upon the use of anthracite coal, I give the subjoined synoj^sis of 1833, respecting the 
Iron Works of Lancaster County: 



Furnaces. 


Owners' names. 


(^uan 

piifs 
cast 


ity of 

and 

ngs. 


Quantities 
of bar. 


ttti 

llollina: mills and Nail 
factories. 


Cornwall, 


jBird Coleman, 


1.200 tons, 






Martic — Jas. Coleman's 


Colebrook, 


Bird Coleman, 


1,000 


do 






estate ; 500 tons nail and 


Elizabeth, 


James Coleman, 


1,000 


do 






500 tons rolled iron. 


Conowingo, 


'Hopkins ifc Orrick, 


800 


do 






Laurel— Buckley's; 500 


Mount Hope 


, Edward B. Grubb, 


1,000 


do 






tons nails and 500 tons 


Forges. 












rolled iron. 


Hopewell, 


Bird Coleman, 






250 tons. 




Martic, 


-las. Coleman's estate, 






300 


do 




Brook, 


Buckley, 






150 


do 




Ringwood, 
Poole, 


1 Buckley, 
Samuel Jacobs, 






250 

200 


do 
do 




Spring. 


Samuel Jacobs, 






200 


do 




Windsor, 


Robert Jenkins, 






200 


do 




Hibernia, 


! Charles Brooks, 






2:10 


do 




Sadsbury, 


■James Prowell, 






^00 


do 




Rock, 


John Caldwell, 






200 


do 




Webb's, 


jjohn Caldwell, 






200 


do 





IRON ORES OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

" The iron ores of Lancaster county are almost entirely limoniie or hematite; a few 
small veins of magnetite ores have been discovered, but they are unprofitable to operate. 
The great deposit of orejis Chestnut Hill, situated about 7 miles from Lancaster and 3 
miles from Columbia, in West Hempfield township. This ore is found in a gorge of 
the primitive formation, rests upon the primal white sandstone, is overlaid by argilla- 
cious slate and bounded at its outlet of the gorge by the limestone valley. The ore is 
of the best quality for all purposes of manufacture except that of steel, and is consid- 
ered almost of a neutral quality, yielding from 40 to 55 per cent, of metallic iron. The 
ore property there is now owned in difterent tracts by C. B. Grubb, heirs of E. B. 
Grubb, Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Company, Silver Spring Iron Ore Company, other par- 
ties owning small out-croppings of the main de]wsit. The mine was worked to a very 
limited extent in the latter part of the 18th century, but since 1883 to the present time 
1,000,000 tons may safely be given as the quantity taken out. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 493 

"Several good mines have been opened witliin a few years in the neigliborhood of 
Quarryville and New Providence, and large qnantities of ore are taken out, Init its 
quality being cold short, the ore requires to be mixed with other ores of a diflerent 
character to produce good iron. 

"At Conowingo an excellent quality of ore has been worked for a number of years, 
but the mine is not svifficiently developed to judge of its extent. 

"The 13 anthracite furnaces in the county in operation at the present time, use not 
less than 180,000 tons of ore per annum to produce 71,000 tons of pig iron; of this 
quantity about 50,000 tons of ore are mined in the county, and of the balance of 
130,000 tons, the most is taken from York county; some from Cornwall, in Lebanon 
county, and some from Perry and Cumberland counties. It may be estimated that 
about 30,000 tons of ore are taken from Lancaster county to Phcenixville, Danville and 
other places, thus making the production of this county about 80,000 tons of ore per 
annum, which, multified by -|4 per ton as the average value at the mines, would repre- 
sent 1320,000 worth of mineral per annum. 

"The value of 71,000 tons of pig metal produced in this county at the present time, 
is not less than $2, 500, 000 per annum ; and of railroad and merchant" s bar-iron ^1 , 000.000. 
Nine-tenths of the cost of pig iron is for actual labor, the value of the raw material 
being very small, and of the 2| million dollars' worth of iron produced, $2,250,000 
goes to the laborer, it requiring 18 days' work to produce 1 ton of pig metal, thus 
showing that what creates so much labor must be of vast advantage to the farmer and 
storekeeper — the iron business." 

PAPER MILLS. ^ 

Of the early history of Paper-making in Lancaster county, we have very little definite 
information. Fifty years ago, the late Mr. John Triewitz, of this city, had a paper 
mill at Ephrata. At that time he was manufacturing "pasteboard" by the old ami 
tedious hand-process. He also manufactured print paper, and in later years suppl ied Mr. 
Baer with paper for the Volksfreund. Of course, the paper was all made by the old 
fashioned hand-process. The mill was subsequently converted into a saw-mill. 

About thirty years ago B. B. Eshleman was engage'd in the manufacture of hand- 
made paper, at what was for many years known as Eshleman' s I\Iill, on the West 
Branch of the Octoraro, in Bart township. We are unable to fix the exact date of 
the enterprise. The manufacture, however, was carried on only in a small way, and 
was not a financial success. 

In December 1854, Jno. R. Bitner, C. A. Bitner, Baltzer Lipp, Wm. C Beecher, and 
Samuel Beecher, purchased the old "Fulling Mill," on the Conestoga, at Eden, from 
D. G. Swartz, and commenced remodeling it for a paper mill. They procured a new 
cylinder paper machine from Nelson Gavitt, of Philadelphia, and had their rag engmes 
constructed at the mill. In the fall of 1855, they commenced operat.on.s Mr. Lipp 
being Superintendent. The mill was calculated for a production of loOO lbs per day 
but it was soon found that the power was inadequate for such a result On the dlst 
of March 1856, one half of the interest of the Messrs. Bitners was sold to Dv J. I . 
Kurtz, and shortly after the concern passed into the hands ot Kurtz & Lipp, he Bi - 
ners and Beechers withdrawing. In 1859 the enterprise failed, and in 1860, the mill 
was purchased by Emanuel Shober, who ran it very successfully for six or seven yea > 
his being the first pecuniary success in paper-making i.i this county. He snppbed the 
deficiency in water-power with a steam engine and thus doubled the I^'f ;-t';;'% ^"^- 
ing most of this time George Ehrhart was foreman of the mill, and John A. Shober 

business manager. , . . , 

In 1866 Emanuel Shober purchased the excellent water-power and S -^ ^nd sa v 
mill on the Conestoga, at Slackwater, and at once made preparations to con^ert it 
1 Contributed by J. M. W. Geist, Esq. 



49-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

into a paper mill. In 1867 the machinery of the Eden mill was moved into the mill at 
Slackwater, the Eden property having in the meantime been sold to Benj. Harnish, 
who has since erected a grist mill thereon. The mills at Slackwater now run eleven 
rag-engines and two j^aper machines, one a Fourdrinier and the other a cylinder. The 
establishment is owned by Emanuel Shober, and John A. Shober is the Superintendent. 
The product has thus far been confined to book and news print of *' machine-finish," 
and an excellent quality of heavy manilla. 

In 1855, Benjamin Suavely and Frederick Myers purchased the watei'-power and 
turning shop at Camargo, Eden-twp., from the late Christian H. Bi'eneman, and com- 
menced the erection of a paper mill, under the superintendence of Mr. Breneman. 
The machinery was built by Nelson Gavitt, of Philadelphia, about the same time he 
built the machinery for the Eden mill. It consisted of two rag-engines and a seventy- 
two inch cylinder paper machine. It was soon found that the water-power was inade- 
quate to turn out a profitable product, and auxiliary steam power had to be introduced. 
The paper was sold by the Camargo Manufacturing Company, consisting of Benjamin 
Suavely, C. H. Breneman and B. F. Breneman, who had their warerooms in Lancaster 
city. Owing to the great distance the coal, stock and manufactured product had to be 
transported from the railroad, and the low price of paper at that period (ordinary news 
selling as low as eight cents per pound, ) the enterprise did not prove profitable, and it 
was abandoned in 1862, and the macliinery sold, sohie of it having been since purchased 
by Mr. Shober for his mills at Slackwater. 

In the fall of 1865 a company was organized in Lancaster under the general manu- 
facturing laws of the State, for the purpose of engaging in the manufacture of printing 
paper. The enterprise originated with the "Newspaper Publishers of Lancaster, whose 
primary object was to secure increased accommodations in their supply of j^aper, but their 
plan of operations was subsequently changed and materially extended. The company 
l^urchased the okrBinkley Mill property, at Binkley's Bridge, on the Conestoga, and 
commenced building operations on the first of April, 1866. The company consisted of 
John I. Hartman and John A. Hiestand, of the Examiner; R. A. Baer and C. R. Baer, 
of the Volksfreund; J. H. Pearsol and J. M. "W. Geist, of the Express; John M. 
Cooper and Wm. A. Morton, of the Intelligencer; Wm. M. Wiley, Jno. R. Bitner, C. 
A. Bitner, B. F. Baer, and Geo. Ehrhart. The latter was elected Superintendent and 
C. R. Baer, Treasurer. The new buildings were erected, the machinery in place, and 
the Mill in operation in September following. In November, 1867, Mr. Cooper with- 
drew, disposing of his interest to the Messrs. Bitner, and on April 1, 1868, Mr. Ehrhart 
retired, disposing of his interest to the Company. He was succeeded by Adam H. Lindsay, 
of Greenville, Conn., as Superintendent, who still has the management of the practical 
details of the Mill. The buildings are substantial stone structures, and the machinery, 
which was built by John L. Seaverns, of Worcester, Mass., was put in new and of the 
best quality. It consists of three large rag-engines, one seventy-two inch Fourdrinier 
machine, and a four-roll stack of calenders for suiDCr-calendering book paper, with the 
ixsual additional appliances of a modern paper mill. A reservoir of spring water ad- 
joining the mill, sixty feet square and twelve feet deep, is one of the best in the countiy. 
The establishment is known as the "Printers' Paper Mill," and is run exclusively on 
book and news print, of machine and sui^er-calendered finish. 

COTTON MILLS. 

There are now in successful operation in the City of Lancaster five cotton mills, run- 
ning 41,958 spindles; making tickings, fine brown cottons, jeans, genuine nankeens, 
10-4 sheetings, 4-4 sheetings, drills, cotton flannels, &c., &c., employing about 1300 
hands. 

The goods from these mills are very popular and command rapid sale. 

There is a mill on the Conestoga, in Lancaster township, called Rockland Factory — 
not included in the above, which employs about 75 hands, and runs 3000 spindles. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 495 



DIVISION YIII. 



PHILANTHROPIC. 

The Orphan Asylum op Lancaster, an incorporated institution, f(jr the reception 
of female orphans not less than four and not more than ten years of a;je, was founded 
in 1849, and owes its existence to the liberality of the late Mrs. Mary Smith, and to a 
grant of the Legislature. Its Trustees are the Rector, Wardens and Yestiymon of St. 
James's Church. It has accommodations for eighteen orphans. The asylum has been 
in successful operation from the day of its opening, and has now (18C9) fourteen 
orphans, among them twelve soldiers' orphans. 

The Bishop Bowman Church Home for the aged and infirm, was founded by 
Bishop Bowman; it is supported by voluntary contributions. An admirable institution 
designed to provide for Christian people a comfortable home in the evening of life. It 
has five or six inmates. The Rector of St. James's Church is ex officio its President. 

The Home for Friendless Children! of Lancaster city and county, was estaldishcd 
in the year 1859, by the efforts and contributions of Miss Mary Bowman, a small uumber 
of benevolent ladies and other citizens, who were impressed with the absolute necessity 
of rescuing from degradation and idleness, cliildren who were left without a proper 
protector, and who were daily exposed to the most vicious associations. 

The salutary effects of their first efforts were manifested upon the children who re- 
ceived the benefits of the Home and also in the obvious moral results to the commu- 
nity, in withdrawing from the streets those who were devoted to beggary and idleness, 
and without instruction as to their social, moral or religious duties. 

In the history of this generous enterprise we have again an illusti-ation of the excel- 
lence of that advice which bids us "despise not the day of small things." The 
small beginning was made with but few articles of furniture and but two dollars in the 
treasury; to-day it is a larominent iniblic charity of which both city and county may 
well feel proud. 

An act to incorporate the Home for Friendless Cliildren was passed in the Legisla- 
ture, March 29, 1860. In pursuance of the provisions of this act a Board of 3Ianagei-s, 
consisting of twenty-four ladies and sixteen gentlemen, were duly elected. Dr. J. L. 
Atlee, sr., was then elected President, and has retained his position until the prcsent 
time. Miss Bowman retained her position as first Directress of the Board of Lady !Mana- 
gers until 1805, when she removed from the city, and her place was filled by the present 
fii'st Directress, Mrs. S. M. Kramph. 

Since the "Home" was incorporated, it lias received from the State two appropria- 
tions of 12,500, part of which sums was expended in the purchase of the present Homo 
building, in South Queen street. It has also received two bequests, one from Mr. W. 
Whiteside of $500; and one from Miss Hess, of the same amount; §5,000 (thousand) 
received from the County Commissioners, and ^15,000, collected in the city and county, 
from individuals, have been approprialed to building a new " Home," the present ono 
having been found inadequate to the comfort of the inmates. The new building, when 
finished, will be one of the most convenient in the State, and will accommodate, comforta- 
1 Contributed by Mrs. 0. A. Ehler. 



496 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

bly, one hundred and fifty children. It is being built by contract, at an expense of 
twenty-eight thousand dollars, ($28,000); the cost of the lot being |3, 300. 

The number of children regularly surrendered and committed to this institution, 
since its incorporation, is 333. Some of these little ones have been placed under the 
protecting shelter of the "Home" by widowed mothers who, from sickness or some 
other cause, have not been able to supjiort their offspring; some have been abandoned 
by both parents, while in not a few cases the child has lost father, mother and home, 
and thus sadly orphaned, has been thrown u^jon the cold charity of the world; to such 
the ' ' Home ' ' has always been a refuge, and the Managers hope, that with their new 
building and the hearty co-operation of the friends of this institution, their opportuni- 
ties for usefulness will be even gi-eater in the future than they have been in the past. 

FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS. 

Lodge No. 43, held in the City of Lancaster, is the oldest Lodge in Lancaster county, 
and the eighth oldest Lodge in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for which a war- 
rant, authorizing and empowering brother John Stephen Chambers, Worshipful Master, 
John Doyle, Senior Warden and Henry Hviber, Junior Warden, of a new Lodge to be 
called No. 43, to be held in the Borough of Lancaster, in the State of Pennsylvania, or 
anywhere within five miles of the same, to Admit and Make Free Masons, according to 
the ancient custom of the Royal Craft, in all ages and nations throughout the known 
world, and not contrawise, &c., &c., was granted 21st day of April, A. D. 1785, and in the 
year of Free Masonry, 5785, at Philadelphia, by the Grand Lodge, for the Province of 
Pennsylvania, by virtue of a Provincial Grand Warrant, from Grand Lodge of London, 
Great Britain, whereof then the Right Worshipful and Right Honorable Thomas 
Erskine, Earl of Kelly, Viscount Fenton, Lord Barron, of Pitteen Ween, &c., in Great 
Britain, was Grand Master of Masons. 

The Right Worshi])ful William Osborne, Deputy Grand Master; the Right Worship- 
ful Mr. AVilliam Dickey, Senior Grand Warden; the Right Worshipful James Gibson, 
Esq., Junior Grand Warden, and the seal of the said Grand Lodge, bearing date June 
20th, 1764, A. M., 5764. 

The Revolution necessitated the subjoined change of authority: 

By virtue of a Dispensation granted by the R. W., William Adcock, Esq., Grand 
Master of Masons for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on the night of the 14th of 
September, A. D., 1785, A. L., 5785, at the house of Frederick Hubley, in Lancaster 
city, was Installed, Stephen Chambers, W. M. ; John Doyle, S. W. ; Henry Huber, J. 
W. ; of Lodge No. 43 in the Borough of Lancaster, Pa. 

A New Warrant was I'eceived August 8th, A. D. 1787, A. L., 5787, that was granted 
by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, dated July 14, A. D., 1787, A. L., 5787, (reciting 
the original Warrant of Lodge No. 43,) by which new Warrant all the rights and privi- 
leges apjiertaining to Free Masonry, were confirmed unto John Doyle, Worshipful 
Master; Henry Huber, Senior Warden; Charles Smith, Junior Warden; and the Breth- 
ren of Lodge No. 43 and their successors forever. 

Among the Past Masters of Lodge No. 43, are the following honored and distinguished 
citizens : Stephen Chambers, John Doyle, James Moore, Solomon Etting, Chai-les Smith, 
Matthew Barton, James Gamble, Wm. Kirkpatrick, Peter Getz, Jeremiah Mosher, 
Jacob Carpenter, John MoiTis, John Miller, Abraham Henry, Ben. West Henry, Robert 
McElwee, John Reynolds, George Whitecar, Geo. B. Porter, Thomas Jeffries, Henry 
Keffer, James Buchanan, Ebenezer Wright, Jasper Slaymaker, Matthew McKelly, 
John Mathiot, John Landis, Abner Thomas, Alexander Miller, Robei't Moderwell, 
Elijah McLenegan, Jacob Albright, Emanuel Schaefter, J. Heniy Brown, &c. 

Washington Lodge, No. 156, held at Drumore Center. Warrant dated February 2d, 
A. L., 5818, by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. , 

1 Contributed by Major O. M. Howell. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 497 

Columbia Lodge, No. 286, held at Columbia. Wanant dated .January 13ih, A. L., 
5854, by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. 

Ashara Lodge, No. 398, held at :Marietta. "Warrant dated Novcnilx?r, A. L.,5807, liy 
Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. 

Colerain Lodge, No. 417, held at Kirkwood, Coleraiu townshiii. AVarrant dated June, 
A. L., 5868. 

Chapter 43, A. Y. 'M., held at Lancaster City. Original Dispensatiou granted March 
2, A. L., 5809. 

Columbia Commaudery, No. 13, of Knights Templar, held in Lancaster City. Dis- 
pensatiou grauted June 11, A. L. 5856. 

Goodwin Council, No. 19, of Royal Super Excellent and Select Masters, held in Lan- 
caster City. Dispensation granted February 26th, A. L., 5864. 

The counties of Lancaster and Y'ork constitute the Masonic District, No. 1., with 
Charles M. Howell, R. W. District Deputy Grand :>Lister. 

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.i 

Odd Fellowship was introduced into Lancaster county on the 29th of May, 1841, by 
the institution of Lancaster Lodge, No. 67i The meetings of the lodge were for some 
time held in a room on the southwest corner of North Queen and "SValnut streets, 
when rooms in the building on the southwest corner of North Queen and Chesnut 
were leased for the purpose. In 1845 the lodge purchased and remodeled the building 
known as the Quaker Meeting House, in South Queen street, and in 1846 moved into 
it, where it has remained to this time. Owing to the strong prejudice whicli prevailed 
among a great portion of the citizens of this county against secret societies, the build- 
ing was not formally dedicated until 1852, when a grand demonstration of the Order 
took place in Lancaster. Lancaster Lodge at present numbers over four luindred mem- 
bers in good standing, and possesses property valued at .^15,000. This lodge has, since 
its organization, paid out for benefits to sick and disabled members, and for the relief 
of widows and orphans, $23,118.16. Monterey Lodge, also of Lancaster city, though 
established some years later than Lancaster Lodge, has nearly four hundred contri- 
buting brothers, and over $8,000 invested. The annual report ending May, 1868, showed 
a membership of 1,674, and that the receipts for that lodge year were $12,347, and the 
amount paid out during the same period for relief, $7,173, in Lancaster county. Be- 
sides the subordinate lodges, there are three Encampments of the patriarchal or higher 
degrees of the Order — one in Lancaster city, another at Columbia, and a third at 
Marietta. 

The following is a list of the lodges and encampments of Odd Fellows, in Lancas- 
ter city and county, with their locations : 
No. 67, Lancaster Lodge, Lancaster. 

" 80, Susquehanna Lodge, Columbia. 

" 128, Elizabethtown Lodge, Elizabethtown. 

" 129, Donegal Lodge, Marietta. 

'• 161, Pequea Lodge, Paradise. 

" 243, Monterey Lodge, Lancaster. 

" 277, Mount Joy Lodge, Mount Joy. 

" 334, Conestoga Lodge, Safe Harbor. 

" 361, Strasburg Lodge, Strasburg. 

" 374, Kosciusko Lodge, Rawlinsville. 

"408, Cocalico Lodge, Reamstown. 

" 413, Earl Lodge, New Holland. 

" 420, Little Britain Lodge, Oak Hill. 

'• 509, Drumore Lodge, Fairfield. 

IContributed by 3Ir. H. A. KockaficUI. 

33 



498 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

No. 544, Coleraiu Lodge, Kirkwood. 

" 599, Hebel Lodge, Lancaster. 

" 627, Bainbridge Lodge, Bainbridge. 

" Go7, Selah Lodge, Manheim. 
No. 11, Washington Encampment, Lancaster. 
Shawnee Encampment, Cokimbia. 

" 76, Marietta Encampment, Marietta. 

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN. 

.No. 3. Metamoi-a Tribe, Lancaster. 
•** 22. Ee-shah-ko-nee Tribe, Lancaster. 
■" 39. Chiquesakmga Tribe, Columbia. 
*' 44. Red Jacket Tribe, Lancaster. 
" 59. Otsego Tribe, Mount .Joy. 
" 65. Kishacaquillas Tribe, Conestoga Centre. 

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS. 

No. 8. Conestoga Council, Lancaster. 

" 60. Adamstown Council, Adamstown. 

*' 64. Millersville Council, Millersville. 

" 67. North Star Council, Quarry ville. 

" 72. Waterford Council, Marietta. 

" 116. Ephrata Council, Ephrata. 

" 140. Pawnee Council, Churchtown. 

" 142. Reamstown Council, Reamstowii. 

" 154. Manheim Council, Manheim. 

*' 156. Lancaster Council, Lancaster. 

" 160. Riverside Council, Columbia. 

" 162. Avirelia Council, Mount Joy. 

" 165. Earl Council, New Holland. 

" 173. Strasburg Council, Strasburg. 

" 180. Manoga Council, Safe Harbor. 

" 192. Octoraro Council, Little Britain-twp. 

" 196. Marticville Council, Marticville. 

JUNIOR O. U. A. M. 

No. 22. Conestoga Council, Lancaster. 
" 29. Ephrata Council, Ephrata. 
■" 32. Manheim Council, Manheim. 
■" 34. Shawnee Council, Columbia. 
■" 50. Conoy Council, Elizabethtown. 
■" 53. Niagara Council, New Holland. 

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF GOOD TEMPLARS. 

No. 6. Susquehanna Lodge, Marietta. 
" 8. Hope Lodge, Columbia. 
" P. Lancaster Lodge, Lancaster. 

" 12. Keystone Lodge, Mount Joy. 

" 13. Spring Valley Lodge, Dri,more-twp. 

" 14. Samaritan Lodge, Millersville, 

" 18. Str.isburg Lodge, Strasburg. 

" 20. Chestnut Level Lo:lge, Chestnut Level. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 499 

No. 26. Fair Hill Lodge, 
" 35. Union Lodge, Lancaster. 
" 52. Christiana Lodge, Cliriistiana. 
" 80. Little Britain Lodge, Little Britain-twp. 
" 86. Colerain Lodge, Colerain-t^vp. 
I' 98. Plymouth Lodge, Elizabethtown. 
" 109. Georgetown Lodge, Bart-twp, 
" 233. Enterprise Lodge, Enterprise. 
<' 292. New Holland Lodge, New Holland. 
" 306. Hygiene Lodge, Marietta. 
" 442. Terre Hill Lodge, Terre Hill. 
" 640. Manheim Lodge, Manheim. 

ROMAN CATHOLIC BENEFICIARY SOCIETIES. 

2d German Society, Lancaster. 
St. Joseph's Society, Lancaster. 
St. Joseph's Society, Columbia. 

ANCIENT ORDER OF GOOD FELLOWS. 

No. 12. Schiller Lodge, Lancaster. 
" 28. Hancock Lodge, Lancaster. 
" 31. Union Lodge, Millersville. 

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF DRUIDS. 

No. 8. Mount Moriah Grove, Lancaster. 

Columbia. 

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF SEVEN WISE MEN. 

No. 9. Washington Conclave, Lancaster. 

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. 

No. 68. Lancaster Lodge, Lancaster. 

" 81. Evergreen Lodge, Columbia. 

" 88. Inland City Lodge, Lancaster. 

" 108. Donegal Lodge, Marietta. 

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF SONS OF MALTA. 

No. — . , Columbia. 

Besides the Lodge at Columbia, other Lodges may be in the county, although statis- 
tics failed to come to hand. 

FEMALE SOCIETIES. 

There are three female Beneficiaiy Societies at Lancaster, viz: "The Daughters of 
Temperance," "The Daughters of America," and "The Philozotheans. " 



500 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



DIYISIO:^ IX. 



PHYSICAL. 

INTRODUCTOEY.i 

It was at first thought to give a sliort descrii^tive history of the natural objects 
found within the limits of Lancaster County, but this was soon found to be impractica- 
ble. The species and varieties are too numerous to be described in detail, except in a 
work specially devoted to that purpose. Moreover, comparatively few of them have 
received common names, except the quadrupeds, birds, reptiles and a few of the fishes. 
Therefore, the work has been chiefly confined to giving lists of the names of species, 
their classes, orders and families, with the leading characteristics of their main divi- 
sions, and occasionally of some of their sub-divisions. Objections may be made to a 
long aiTay of Latin names, as of little or no use to the general reader, but if those who 
are at all interested in these matters, have a desire to form any acquaintance with the sub- 
ject, they will ultimately have to learn the import of these names, in order that they may 
be enabled to take an intelligent view of the objects they comprehend. It is true, that 
the value of common names, among the common people, ought, perhaps, not be entirely 
ignored; but these, in the greater number of instances, are so confused, and so local in 
their significance, that they cannot be depended upon in their general application; more- 
over, the time will eventually come in the history of our scientific literature and edu- 
cational systems, when this apparently objectionable feature of Natural history, will no 
longer be regarded as a stumbling block, but as an efficient means to facilitate its pro- 
gress. These catalogues, therefore, published as part of the History of Lancaster 
County, may come before a greater number of people, and in a cheaper form than is 
usual through the publications of Scientific associations. They may contain many 
errors and omissions, and may also include some species that have not been fvilly iden- 
tified with their assumed locality; but these may be corrected, supplied, or eliminated 
by the student of our local history, as he acquires the necessary proficiency to do so, 
without effecting any special scientific demoralization. 

CLASS MAMMALIA.i 

This class includes the four-footed animals or quadrrtpeds. The females bring forth 
their young alive, and suckle them until they are old enough to provide for themselves. 
The very name implies that the females have teats and secrete milk, and the term 
"mamma," for mother, among human beings, is derived from the name of this class. 
If an aboriginal naturalist had been called upon to make out a catalogue of the animals 
of this class, when he roamed in undisturbed possession of the domain of our county, 
and had transmitted it to successive generations, it no doubt would have contained 
many species that are now extinct in the county. Although the deer, the bear, the 
wolf, and perhaps also the panther and the beaver, were found in this county within 
my lifetime — a period of some fifty years — yet at the present time these animals are un- 
known to our territory. Others, in the following list, are also becoming rare, perhaps 
1 Contributed by Mr. S. S. Rathvon. > 



OF LANCASTER COUXTY, 



501 



"before another fifty years many of these will have passed beyond our borders, never to 
return. Of the smaller species of animals, belonging to other classes, and especially 
of the Insecta, there is a redundancy, and civilization and cultivation seem rather to 
increase their numbers than to diminish them. But whether this state of tilings exist- 
ed when the dense primitive forests of Lancaster county were inhabited by the Red- 
man and his animal contemporaries — the quadi-upeds and birds — is a matter gravely to 
be doubted. The "Canada Lynx" or wild cat, has been shot in this county within the 
last ten years, and it is barely possible that a very few individuals may still l>e found in 
the woody regions. Thirty years ago a stray panther was seen, or supposed to have 
been seen, within the county; but it needed a fuiiher corroboration to redeem the 
assumption from passing into a mere myth, and that corroboration was never secured. 
Civilization has, however, vastly increased the numbers of a few mammals, especially 
of those called rats and mice. Domestic mammals, such for instance as the horse, the 
ox kind, the sheep and the pig, are of course not included in this list, because it is too 
manifest that they have been introduced and moreover are only found in a domestic state. 



ORDER CARNARIA. 

Family I — Cheiroptera. 

Vkspertilio. Lin. 
noveboracensis. Lin. Red-Bat. 
pruinosa. Say. Hoary-Bat. 
carolinensis. Geof. Brown-Bat. 
subulatus(?) Say. Subulate-Bat. 

Family II — Insectivora. 

SoREX. Lin. 
brevicaudus. Say. Shrew. 

ScALOPS. Cnv. 
canadensis. Cuv. Mole. 

CONDTLURA. III. 

cristata. III. Star-nose. 

Family III — Carnivora. 

Procyon. Str. 
lotor. Lin. Raccoon. - 

MusTELA. Lin. 
lutreola. Lin. Mink, 
vulgairs. Lin. "Weasel, 
erminea.l Lin. Ermine, 
pennanti.l Ere. Marten. 

Mephitis. Cuv. 
americana. Des. Skunk. 

Ltjtra. Brs. 
"brasiliensis. Ray. Otter. 

Canis. Lin. 
fulvus. Des. Red-Fox. 
cinereo-argentatus. 0ml. Gray-Fox. 

FEiiis. Lin. 
canadensis.! Geof. Wild-Cat. 



Family IY — Marsupialia. 

DiDELPnis. Lin. 
virginiana. Pen. Opossum. 

ORDER RODENT I A. 

Family I — Claviculata. 

Fiber. III. 
zibethicus. Lin. Musk-Rat. 
Arvicola. Lacp. 
xanthognatus. Lch. Meadow Mou.se. 
riparius. Ord. Short-tailed Mouse. 

Mus. Lin. 
decumanus. Pal. Common Rat. 
rattus.2 Lin. Black Rat. 
musculus. Lin. Com. Mouse, 
agrarius. Gml. Field Mouse. 
Gerbillus. Den. 
canadensis. Des. Jumping Mouse. 

Arctomys. Gml. 
monax. Gml. Ground Hog. 
SciURUS. Gml. 
cinereus. Lin. Cat Squirrel, 
carolinensis. Gml. Gray Squirrel, 
hudsonius. Frs. Red Squirrel. 
uiger(?) Lin. Black Squirrel. 

Tamias. 
striatus. Kin. Ground Squirrel. 

Pteromys. III. 
volucclla. Lin. Flying Squirrel. 

Family II — Inclaviculata 

Lepus. Lin. 
americanus.3 Lin. Common Hare. 



1 Very rare, if at all in e.Kistence in this county at the present time. 

2 This animal is also becoming rare in this county, and a very few years may chronicle its total ex- 

tinction. . »i, . 

3 This animal, according to authors, is very improperly called the Babbil. It appears, however, that 
excepting the "English Rabbit," which lias been introduced and domesticated here, we have not a 
true rabbit in this county, or even in North America. 



502 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



ORNITHOLOGY.i 

It will be seen that the synopsis comprises both the scientific and common names. 
The scientific name is followed by the name (in brackets) of the author who first de- 
scribed and named the species, pi-operly, and then by the name of the author, who 
referred them to the genus, under which they are found, and then by the vulgar or 
common name. It will also be seen that the more important species, either in an econ- 
omical point of view or as of value in determining their habits and migratory limits, 
have been noticed by remarks warranted by my own observations and those of others 
on whose judgment I could rely. In regard to those species that are noticed as breed- 
ing in the County, it is to be understood that only those are thus designated which are 
known positively to do so, by their nests and eggs having been found; and it must not 
be inferred that others, not thus indicated, do not, for it is reasonable to suppose that 
those species which remain with us during the spring and summer months, do so for the 
purpose of incubation. 

The Ornithology of this great County, a commonwealth in itself, may be regarded as 
very extensive, jiossessing nearly half the entire ornithology of Eastern North America. 
Those speecies that are Avanting, being natives either of the extreme north or south; 
many of the species, it is true, are only migratory, and a few accidental, a consequence 
always attending limited districts of country; but the proportion is, perhaps, less than 
would be found in almost any other territory of the same size, lying farther north or 
south, where the species crowd annually to rear their young or spend the winter, whose 
severity is too great even for the most hardy to endure, or pick up a scanty subsistence. 
It is owing to the circvimstance that our county occupies a middle position, that those 
species peculiarly southern or arctic, are met with only as sti-agglers or occasional 
visitants. 

The instinctive wants of birds seem to be met when they reach a climate which has 
a middle temperature, subject neither to arctic cold nor tropical heat. Another reason 
for the large luimber of species found in our fauna, is the great variety of country 
within our limits. The noble Susquehanna, bordering our territory for nearly sixty 
miles on our southwestern line, reaching down to near tidewater; the Conestoga and 
Octoraro coming down from the north; their reedy and marshy shores and islands 
affording suitable food and breeding places for the Anatidaj and the Grallatores; the 
towering rocky clifts which bound the river in a portion of its course through the 
county, afford the Raptores a safe and favorite retreat. The Furnace Hills on our 
northwestern confines, still clothed with extensive forest and inpenetrable thickets, 
broken by deeply-shaded glens and rocky ravines of the wildest and most sequestered 
character, are solitary and secure retreats for secluded and retiring species, and the 
natural resorts of our only remaining species of Grouse, and where still an occasional 
specimen of the wild turkey may be met with. Our broad and far-stretching cultivated 
and grazing fields, interspersed groves and wood abound with the Insessores and sum- 
mer visiting Grallatores, and with the exception of the streams and their shores, are 
the chosen resorts of most of our summer and winter visitants. 

In an insular district of country of limited extent, where the poi^ulation has become 
comparatively dense and the cultivation of the soil rapidly extended by the introduc- 
tion of agricultural implements, it may be expected that many species, in numbers, 
have decreased and several have become nearly if not totally extinct. This decline is 
to be greatly regretted, especially in regard to those species which, by habit, live almost 
entirely iipon insect food, and are therefore to be considered of the utmost importance 
to the horticultural and agricultural interests of the county. This march of civiliza- 

. 1 Contributed by Hon. J. J. Libhart. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 503 

tion is most inimical to the retention of the species in their pniper and favorite itsorts; 
they are destroyed on account of the injiu-ies, fancied or r<-al, which they are Kuj.poscd 
to commit. Many of the insect-eating birds also feed occasionally on berries; and 
now, when land o^vllers have destroyed the wild and uncultivated berry-bearing trees 
and shrubs and vines, such as the wild-cherry, gum-berry and the wild mazzard, for- 
merly common in our woods, the native raspberry, blackbeny, whortlebciry and 
grape, they are forced to claim their natural right to a few of the cultivated kinds fmm 
our gardens, a visitation that is sure to be met with a greeting of jiowder and lfa<l by 
the liberal owners; the wanton destruction of every living thing dotlied with feathers, 
by the town or city gunner; the use of the destructive reaper and mower, whicli un- 
sparingly destroys the nest, and sometimes even the old birds, that breed «»m or near 
the ground. Our beautiful and interesting partridge probably sutlers more from this 
cause than any other. These and similar causes have brought about the fearful dimi- 
nution which is so much to be regretted by every riglit thinking person. But from tho 
enaction of our present bird laws, and by the dissemination of information among our 
agricultural population on this and kindred subjects, and by the institution of societies 
for the promotion of scientific knowledge, we may reasonably expect their future pre- 
servation, if not an increase in numbers. 

The progress which American ornithology has made for the last fifty years, is sure 
and gratifying to its students and investigators. Tlie Brotlierhood has just been called 
upon to mourn the loss of one of its most learned and devoted members, John Cassin. 
The results of his genius and learning are a rich legacy to the lovers of the sciences. 

Bartram, the Willoughby of America, was probably one of the fu'st who wrote on 
the subject (1791) and described a limited number of species; he was followed l>y Alex. 
Wilson, who described 283 species in 1814; Bonaparte in 1838, increased the number to 
471; the indefatigable Audubon figures and describes in 1844, 506 species; Spencer F. 
Baird, the learned Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, with the co-opera- 
tion of John Cassin and J. N. Lawrence, enumerates in his system of American 
ornithology, comprising the discoveries made by the explorations and sun-eys ^>f tho 
Pacific Railroad, and the previously discovered species, in all 738, including '22 species 
considered not properly belonging to North America. In our s>niopsis we have adopt- 
ed the orders and families used in that complete work on the ornithology of North 
America, omitting the sub-orders and sub-families as useless for our pin-i>ose. It 
may be thought that it was unnecessary to divide a mere local list of siiccics into 
orders and families; but our objept in doing so, is to exliibit at a glance the number of 
families we possess of each order, and the number of species of the family, compara- 
tively with those contained in the entire Fauna of North America, as far as known. 

We owe acknowledgments to Prof. S. S. Rathvon and to Mr. C. II. Nauman for 
valuable information, and to Mr. A. C. Libhart for information in regard to those 
species that breed in the county. 

ORDER I. RAPT ORES. 
Predatory in their habits. 

Family Vulturid.e— The Vultures. 

Feed on offal and carrion. Known No. of species in N. A., 4— in the county. 1. 
1. Cathartes aura, {Linn.,) Rlig.; the Turkey Buzzard. Resident in summer; frc- 
quent; breeds in the county. 

Family Falcoxid.e— The Falcons. 

Predatory, capture their prey, feed on small quadrupeds, bird.s fish and reptiles. Known 
No. of species in N. A., 41— in the county, 10. 



504 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

2. Falco, (Falco,) anatum (Linn,.) Bonap., Duck Hawk. Resident, common on the 
Susquehanna, feeds principally on water fowl; bold and dai-ing; often seizing 
the game, shot down by the gunner; breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 1, Mus. 
Linngean Society, Lancaster City. 

8. F. (Hypotriorchis,) columbarius, Linn., Pigeon Hawk. Not common; one speci- 
men in my collection, captm-ed in the county. 

4. F. (Tinnunculus,) sparverius, Linn., Sparrow Hawk. Common summer and win- 

ter; feeds on small birds, mice and reptiles; breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 2, 
Mus. Linn. Soc, Lane. 

5. Astur, atricapillus, WiUon, Bonap., Goshawk. Occasionally in winter destructive 

to partridges. 

6. Accipiter cooperii, Bonap., Baird, Cooper's Hawk. Rapacious; rare specimen in my 

collection; shot in the county. 

7. A. fuscus, Omelin, Baird, Shai'p-shinned Hawk, Common in summer; preys on 

small birds and mice; breeds in the county. Sp'm No. [3, Mus. Linnn. Soc. 
Lancaster. 

8. Buteo (Poecilopternis) borealis, (Gmel.,) Vieill., Red-tailed Hawk. Resident, 

common, powerful and audacious; feeds on poultry, birds and small quadru- 
peds; breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 5, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

9. B. (P.) pennsylvanicus, {Wils.,) Bonap., Broad-winged Hawk. Rather rare. 

10. B. (P.) lineatus, {Gmel.,) Jardine, Red-shouldered or Winter Hawk. Bold and 

rapacious. An incident known to me occurred here, which illustrates the bold- 
ness of this species; in which an individual pursued a covey of partridges under 
a corn-crib, and was killed with a club as he came out, by a boy. Sp'm No. 
140, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

11. Archibuteo lagopus, (Or?«eZ.,) 5(Z., Rough-legged Hawk. Winter; feeds principally 

on mice. 

12. A. sanctijohannis, {Gmel.,) Bd., Black Hawk. Winter resident, not uncommon; 

Several fine specimens in Mr. Hensel's collection, Lane; shot in the county. 

13. Nauclerus furcatus, {Linn.,) Viff., Swallow-tailed Hawk. Rare, occurs in the 

southern jjortion of the county; probably its northern limits. A fine specimen 
in the old Lane. INIus. ; shot in the county. 

14. Circus hudsonius, {Linn.,) Vieill., Marsh Hawk. Common in winter; preys prin- 

cipally on mice and reptiles. 

15. Aquila canadensis, {Linn.,) Cassin., American Golden Eagle, Grey Eagle. This 

noble species is now rarely met with anywhere. This is the imperial bird of 
America. There is no other falcon that can at all compare with him in majesty 
of mien, or energy of character. He never, although pressed by the demands 
of hunger, stoops to regale himself on tainted flesh or carrion, like the bald 
eagle, nor exhibits that detestable tyranny and rapacity which is so characteristic 
of that more ignoble species, which plunders more sagacious and industrious 
hunters of their hard-earned spoils, but relies '.on his own power and energy to 
strike down for himself the quarry, and devours it whilst the flesh still palpitates. 
The splendid specimen in the coUeotion of the Linnsean Society, No. 124, was shot 
December 27th, 1867, near Willow; Street, in this county, where he had been 
depredating upon the poultry of the farmers for several weeks. Although fatally 
woiinded, he bravely, while life remained, defended himself against the eftbi'ts of 
his captor to dispatch him. (These facts, in relation to this individual, were 
communicated by Prof. S. S. Rathvon.) 

16. Haliaetus leucocephalus, {Linn.,) Savigny, Bald Eagle. Frequent on the Susque- 

hanna, especially in the neighborhood of fish j^ots; tyrannical and rapacious; 
feeds upon young pigs, lambs, ducks, fish, and carrion if pressed. An incident 
occurred, Avhicli was witnessed by a number of persons, at Marietta, a few years 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 505 

ago, which strikinrjly inustiiites tlie great temerity aii.l teriible energy, when 
aroused, of this powerful and daring bird. An indivi(Uial of tliis siK'cios was 
seen in pursuit of a wild duck; the doomed victim tried various manmuvres to 
escape from its fomiidable pursuer, by diving and Hying alternately; when in the 
air it was soon overtaken, and to escape his cruel talons had again to dive 
beneath the water; when it arose to the surface he would drive at it like a 
thunderbolt; the fast failing strength of the poor victim admonished it tliat some 
other mode of escape must be resorted to — it again arose and (lew directly into 
the town— her merciless enemy still pursuing— it alighted upon the pavement of 
the St. John House and ran into the hall; the next moment the eagle swept 
past the door. The brave duck thus escaped the maw of her feathered foe: but, 
alas, she fell into the hands of Const. Emswiler, who was not less rai)acious 
we are sorry to say. Breeds in the county. Specimen, No. G, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

17. Pandion carol inensis, (Gmel.,) Bonnj)., O^n-ey, or Fish Hawk. Feeds upon fish; 

quite common on the Susquehanna; breeds in the count.y Sp'm No. 130, Mus. 
Linn. Soc. 

Family Strigid^e — The Owls. 

Predatory; feed on small quadrupeds, birds and reptiles. Known No. of species in N. 

A., 17; in the county, 8. 

18. Strix, flammea, Linn.; (S. pratincola, Bonap.,) Common, or Barn Owl. Rather rare; 

feeds upon bats and mice; breeds in the county. The following interesting facts in 
relation to this species were communicated to me by Prof. S. S- Rathvon: On the 
10th of July, 1867, a male and female were captured in the steeple of the Lutheran 
Church, in Lancaster city, where they had domiciliated themselves. Whilst cap- 
tives they refused all kind of food that was offered. The female laid an egg and the 
male died, after which the female was set at liberty. After this interruption of 
their nuptial relations, the female sought another partner, and the pair again 
established themselves in the steeple. On the 27th of September I visited their 
quarters; the old birds were absent, but I found two young owls that could not 
have been more than a day or two old, and four eggs. I took from one of the 
eggs a living owl, nearly as large as those already hatched. Four weeks after, 1 
secured one of the young birds, I had left; it was then covered with white down, 
and had grown from an ounce to a pound in weight and nearly as large as the 
old ones. This young bird also refused food, and I killed it and had it stufted; 
and it, together with the old male, are now in the Liniuean Society's Museum. 
In August, 1868, two young owls, with the pen-feathers just appearing, were 
taken from the nest. They were very ferocious when captured; but subsequently, 
under the care of Mr. G. Hensel and his lady, they became docile and playful, 
and learned to do some very droll things. They would eat meat of ditlerent 
kind, but refused to eat any part of a fowl, unless deprived of the feathers. 
In attempting to void a sharp piece of bone, one of them ruptured his gullet, 
which caused his death, in October. 1808; his companion is still living at the 
present time, January, 1869, and is iiuite an object of interest and admiration, 
for his sedate and quaint deportment, and for his personal cleanliness. Sp'ms 
Nos. 125, 126, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

19. Bubo virginianus, (Omel.,) Bonnp., Great-horned Owl. Rapacious and destructive; 

feeds on poultry and game of all kinds. Sp'm No. Mus. Linn. Soc. 

20. Scops asio, {Linn.,) Bonap. Red Owl, Screech Owl. Common; feeds upon mice, 

small birds and insects; breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 8, 3Ius. Linn. Soc. 

21. Otus wilsonianus, Lesson. Long-eared Owl. Feeds on mice; breeds in the county. 

Sp'm No. 127, Mus. Linn. Soc. 



506 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

22. Brachyotus cassinii, Brewer, Slioi't-eaied Owl. Rapacious; kills partridges occa- 

sionally. 

23. Syi-nium nebulosvim, [Forster,) Gray, Barred Owl. Frequent in winter; kills 

povdtry, rabbits and squirrels. Sp'm No. 137, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

24. Nyctale acadica, (Gmel.,) Bonap., Little Owl. Smallest of the family; feeds princi- 

pally upon insects; very rare. A specimen in Mr. Hensel's coll.; shot in the 
county. 

25. ISTyctea nivea, (Baudui,) Gray. Snowy Owl. Rare in summer; sometimes abundant 

in winter after a storm; powerful and rapacious; feeds upon poultry, small 
quadrujjeds, and is very fond of fish, which to obtain it will visit fish-pots, 
in the day time. Specm. No. 9, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

ORDER II. 8CANS0RES. 

Family Psittacidad.e — Parrotes, 

Knowni No. of spec's in N. A. 2; in county, 1. 

26. Conurus carolinensis, /iw/j?. Carolina Parrot. Accidental ; a flock seen near Man- 

heim by Mr. G. W. Hensel. 

Family Cuculidad.e — The Cuckoos. 

Feed upon insects and berries. Known No. of spec's in N. A., 6; in the county, 2. 

27. Coccyzus erythropthalmus, {Wils.,) i?<>/ir/^:)., Black-billed Cuckoo. Common in sum- 

mer; breeds in the county. Spec'm No. 9, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

28. C. americanus, [Linn.,) Bonap., Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Common; breeds in the 

county. This and the preceding are very similar in appearance and habits. They 
are accused, probably justly, too, of ])ilfering the nests of other birds; they how- 
ever destroy vast numbers of injurious insects; they are, indiscriminately, called 
by many, the rain crow or cow bird, from their peculiar cry. 

Family Ficidad.e— The Woodpeckers. 

Feed on the 'larvie and ova of insects and maize and fruit. Known No. of sps. in N. 

xV., 29; in the county, 7. 

29. Picus (Trichopicus) villosus, {Linn.,) Bonap., Hairy Woodpecker. Common sum- 

mer and winter; breeds in the county. 

30. P. (T.) pvibescens, (Linn.,) Bonap. Downy AVoodpecker. Common in winter; 

breeds in the county. 

31. Phyrapicus varius, {Linn.,) Baird, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. Breeds in the 

county. 

32. Hylatomus pileatus, {Linn.,) Bd., Pileated Woodpecker. This large and elegant 

species has now become rare and is only met with in old and extensive woods; 
breeds in the county. 

33. Centurus carolinus, {Linn.,) Bonap., Red-bellied Woodpecker. Breeds in the 

county. 

34. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, {Linn.,) Swains., Red-headed Woodpecker. Once 

very abundant, now much less frequent; breeds in the county. 

35. Colaptes auratus, {Linn.,) Stcains., Flicker, High Hole. Still common, but de- 

creasing in numbers; breeds in the county. 

ORDER in. INSES80BE8. 

Family Trochilidad.e — The Humming Birds. 

Feed upon nectar and minute insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 7; in the county, 1. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. OU? 

36. Trochilus colubris, Linn., Humming Bird. Very common; bivuds in tlie county. 

Family Cypscelid.e— The Swifts. 

Feed upon insects, captured ou the wing. Known No. of sj.s. in tlio N. A.. 4; in tlie 

county, 1. 

37. Chaetura pelasgia, (Linn.,) Stcph., Cliimney Swallow. Extremely ahundant in 

towns; breeds in the county. 

Family Caprimulgid.e — The Goat-suckers. 

Feed on winged insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 4; in the county, 2. 
88. Antrostomus vociferus, ( Wils.,) Botiap., Whippoorwill. Nocturnal; frequent; breeds 
in the county. Sp'm. No. 15, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

39. Chordeiles popetue, [Vieill.,) Bd., Night Hawk. Common; breeds in the county. 

Sp'm. No. — , Mus. Linn. Soc. 

Family Alcedinid.e — The Kingfishers. 

Feed upon small fishes and aquatic insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 2, in the 

county, 1. 

40. Cerjde alcyon, {Linn.,) jBow, Belted Kingfisher. Common from March to December 

along streams and fresh water ponds; breeds in the county. 

Family Colopterid.e — The Fly-catchers. 

Feed upon insects, and occasionally berries. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 28; in tlie 

county, 9. 

41. Tyrannus corolinensis, [Linn.,) i?f?.. Kingbird, Bee-eater. Very abundant; breeds 

in the county. 
43. Myiarchus crinitus, {Linn.,) Cab., Great Crested Flycatcher. Breeds in the 
county. No. 10, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

43. Sayornis fuscus, {Omel.,) Bd., Pewee Flycatcher. Very common, from early spring 

to late autumn; breeds in the county. 

44. Contopus borealis, (Swains.y Bd., Olive-sided Flycatcher. Breeds in the county. 
4.5. C, virens, {Linn.,) Cab., Wood Pewee. Frequent; breeds in the county. 

46. Empidonax traillii, {And.,) Bd., Trail's Flycatcher. Breeds in the county. 

47. E. minimus, Bd., Least Flycatcherr. Fequent in spring. 

48. E. acadicus, {Gmel.,) Bd., Small Green-crested Flycatcher. Fre<iuent; breeds in 

the county. 

49. E. flaviventris, Bd., Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Frequent; breeds in the county. 

Family Turdid.e— The Thrushes. 

Feed ou insects and berries. Known No. of species in N. A., 17; in the county, 8. 

50. Turdus mustelinus, Gml, Wood Thrush. Common; breeds in the county. 

51. T. pallasii, Cabunis., Hermit Thrush. Abundant; breeds in the county. 

53. T. fusce-scens, {Wilson,) Stcph., Wilson's Thru.sh. Summer and early spring; 
abundant; breeds in the county. 

53. T. .swain.sonii, (Wihon,) Cab. Olive-backed Thrush. 

54. Planesticus migratorius, (Linn.,) Bonap., Robin. These universal favorites have 

perceptibly increased in numbers in our orchards and groves, and resumed their 
wonted sociability, as though they were apprized of the protection atlorde.l them 
by the wise enaction, by the Legislature, of the bird laws. Breeds in the county. 
Sp'm No. 18; Mus. Linn. Soc. 

55. Sialia sialis, (Linn.,) Baird, Blue Bird. Extremely abundant; breeds in the 

county. Sp'm No. 19; Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 



508 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

56. Regulus calendula, (Zj««.,) Licht. Ruby CrownjWren. Frequent in spring; mi- 

grates northward. 

57. R. satrapa, Licht. Golden-crested Wren. Common in the spring. 

Family Silvicolidi.e — The Warblers. 

Feed u^ion insects. Known No. of .species in N. A., 60; in the county, 36. 

58. Anthus ludoviciana, {Gmel.,) Licht., Tit Lark. Occasionally abundant in the 

antumn and winter. 

59. Mniotilta varia, (Ziwn.,) T76'»7;., Black and White Creeper. Frequent. 

60. Parula Americana, (Linn.,) Bonap., Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. Migratory; 

frequent. 

61. Parula citrea, (Boddert,) Bd., Prothonotary Warbler. Rare; summer. 

63. Geothlypis trichas, {Linn.,) Cab., Maryland Yellow Throat, Frequent; all sum- 
mer; breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 22, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

63. G. Philadelphia {WiU.,) Bd., Mourning Warbler. Summer; very rare. 

64. Oiiorornis agilis, {Wils,,) Bd., Connecticut Warbler. Migratory; very rare. 

65. O. formosus, {Wils.,) Bd., Kentucky Warbler. Migratory; not unfrequent. 

Sp'm No. 26, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

66. Icteria viridis, (Omel.,) Bon., Yellow-breasted Chat. Summer resident; breeds 

in the county. Sp'm No. 119, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

67. Helmitherus vermivorns, {Gmel..) Bon., Worm-eating Warbler. Migratory; rare. 

68. Helminthophaga \)\vm^,\(Linn., ) Bd., Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Summer resi- 

dent; rather rare. 

69. H. chrysoptera, CZiH?).,) Ca5., Golden-winged Warbler. Migratory; very rare. 

70. H. nificapilla, {Wils.,) Bd., Nashville Warbler. Summer visitant. 

71. H. peregrina, {Wils.,) Cab., Tennessee Warbler. Seen occasionally on its passage 

through the county. 

72. Seiurus am-ocapillus, {Linn.,) Sw., Golden-crowned Thrush, Rather common; 

breeds in the county. 

73. S. noveboracensis, (CrWiL,) iVi<«., Water Thrush. Frequent in the migratory season. 

74. S. ludovicianus, {Will,,) Bonap., Large-billed Water Thrush. Migratory. 

75. Dendroica virens, (0ml.,) Bd., Black-throated Green Warbler. Migratory, 

76. D. canadensis, (Linn.,) Bd., Black-throated Blue Warbler. Migratory. 

77. D. coronata, (Linn.,) Gray, Yellow-rimiped Warbler or Myrtle Bird. Quite fre- 

quent in migratory season. 

78. D. blackburnia, (0ml.,) Bd., Blackburnian Warbler. Migratory; in the spring 

rather frequent. Sp'm. No. 27, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

79. D. castanea, (Wils.,) Bd., Bay-brested Warbler. Migratory. 

80. D. pennsylvanica, (iewji.,) i?rf., Chestnut-sided Warbler. Frequent; spring and 

autumn. 

81. D. pinus, (Wils.,) Bd., Pine-creeping Warbler. Migratory; spring and autumn. 

82. D. can-ulea, (Wils.,) Bd., Blue Warbler. Migratory. 

83. D. striata, (Forst.,) Bd., Black-polled Warbler. Migratory; in the spring quite 

common. 

84. D. aestiva, (Omel.,) Bd., Yellow Warbler, or Summer Yellow Bird. Common: 

breeds in the county. Sp'm, No. 28, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

85. D. maculosa, (Omel.,) Bd., Black and Yellow Warbler. Migratory; spring and 

autumn, frequent. 

86. D. tigrina, (Omel.,) Bd., Cape May Warbler. Migratory in spring and autumn; 

rare. 

87. D. palmarum, (Omel.,) Bd., Yellow Red-polled Warbler. Migratory; extremely 

rare. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 509 

88. Myiodioctes mitratus, {Ginel.,) Aud. Hooded Warbler. Summer resident; rather 



rare. 



89. M. pusilkis, (Wils.,) Bonap., Green Black-cai) Flycatcher. I never met this Bi)ecic.s 

in the county; I give it as occurring upon the authority of Mr. C. II. Nauman. 

90. M. canadensis, (Linn.,) And., Canada Flycatcher. Freciuent; migratory. 

91. Setophaga ruticilla, (Linn.,) Swains., lii^d Start. Very common. Sp'm. No. 29, 

Mus. Linn. Soc. 

92. Pyranga rubra, (Linn.,) Tieill., Scarlet Tanager. Common; breeds in the county. 

Sp'm. No. 31, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

93. P. festivae, (Linn.,) Vieill., Summer Red-Bird. Kare; a specimen in my collection; 

also one in that of Mr. G. W. Hensel; both obtained in the county. 

Family Hirundinid.e — The Swallows. 

Feed exclusively upon insects which arc captured on the wing. Known No. of sps. in 

N. A., 8; in the county, 6. 

94. Hirundo horreoruni, Barton, Barn Swallow. Summer resident; very abundant; 

breeds in the county. 

95. H. lunifrons, Say, Cliii" Swallow. Summer resident; rather abundant; breeds in the 

county. 

96. H. bicolor, VieiU., White-bellied Swallow. Summer resident; breeds in the county. 

97. Cotyle riparia, (Linn.,) Boie; Bank Swallow. Summer resident; very abundant; 

breeds in the county. 

98. C. serripennis, (Aud.,) Bonap., Rough-winged Swallow; Abundant; makes no ex- 

cavations like the preceding sps., but builds in crevices of walls and rocks; 

breeds in the county. 

99. Progne purpurea, (iw;i.,) 5oJ^, Purple Martin. Summer resident; abundant whci-e 

proper accommodations are afforded; breeds in the county. 

Family Bombycillid.e— The Cedar Birds. 

Feed on berries; occasionally on insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 2; in the 

county, 1. 

100. Ampelis cedrorum, (VieiU.,) Bd., Cedar Bird. Very frequent; breeds in the 

county. No. 32, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

Family Laniid.e— The Shrikes. 

Feed upon insects principally. Known No. of species in N. A., 17; in the county, G. 

101. Collyrio borealis, Moehring; Great Northern Shrike. Winter visitant; «^'"'^;J"";;- 

destroys small birds; in form and color it resembles the Mocking bud. hp n.. 

No. 35. Mus. Linn. Soc. , .. c . 

103. Vireo (vireosylvia) olivaceus, (Linn.,) VieiU, Red-eyed Flycatcher. Svunnu-r; fre- 

quent; breeds in the county. ,„„i.„,f bnvds in 

103. V. gilvus, ( VieiU..) Bonap., Warbling Flycatcher. Summer; abundant, b.ccd. 

104. v'" rXL) noveboracensis, (Gmel.,) Bonap., White-eyed Vireo. Breeds in the 

105. v'cLTsolitarius, ( Wils.,) VieiU., Blue-headed Flycatcher. Breeds in the county. 

106. V. (L.) flavifrons, VieiU., Yellow-throated Flycatcher. 

Family Liotrichid^. 

F^ctivorous a,„. insectivcon. Kno.n No. of species .„ N. A., 50: ■„ ^'^^ 

107. Mimus polyglottus, (£m»., ) B«i,, Mocking Bml. Sou.hcas.en, i.a,-. of the countj , 

breeds in the county. 



510 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

108. ^I. carolinensis, {Linn.,) Gray, Cat Bird. Extremely abundant; breeds in the 

county. Sp'm. No. 37, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

109. Harporhynclius rufus; (ZinTi.,) Cah., Brown Thrush. Common; summer resident; 

breeds in covmty. . Sp'm No. 38, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

110. Thriothorus kidovicianus, (Yieill.,) Bonap., Great Carolina Wren. Summer; rare. 

111. T. bewickii, (And.,) Bonnp., Bewick's Wren. Summer; breeds in the county. 

112. Cistothorus palustris, (Wils.,) Cah., Long-billed Marsh Wren. Summer; breeds 

in the county. 

113. C. stellaris, (LicJit.,) Cab., Short-billed Marsh Wren. Summer; breeds in the 

county. 

114. Troglodytes aedon, T7e?7L, House Wi'en. Abundant; breeds in the county. 

115. T. americanus. And., Wood Wren. Extremely rare. We give this species as an 

inhabitant of the county on the authority of Mr. C. H. Nauman. I have never 
seen it unless I mistook it for the House Wren. 

116. T. (Anorthura) hyemalis, {Wils.,) VieilL, Winter Wven. Quite common in winter. 

Family Certiiiad^e — The Creepers. 

Feed upon insects and their larvaj. Known No. of .sps. in N. A., 6; in the county, 3. 

117. Certhia americana, Bonap., American Creeper. Summer and autumn. 

118. Sitta carolinensis, Omel., White-bellied Nuthatch. Summer and winter. 

119. S. canadensis, Linn., Red-bellied Nuthatch. Summer and winter. 

Family Parid.e — .The Titmice. 

Feed upon insects, occasionally on berries. Known No. of species in N. A., 19; in the 

county, 3. 

120. Polioptila cajrulea, (IJnn.,) Sdat., Blue-grey Flycatcher. Frequent in summer. 

121. Sophophanes bicolor, {Linn.,) Bonap., Tufted Titmouse. Spring, summer and 

autumn. 
132. Parus atricapillus, Linn., Chicadee. Very frequent; summer and winter. 

Family ALAUDiDyE — The Larks. 

Feed upon small seeds. Known No. of species in N. A., 1; in the county, 1. 

123. Eremophila cornuta, {Wih.,) Boie; Shore Lark. Common in autumn and 

winter. Sp'm. No. 39, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

Family Fringillid.e — The Finches. 

Feed upon seeds of grass weeds and trees; some species occasionally on berries and 
insects. Known No. of species in N. A., 96; in the county, 26. 

124. Pinicola canadensis, Briss., Cab., Pine Grosbeak. Occasionally an autumnal and 

winter visitant. Sp'm. No. — Mus. Linn. Soc. 

125. Carpodaciis purpureus, {0ml.,) Gray; Purple Finch. Summer resident; most 

abundant in autumn. Sp'm. No. 40, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

126. Chrysomitris tristis, {Linn.,) Bonap., Yellow Bird. Very frequent; breeds in the 

county. 

127. C. pinus, {Wils.) Bonap., Pine Finch. Spring and autumn. 

128. Cui-virostra leucoptera, (Gmel.) TF«7s., White Wing Cross-bill. Rare. I am infonn- 

ed by Mr. C. H. Nauman that this species was obtained by Mr. W. L. Gill near 
Lancaster. The C. americ.ana is also said to be an occasional visitant, but I have 
no reliable authority to that effect. 

129. Aegiothus linaria, {Linn.) Cab., Red Poll. Winter visitant; rare. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 511 

130. Plectrophanes nivalis, (Linn.) Meyer, Snow Bnntiny. (Not the coniinun sn.m 

bird.) Winter visitant. I obtained this bird in tlie county several times— always 
when a cold wintry storm was blowing. Sp'm No. 1:}1, Linn. Soc. 

131. Passerculus savanna, Wils., Savannah Sparrow. Common: breeds in the county. 
133. Pooecetes gramineus, ( Wils.) Bonap., Grass Finch. Very fre.iucnt; breeds in the 

county. 

133. Coturniculus passerinus, (Wih.) Bonap., Yellow-winged Sparrow. Breeds in 

the county. 

134. Zonotrichia leucophrys, {Fors.) 8w., White-crowned Sparrow. Spring and win- 

ter. 

135. Z. albicollis, (OmeL) Bonap., White-throated Sparrow. Resident; breeds in tiie 

county. Sp'm No. 117, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

136. Junco hyemalls, {Linn.,) Sclat., Common Snt)w bird; autumn and winter; very 

frequent. Sp'm No. 41, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

137. Spizella monticola, {Omel.,) Bd., Tree Sparrow. Autumn and winter. 

138. S. pusilla, {Wils.,) Bonap., Field Sparrow. Spring and autumn. 

139. S. socialis, {Wils.,) Bonap., Chipping Sparrow. Sununer resident; breeds in 

county. 

140. Melospiza melodia, {Wils.,) Bd., Song Sparrow. Summer resident; frequent; 

breeds in the county. 

141. M. lincolnii, {Aud.,) Bd., Lincoln's Finch. Spring visitant. 

142. M. palustris, {Wils.,) Bd., Swamp Sparrow. Spring and autumn; frecpient about 

swamps. 

143. Passerella iliaca, (il/e?v.,) *S';c., Fox-colored SparroAV. Spring, autumn and winter; 

frequent. 

144. Euspiza americana, {Gmel.,) Bonap., Black-throated Bunting. Resident; frequent; 

breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 116, Mus. Linn Soc. 

145. Guiraca ludoviciana, (Zi/m.,) ^Sic, Rose-brea.sted Grosbeak. Rather rare; atiects 

secluded places. Sp'ms No. 42 and 43, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

146. G. caerulea, {Linn.,) Sic, Blue Grosbeak. Very rare. 

147. Cyanospiza cyanea, {Linn.,) Bd., Indigo Bird. Summer resident; frequent; 

breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 44, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

148. Cardinalis virginianus, {Briss.,) 5o«rt2^., Cardinal Gro.sbeak. Frequent; breeds in 

the county. In the winter of 1865 I saw this .species in considerable uumbei-s 
about our town gardens. The summer i>revious a female built her nest in a 
honey-svxckle vine near the kitchen door of a neighbor, who had a male caged, 
and the cage hung near by. Was it sympathy for the imprisoned that prompted 
her thus to solace him by her presence? Sp'm No. 45, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

149. Pipilo erythropthalmus, {Linn.,) Vie ill., Gvoimdllohin. Frequent; breeds in the 

county. Sp'm No. 46, M. L. S. 

Family Icterid^. 

Known No. of sps. in N. A., 24; in the county, 8. 

150. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, {Linn.,) Sw., Bobolink, Reed Bird. Migratory; very 

abundant in autumn; feeds on wild rice, as its name implies, grain and gras.s 
seeds. Although small, it is eagerly sought by the gunner, and higldy j)rized by 
the epicure. In the latter part of August and September they arrive here from 
the North, and thousands then congregate on the reedy islands in the Su.stiue- 
hanna, in Manor township. Sp'ms. Mus. Liini. Soc, 47. 48 and 49. 

151. Molothrus pecoris, {Gmel.,) Sic, Cow Blackbird. Frequent; summer resident: 

omnivorous; breeds in the county. This bird never hatches or rears its young; 
but lays its eggs in the nest of other species, entrusting the continuance of iU 
race to their maternal instincts. 



512 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

152. Agelaius jihoeniceus, (Sio.,) VieilL, Red- winged Blackbird. Omnivorous; very 

abundant, spring and summer; migrates southward in October; breeds in the 
cour+". Sp'ms Nos. 51, 52, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

153. Star l magna, {Linn.) Sw., Meadow Lark. Omnivorous; resident, summer 

anf iter; breeds in the county. Sp'ms No. 54, 55, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

154. Icterus spurius, (Linn.) Bonap., Orchard Oriole. Omnivorous; summer resident ; 

frequently breeds in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 57, 58, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

155. I. baltimore, {Linn.) Baud., Baltimore Oriole. Omnivorous; summer resident; 

frequently breeds in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 59, 60, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

156. Scolecophagus, {Gmel.) Sic, Rusty Blackbird. Migratory; frequent. 

157. Quiscalis versicolor, {Linn.) VieilL, Crow Blackbird. Omnivorous; destroys the 

eggs and young of other birds; veiy abundant; has sensibly increased since the 
enactment of the bird laws for the protection of insect-eating bii'ds; breeds in the 
county. Sp'ms Nos. 61, 133, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

Family Corvid^ — The Crows. 

Omnivorous. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 22; in the county, 4. 

158. Corvus carnivorus, Bart., American Raven. I have no authentic information that 

it now exists in the county; if it does, it is extremely rare. 

159. C. americanus, {Wils.) Aud.,Cii:oyf. Exceedingly numerous; having several roosts 

or rookeries, from which they sally every morning on their forays in detachments 
over the adjoining country; breeds in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 62, 63 and 64, 
Mus. Linn. Soc. 

160. C. ossifragus, Wils., Fish Crow. Not uncommon along the river, especially where 

fish pots are. 

161. Cyauurus cristatus, {Linn.,) Sic, Jay Bird. Very common; resident; breeds in 

the county. » 

OBBER IV. BA80BES. 

Family CoLUMBiDiE — The Pigeons. 

Granivorous. Known No. of Sps. in N. A., 11; in the county 3. 

162. Ectopistes migratora, (Zz/i«..,) iS'w., Wild Pigeon. Migratory; spring and autumn; 

feeds on grain, oak and beach, mostly on berries; stragglers sometimes remain 
and breed in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 66, 67 and 68, Mus. Linn. Soc. 

163. Zenaidura carolinensis. {Linn.,) Bonap., Turtledove. Common; resident; breeds 

in the county. 

164. Chamaepelia passerina, {Linn.,) Sw., Ground Dove. Pi-obably only accidental. 

I obtained one individual of this species, which was shot 1844, in a field of broom 
corn, on the seeds of which it was feeding. Now in my collection. 

Family Phasianid.e — The Turkeys. 

Omnivorous. 

165. Meleagris americana, Bart., Wild Turkey. Resident; rare. A few are still met 

with, occasionally, in the Furnace Hills. Breeds in the county. 

Family Tetraonid^e — The Grouse. 

Feeds on the buds of various trees, berries and the larvae of insects. Known No. of 
species in N. A., 12; in the county 1. 

166. Bonasa umbellus, {Linn.,) Steph., Rufted Grouse. In some localities still found 

in considerable numbers; more frequent this autumn (1868,) than usual; breeds 
in the county. 



of lancaster county. 518 

Family Perdicid.e— The Partridges. 

Feed upon grain, seed of grass and weeds, and tlic larva; of insects. Known No. of 
sps. in N. A., 7; in the county 1, 

167. Ortyx virginianus, {Linn.,) Bonap., Pai-tridge. Veiy i-aro now, in consc<iucnco 

of the severity of last winter, (18G7.) in some sections it is almost extinct. All 
true sportsmen should refrain from killing them until they become plenty again. 
Breeds in the county. Sp'm Nos. 70 and 75, IMus. Linn. Soc. 

ORDER V— GRALLA TORES. 

Family Ardeid^ — The Herons. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 1.3; in the county, 7. 

168. Garzetta candidissima, (Jacqain.) Bon., Snowy Heron. Rare on the Susquehanna. 

Sp'm. No. 135, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

169. Herodias egretta, {Gmel.,) Gray., White Heron. Occasionally seen on the Sus- 

quehanna. 

170. Ardea herodias, ZiH?i. Great Blue Heron. Common in the summer and autumn. 

Sp'm. No. 73, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

171. Ardetta exilis, (Gml.,) Gray. Least Bittci-n. This species, although not fre- 

quently seen, owing to its secluded habits, is not very rare. Sp'm. No 7G, Mus. 
Linn. Soc. Lane. 
173. Botaurus lentiginosus, {Forster.,) Steph., American Bittern. Resident, spring to 
autiunu. 

173. Butorides virescens, (Linn.,) Bon., Flj'-up-the-crcek. Quite frequent; breeds in 

the county. Sp'm. No. 77, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

174. Nyctiardea gardeni, (Gml.) Bd., Night Heron. Frequent, breeds in the county. 

This species like others of the family, breed in communities. I have been in- 
formed by R. R. Tshudy, of Litiz, that near that place, in a grove of young 
chestnut trees, large numbers have congregated for some years past. Sp'm. No. 
78, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

Family Tantalid.e — The Ibises. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 4. 

175. Tantalus loculator, Linn., Wood Ibis. Accidental. I obtained a fine specimen 

of this species, shot from a troop of ten, by Mr. M. Ely, on the Susquehanna, 
.July, 1862. 

Family Platalice — The Spoonbills. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 1; in the county, 1. 

176. Platalea ajaja, Wils., accidental; shot on the Conestoga. Sp'm No. 120, 3Ius. 

Linn. Soc, L. 

Family Charadrid^— The Plovers. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 8; in the county, 6. 

177. Charadrius virginicus, ( Wils.,) Borck., Golden or Bull-headed Plover. Occasion- 

ally abundant in large flocks, August to October. Sp'm No. 80, Mus. Linn. 
Soc, L. 

178. Aegialitis vociferus, (Linn.,) Cassin., KilUleer Plover. Abundant; breeds in the 

county. Sp'm No. 83, Mus. Linn. Soc, L. 

179. A. wilsonius, (Ord.,) Casein., Wilson's Plover. Frequent on the beach (Su.s.iue- 

hanna) in autumn. 

3-i 



514 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

180. A. semipalmatus, (Bon.,) Cab., Semipalmated Plovev. Frequent, September. 

181. A. melodus, (Ord.,) Cab., Piping Plover. Autumn. 

183. Squatarola helvetica, (Li?in.,) Cuv., Black-bellied Plover. Autumn; similar to 
the Golden Plover, but differs in being larger and having a rudimental hind toe. 
Sp'm No. 84, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

Family Haematopodid^e — The Oyster Catchers. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 5; in the county, 2. 

183. Haematopus palliatus, Temm., Oyster Catcher. Occasional stragglers hi the 

autumn. 

184. Strepsilis interpres, {Linn.,) Illig., Turnstone. Summer and autumn; not unfre- 

quent. 

Family Eecurvirostrid.e — The Stilts. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 2; in the county, 2. 

185. Recurvirostra americana, Gml., American Avoset. Occasional visitant. 

186. Himantopus nigricollis, Vieill., Stilt. Straggling summer visitor. 

Family Phalaropodid^ — The Phalaropes. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 3; in the county, 1. 

187. Phalaropus hyperboreus. {Linn.,) Temni., Northern Phalarope. Autumn. 

Family ScoLOPAciDji — The Snipes. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 39; in the county, 23. 

188. Philohela minor, {Gml.,) Gray. American Woodcock. In some localities fre- 

quent; breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 85, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

189. Gallinago wilsonii, {Temm.,) Bonn., Wilson's Snipe. Improperly called by gun - 

ners, "English Snipe;" sometimes very abundant in marshy situations; March 
and October. 

190. Macroramphus grisens, {Gml.,) Leacli, Gray Snii^e. 

191. Tringa canutus, Linn., Eed-breasted Snipe. Called "Knot," in England. 
193. T. (Arquatella) maritima, Brunn., Purple Sandpiper. Rare; August. 

193. T. (Schoeniclus) alpina, Linn., Red-backed Sandpiper. Spring and autumn. 

194. T. (Actodromus) maculata, Vieill., Jack Snipe. Spring and autumn. 

195. T. (A.) wilsonii, Nutt., Least Sandpiper. Very abundant in autumn. 

196. Calidris arenaria, {Linn.,) 111., Sanderling. Summer; freqvient. 

197. Ereimotes petrificatus, Lll., Semipalmated Sandpiper. Abundant; September. 

198. Symphemia semipalmata, {Gml.,) IRtrtl., Willet. Occasionally in large flocks; 

August. 

199. Gambetta melanoleuca, {Gml.,) Bon., Great Tell Tale. Rare in spring; in au- 

tumn frequent. 

200. G. flavipes, {Gml.,) Bon., Yellow-shanks. Abundant in autumn. 

201. Rhyacophilus solitarius, {Wils.,) Bon., Solitary Sandpiper. Summer resident; 

frequent; breeds in county. 

202. Tringoides macularius, {Linn.,) Gray., Spotted Sandpiper. Summer resident; 

frequent; breeds in the county. 

203. Actiturus bartramius, {Wils.,) Bon., Bartram's Tatler, sometimes called "Grass 

Plover." Frequent in summer; leaves about September 1st; breeds in the county. 

204. Limosa fedoa, {Linn.,) Ord., Marbled Godwit. Rare. Sp'm No. 87, Mus. Linn. 

Soc. L. 

205. Numenius longirostris, Wils., Long-billed Curlew, Rare. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 515 

206. Rallus crepitans, 0ml., Clapper Rail->Iud Hen. Rare; one siwcimen obtaiued 

on the Conestoga by Mr. G. W. Ilen.sel, now in his collection. 

207. R. virginianns, Linn., Virginia Kail. Hathcr froquent in marshes; breeds in 

the county. Sp'm No. 88, jMns. Linn. Soc, L. 

208. Porzana Carolina, {Linn..,) VieilL, Sora— Rail. Summer; probably l)i-ecd.s in the 

county. Sp'm No. 89, Mu.s. Linn. Soc, L. 

209. Fulica americana, 0ml., Coot. Common in the autumn. 

210. Gallinula galeata, (LicJit.,) Bon., Florida Gallinule. An occasional visitor. 

Specimen in Hensel's collection; shot on the Conestoga. 

ORDER VL NAT AT ORES. 
Family Anatid.e. 

Known No. of species in N. A., -54; in the county, 28. 

211. Cygnus (olor) americanus, SharjJless, Swan. Migratory, spring and autumn. 
213. Anser (chen) hyperboreus, Pallas. Snow Goo.se. Migratory, .spring and autumn. 

213. Bernicla (Leucoblepharon) canadensis, (Linn., )Boie, Wild Goose. Migi-atory. 

s^jring and autuma; becoming less frequent, yearly. 

214. B. (Bernicla) brenta, (Linn.,) Steph., Brant. Migratory, spring and autumn. 

215. Anas boschas, Linn., Mallard. Common, spring, autumn and winter. Sp'm. 

No. 90, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

216. Anas obscura, 0ml., Black Duck. Common spring, autumn and winter. 

217. Dafila acuta, (Linn.,) Jenyns, Pintail. Migratory; called "Gray Duck'' on the 

Susquehanna, when in autumnal plumage. Sp'm. No. 91, !Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

218. Nettion carolinensis, (0ml.,) Bd., Green-winged Teal. Common; migratory, 

spring and autumn. Sp'm. No. 122, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

219. Querquedula discors, (Linn.,) Steph , Blue-winged Teal. Common; migi-atorj', 

spring and early autumn. Sp'm* No. 121, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

220. Spatula clypeata, (Linn.,) Bote, Shoveller. Rare; migratory, spring and autumn. 

Sp'm No. — 

221. Chaulelasmus streperus, (Linn.,) Oray, Gadwall. Rather rare; migratory, spring 

and autumn, Sp'm. No. 98, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

222. Mareca americana, (0ml..) Steph., Bald-pate; "Widgeon. Connnon, spring and 

autumn; migratory. Sp'm. No. 95, ]\Ius. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

223. Aix spon.sa, (Linn.,) Boie, Summer Duck. Resident spring and summer, and 

breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 96, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

224. Fulix marila, (Linn.,) Bd., Large Blue-bill; Black-head or Scaup. Common. 

spring and autumn; migratory. Sp'm. No. 97, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

225. F. affinis, (Eyton.) Bd., Little Blue-bill. Common, spring and autumn: mi- 

gratory. 

226. F. collaris, (Donovan,) Bd., Ring-necked Duck. IVIigratory, spring and autumn. 

Sp'm. No. 99, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

227. Athya americana, (Eyton,) Bon., Red Head. Migratory; spring and autumn. 

228. A. vallisneria, (Wils.,) Bon., Canvas-back. Migratory; spring and autumn. 

Sp'm. No. 100, Mus. Linn. Soc Lane 

229. Bucephala americana, (^ow.,) ^(Z., Wlii.stler; Golden-eye. :Migratory, .spring and 

autumn, and in Winter abundant, 

230. B. albeola, (Linn.,) Bd., Spirit Duck; Butter Ball. Migratory; frequent, spring 

and autumn. Sp'm. No. 101, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane 

231. Harelda glacialis, (Linn.,) Leach, South Southeriy; Long-tailed Duck. Migra- 

tory; abundant in autumn. Sp'm. No. 105, :Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

232. Melanettavelvetina, (Cassin.,) Bd., Velvet Duck. :Migratory; spring and autiuim. 



516 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 

233. Pelionetta perspicillata, {Linn.,) Kaup., Surf Duck. Migratory; spring and 

autumn. Sp'm. No. 106, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

234. Oideniia americana, Swainson, American Scoter. Migratory; in autumn 

during stormy weatlier, this species sometimes arrive in large numbers on the 
Susquehanna, and seem to pass on with the storm. 

235. Erismatura rubida, {WiU..,) Bon., Ruddy Duck. Migratory; spring and autumn; 

some seasons qviite abundant for a few days. Sp'm. No. 107, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

236. Mergus americanus, Cassin, Fisher Duck; Goosander. Resident; breeds in the 

county. Sp'm. No. 108, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

237. M. serrator, Linn., Red-breasted Fislier. Smaller than the preceding; resident; 

breeds in the county. 

238. Lophodytes cueullatu.s, (Linn.,) Eeich., Hooded Fisher. Frequent; breeds on the 

Susquehanna. Sp'm. No. 110, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane. 

Family Laeid^ — The Gulls. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 46; in the county, 7. 
2.39. Larus argentatus, BruenicJi, Herring Gull. Spring and autumn; not unfrequeut . 
Sp'm. No. Ill, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

240. L. delawarensis, Ord, Ring-billed Gull. Occasional visitant, spring. Sp'm. No. 

112, Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

241. Chroicoceplialus atricilla, (Linn.,) Later., Laughing Gvdl. Common in the 

spring. 

242. C. Philadelphia, (Ord.,) Later., Bonaparte's Gull. Common, spring and autumn. 

Sp'm. No. 113. Mus. Linn. Soc. L. 

243. Sterna caspia, Pallas, Caspian Tern. Two specimens shot on the Susquehanna at 

Marietta, September 21st, 1847; now in my collection. 

244. S. frenata, Qamb., Least Tern. Spring and autumn. Sp'm No. 114, Mus. Linn. 

Soc. L. 

245. Hydrochelidon plumbea, (Wils.,) Lawr., The Short-tailed Tern. Late summer; 

specimen in my collection. 

Family Colymbid^. 

Known No. of species in N. A., 12; in the county, 5 

246. Colymbus torquatus, BrunicTi, Loon. Frequent; spring and autumn. Sp'm No. 

— Mus. Linn. Soc L. 

247. Podiceps griseigena, (Bodd.,) Gray. Red-necked Grebe. Rare; one specimen in 

my collection. For reference to this individual I quote from my note book; 
"shot on the Susquehanna, March 25th, 1847; male; length 18 inches; stomach 
charged with sand, grass and feathers; lower intestines infested with a species 
of TaincB.'''' 

248. P. cornutus, (Ornl ,) Lath., Horned Grebe. 

249. P. cristatus, Linn.,) Lath., Crested Grebe. Very rare. Sp'm No. 118, Mus. 

Linn. Soc. L. 

250. P. podilymbus, (Linn.,) Later., Pie-billed Grebe. Abundant. 

SUMMARY. 

Nvunber of Orders represented in N. A., 6; in the county, 6. 
Number of Families represented in N. A., 56; in the county, 38. 
Whole number of Species in N. A., 738; in the county, 250. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



oil 



CONCHOLOGY.i 

Although this branch of natural history is of sufficient interest to those engaged in 
its study to attract the attention of some of the best minds of our country, as well as 
of other enlightened nations, yet it is one in which the public is usually not much con- 
cerned, especially not in its scientiiic details. AVaiving entirely tlie .piestion of its 
usefulness, it is deemed of sufficient importance, to constitute a part of oiir liistoiy of 
the natural sciences of the county of Lancaster, as it unquestionably does, in tlie great 
kingdom of nature. So little, however, is known of the individual habits of this clas.s 
of animals of a practical character; and as a general thing, so little do they interferc 
with the productions of human industry, that a mere list of the names of what ha.s 
been found within the boundaries of the county, has been deemed .sufficient on this 
occasion; and then only of those that are "shell-bearing." It is perhaps hardly ne- 
cessary to say that Concliology embraces that class of animals usually known under the 
common name of "shells." So far as the territory of Lancaster county is concerned, 
they may be divided into Univalves, being composed of a single piece or shell, and 
Bivalves, composed of two pieces or shells, united together by a sort of hinge, enclosing 
the animal between or within them. They are also called Fluveatile- Shells, when they 
inhabit fresh water — the "bivalves" being of this character — iiwd Land-Shells, vihcw 
they inhabit the land. Part of the "univalves" are fluveatile, and part of them 
land shells. Shells are also divided into Classes, Sub-classes and Orders, but as the 
number and variety is too limited in our local couchology to attempt such a classifica- 
tion, none will be made in that direction. Both land and water shells — or i-ather 
the animals that occupy them — usually feed on vegetation, such vegetation as is indi- 
genous to their respectivs elements. The water shells perform, perhaps, a more im- 
portant function in purifying their native element than they receive credit for; but some 
of the land shells, have long been considei-ed as destructive to some species of vegeta- 
tion, and especially to the productions of the "Truck Gardener." 



CLASS MOLLUSCA. 

SHELL BEARING MOLL USCA. 

{UNIVALVES.) 

Fam. Succinid^. 

SUCCIN^. 
obliqua Say. 
ovalis Say. 

Fam. Helicellid.e. 
Suh. Fam. Ilelicellinoe. 
Macrocyclis. 
concava Say. 
Hyalina. 
*fuliginosa Say. 
indentata Say. 
arborea Say. 
electrina Old. 

Sub-Fam. Gastrodontinse. 
Mesomphix. 
ligera Say. 
CoNULrs. 
m^inistrisima Say. 

1 Contribute! by Mr. 



Gastrodonta. 

suppressa Say. 
Strabila. 

labyrinthica Say. 

Suh-Fctm. Patulinx. 
Angospica. 

alter nata Say. 
Patula. 

perspectiva Say. 

striatella Ant. 
IlELicoDiscrs. 

lineata Say. 

Fam. Helicid.e. 
Sub-Fam. Mesodontse. 
Vallonia. 

minuata Say. 
Mesodox. 

thyroides Say. 
buculenta Old. 
dentata Var. 
albolabris Say. 
H. G. ISruckhart. 



518 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



XOLATKIMA. 

*paliata Say. 
Triodopsis. 

tridenta Say. 

fallax Say. 
Stenotrima. 

monodon Rao. 

hirsuta Say. 

Fam. Pupad^e. 

ZUA. 

subcylindrica CJiK 
Leucochila. 

marginata Say. 

contracta Say. 

armifera Say. 
Isthmia. 

ovata Say. 

Fam. Auriculid.e. 

Carychitjm. 
exiguum Say. 

Fam. Limn.'Eid^. 

LiMNOPHTSA. 

*palustris Mul. 
*elodes Say. 
desidiosa Say. 
*cuperata Say. 
humilis Say. 
modecella Say.^ Var. 
Physa. 

ancellaria Say. 
heterastrojDlia Say. 

Fam. Planorbix^e. 

Planorbis. 

leutvis Say. 
Helisoma. 

trivolois Say. 

bicarinatus Say. 
Gyranlus. 

deflectus Say. 

parviis Say. 

Fam. Ancylix.e. 

Ancylus. 

rivularis Say. 
tardus Say. 

Fam. Valvatid^. 
Valvata. 
tricarinata Say. 



Fam, Viviparid^e. 

Melaktho 

decisa Say. 
Lioplex. 

Hubcarinata Say. 

Fam. Eassoidj<;. 

Gillia. 

altilis Lea. 
Amnicola. 

sayana A7it. 

limosa Say. 

*decisa Hid. 

graniTin Say. 
Pomatiopsis. 

*la,stnca Say. 

Fam. Melaniid^. 

GONIOBASIS. 

virginica Say, 
multilineata Say., Var. 
Leptoxis. 
dissimilis Say. 

(BIVALVES.) 

Fam. Unionid^. 

Anodokta. 

tiaviatilis Lea. 

undulata Say. 

edeutula Lea. 
Strophitus. 

undulatus Say. 
Alasmodonta. 

marginata Say. 
Ellipsis. 

viridis Baf. 

tapanianus Lea. 
Lampsilis. 

cariosus Say. 

radiatus Lam. 
Unio. 

complanatus Sol. 

Fam. Corbiculad.e. 

Sphaerium. 
siilcantum Lam. 
striatinum Loyjn. 
fabalis Brvi. 
trausversuni Say. 

PiSIDIUM. 

comi^ressum Prm. 
variabile Prm. 



Note.— The species marked with a * are given on the authority of Prof. Haiaeraan, but all the 
others have been obtained from this county by Mr. H. G. Bruckhart, of Silver Springs, and are now 
in his collection. S. S. Rathvon. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 519 



CLASS AKACllNIDAi 
To this class belong all those ammals commonly known under tlie name of "Snidcrs," 
"Ticks," "Mites," "Fals-scoi]iions," etc., and which are generally (listinguislied from 
Insects in having eight feet instead of six— hence they are also called " UcIoikkIs"— 
and in having the head and the thorax united in one piece, called the cepluila thorax. 
They are without antenme, and the legs are seven-jointed, terminating with the two- 
jointed tarsi. At the base of their mandibles, or jaws, there are small vesicles filled 
with poison, which can be poured into the tips of the jaws and thus poison any animal 
that is bitten by the spider. Unless man, however, is in such a state of health as to 
render his constitution open to the reception of injury from their bite, there is no spe- 
cies of spider in the county of Lancaster that can do him much hami. Iklosfiuitocs 
and horse-flies, under similar circumstances, are as capable of inflicting as serious inju- 
ries upon the human species as are spiders. The young are produced from eggs, and 
after they are hatched therefrom, they moult or cast oil" their skins a number of times 
before they attain their perfect state. Spiders usually live upon animal food, and aro 
most voracious feeders, and hence they may be regarded as friends to the human family. 
There are some species, however, of this class, that live upon vegetable substances, 
especially among the acaridae, but the larger number of even these are parasitic upon 
the bodies of other animals, and especially upon those of insects. Spiders difler very 
much in their habits, some spinning complex webs and others very simple ones. Some 
construct their nest high up among shrubbery and trees, and others low down upon tho 
ground, or under stones, or in cavities under the ground, whilst others spin no web at 
all, but, like a tiger, lie in wait for their prey and suddenly pounce upon it. Some aro 
aquatic in their habits, but the larger number of species are strictly tciTCstrial. Per- 
haps there is no other class of animals, of the same size, that has elicitcfl so little sys- 
tematic attention as that of spiders, and therefore a i-eliablc list of what even Lancaster 
county contains, cannot be given at the present time. The Arachnids are diviflcd into 
two primary groups, called Pulmonaria and Trachearia. 

PULMONARIA. Sphasus. 

-r, . nitidans 

Fam. Aranid^e. , . 

scalaris 

Mygale. Attus. ' 

Several species. insolens 

FiLiSTATA. familiaris 

hibernalis viridis 

Dysdera. niger 

teterrima rniw^ 

Segestria. sylvanus 

pumila vittatus 

Lycosa. castaneus 

fatifera •'*"'^ several other species 

ocreata Tiiomisus. 

littoralis vulgaris 

punctulata a»d othtr species, 

and other species. Clubioxa. 

DoLOMEDES. obesa 

tenebrosa gracilis 

sexpunctatus tranquila 

lanceolatus a'"^ others, 

and other species. IIerpyllcs. 

1 Contributed by Mr. S. S. Rnthvon. 



520 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



ecclesiasticus 

ornatus 

bicolor 

varigatus 

bilineatus. 
Angelena. 

l^lumbea 

iiaevia 
Theridium. 

vulgaris 

boreale 

lineatum 
Pholcus. 

several species. 
Tegenakia. 

punctata 
Epeira. 

riparia 

obesa 

peiisylvauicus 

vulgaris 

caudata 

niilitaris 

spiiiea 

rugosa 
aud several others. 
Ltniphia. 

communis 

antumnalis 

pumila 
Argyroneta. 

several species. 
Stnemostka. 

fomica 



Epiblemum. 
palmaruni 
and others. 

TR AC HE ARIA. 

PSEUDO-SCORPIOXID.E. 

Chelifer. 
cancroidc? Lin. 
and other species. 

PHALANGID^. 
Phalangia. 

several species. 

AC ARID ^. 
Tyrolyphus. 

ribis Fch. 
Heteropus. 

ventircosus Fch. 
Oribata. 

quadricolis Feh. 
Tkombidima. 

several species. 
Acarus. (Mites.) 
domesticus De G. 
scabies Fab. 
sacchariuum 
farina 
telluris 
Ixodes (Ticks.) 

several sijecies. 
Gamasus. (on Beetles.) 

several species. 
Hydrachna. 

several species. 



The foregoing catalogue of Arachnids is necessarily very incomplete, and therefore, 
also very imperfect; its compilation being from very scant and disconnected materials, 
and rather from recollections, based upon meagre discriptions, than from specimens 
before me of what the county of Lancaster contains. It may however serve as the 
basis for a more perfect and extended list hereafter, when the county is more fully ex- 
j)lored and the subjects it contains are better understood. The authorities, except in a 
very few instances, are not given, simply because they are not certainly known, but it 
is presumed that most of them are due to Prof Heutz and Dr. Harris. 



CLASS CRUSTACEA. 

Lancaster county being an inland district and its waters all fresh, it therefore con- 
tains but few individuals belonging to this class of animals, and those few but little 
understood. 

ORDER DECAPODA. 

Family — Macroura. 

ASTACUS. 

bartonii Bosc. (craw-fish.) 



OF LANCASTER COL'NTV. 521 

ORDER AMPJnroJjA. 
This order contains the "water-doa.s,- ..l" whicli there are a numl.er ..f .s,K.nu.s hut 
their description and names, if they have ever heen descrihed and named, are not 
accessible to me, and therefore tliey are necessarily omitted. Tlu-sr animals are found 
in great abundance upon the bottoms of all our sprini,^s and rnnniu;,^ streams. The 
most common species is Asellus aquitiici/:^. 



ENTOMOLOGY.! 

The subject of Entomology cannot be so localized as to include only the in.sects of a 
single county; and therefore all, or nearly all, of that class of animals, alluded to in 
this 'paper, will also be found in the counties of York, Chester. Beiks, Lelianon and 
Dauphin; territory that environs Lancaster county; and possildy it may include all 
that inhabit the same belt of latitude, through the State of Pennsylvania — at least in 
that portion of the aforesaid belt, that is of the same degree of elevation or altitude. 
There is, however, within the territorial limits of the State of Pemisylvania a marked 
distinction in the local distribution of insects, the Southern tier of counties i)rodueing 
those that are also common to the Northern tiers of Maryland and ^'irginia; and the 
Northern tier those that are common to the Southern portions of the State of New 
York. Still, there are many species that are common to the entire territory of the States 
named, and some common to the whole United States. Under any circumstances, we may 
infer that the local distribution of the entomological fauna of a country, or any part 
of a country, will be more less in correspondence with the local distribution of its dora; so 
far at least, as the subjects of the former are dependent upon the latter for their nonnal 
food. In.sects, moreover, in some instances, become localized through civilization and 
commercial intercourse. A numljer of the wood-boring beetles conunon to the wild pine 
regions of Pennsylvania — in the North — have l)ecome localized in the county of Lan- 
caster; having been brought down the Susquehanna river, in the larva, or the pupa 
state, in sticks of timber, or sawed lumber; and then, having betaken themselves to 
similar trees or timber, in their new locality, have become permanently established. 

Nor can the subject be so particularized as to contain a detailed description of the 
various species that are found in the county and adjacent territory, nor to include 
a complete catalogue of them. Because, to do the former would involve the ])roduc- 
tion of a book quite as large as the whole history of Lancaster county is propo.sed to 
be; and to do the latter, would only be enlarging a list of Latin names, that are per- 
haps of very little interest to the general reader. Under any circumstances it will 
be utterly impossible for the most careful observer to form a proper conce])tion of 
the denizens of the insect realm, without considering them as a whole as well as si)ecili- 
cally, and noting the transformations of the various individuals composing tiiat realm, 
from the ova to the larvce and their moultings, and thence through thcii pupal changes, 
until they arrive at tlie full and perfect development of the matured tmac/o. Insects 
difter so much in their habits, and are so diverse in their structure and form, during 
these periods, that, without the most careful ob.servation, they are liable to be mistaken 
in their specific relations, and their individual identities. Wliatever may have been 
the origin of insects in the beginning, or whatever may be their origin now or liereafter, 
under extraordinary circumstances, it is pretty well established that their ordinary 
production is from eggs, deposited by a female parent; except in a few instances, 
where they are viviparous. The fir.st recognizable state of the insect then, is the ociim 
or egg. Incubation may take place in a few days after deposition, or it may be defer- 
red, through the rigor of an intervening winter, to another season. The eggs are 
usually deposited in such situatioms, and the exclusion of the young occurs at such 
1 Contributed by Jlr. S. S. Rathvon. 



522 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

periods as will furnish tliem ^Yith the food necessary to their develoimient. Almost 
immediately after the young emerges from the egg, whatever its form or structure may 
be, it instinctively seeks and appropriates its accustomed food. In this state-it is called 
a larva, in the language of science, but in common parlance, a maggot, a grub, a cater- 
pillar, or a ■worm. The term larva is from the Latin, and means a mask, becanse the 
future insect is enveloped in, or masked by the body of the larva. Whilst in the 
larva state, it casts off its external integument or skin, four or five times, before it per- 
fects its condition in that state, and immediately after these several changes or moult- 
ings, its development, for some time, is very rapid. The next state to which the insect 
attains, is that of the fupa, in which, in the larger number of instances, it bears no 
resemblance to the state from which it was transformed. The term pupa is also from 
the Latin, and is applied to inserts, because in this state some of them resemble an infant 
in swaddling clothes. The perfectly matnred insect may evolve from the i>upa in a 
few days after it has assumed that state, and it may not do so until another entire sea- 
son has intervened, according to the extrinsic circumstances of the case. A few hours 
after this last transformation, the insect has acquired its full development, and all the 
beauty, size and intelligence it ever attains to. In this state it is called the imago, 
which is also from the Latin, and implies that it is then in the image of the parents 
that fertilized and laid the egg. Their periods of existence, in this state, are very 
variable; in some instances continuing several months, and in others only a 
single day, or a few hours. This is the love season, during which the sexes cohabit, 
the females deposit their eggs, and, in many instances, immediately thereafter, die; for 
as a general thing, insects have not the protecting and fostering care of a living parent 
on the one hand, or the satisfaction of beholding their posterity on the other. Al- 
thoiigh the general routine of development is very similar in all insects, yet, there are 
various excejitions and modifications in their specific transformations, which can only 
be pointed out in a specific description of the different Orders to which they respective- 
ly belong. It is in the larva state that all insects aj-e the most voracious feeders, and 
it is then that they commit the greatest depredations upon vegetation, or any other 
substances they may feed upon. In the pupa state many of them are entirely quiescent, 
and jjartake of no food, and many of those that feed at all, in the imago state, seek and 
appropriate quite a difterent kind of food from that which served them as larvaj. 
These exceptional cases cannot be detailed here without transcending our limits. 
But before we proceed to cataloguing, it may be necessary to point out briefly, 
what animals are comprehended under the term insects. 

" The term Entomology, is derived from the two Greek words entom — an insect, and 
logos — a discourse ; the fonner word, as well as the synonymous Latin word, insectum, 
which has been anglicised into insect, being themselves compounded of other words, 
signifying a cutting or dividing into sections or articulations, whence in fact, we arrive 
at one of the great characteristics of these tribes of animals; namely, the articulated 
stracture of the external parts of their bodies, which may be properly regarded as their 
skeletons, as it serves as supports of the muscles and other internal organs, just as the 
internal vertebrae of the higher animals support the same parts." 

"Mon. Straus has demonstrated that in the body of an insect not exceeding an inch 
in length, there are three hundred and six hard pieces, entering into the composition 
of the outer envelope; four hundred and ninety-six muscles for putting them in motion; 
twenty-four pairs of nerves to animate them, divided into innumerable fillets; and forty- 
eight pairs of trachse, equally ramified, to convey air and life into this inextricable 
tissue." Although this complication of structure is not recognizable to the unassisted 
common observer, yet, insects are conspicuously divisible into three j^arts; namely, the 
7i,ead, the thorax, and the abdomen. In addition to the eyes, the mouth, and other 
organs, the head has attached to it a pair of appendages, of greater or lesser length 
called the antennce or feelers. To the thorax are attached three pairs of feet, and two 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 523 

or four wings; so that it will be observed, that strictly speakiiifr, inserts are six-fo..tod, 
or hexapocls. The abdomen, besides containing the intestines, the matrix, and in many 
species tlie breathing apparatus, is also terminated Ijy the sexual organs and the ovi- 
positor, which in many species is obsolete, or modified into a stiii". 

CLASS INSECTA. 

The hexapodal animals called Insects, compose a distinct Class in the sub-animal 
kingdom Articulata; but this six-footed characteristic only refers to the perfectly ma- 
tured adults; for whilst they are in the larva state, many of them are without distinct 
feet, many of them have a greater or lesser number of abdominal feet, called prolcgt. 
The Class Insecta is divided into Orders, and these orders arc sub-divided into Tribes, 
Families, Genera, Groups and Species, or their ecpiivalents. 

ORDER COLEOPTERA. 

At the head of the class, iisually, is placed the order Coleoptera, or the insects commonly 
called "Beetles." This name is derived from the two Greek words Coleos — a sheath 
or shield, and pteron, a wing, or sheath-winged insects. The term was first used by 
Aeistotle, and has been almost universally adopted by subsequent naturalists, although 
many subjects, originally included in it, have since been eliminated, and formed into 
new orders. 

The order is defined by its subjects, having two membranaceous wings, folded longi- 
tudinally and transversely, beneath two horny or leathery elytrce, or wing-covens, 
uniting in the middle by a straight suture down the back; the mouth is provided with 
mandibles or jaws, and the metamorpJiosis, or change from one state to another, is com- 
plete — that is, not gradual, the pupa being quiescent and distinct. The subjects of this 
order, that have been found in the county of Lancaster, may be divided into the fol- 
lowing Sections, Sub-Sections, Families and Genera, of which there are numerous 
species, and more or less variety: 

ORDER COLEOPTERA. CARABlDJi— Predaceous Beetles. 

Section PENTAIIERA; in which all the Casnonia Latr. 

tarsi are iive-jointed. pensylvanica Linn. 

Sub-section CARNIVORA— Carnivorous Leptotkaciielus Lat. 

Beetles. dorsahs Fab. 



CiciNDELiDJE — Tisrer-beetles. 



LAcnxopnoRUS Dej. 
subsulcatus Fab? 



CiNCiNDELA Li7in. pubescens Dej. 
vulgaris Sai/. Galerita Fab. 

punctulata Oliv. jamis Fab. 

hirticollis Say. bicolor Dru. 

sexguttata Fab. americana (Var.) 
octoguttata (Var.) Cymixdis Lair. 

marginalis Fab. americana Dej. 

purpurea Oliv. pilosa Say. 

patruela Dej. sinuata Say. 

unicolor Dej. neglecta Hald. 

duodecemguttata Say. laticollis Say. 

marginipennis Dej. limbata Dej. 

gravida Lee. f«scata Dej. 

decemnotata Say. punctigera Lee. 

limbata? Say. cl^ga"^ ^''- 



524 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



piceus Dfij. 
Calleida Uld. 

viridii^ennis Say. 

rvibicoUis Dej. 

cyanipennis"? Chaud. 
Dkomius Bo7i. 

piceus JDej. 
AxiNOPALPUS Lee. 

fusciceps Lee. 
PlochiotsUS Dej. 

tiniidus Hald. 

amandus Niovi. 

bonfelsii Dej. 
Lebia Latr. 

ornata Say. 

atriventris Say. 

vittala Fab. 

scapularis Dej. 

maculiconiis Lee. 

pleuritica Lee. 

pulcliella Dej. 

abdominalis OTid. 

quadrivittata. 

axalaris Dej. 

russata iVwm. 

viridis Say. 

pumila Dej. 

cyanii)ennis Dej. 

tricolor Say. 

viridipennis Dej. 
COPTODEKA Dej. 

aerata Dej. 
Braciiinus Webr. 

fumans LAnn. 

alternatiis Dej. 

curticollis Hid. ? 

perplexus Dej. 

affinus Ijec. 

sufflans Lee. 

similis Lee. 

qviadripeiinis Dej. 

patruelis Lee. 

libator Dej. 

medius Lee. 

ceplialotus Dej. 

streiiuus Lee. 

americanus Lee. 

ballistarius Lee. 

lateralis Dej. 

minuatus Hid. 
Helluomorpha Laf. 

laticornis Dej. 

praeusta? Dej. 



Haplochile Lee. 

pygmaBa"? Dej, 
SCARITES Fab. 

subterraneus Fab. 

iiitermedius? Lee. 

distinctiis Lee. 

affinis? Lee. 
Pasimaciius Don. 

depressus Fah. 
Clavina Lair. 

Quadrimaculata Beaur. 

bipiistulata Fab. 

morio Dej. 

viridis Say. 

bisignata PuU. 

americana Dej. 

pallida Say. 

corvina PvAz. 

acuducta Hid. 

deutipes Dej. 

SCHIZOGENIUS PuiZ. 

ampliibius Hald. 
Ardistomis Putz. 
obliquata Putz. 
piincticollis Dej. 

ASPIDOGLOSSA Putz. 

subaiigiilata? Clid. 
Dyschiritjs Bon. 

sphaericollis Say. 

rusticus Lee. 

globosus Say 

tridentatus Lee. 

integer Lee. 
Sphaeroderus Dej. 

stenostomus Ku. 

niagarensis Lap. 

bilobus Say. 
Calosoma Web. 

scrutator Fab. 

calidum Fab. 

externum Say. 

lepidum? Lee. 

wilcoxi"? Lee. 
Carabtjs Linn. 

serratus Say. 

silvosus Say. 

ligatus Oenn. 

limbatus Say. 

linitinius Hald. 
Nebria Lat. 

pallipsis Say. 

sutiu-alis? Lee. 
Omophron Kirb. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



525 



labiatiim Fah. 

tesselatum Say. 

americanum Dej. 
Elaphrus Fah. 

I'uscarius iSa?/. 
NoTioPiiiLus Dum. 

porrectus Say. 

9-striatus Lee. 

confusus? Lee. 

semistriatus Say. 
Panagaeus Lat. 

faciatus Say. 
Chlaenius Bon. 

sericeus Forst. 

aestivus Say. 

chloi'ophanus Dej. 

emarginatus Say. 

nemoralis Say. 

tomeiitosus Say. 

viciniis Dej. 

Ijusillus Say. 

solitarius? Say. 

laticollis Say. 

fusciconiis Dej. 

rufilabris Dej. 

impunctifrous Say. 

niger Ran. 

posticus Lee. 

obscurus Lee, 

rufipes Dej. 

tricolor Dej. 

lithophilus Say. 

laticollis Say. 

viridifrons Esli. 

prasinus Dej. 

pensylvanicus Say. 
OoDES Bon. 

amaroides Dej. 
DiCAELUS Bon. 

violaceus Bon. 

teter Bon. 

dilatatus Say. 

ovalis Lee. 

simplex Dej. 

furvus Dej. 

elongatus Bon. 

confusus Jjec. 

politus Dej. 
Patrobus Dej. 

longicornis Say. 
angicollis? Ban. 
Calathus Bon. 
gregarius Say. 



belucnsii Man. 
ruficollis? Dej. 
Pristodactyla Dej. 
inipunctata Say. 
corviua Lee. 
advcna Lee. 
Plat YN us Bon. 

angustatus Dej. 

crythropiis Dej. 

dccens Illd. 

corvinus? Dej. 

placidus? 

atratus Lee. 

variolatus Le:. 

femoratus Dej. 

quadripuuctatus Gecr. 
AKcnoMENUs Bon. 

extensicollis Say. 

obscurus Lee. 

deplanatus Chaud. 

decorus Say. 

raaurus Mtch. 

decentis Say. 
Agoxum. 

octopunctatiim Fab. 

cupripennc 'S'rt^. 

luctuosiun Dej. 

decorum? 

melauarium Dej. 

elevatum Illd. 

lenum Dej. 

luctuosum Dej. 

bembidioides Krb. 

ferreum Hid. 

erytliropum Krb. 

clialceum Lee. 

moerens Dej. 

punctiforme Say. 

excavatuiu Dtj. 

placidum Say. 

morosum Dej. 
PoECiLUS. Bon. 

chalcites Say. 

lucublandus Say. 

fraternus Say. 

bicolor? Lee. 

cursitor Lee. 

scictulus Lee. 
Olistiiopus Dej. 

micaus Lee. 

jjarmatus Say. 
LoxANDRUS Lee. 

rectus Say. 



526 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



lucidulus Lee. 

nitidulus Lee. 

patruelus Hid. 

vernalis Hid. ? 

sordius Hid? 
HoLcioPHORCS Lee f 

moestus 8ay. 
Pterostichus Bon. 

flobilis Lee. 

com]>lanata Dej. 

adoxa Say. 

stygicus 8ay. 

erythropus Dej. 

tenuis Lee. 

morio Dej. 

divisiis Lee. 

substriatus Lee. 

proximus ? Nob f 

coracinus Nwm. 

fastiditus Dej. 

niutus Say. 

monedula Orm. 

unicolor Say. 

orbatus Nwm. 

picicomis Krb. 

rostratus? Nicm. 

lustrans Lee. 

sculp tus Lee. 
Myas Zeigl. 

coracinus Say. 

americanus Lee. 
Percosia Zimm. 

obesa Say. 

diffinis Lee. 

perplexus? Nob. 
Amara Bon. 

splendida Hald. 

impuncticollis Say. 

ina:equalis Kirb. 

musculis Say. 

contempta Lee. 

communis Ilg. 

aurata Dej. 

distincta Hid. 

convexa Lee. 

vulgaris Linn. 

angustata Lee. 

indistincta Hid. 

confusa Lee. 

similata Gyll. 

authracina Hid. 

convexa Lee. 

basillaris Say. 



convexa Lee. 
Bradytus Steph. 

avidus Say. 

exaratus Dej.. 
Geopinus Lee. 

incressatus Vej. 
CURTONOTUS Steph. 

carinatus Lee. 
NoTHOPtJS Lee. 

zabroides Lee. 
Spongoptjs Lee. 

verticallis Lee. 
Cratacanthus Dej. 

pensylvanicus Lee. 

convexus N. sj). 

dubius Beauv. 
Agonoderus Dej. 

lineola Fab. 

pallipes Fab. 

dorsalis Lee. 

infuscatus Dej. 
Ampuasia Nwm. 

femoratus Dej. 

interstitialis Say. 
DiciiEiRus Mann. 

dilatatus Dej. 

parallelus Lee. 

obtusus Lee. 

oblatatus Lee. 
Anisodactylus Dej. 

baltimorensis Say. 

carbonarius Say. 

discoideus Dej. 

piuguis Hid. 

crassus Lee. 

merula 6rm. 

coenus Say. 

uigerrimus Dej. 

laticollis Krb. 

nigrita Dej. 

rusticus Say. 

musiculus Say. 

agricola Say. 

tristis Dej. 

lugubris? Hid. 
Selenophorus Dej. 

paliatus Fab. 

troglodytus Dej. 

pedicularius Dej. 

stigmosus Orm. 
Pangus Ziegl. 

caliginosus Fab. 
Harpalus Latr. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



;rj i 



peiisylvanicus DeG. 
bicolor Fab. 

faunus Say. 
lierbivagvis Say. 

ochropus Kirh. 

viilpucelkis Say. 

fraternus Lee. 

iiitidulus Chd. 

virida^neus Bvs. 

spadiceus Dej. 

assiniilis Hid. 

irripennis Lee. 

dicorus Hid. 

irricolor iec? 
Stenolophus Dej. 

ochropezus Say. 

conjuuctus Say. 

carbonarius Dej. 

unicolor Dej. 

fuliginosus Dej. 

plebejus Dej. 

dissimilis? Dej. 
Gtnandropus Dej. 

hylacis Say. 
Bradicellus Er. 

nitidus Dej. 

micans Hid. 

rupestris Say. 

iTificrus Krh. 

autiimnalis Say. 

rathuonii Lee. 
AcuPALPrs Dej. 

testaceus Dej. 

longukis D(y. 

indistiuctus Dej. 

rupestris Dej. 

lugubris II Id. 

partiarius Say. 

miiiuatus N. sp. 
Bembidium Illig. 

impressum Fab. 

sigillare Say. 

pahulosum Ptz. 

inaeqiiale Say. 

punctatostriatum Say. 

nigrum Say. 

chalceuin Dej. 
OcnTHEDROMUS Lec. 

quadrimaculatus Linn. 

picipes Kirb. 

niger Say. 

affinis Say. 

coxendix Say. 



laevigatus Say. 
patnic'lus Dej. 
nitidiilus Dej. 
anti(iuu.s Dej. 
tessflatus Lec. 
approxiniatus Lee. 
planalus Lec. 
amtnicanus Dej. 
dilatatus Lec. 
dorsalis Say. 
planus Illd. 
lucidus Lec. 
basalis Lec. 
relictus Lec. 
antitpuis Dej. 
Taciiys. 

epiphiatus Lee. 
tripunirtatus Say. 
inornatus Say. 
flavicaudus Say. 
ferrugineus Dej. 
nigriceps Dej. 
incurvus Say. 
bipustulatus Say? 
proxinuis Say. 
xanthdpus Dej. 
pulchellus F)'t. 
pulieoniis Lec, 
mordax Lec. 
anceps Lee. 
vorax Lec. 
scitulus Lee. 

Dytiscid.e — Water-Beetles. 

Dytisccs Linn, 

conMuons Say. 

fasoiventris Say. 

harrisii Kirb. 
Cybister Curt. 

finibriolatus? Say. 

fenistraUs Lec. 
AciLirs Leach. 

fraternus liar. 

lateeinctus Lec. 
Hydaticus Lch. 

Ubcrus Say. 
Coi.YM BETES Clair. 

aipiilus? Fab. 

bipunctatus Lec. 
Agabi's Leh. 

punctulatus Aub. 

obtusatus Say. 

lutosus Lec. 



528 

taeniolis Say. 
erythropterus Say. 
aeruginosus Aub. 
Laccophilus Leh. 
proximiis Say. 
maculosus Say. 
fasciatus Aub. 
Htdroporlts Clair. 
macularis Lee. 
affiiiis Say. 
fratenius Lee. 
cuspidatus Ku7i. 
Haliplus Latr. 
inimaculaticollis Bar. 
concolor Lee. 
borealis Lee. 
CXEMIDOTUS III. 
duodecimpuiictatus Say. 
simplex? Lee. 

Gypjxid.e— Whirl-beetles- 
DiNEUTEs BruU. 
americamis Linn. 
assimilis Krb. 
labi-atus Mels. 
opacus Mis. 
emai-ginatus Say. 
Gtrinus Linn. 
affinis Aub. 
picipes Aub. 
veiitralis Ii:rb. 
lateralis Aub- 
analis Say. 
Gyretes Brrll. 
sinuatus Lee. 

Sub-section BRACHELYTRA-Short elv- 
ti'ons. 

STAPHYILINID.E— Eover-beetles. 
Falagria Man. 

bilobata Say. 

venestula Ers. 

globosa Mels. 
HoMALOTA Man. 

polita Mels. 

modesta Mels. 

lateralis Mels. 

flaveola Mels. 

plana Gyl. 

dichroa Grv. 

picipennis Man. 

lividipennis Man. 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



aemula Ers. 
Aleochara Grv. 

lata Grv. 

tristis Frv. 

verna Say. 

lustrica Say. 

bimaculata Grv. 

nitida Lee. 

castaneipennis Man. 
laevigatus Lee. 
Tachyporus Grv. 
jocosus Say. 
faber? Say, 
acaudus? Say. 
bruneus Ers. 

CONURUS St2)Jl. 

basalis Ers. 
Gyropiiaena Man. 

socia Ers. 
Tachy^'l-s Grv. 
picipes Ers 
margiualis Grv. 
propinquus MuJi. 
memnonius Grv. 
puncticollis Zig. 
luridus Ers. 
ventriculus Say. 
scrutator Mis. 
funiipenuis Say. 
BoLiTOBius Leh, 
pygmffius Linn. 
obsoletus Say. 
dimidiatus Ers. 
cinctus Grv. 
Xajstholinus Dahl. 
obsidianus Mis. 
emmesus Grv. 
ceplialus Say. 
hamatus Say. 
Thikopinus Lee. 

pictus Lee. 
OcYPus Krb. 

ater Grv. 
Staphylinus Linn. 
cingulatus Grv. 
villosus Grv. 
arcticus Lee. 
\iill)inus Ers. 
tomentosus Grv. 
violaceus Grv. 
cinnamopterus Grv. 
maculosus Grv. 
femoratus Fab. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



529 



lossator? Grv. 
Philonthus Lch. 
cyanipennis Fab. 
hepaticus Ers. 
aterrimus Grv. 
ater Zieg. 
thoracicus Grv. 
viridipennis (Vai-.) 
pulcliellus Mis. 
iiiger Mis. 
cautus Ers. 
seneus Grv. 
bistriatus Ers. 
palliatvis Grv. 
vimbratilis, 
baltimoriensis Grv. 
lomatus Ers. 
blancUis Gi'v. 
sobrmus Ers. 
melancholicus Dej.? 
QuEDius Lclt. 
iracundus Sat/. 
laticoUis Grv. 
Crtptobium Man. 
bicolor Grv. 
badium Gi'v. 

cinctum Say. 

pallipes Grv. 

carolinum? Ers. 
Lathrobium Grv. 

pwncticollis Krb. 

lecontii Hid? 

collare Ers. 

dimidiatiun Say. 
LiTHOCHARis Ers. 

oonfluens Say. 

corticina Grv. 
SrwiTJS Lch. 

cinctiis Say. 

longiuscukis 3Ian, 
P^DKRUS Fab. 

littorarius Grv. 

riparius Linn. 
PiNOPHiLTJS Grv. 

latipes Gj-v. 

picipes? Ers. 
OxYTELUS Grv. 

pensylvanicus Ers. 

basalis Mis. 

parvnlus Mis 

insignatus Grv. 

nitidulus Ers. 
Trogofhlceus Man. 

35 



morio Ers. 
Stenus Lat. 

biguttatus Fab. 

flavicornis Ers. 

stygicus Say. 

puuctatuR Ers. 

lemoratus ? Say. 
Bledius Lch. 

mandibularis Ers. 

vubiginosus '? Ers. 

fasciatiis Say. 
Stilicus IaU. 

angularis Ers. 

dentatus Say. 
Olophrum Ers. 

obtcctum Ers. 
Omalium Grv. 

repandum Ers. 
Scop.EUS Ers. 

exiguus Ers. 
Platysthetus Man. 

americanus Ers. 
Trogophloeus Man. 

morio Ers. 
Apocellus Ers. 

spbaericollis Say. 
ANxnopHAGUs Grv. 

caesus Ers. 

bruniieus Say. 

verticalis Say. 
pensylvanicus Hid. 

protectus? Mis? 
ACIDOTA LcJt. 

subcarinata Ers. 
Anthobium Lch. 

dimidiatum Mis. 

PSELAPHID^. 

Tyrus Aub. 

compar Lee. 

punctatus Lee. 
PsELAPncs Hbt. 

carinatus Zieg. 
Bryaxis Lch. 

lubicunda Aub. 

Batriscs Aub. 

globosiis IjCC. 

Sub-section SERRICORNIA, Saw-honied 
Beetles. 
BuPRESTiD.E— Boriug-beetles. 

Acmaeodera Esh. 



530 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



pulchella Hbst. 
ornata Fab. 
tubulus Fah. 
DiCERCA Esh. 
divaricata Say. 
obscura Linn. 
molitor Mis. 
tenebrica Krb. 
lurida? Linn. 
Chalcophora Srv. 
aurata Lee. 
virgiuica Dru. 
campestris Say. 
BuPRESTis Linn. 
fasciata Fah. 
sexnotata Lap. 
decora Fab. 
aurulenta Linn. 
Melanophila Esh. 

longipes Lee. 
Chrysobothris Esh. 
femorata Fab. 
viridiceps Mis. 
dentipes Grm. 
rugosiceps Mis. 
sexsignata Say, 
luteosignata Hid. 
Trachypteris Krb. 
fulvoguttata Har. 
Anthaxia Esh. 
gracilis Mis. 
viridicoriiis Say. 
Agrilus Lap. 
ruficoUis Fab. 
geminatus Say. 
lateralis? Say. 
bilineatiis Web. 
arcuatus Say. 
quadriimpressus Zgl. 
Brachys Sol. 
tessellata Fab. 
termiiians Fab. 
picta Hid. 
aurulentus Hid. 
Metonius Say. 
ovatus Say. 
purpiireus Say. 



EucNEMiD^ — Click-Beetles. 



Anelastes Kirh. 

latreillii Lee. 
Fornax Lap. 

bicolor Mis. 



EUCNEMIS Aub. 
heterocerus Lee. 
americanus Say. 
clypeatus? Say. 

Elaterice — "Skip-Jacks," " Ham- 
mer-Bugs," "Sclinellkaefer," &c. 

Hemicrepidius Grm. 

memuonius Hbst. 
MONOCREPIDIUS Esh. 
lobatus Say. 
flnitimus Say. 
serotinus Grm. 
bellus Say. 
vespertinus ? Fab. 
Cratonychus Bej. 
americanus Hbst. 
communis Sch. ' 
cinerius Say. 
brevicollis Hbst. 
testaceus Mis. 
ocliraceipennis MU. 
acutipenuis ? 
Perothops Eseh. 

mucidvis Sch. 
Adrastus Meg. 
peryphes Hbst. 
testaceus MU. 
recticollis Say. 
Adelocera Lat. 
marmorata? Say. • 

impresicollis Say. 

pennata Fab. 
Alaus Lat. 

oculatus Linn. 

myops? Fah. 
Athotjs Lat. 

sulcicoUis Say. 

pyrrlios Hbst. 

oblougicoUis Mls. 

aereus Mis. 

soleatus Say. 

Ijallidipennis Say. 

bilobatus? Say. 
LiMONius Esh. 

querciims Say. 

cylindriformis Say. 

plebejus Say. 

basilaris Lee. 

flavipes Fab. 

definitus Zgl. 

posticus Mis. 
Cardiophorus Esh. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



581 



curiatus Say. 

cardisce? Say. 
Aphanobius Esh. 

sulcicollis Lee. 
Elater Linn. 

hepaticus Mis. 

filius Rnd. 

rubicoilis Hbst. 

oblivius Say. 

nigricollis Hbst. 

areolatus Say. 

limbalis Hbst. 
Ampedus Meg. 

sanguinipennis ? Say. 

signaticollis? Say. 
LuDius Lat. 

attenuatus Say. 

variagatus? Xob. 

abniptus Say. 

CORYMBITES Lat. 

appressifrons Say. 

limbatus Say^ 

niicaiis Grm. 

bivittatus Hid. 

vernalis ILtz. 
DiACANTHUS Lat. 

inflatus? Say. 
Hemirhipis Lat. 

fascicularis Fab. 
Agriotes Esh. 

obesus Say. 

truncatus Mis. 
DoLOPius Meg. 

macilentus Ryid. 

oblongicollis Mis. 

binus Say. 
Pristilophus Lat. 

aethiops Hbst. 

Ehipicerid^ Feather-horned 

Beetles. 

Sandalus Knh. 
niger Knh. 
peti'ophya Knh. 

Cebrionid^. 



Cebrio Fab. 
bicolor Fab. 



Atopid^. 



Ptilodacttla Illg. 
elaterina Illg. 



Cyphonid.e. 

Ctphon Fab. 

discoideus Say. 

pulchella G^ier. 

variabilis Thu. 
SCIRTES Illg. 

orbiculatus Fab. 

suturalis Dej. 

Lycid^ — Leather-wings. 

Ltcus Fab. 
lateralis Mis. 

DiCTYOPTERA Lat. 

sanguinipennis Say. 
DlAGRAPIIA Win. 

discrepans Win. 

reticulata Fab. 

dorsalis Niom. 

typica Win. 

terminalis Say. 
Caenia Wm. 

dimidiatus Fab. 
Eros Wm. 

mundus Say. 

canaliculatus? Say. 

humeralis Fab. 

coccinatus Say. 

mollis Lee. 

Lampyrid^ — Fire-flies. 

Ellychnia Lee. 

nigricans Say. 

corrusca Linn. 

marginicollis Lee. 

minuta Lee. 

ncglecta Lee. 

autumnalis Mis. 
PnoTiNUS Lap. 

scintillans Say. 

angustatus Lee. 

pyralis Linn. 

liavocincta? Lee. 
Photuris Lee. 

pennsylvanica Geer. 

frontalis 5' Lee. 
Lampyris Linn. 

ruticollis Say. 

consanguinea ? Lee. 

TELEPHORiDiE — Soldier-Beetlcs. 
CnAULiOGKATncs Untz. 



532 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



pensylvaiiicus Oetr. 

marginatus Fab. 

bimaculatus ( Var. ) 
PoLEMius Lee. 

laticornis Say. 

brevicollis Lee. 
SiLis Char. 

bidentata Say. 

puncticollis Leef 

longiconiis? Lee. 
Telephortjs Oeof. 

carolinus Fab. 

abdominalis Lee. 

scitulus Say. 

variens Mis? 

collaris Lee. 

ater Linn. 

divisus Lee. 

vittatiis Fab. 

lineola Fab. 

brunicollis Lee. 

mavginellus Lee. 

tibialis Zee. 

rotundicollis Say. 
PODABRUS Fisch. 

basillaris Say. 

diadema Fab. 

flavicollis Lee. 

tomentosus Say, 

piiucticoUis Lee. 

marginicollis Lee. 

bruiinicollis Fab. 
Malthinus Lat. 

serraticornis? Lee. 

cinctiscripta Dej. 

niger Lee. 

abdominalis Dej. 
Trypherus Lee. 

latipennis Grm. 
Tytthonyx Lee. 

crythrocephalus Fab. 

Malachiid^. 

CoLLOPs Ers. 

bipunctatus Say. 

quadrimaculatus Fab. 

tricolor Say. 

labiatus Hid. 

vittatus Say. 
Anthocomus Ers. 

melanopterus Ers. 

circumscriptus Say. 



otiosus Say. 
scincetus Say. 
Ebaeos Ers. 
apicalis Say. 

Ptinid^. 

Ptinus Lin7i. 

fur Linn. • 

humeralis Say, 

bimaculatus Mis. 
GiBBiUM Scop. 

scotias Obv. 
Lyctus Fab. 

americanus Mis'} 

axillaris Mis. 

striatus Mis. 
OcniNA Zieg. 

notatum Hid. 

nigra Mis. 

coruscans Man. 
Anobitjm Fab. 

gibbosum Say. 

notatum Say. 

carinatum Say. 

sericans Mis. 

tenuistriatum Say. 

DORCATOMA Hbst. 

oculata Say. 

Lymexlyid^. 

Cupes Fab. 
capitata Fab. 
cinerea ^'rt^^. 

Sub-section ^CL AVICORNIA, Club-liorned 
Beetles. 

Cleridje. 

TiLLirs Oh. 

collaris? Spin. 

terminatus Say. 
Cymatodera Gry. 

inornata Say, 

undulata Say. 
Trichodes Hbst. 

apivorus? Orm. 

ornatus? Say. 
Clerus Oeof. 

ichneumoneus Fab. 

cordifer Lee, 

nigrifrons Say. 

tboracicus Olv. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



588 



quadrisignatus Say. 

rufescens Lee. 

analis? Lee. 
Thanasimtjs Spn. 

trifasciatus Say. 

dubius Fab. 

undulatus Say. 
Thaneroclerus Spn. 

sanguineus Say. 
Hydnocera Ntcm. 

pallipennis? Say. 

curtipennis ? Man. 
Phyllob^nus Spn. 

dislocatus Say. 
Enoplium Lat. 

pilosum Forst. 

laticorne Illd. 

vestitum Spn. 
Necrobia Lat. 

violaceus Fab. 

erratus Mis. 

ruficollis Fab. 

ruiipes Geer. 
Opetiopalpus Spn. 

luridus Spn. 

SCYDMJENID^. 

SCYDMuENUS Lat. 
brevicornis Say. 

HiSTERiD^ — Mimic-beetles. 

Tribalus Ers. 

americanus? Lee. 
Epeirus Ers. 

nigrellus Say. 

vicinus Lee. 

decipiens Lee. 

minor Lee. 
HiSTER Linn. 

merdariiis Pyk. 

depurator Say. 

americanus Pyk. 

abbreviatus Fab. 

sexstriatus Lee. 

subrotundus Say. 

foedatus Lee. 

marginicollis Lee. 

arcautus Say. 

borealis Lee. 

bimaculatus? Linn. 

laevipes Orm. 

decisus Lee. 

sexecemstriatus Say. 



IIetaerius. 

bnumeipcnnis Lcc. 
Paromalus Km. 

bistriatus Ers. 

censors Lee. 

ajqualis Say. 

gilensis Zee. 

conjunctus Say. 

seniinulum Ers. 
Platysoma Lch. 

depressum Pyk. 

parallelum Say. 

carolinum Pyk. 

cylindricum Pyk. 

complanatum Lee. 
HOLOLEPTA Pyk. 

aequalis Say. 

cacti? Lee. 
Saprinus Ers. 

assimilis Pyk. 

sphaeroides Lee. 

placidus Ers. 

minutus Lee. 

pensylvanicus Pyk. 

imperfectus? Lee. 
Plegaderus Ers. 

transversus Say. 

SiLPHiD^ — Carrion-beetlea. 

Necrophorus Fab. 

amei-icauus Oh. 

orbicollis Fab. 

velutinus Fab. 

tomentosus Web. 

pustulatus III. 

marginatus Say. 

mediatus Fab. 

pygmaeus Krb. 
Necrodes Wil. 

surinamensis Fab. 
OlCEOPTOMA Lch. 

marginata Fab. 

variagata Nob. 
Thanatopiiiixs Leh. 

caudatus Say. 
Necrophila Krb. 

americana Linn. 
SiLPHA Linn. 

inaequalis Fab. 

ramosa Say. 

SCAPillDID^K. 
SCAPHIDIUM Oh, 



534 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



quadriguttatimi Say. 
americanum Hid. 
piceum Mis. 
convexiim Hid. 
ScAPniUM Krb. 
castanipes? Krb. 

NiTiDULiDJE — Bone-Beetles. 

Ceecus Lat. 

pusillus Mis. 

abdominalis Ers. 
CoLASTUS Fab. 

semitectus Say. 

iiifirmus Ers. 
CONOTELUS Ers. 

obscurus Ers. 
Carpophilus Lcli. 

punctulatus Mis. 

hemipterus Linn. 

niger Say. 

melanopterus Ers. 

marginatus Ero. 

brachypterus Say. 

unicolor? Say. 
Epuuaea Ers. 

helvola Ers. 

nifa Say. 
NiTiDULA Fab. 

truiicatella Man. 

ziczac Say. 

ambigua Man. 

obsciira Fab. 

bipiistulata Fab. 

rufida Mis. 
Prometopia Ers. 

sexmaculata Say. 
Omosita Ers. 

colon Fab. 

badia MU. 

discoidea Fab. 
Phenolia Ers. 

grossa Fab. 
Stelidota Ers. 

geminata Say. 
Pallodes Ers. 

silaceus Fab. 
Cryptarcha SM. 

ampla Ers. 
Ips Fab. 

quadrisignatus Say. 

confluentus Say. 
sanguinolentus Olv. 

faciatus? Olv. 



bipustulatus Mis. 

obtusus Say. 
Rhizophagus Hbst. 

erythopterus Mis. 
Temnochila Wst. 

virescens Olv. 
Alindria Ers. 

cylindrica Geof. 

nigella Mis. 

teres Mis. 
Trogosita Olv. 

americaua Krb. 

nigrii^ennis Hid. 

castanea Mis. 

depressior Beav, 

nana Mis, 

dubia Mis. 
Peltis. 

marginata? Mis. 

Dermestid^ — Bacon-Beetles. 

Dermestes Linn. 

lardarius Linn. 

caninus Orm. 

marmoratus? Say. 
Attagentjs Lat. 

ornatus Say. 

pellio Linn. 

megatomus Hid. 

cylindricoUis? Say. 
Anthrencs Qeof. 

castaneus Mis. ♦ 

varius Fab. 

destructor Mis. 

tlioracicus Mis. 

caudatus Hid. 

uododendron Hid. 

Byrrhid^. 

Nosodendron Lat. 

americanum Hid. 
' unicolor Say. 
Amphicyrta Ers. 

dentipes Ers. 
Byrrhus Linn. 

varius Fab. 
Trinodus Meg. 

hispidus Mis. 
Throscus Lat. 

constrictor Say. 



PARNID.E. 



PSEPHENtJS Hid. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



535 



lecontei Lee. 
Elmis Lat. 
quadrinotatus Say. 

HETEROCERID.E, 

Heterocertjs Bos. 
ventralis Mis. 
uudatus Mis. 
pallidus Say. 
limbatus Keis. 

Georyssidje. 

Georyssus Lat. 
pusillus Lee. 

Subsection PALPICORNIA, Palpi-horned. 
HYDROPHiLiDyE — Watei-beetles. 

HYDROPniLXJS Lcli. 

triangularis Say. 

striolatus Hid. 

ovalis Zieg. 
Helophorus Leh. 

lineatus Say. 
Hydrocharis Wst. 

nimbatus Say. 

obtusatus? Say. 
Hydrobius Lcli. 

fuscipes Linn. 

globosus Say. 
Cyclokotum Ers. 

subcupreum Say. 
Cercyon Lch. 

nigricolle Say. 

occellatum Say. 

Subsection LAMELLICORNIA, Book- 
homed beetles — antennae laminated. 

LucANiD^ — Stag-beetles. 

Ltjcanus Sep. 

dama Thb. 

elaphus? Fab. 

capreolus Linn, var. 
DORCUS Mae. 

parallelus Say. 
Ceruchus Mac. 

piceus Web. 
Platycertjs Geof. 

quercus Web. 

depressus Lee. 
Passalus Fab. 

cornutus Fab. 



SiNODEXDROK Fuh. 

americanura Btr. 

ScARABiEiD^; — Dung-beetles. 

CncEuiDiVM Lap. 

capistratum Fab. 
Canthon //;. 

lievis Dru. 

chalcites Uald. 

obsoletus Say. 

viridis Btr. 

nigricomis Say. 

cuprescans Illd. 

probus Grm. 
CoPRis Geof. 

Carolina Linn. 

bituberculatus Illdl 

anaglypticus Say. 

ammon Fab. 

iutermedius Nob. 
Phan^us Mae. 

carnifex Linn. 
Onthophagus Lat. 

janus Ptz. 

hecate Ptz. 

niger MU. 
Aphodius Lll. 

fimetarius Fab. 

maculatipennis Mli, 

imbricatus MU. 

spretulus Hid. 

strigatus Say. 

stercorosus MeU. 

lutiilentus Illd. 

ruricola Mh. 

terminalis Say. 

femoralis Say. 

stercorator Illd. 

palides Illd. 

ochoretus Hid. 

fulvus Hid. 

vittatus Hid. 

terrosus Hid. 
EuPARiA Lap. 

strigata Hid. 
Sphaeromouphus Grm. 

volvox Onn. 
Acantiioceuus Mae. 

aphodioides Illy. 

globosus Say. 
Trox Fab. 

scutellaris? Say. 

ten*estris Say. 



536 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



tuberculatus Hbst. 

vagrans Hid. 

alternatus Say. 

crenatus Olv. 

porcatus Say. 

capillaris Say. 

variolatus MU. 
Geotrupes Lat. 

splendidus Olv. 

chalcites Var. 

excrementi Say. 

miarophagus Say. 

blackbumii Fab. 
Hybosorus 3Iac. 

carolinus Lee. 
BoLBOCERUs Krb. 

fai'ctus Pnz. 

lazarus Pnz. 

ferrugineus Bvr. 

Dynastid^— Horned-beetles. 

Dynastes Mac. 

tityusl Linn. 
Xyloryctes Hope. 

satyiiis Fab. 
Heteronychus Brm. 

tumulosus Bvr. 
PoDALGUs Brm. 

juvencus Fab. 
Chalepus Mac. 

trachypygus Brm. 
Pelidnota Mac. 

punctata Linn. 

variolata Nob. var. 
Areoda Mac. 

lanigera Linn. 

Melolonthid^. 

Melolontha Lat. 

variolosa? Htz. 
Trichestes Ers. 

pilosicoUis Kn. 
Phyllophaga Hrs. 

quercina Kn. 

ilicis Kn. 

liirsuta Kn. 

fratex-na Uar. 

longitarsa Say f 



balia Say. 
Omaloplia Muls. 

sericea Llg. 

niicans Kn. 
Serica Mac. 

vespertina Shn. 

lauta Hid. 

atricapilla Krb. 

DiCHELONYCHA HrS. 

hexagona Orm. 

linearis Shn. 
Macrodactylus Lat. 

subspinosus Linn. 
Anisoplia? 

lineola Linn. 
Anomala Meg. 

lucicola Fab. 

binotata Sclm. 

pinicola Mis. 

rufiventris Hid. 

marginata Fab. 

maculata Lap. 

minuta Brm. 

variens Fab. 

Cetoniid^. 

HOPLIA Illg. 

trifasciata Say. 

primoria Brm. 

helvola MU. 

mucorea Chm. 
Valgus Serb. 

seticollis Bvr. 

canaliculatus Fab. 
Trichiub Fab. 

bil>ens Fab. 

lunnlatus Fab. 

piger Fab. 

afflnis Gor. 

delta? Frst. 
Gnorimps Lap. 

macvilosus Kn. 
Cremastochilus Kn. 

variolosus Krb. 

castaneae Kn. 

hentzii Har. 
harrisii Krb, 

OSMODERMA Lap. 



IThis IS the larjfest coleopterous insect known to the United States, and is frequently found in the 
County of Lancaster. Its color is a light greenish-gray, blotched orMrregularly spotted with dark 
brown or black. In 1856 a large willow tree was cut down at Safe Harbor, in the heart of which were 
found about fifty specimens in a living state. It has also been found at New Holland, and in Drumore 
township. I have two of the Safe Harbor specimens in my collection at the present time. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



537 



eremicola Knh. 

scabra Bvr. 

rugosa? Nob. 
Gymnetis Mac. 

nitidua Linn. 
Oetonia Fab. 

inda Linn. 

vestita Say. 

fulgida Fab. 
Ekikhipis Brm? 

melancholica Oer. 

cernii Hid. 

sepulcralis Fab. 

pubera Lch. 

Section llETEROMERA— the four ante- 
rior tard having five, and the two pos- 
terior, having only four joints. 

Sub-section MELOSOMA— Grave-beetles. 

Blaptid^. 

Blapstinus Sol. 
moestus Mis. 
brevicollis Lee. 
puUus ? 

EURYMETOPHON EsTl. 

atrunti Lee. 

POLYPLEURUS Sol. 

geminatus Srv. 

perforatus Orm. 
Pedinxjs Lat. 

suturalis Say. 
QPATRINUS Dej. 

notus Say. 
Trachycelis Lat. 

flavipes MU. 
Oplocephala Lat. 

collaris Lap. 

bicornis Olv. 

viridipennis Fab. 

chalybea Lap. * 

Platydema Lap. 

americana Lap. 

clypeatus Hid. 

rufa Mis. 

ritficornis Strm. 

laevipes Hid. 

basalis Hid. 

analis Hid. 

ventrata Hid. 

Tenebrionid^ — Meal-Beetles. 

Tenkbrio Linn. 



molitor TAnn. 

castanous Kch. 

rufinasus Say. 

olongatus Bvr. 

obscurus Fah. 

depressus Fab. 

variolus Bvr. 

badius Say. 
Centronipus Dej. 

calcaratus Fab. 
Aniaria Dej. 

pict'a Mis. 
Ipiithinus Dej. 

pensylvanicus De G. 

femoratus Fab. 

intcrmedius Hid. 

barbatus Knh. 

saperdoides Oh. 
SxENOcniA Krb. 

tenuicoUis Say. 

terminata Say. 

crenata Lee. 

coracina Lecf 

Sub-section— TAXICORNIA. 
DlAPERID^E. 

DiAPERis Oeof. 

hydni Fab. 
BoROS Hbst. 

unicolor Say. 
IIypophlceus Fab. 

coniferum Hid. 
Phaleria Lat. 

testacea Say. 

varia Nob. 
UiiOMA Aug. 

culinaris Linn. 

marginata Jjec. 

impressa Mis. 

ferruginea Say. 

depressa Fabf 

Sub-section STENELYTRA. 
HELOPIDiE. 

Meracantha Krb. 

canadensis Say. 
Helops Fab. 

americanus Bvr. 

tenebrioides Beav. 

micans Fab. 

vittata (Var.) 



538 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



BOLITOPHAGUS Fab. 
cornutus Pnz. 
corticola Say. 
sulcatus Dej. 

Melandryid^. 

Melandrya Fab. 

striata Say. 

labiata Say. 

excavata Hid. 
Pytho Lat. 

niger Krb. 
Phaioka Hid. 

umbrina Mis. 
Serropalpus Hel. 

substriatus Hid. 
DiRCAEA Fab. 

sericea Hald. 

decolorata? Ran. 
Hallomenus Pyk. 

scapularis Mis. 

luridus Hid. 
Etjstrophus III. 

bicolor Fab. 

bifasciatus Say. 

niger. Mis. 

tomentosus Say. 

pallides Lecf 
SCRAPTIA Lat. 

lutea Hid. 

pallipes Mis. 

ClSTELID^. 

Penthe Nwm. 

obliquata Fab. 

pimelia Fab. 
Allecula Fab. 

obscura Say. 

sericlea Hid. 

atra Say. 
Mycetochares Lat. 

binotata Say. 

nigra MU. 
CiSTELA Fab. 

fuliginosa Mis. 

erythroptera Zieg. 

marginata Zieg. 

sericea Say. 

Salpingidje. 

Myctertjs Clair. 
scaber Hid. 



Sub-section— TRACHELIDA. 

Lagrid^. 

Statyra Lat. 
resplendens Mis. 
aenea Say. 

PrROCHROID^. 

Pyrochroa Geof. 

flabellata Fab. 
Dendroides Lat. 

canadensis Lat. 

concolor Mom. 

megatoma Dy. 
Pedilus Fsh. 

labiatus Say. 

riificollis Zig. 

lugnbris Say. 

collaris Say. 

elegans Huz. 

MORDELLIDiE. 

Anaspis Oeof. 

flavipennis Hid. 

quadripunctata Say. 

dimidiata Mis. 
MoRDELLA Linn. 

atrata Mis. 

oculata Say. 

serval Say. 

aspersa Mis. 

nigricans Mis. ' 

scutellaris Fab, 

nigripennis Fab. 

bidentata Say. 

octoijunctata Fab. 

fuscata Mis. 

lineata Mis. 

iindulata Mis. 
RiPiPHORUs Fab. 

thoracicus 3fls. 

liiimeratus Fab. 

pectinatus Fab. 

cruentus Orm. 

Anthicid^. 

EuRYGENius Fert. 

murinus Hid. 
Macratria Mam. 

murina Fab. 
NoTOxus Geof. 

monodon Fab. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



539 



bicolor Say. 

cavicornis Lee, 

anchora Htz. 
Anthicus Pky. 

formicarius Frt. 

quadrimaculatus Frt. 

bifasciatus Say, 

basilaris Say. 

haldemani Lee. 

obscurellus? Lee. 
Xylophilus Bon. 

fasciatus Mis. 

porterii Nob, 

signatiis Hid, 

Meloidje — Oil-beetles. 

Meloe Li7in, 
americana Leh. 
conferta Say. 
angusticollis Say. 

Canthari d^ — Blister-beetles. 

Epicauta Red, 

vittata Fab, 

atrata Fab. 

cinerea Fab. 

margiuata Olv. 
Teteaonyx Lat. 

quadrimaculata Fab, 
Nemognatha LU. 

immaculata? Say, 
Cephaloon Nwm, 

lepturides Nwm. 
Xanthochroa Sehm. 

dorsalis Mis. 
Cantharis Geof. 

aenea Say. 

Section— TETRAMERA— in which all the 

tar6i are four-jointed. 
Snb-Section— RHINCOPHORA. 

Bruchiad^ — Pea-Beetles. 

Anthribus Fab. 

coronatus ScTi. 

albofasciatus Dej. 

fasciatus? Oliv. 

variolatus? 

quadrinotatus? Bay. 

cornutus? Say. 
Cratoparis Dej. 

similis Mis. 

bimaculatus Olv. 



lunatus Fiib. 

lugubris Olv. 
Braciiytarsus Sell. 

obsok'tus Sell. 

varicgatus Say. 
Speumopuagus Stv. 

robiiiije Fab. 
Bruchus Linn. 

planatus Hid, 

striatus Illd. 

niimus Say. 

rufesecns Uld. 

ambiguus Shn. 

crata3gi liar. 

biguttellus Sell. 

sinuatus? Sch. 

pisi Linii. 
Stenocerus Sch. 

capillicoruis? Say. 

cordicoUis Say, 

CuRCULiONiDwE — Weevils. 

CossoNUs Clrv, 

platalea Say. 

corticola Say. 
SiTOPHiLUS Seh. 

granarius Linn. Grain-weevil. 

remotepunctatus Gyl. 

oryzae Linn. Rice-weevil. 
Sphenophorus Sch. 

pulchella Lee. 

autiqua Lee. 

anceps Sch. 

insculptus Lee. 

13 punctatus JIbst. 

placidus? Say. 

pertinax Olv. 

zea Wlh. 

cariosus Olv. 
Bagous Grm. 

binodulus Ilbst, 

mamillatus? Say. 
CoNOTRAcnELrs Lat. 

nenuphar Ilbst. Plum-weevil. 

anaglypticus Say. 

posticatus *S7m. 

retentus Say. 
MoNONYcnus Grm. 

vulpeculus Fab. 
CRYPTORHYNcnus Ilg. 

luctuosus Sch. 

fraternus Say. 
Centrinus Sch. 



540 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



confusus Sch. 

modestus Ghd. 

scutellumalbum Say. 

pistor? Seh. 
Baridius Sch. 

trinotatus Say. Potato- Weevil. 

scolopax Say. 

striatus Say. 
Madarus Sell. 

undulatus Say. 
Laemosaccus Sell. 

plagiatus Fab. 
Balanintts Orm. 

nasicus Say. Chestnut- Weevil. 

sayi Sch. 

sparsus Sch. 

rostratus Sch. 
PissoDEs Orm. 

dubius Rail. 

affinis Rail. 

nemoralis Orin. 
Lixus Fah. 

concavus Say. 

marginatus Say. 

maculosus Say. 
Aphrastus Sch. 

taeniatus Say. 
Hylobius Orm. 

pales Hbst. 

stupidus? Sch. 

confusus? Krb. 
Pandeletejus Sch. 

hilaris Hbst. 
Sitona Orm. 

lepida Sch. 

lineola Fab. 
Arrhenodes Sch. 

septentrionis Hbst. 
Apion Hbst. 

nigrum Hbst. 

segnipes Say. 

sayi Sch. 
Ithycerus Dal. 

curculionides Hbst. 

EUGNAMPTUS Sch. 

angustatus Hbst, 
Pterocolus Sch. 

ovatus Fab. 
Rhynchites Hbst. 

bicolor Fab. 

aeratus Say. 

hirtus Fab. 
Attelabus Fab. 



analis III. 
bipustulatus Fab. 
scutellai-is Say. 
nigripes Arm. 
Araeocerus Sch. 
coffese Fab. 

Sub-section XYLOPHAGA. 
SCOLYTID^, 

Platypus Hbst. 

compositus Say. 

complex Hid. 
ToMicus Lat. 

pini Say. 

subdentatus Hid. 

xylographus Say. 

politus? Say. 
ScoLYTUs Oeof. 

pyri Pck. Pear-blight. 

muticus Say. 
Hylesinus Fab. 

piniperde Lee. 

aculeatus Say. 
Hylurgus Lat. 

dentatus 
Hyluastes Ers. 

rufipennis? Krb. 

BOSTRICHID^. 

BOSTRICHUS Oeof. 

serricollis Orm. 

bicornis Web. 

aspericoUis Orm. 
Apate Fab. 

basilaris Say. 

hispida Hid. 

CiSIDiE. 

Cis Lat. 
thoraciconiis Zieg. 
obscurus Hid. 
micans Fab. 

Mycetophagid^. 

Mycetophagus Hid. 

punctatus Say. 

flexuosus Say. 

obsoletus Mis. 

pini Zieg. 

bimaculatus Mis. 
Triphyllus Zieg. 

sexpunctatus Say. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



541 



nigosa Rnd. 
didesmus Say. 

CUCUJID^. 

Catogenus Wst. 

rufus Fab. 

puncticollis Nwm. 
Ctjcxijus Fab. 

clavipes Olv. 

piuiiceus? Man. 
Laemophloeus Bej. 

modestus Say. 

minnatissimus Hid. 

biguttatus Say. 

fasciatus Mis. 
Brontes Fab. 

dubius Fab. 
Telephanus Ers. 

velox Hid. 
SiLVANUs Lat. 

dentatus Say. 

planatus Orm. 

advena Hid. 

svirinamensis Linn. 

bidentatus Gur. 

COLYDIID^. 

CoLYDiuM Fab. 
nigripennis Hid. 
longiusculum Say. 
DiTOMA Lat. 

quadriguttata Say. 
singulata Hid. 
Rhagodera Ers. 

tuberculata Man. 
Xylophterus Dej. 
gemiiiatus Say. 
haematodes Hid. 
amicoUis Hid. 
Synchita Hel. 
fuliginosa Mis. 
parvula Guer. 
Bothrideres Ers. 

geminatus Hid. 
Cerylon Lat. 
histeroida Lee. 
nnicolor Zieg. 

CRYPTOPHAGIDiE. 

Antherophagus Lat. 

ochraceus Mis. 
Cryptophagus Hbst. 

humeralis Krb. 



spinicollis Hid. 
concolor Krb. 
Atomaria Krb. 
analis Lee. 
fulvipcnnis? Man. 

Sub-section LONGICORNIA-Long-horned 
Beetles. 

Prionii>.«. 

Parandua Lat. 

glabcr Fab. 

conformis Hid. 

polita Say. 

brunnca Hid? 
Orthosoma Ser. 

cylindricum Fab. 
Prionus Geof. 

brevicornis Fab. 

laevigatus Har. 

imbriconiis Linn. 

integer"? Lee. 

fissioornis Hid. 

Calliciiromid^. 

Sphenostethus Hid. 

serripennis Hid. 
PuRPURicEMUs Ser. 

humeralis Fab. 

axillaris Hid. 
Stenocorus Dal. 

longipes Say. 
Eburia Serv. 

quadrigeminata Say. 

distiiK'ta Hid. 
CniON New. 

garganicum Fab. 

varium Nob. 

Cerambycid^. . 

Elaphidion Ser. 

atdjuarium Dm. 

rufuluni Hid. 

vicimim Hid. 

villosuni Fab. 

rigidum Say. 
Criocepiialus Mis. 

rusticus Ijiiin. 

foevicoUis Fab. 

productus? Lee. 
Hylotrupes Ser. 

bajulus Linn. 

bullatus Hid. 



542 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Arhopalus Ser. 

fulminans Fab. 
Callidium Fab, 

ligneum Fab. 

violacenm Linn. 

janthinum Lee. 

paliatiim Lee? 

variiim Nicm. 

collare Krb. 
Tetkopium Brb. 

cinnamopteron Krb. 
Smodictjm Hid. 

cucujifoiTne Say. 
Ttlonotus Hid. 

bimaculatus HM. 
Stenosphenus Hid. 

notatus Olv. 

sobrinus Nwm. 
Clytus Fab. 

humatus Say 

flexuosus Fab. 

pictus Dru. 

erythroceplialus Olv. 

cainpestris Olv. 

dentipes Oh. 

gazeUula Hid. 

pygmjeus Hid. 

supernotatus Say. 
Gracilia Mills. 

fusca Hid. 
Heterachthes Nwm. 

quadrimaculatus H id. 

ebenus N^cm. 
Stenopterus III. 

rufixs Linn. 
Heliomanes Nwm. 

bimaculatus Say. 

corni Hid. 

tenuipes Hid. 

ACANTHODERES Srv. 

triangularis Hid. 

decipiens Hid. 

quadrigibbiis Say. 
ASTYNOMUS Hid. 

nodosus Fab. 

obsoletus Oh. 
Leptostylus Lee. 

aculiferus Say. 

variegatus Hid. 

macula Say. 

alpha Say. 
Leiopus Srv. 

spinosus Say. 



symmetricus Hid. 
facetus Say. 
divergens Hid. 
Hyperplatys Hid. 
maculatus Hid. 
aspersa Say. 

EXOCENTRUS Mxils. 

dasycerus Say. 
vestitus Say. 
obscvirus Hid. 
Amniscus Dej. 
macula Say. 
commixtus Hid. 

MONOHAMMTJS Lat. 

titillator Fab, 
dentator Fab. 
pulverulentus Hid. 
pulcher? Hid. 

Saperdid^. 

Oncideres Srv. 

singulatus Say. 
Tetraopes Dim. 

toniator Fab. 

quadrimaculatus Hid. 

canteriator Fab, 
Hetoemis Hid. 

cinerea Old. 
Dorcaschema Lee. 

alternatum Say. 

nigi'um Say. 

wildyi Euh. 
Hippopsis Serv. 

lemniscata Fab. 
Anaerea Muls. 

obliqua Say. 

calcarata? Say. 

mutica? Say. 
COMPSiDEA Muls. 

tridentata Oh. 

lateralis Fab. 
Saperda Fab. 

Candida Fab. 

vestita Say. 

discoides Fab. 
Oberea Meg. 

nificollis Fab. 

tripunctata Fab. 

amabilis Hid. 

myops Hid. 

mandarina Fab. 

Lepturid^. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



543 



DiSTENIA Sro. 
undata Fab. 
Desmocerus Srv. 

cyaneus Fab. 
Rhagium Fab. 
lineatum Olv. 
varivim'? Nob. 
ToxoTTJS Irv. 
vestitus Illd. 
cylindricollis Say. 
cinnamopterus End. 
pictiis Hid. 
Encyclops Nwm. 

cajruleus Say. 
Pachyta Meg. 
cyanipennis Say. 
sexmaculata ? Linn. 
clialybea Hid. 
Stkangalia iSrv. 
luteicornis Fab. 
famelica Nwrn. 
bicolor Sioe. 
unicolor Hid. 
nigrella Say. 
zebrata Fab. 
obsoleta Hid. 
velutina Olv. 
fugax Fab» 
lineola Say. 
strigosa Num. 
lugubris Say. 
emarginata Fab. 
Leptura Linn. 
erythroptera Krb. 
rubrica Say. 
vittata Olv. 
biforis Nwn. 
pubera Say, 
tenuicornis? Hid. 
Anoplodera Mills. 

quadrivittata Linn. 
Grammoptera Srv. 
ruficoUis? Say. 

Sub-section EUPODA. 

Criocerid^. 

Donacia Fab. 
lucida Lac. 
proxima Krb. 
sulcicoUis Lac. 
rufa Say. 
distincta Lee. 



tuberculata? Lac. 
H^MONiA Meg. 

nigricornis '? Krb. 
Syneta EaU. 
tripla Siy. 
lubicunda IjCC. 
Lema Fab. 
trilincata Olv. 
sexmaculata Say. 

IIlSPAID^. 

Odontota Chv. 

scapulai-is Oh. 

scutellaris Olv. 

suturalis? Har. 
Uroplata Chv 

inajqualis Web. 

pallida Say. 

quadrata Fab. 

rosea Web. 

MiCRORHOPALA Chv. 

vittata Fab. 
porcata M Is. 
PORPIIYRASPIS BJun. 
cyanea Say. 

Cassidid^. 

Chelymorpha Chv. 

cnbraria? Fab. 

ephippum ? Hbst. 
Deloyala Chv. 

signifer Hbst. 

clavata Fab. 

purpurata Hid'? 

cincta Hid? 
COPTOCYCLA Chv. 

bicolor Fab. 

bivittata Say. 

bisignata Hid. 

sexpunctata Fab. 
Cassida Hbst. 

unipunctata Soy. 

17 punctata? Nwrn. 

Sub-section CYCLIC A. 

CHRYSOMELID-E. 

Labidomera Chv. 

trimaculata Fab. 

contluenta Var. 
Zygogramma Chv. 

pulclna Fab. 

festiva'.' Fab. 



644 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Calligrapha CAc. 
scalaris Lee. 

decipiens Web. 

spiraeje Say. 

philadelphica Linn. 

hybrida Say. 

bigsbyana Krh. 
Chrysomela Linn. 

cribraria Dej. 
Melasoma Dill. 

scripta Fab. 

basilaris? Say. 

striata? Nob. 
Blepiiarida Chv. 

rhois Frst. 
Gastrophysa Chn. 

caeruleipennis Say. 

cyanea Mis. 

dissimilis Say. 

aenea Mis. 
CoLASPis Fab. 

praetexta Say. 

striata? Say. 
NoDA Chv. 

tristis Olv. 

obicolaris Lee? 

pilula Orm. 

humeralis Lee? 

ovata Say. 

convexa Say. 
Metachroma Chv. 

sexnotata Say, 

canella Fab. 

quadrinotata Say. 

aterrima Olv. 

lurida Hid? 

dubiosa Say. 

flavida? Say. 
Bromius Chv. 

vitis Fab. 
Chrysochus Chv. 

auratus Fab. 
Heteraspis Dej. 

fumilis? 
Myochrous Chv. 

villosulus Mis. 

variolatus Mob. 

plagiatusi/^s. 
Chlamys Kch. 

tuberculata Klg. 

plicata Olv. 
Clythra Lch. 

obsita Fab. 



Babia Lac. 

pulla? Lac. 

quadriguttata Say. 
Pachybrachis Suf. 

carbonarius Hid. 

trinotatus Mis. 

subfasciatus Lee. 

luridus Fab. 

othonus Say. 

marginicollis? Bud. 
Cryptocephalus Oeof. 

guttatus Hid. 

luteipennis Mis. 

ornatus Fab. 

punctatus Hid. 

notatus Fab. 

laevis Hid. 

quadrimaculatus Say. 

hepaticus Mis. 

simplex? Hid. 

clathratus Mis. 

geminatus Nwm. 

mammifer Nwm. 

GALERUCIDiE. 
COELOMERA Chv. 

coryli Say. 
Galeruca Geof. 

puncticollis Say. 

gelatinarife Fab. 

notulata Fab. 

rufosanguinea Say. 

tomentosa Linn. 

marginella? Krb. 

longicornis? Say. 

bilineata? Kib. 
Cerotoma Chv. 

carminea Fab. 
Diabrotica Chv. 

vittata Fab. 

longicornis Nob. 

12 punctata Fab. 

tricincta Say. 
Phyllobrotica Dej. 

discoidea Fab. 
Oedignychis Lat. 

thoracica Fab. 

petaurista Fab. 

scripticollis Say. 

satiu'clla Say. 

vians III. 
Graptodera Chv. 

chalybea Illg. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTV, 



545 



ignita Illg. 

trivialis Lee. 

exapta Say. 

carinata? Gnc. 
DlSOKYCHA Chv. 

collata Fab. 

glabrata Fah. 

discoidea? Fah. 

quinquevittata Say. 

collaris Fab. 
System A Chi\ 

frontalis Fah. 
Crepidodera Chv. 

nana Say. 

pubescens Ent. 

ocreata Say. 

violacea Mis. 

copalina Fah. 
Phyllotreta Chv. 

stviolata Illg. 

vittigera Dej ? 
Aphthoxa Che. 

subglobosa MtcJi. 

PSYLLIODES Lat. 
punctulata 3fls. 
denticulata lUg. 
alternata Zieg. 

Sub-Section— CLAVIPALPIA. 
ErOTYLIDuE. 

Engis Payk. 

quadriniaciilata Say. 
Dacne Lat. 

fasciata Fuh. 

heros Say. 
IsCHYRus Lac. 

quadripunctatus Old. 
Triplax Payk. 

tlioracica Say. 

unicolor Ilald. 

festiva Lac. 

dimidiata Fah. 

atriventris Lee. 

melanoptera Lee. 
Tritoma Geof. 

dimidiata Lae. 

ruficeps Lee. 
Languria Lat. 

mozardi Lat. 

trifasciata Say. 

filiforme Lee. 
Janessa Lee? 

36 



tliorai'ica Olo. 

AGATIIIDIID.E. 

Agatiiidium Illg. 
piceuni MU. 
exiguuni Mh. 
pallida? Say. 
minuatuin IJnn. 

PlIALACRlD^. 

Phalacrus Pyk. 

pcncillatus Say. 
Olibrus Ent. 

pallipes Say. 

apicalis Mis. 

nitidus 3[ls. 

Section, TRIMERA, in which all the tarai 

are three-jointed. 
Sub-section, FUNGICOLIA. 

EnDOMYCHIDuE. 

EXDOMYCHUS Pyk. 

biguttatus Say. 
Lycoperdina Lat. 

angulata Say. 

lineata Olv. 

perpulchra JV<fw. 
Ephebus Chv. 

vestitus Say. 

Sub-section, APIIIDIPUAGA. 

COCCINELLIDJJ. 

N^MIA Mills. 
seriata 3/ Is. 
tridecimpunctata Linn. 
tibialis Ilald? 

HiPPODAMIA Mills. 

glacialis Fah. 
couvergens Giier. 
parenthesis Say. 
(luinquesignatii Krb. 
maculata Geer. 
CocciNELLA Linn. 
hyiierborea Pky. 
picta Randall. 
duodecinimaoulata Geb. 
normata Say. 
noveninotata Ilbst- 
niunda Say. 
binotata Say. 



546 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



abdoraiiialis Say. 
Mysia Muls. 
mali Say. 

PSTLLOBORA MulS. 

20 maculata Say. 
Chilocorus Lch. 

bivulnerus Muls. 
Brachyacantha MuU. 

dentipes Fab. 

iirsiiia Fab. 

biguttata Lee. 

decenipustulata Mis. 
SCYMNQS Kuc/. 

terminatus Say. 



Hyperaspis Redt. 

fimbriolata? Mis. 
Epilachna Red. 

borealis Thunberg. 

Sub-Section PSELAPHIENA. 
PSELAPHID^E. 

PsELAPHirs Hbsl. 

dentatus Say. 
Batrisus Aub. 

riparius Say. 

lineaticollis Axib. 



ORDER ORTHOPTERA. 

The insects inckided in this order are those commonly known under the names of 
Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Crickets, &c., and are generally characterized as 
having two membranaceous wings, furnished with numerous nervures arranged longitu- 
dinally, with transverse threads, enabling them to fold them up like a fan. These 
wings lie beneath two coriaceous or leathery wingcovers, called elytra, which are also 
provided with lunnerous nervures, and which, when closed, do not unite in a straight 
suture down the back, but more or less overlap each other. Their mouth is essen- 
tially provided with a well developed pair of jaws, called mandibles, and accompanying 
organs, and therefore they are masticatory in their feeding habits. They are active 
from the time the young are excluded from the eggs, until they reach maturity and 
death; the imarjo and pupa states, being only distinguishable from the larva state, by 
the gradual increase of size, and the development of the wings and wingcovers. In a 
few species, however, the females are wingless; and in a less number, the wings are 
much abbreviated in both sexes, or are entirely absent. This order of insects may be 
divided into four groups or sections, dift'ering from each other very materially in form 
and manner of locomotion, although retaining more or less of the general characteris- 
tics: namely, the Cursoria, or Runners; Raptoria, or Graspers; Ambulatoria, or Walk- 
ers; and Sanatoria or Leapers. But few species of the first three groups occur within 
the limits of Lancaster county, or even in the State of Pennsylvania; but the species in 
the last group are more numerous, some of which are very destructive to vegetation, 
and include representatives of the true Loctists which belong to the grasshopper group, 
the swarms of which are so destructive in the far West, the Mexican and Sou.th Ameri- 
can States, and in various parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. 



CURSORIA. 
All the legs formed for running; wings and 
wing-covers generally horizontal; ovipos- 
itor not exserted. 

FORFICULAD^. "Earwisfs." 



Forficula Linn. 
americana ? 
pensylvanica ? 

Blattiad^. 

Blatta Linn. 



" Cockroaclies." 



americana Linn. 
orientalis Linn. 
pensylvanica De 0. 
parallela Har f 
bicolor Pal. 
campestris ? Nob. 

RAPTORIA. 
Anterior feet foraaed for grasping; habits 
carnivorous. 

Mantiad^. " Soothsayers." 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



54: 



Mantis Liim. 
^Carolina Linn. 

AMBULATORIA. 
Slow walkers; sometimes wiugiess; habits 
herbiverous. 



Phasmiad^. 
Spectrum Stll. 
femoiatum Say. 



"Spectres." 



SALTATORIA. 
Hind limbs fonned for leaping; wings and 
wing-covers generally deflexed; oviposi- 
tor generally exserted. 

AcHETADuE. " Crickets." 

Gryllotalpa Lat. 

borealis Wm. 

brevipennis Srv. 
AcHETA Fab. 

abbreviata Har. 

tripunctata Har ? 

nigra? JSfob. 

sei-vilis ? Har ? 
2domestica Linn. 
Nemobius Ser. 

vittata Har. 

americana? Nob. 
CEcANTHUS Serv. 

niveus Har ? 

bipunctatns Har ? 

Grtlliadje. " Grasshoppers." 

Phalangopsis Bur. 

lapidicola Bur. 

maculata Har. 
Platyphyllum Har. "Katy-did." 

perspiculatum Fab. 

concavum? Har. 
Phyllopteka Har ? 

oblongifolia DeG. 

angustifolia Har. 
Phaneroptera DeG. 

cui-vicauda DeG. 



fasciata? DeO. 
agilis? DeO. 
attcnnata? Nob- 
ORcniLiUM Ear. 
vulgarc Bar. 
gracilc Har. 

COKOCEPnALCS. ? 

ensiger? Har. 

LOCUSTIAD.E. " Locusts. 

Opsomala Har. 

americana? Nob. 
Truxalis? Har. 

pcnsylvanicus? Nob. 
ACRYDIUM Lat. 

alutaceum Har. 

americannm DeO. 
Caloptencs EuJi 1 

bivittatus Say. 

femnr-rubrnm DeG. 

ditferentialis VM. 

obscurus ? Fab. 

sanguinipes? Fab. 
Oedipoda Euh. 

Carolina Linn. 

sulphurea Fab. 

aequalis Say. 

latipennis Har. (Var.) 

marmorata Har. 

eucerata Har. 

nebnlosa Har. 
GOMPHOCERUS Euh. 

infuscata Har. 

viridifasciata Har. 

radiata Har. 
Chlcealtis Har. 

curtipennis Har? 

abortivis Har? 

conspersa Har? 
Tetrix Ijat. 

ornata Say. 

dorsalis Har. 

bilineata Har. 

lateralis Say. 

sordida Har. 



IMantis Carolina cannot properly be regarded, perhaps, as native to ^^^ncastcr county I vra. 
found alive within the limits of Lancaster city on one or two occasions, he eggs having •'^en °'J^ 
duced from the State of Maryland. After a year or two however the brood ^^^-^^ '%»'»;! '^''^'f^; 
tinct. Perhaps it may be found yet in that part of the county whk-h borders on Maryland It Is 
common ir Baltimore city and vicinity, and even as far north as Cecil county, Maryland, which Lor- 

";r.rrrjrh:jbeen found in this county.but rarely; .^ 

This species must have been introduced Into this country ^^'^'^.f ^I^' ''"; J /.^^ h^J^.^'^"^^^^^^ 
hearth " In my boyhood, when I lived in the country, I was quite familiar with the chirping of a cricket 
of the hearth, but I cannot say it was the species under consideration. 



548 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

Although the foregoing list contains the species usually referred, by the older authors, 
to the Grenus Locusta, and although we have quite a number of the family LocustiadcB 
within the county of Lancaster, yet, it now appears that we have not a single species 
that properly belongs to the foreign genus of that name, either in the county or in the 
State of Pennsylvania. These insects must, however, not be confounded with the in- 
sect commonly called the ' ' seventeen year locust, ' ' which belongs to a different Order, 
and is not, properly si)eaking, the true Locust. 

Nor does the Ust contain all within the county that properly belong to the order 
Oi'ihoptera, as a number of them are still undescribed and undetermined. 

ORDER HEMIPTERA. 

The insects included in this order consist of those properly called Bugs. It is divis- 
ble into two sections, called Uemiptera lleteroptera and Ilemiptera Homopiera; which by 
many are regarded as two distinct orders. The general characters of the Heteroptera 
are, two membranaceous wings that lie beneath two ovei-lapping horizontal wing-covers 
or hemelytra, which have the basal half coriaceous and the terminal half membranaceous. 
Mouth Tmtistellated, — that is, furnished with a Jiaustellujn, or sucking tube, instead of 
jaws, and therefore they suck their food in a liquid state, instead of masticating it. 
AntenncB usually long, and not terminating in a bristle. Ovipositor not exserted, or 
developed. Scutellum usually large, in a few species extending over the wings, nearly 
to the end of the body. 

In the Ilomoptera, the body is thick and convexed, instead of Hat, and all four of the 
wings are usually membranaceous, deflexed, and not overlapping each other: Ovipositor 
always exserted, or distinct; antennae short and inconspicuous, and the haustellum 
appears to originate from the lower part of the head, near the breast, instead of directly 
from the fi'ont of the head, as is the case in the heteroptera. The feet of both sections 
have three tarsal joints, and, as in the Orthoptera., they are both active, from their exclu- 
sion from the egg, until they reach maturity, or die. The only distinction between the 
larva, pupa and imago, being the increase of size, and the development of wings. In 
a few species the females are apterous, or wingless. In the first section, the most fami- 
liar and widely known individual, is commonly called a Bed-bug, and in the second 
section, the most conspicuous individual, is erroneously called the Seventeen-year locust. 
It will be seen, however, that the only rei)resentatives of the true locusts which we have 
in the county of Lancaster, or State of Pennsylvania, belong to a different order of 
insects, and are essentially very different in their economy and habits. 

HETEROPTERA. Coenus? 

OEOCOEISA. delia Say. 

Having the Antcmae long and exposed. Padops'? 

PeNTATOMAD^. clubius^^at/. 

Pentatoma Olv. 
ScuTELLERA Lam. lugens Fab. 

alternata Say. ligata Say. 

cinctipes Say. Raphigaster. 

histeroides Har. pensylvanica De G. 

Odontocellis? Eusacoris? 

scaraboides? carnifex Fab. 

Corimelaena Bv. Hymenarchis? 

unicolor Bo. neriosa Say. 

pulicaria Grrn. Lagrtjs? 
Canopus? cinctus Har. 

globosus? Sehirus? 
Pachycoris? bilineatus Say. 

graminus? ligatus Say. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



540 



Amnestus? 

spinifrons Say. 
Arma? 

modesta Dal. 

macula? 

grandis Dal. 

spinosa Dal. 

bracteata Fc7i,. 

NiZARA? 

hilaris? 
Stiretus? 

dentatus? 

bideutatus? 
ZiRONA ? 

clauda Say. 
Brachymena? 

arborea Say. 

carolinensis liar. 
EuBcniTUS? 

punctipes Say. 

pustulatus Be. 

inconspictiis liar? 

COREIDJi. 

Akisosceolis Laf. 

prominulus Har. 

tibialis Sch. 
Alydus Fab. 

curius Say. 

vittinasus Har. 
Berytus Fab. 

spinosus Say. 
CoREUs Fab. 

tristis De 0. 

lateralis Say. 
Menocoris? 

acridoides '? 

distinctus? 
Lygaetjs Fab. 

turcicus Fab. 

aulicus Say. 

reclivatus Say. 

trivittatus Say. 

mediatus Nob. 

geminatus Har. 
PACHYMEitA Ser. 

constricta Har. 

bilobata Har. 
Salda Fab. 

pedunculata Har? 
Myobocha Lai. 

petiolata Har. 

serripes? 



Astkmma Ln(. 

coriacea Har. 
Minis Fab. 

bivittatus Har. 

dorsalis Har. 

C APSID.fi, 

Cappis Fab. 

vittatus? 

insitiviis Har. 

dislocatus? 

caiclinali?^ Har. 

clavatiis Lin.)). 
Phytocoris? 

lineolaris? 

famelicus Har. 

rapidus Har. 

lugiibris Har. 

ZOSOMEKUS'? 

cinereus Say. 
Pi.ociomera? 
nodosum Say. 

OPTIIALMICrS? 

uligiuosus Say. 

ClMIGID^:. 

Syrtis Fab. 

erosa Fab, 

albus Nob. 

variolata Nob, 
CiMEX Lii). 

loctularius Linn. 

TiNGIDiE. 

TiNGis Fab. 
marnioratus Har. 
juglandis Fell. 

Heduviid.k. 

Hamostes? 

reflexus Say. 
Aradus Fab. 

sanguineus Far. 

penultimus Har. 
Harpactou ? 

ductus? 
Pirates? 

abdominalis? 

carinatus? 

picipes? 
Reduvil'S Fab. 

personatus Lin. 

multispiuosus De O. 



550 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



cinctus Fab. 

humeralis Har. 
Prionotus? 

novenarius? Say. 
Nabis Lat. 

pectoralis Har. 
Ploiakius Sep. 

brevipennis Say. 
Zelus Fab. 

acanthogonius Har. 

simplicipes Har. 
Leptopus Lat. 

alternatus liar. 
ACANTHIA Lat. 

coriacea Har. 
Galgijlus? 

oculatus? 

variolatus? 

Hydrometrad^. 

Gerris Fab. 

humilis Har. 

paludosus? 

marginatus Uar. 
Velia Lat. 

collaris Har. 

HYDROCORISA. 
Having the antennae short and concealed. 



Nepad^. 



Belostoma Lat. 

americana Fab. 
• revcrsapeune? 

marginata? 
Nepa Lin. 

apiculata Har. 
Ranatra Fab. 

fusca Bvs. 



(Var.) 



NOTONECTID^. 

Notonecta Lin. 

amei-icana Fab. 

maculata Olv. 

iindulata Har. 
Corixa Geof. 

alternata Say. 

hiterrupta Say. 

HOMOPTERA.. 
Divisible into thi-ee sections with the fol- 
lowing characteristics, viz: 
GIGADARIA. 



Having the tarsi three-jointed and the a7i~ 
tennw bi-istled and very short, the bristle 
being single and very tine. 

ClCADID^. 

Cicada Olv- 
pruinosa Say. 
tibicen? Linn. 
septendecim Linn. 
tredecini Riley. 
minor (Var.) 

FULGORID^. 

Otiocerus Krb. 

coquebertii Kh. 

amyotii Fch. 

signoretti Fch. 

de geerii Krb. 
Anotia. 

westwoodii Fch. 

burnettii Fch. 

robertsonii FcJi. 
Bruchymorpha. 

dor.sata Fch. 
Paciloptera. 

Ijruinosa Say. 
Naso. 

robertsonii Fch. 
Cixus. 

cinctifrons Fc7i. 

calaepenne Fch. 

pini Fch. 

Cercopid^. 

Plata Fab. 

bivittata Say. 

stigmata Say. 

pruinosa Har. 

opaca Har. 
Aphrophora Grv. 

quadrinotata Say. 

parallela Say. 

signoretta Fch. 

saratogensis ? Fch. 
Clastoptera. 

obtusa Say. 

pini Fab. 

testacea Fab. 



Membracid^. 



Membracis Fab. 
binotatus Say. 
taurinus Har. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



sinuatus Say. 
Thelia. 
bimaculata Fab. 
stigmata Mis. 
quadrivittata ? 
unaninea ? 
imivittata Har. 
crataegi Fc7i. 
Cerasa. 
brevicoriiis Fab. 
btibalus Fab. 
concaviis Say. 
dicerea ? 
Enchenopa. 
bivittata Say. 
quadrangulaiis Say. 
Smillia, 
ineraiis Fab. 
castaiiea Fch. 
iinivittata Hai'. 
inornata Say. 
Uraxiphus. 
caryje Fc7t. 
Telamona. 
imicolor Fch. 
covyli Fch. 
tristis Fc?i. 

ACUTALIS. 

dorsalis FcJi. 
Ophiderma. 

mera Say. 
Entilia. 

sinuata Fab. 
Acocephaltjs. 

sanguineus? 

viridis? 

PSYLLID.!:. 
PSYLLA. 

pyi'i Linn. 

DiRAPHIS. 

vernalis Fch. 

femoralis Fch. 

calamorvim Fch. 
Caranota. 

arcauta? 
Procoma. 

costata? 



Tettigoniad^e. 



Tettigonia Olv. 
octolineata Say. 
quadrivittata Har. 



coccinea llor. 
Bytiiocopus. 

cUtellarius Say. 

stvobei Say? 
Eurytrroneura Fc7i. 

vitis Har. 

tricinctus Fch. 

vitifex Fch. 

vulnerata FcJi. 

obliqua Say. 
Athysanus. 

abietis Fch. 

fenestratus Fch. 

variabilis Fc?i. 
minor Fch. 
Jassus Fab. 

iiToratus Say. 

APIIIDIUS. 
Having the ^n-si two-jointed and ihcantenna 
longer without a teiTninal bristle. 

Aphidid^. 

Aphis Linn. 

mali Fab. 

malifolia Fch. 

persicae Sul. 

prunifolia Fch. 

vitis Fch. 

ribus Fch. 

humiili Shrnk. 

brassicaj Linn. 

berberidis Fch. 

cerasi Fab. 

rosea Linn? 

avena3 Cur. 
Eriosoma. 

lanigera Har. 

querci Fab. 

acerse Nvb. 
Pamphigus. 

vitifulia Fch. 

caryaecaulis Fch. 

caryaevena Fch. 

pyri Fch. 

populicaulis Fch. 

populi-globus Fch. 

populi-vena Fch. 
Caliptervs. 

mucidus Fch. 

coryellus Fell, 

punctatellus Fch, 

maculellus Fch. 



552 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



funipenellus Fch. 

niarginellus Fcli. 

castanea Fch. 
Brysocrypta. 

ulmicola Fch. 
Phylozera. 

caiyaefolia Fch. 
Lachnus. 

caryae. 

strobi Fch. 

lorifex Fch. 
Phylloxera. 

castanea nid. 
Ghermes. 

pinifolia Fch. 

loricifex Fch. 

Thripid^. 

Theips Limu 

cerealis? Nob. 
Phlaeothrips. 

mali Fch. 

caiyse Fch. 

GALLINSECTA. 
Having the tarsi one-jointed, terminated by 



a single claw; males two wings, and mouth 
obsolete; females wingless. 

COCCID^.. 

ASPIDIOTIS. 

conchiformis GmJ. 

gossipii Fch. 

furfur us Fell. 

cerasi Fch. 

pinifolia Fch. 

juglanstelis Fch. 
Coccus Linn. 

pinicorticis Fch. 

harrisii Wlk. 
Lecanium. 

pyi'i Chrk. 

percosia Fch. 

acericola Wlch. 

ceracifer Fch. 

coryabati Fch. 

caryae Fch. 

juglandifex Fch. 

corylifcx Fch. 

quercifex Fch. 

quercitronis Fch. 

niaclurae Wlch. 



The larger number of the insects belonging to the two sub-ordei\s Ileteroptera and Ilomop- 
tera are small and exceedingly fragile, and therefore the preservation of specimens is 
attended with great difiiculty . Probably not more than the one-half of those that inhabit 
Lancaster comity have been described. ^Moreover, in certain seasons favorable to their 
increase they will be found in vast immbers, but an unfavorable season intervening, 
they will disappear and may not be seen again for a number of years. This has partic- 
ularly been the case with the "Oat- Aphis," or Aphis avena. The famous Cicada sep- 
iendecim, or so called "Seventeen year locust," which belongs to this order, only 
appears once in seventeen years. It is on record that it has apijeared regularly every 
seventeen years, in the County of Lancaster, for one hundred and forty years, or more, 
and never fails at the proper time. Its last appearance was in the beginning of June, 
1868, in numbers far greater than in 1851 or 1834. 



ORDEPt NEUROPTEPtA. 

The insects belonging to tliis order are commonly called " Dragon Flies," or "Devil's 
Needles," or "Snake Doctors." One or more of these names are applied to thom in 
different localities, or by ditl'ei'ent persons in the same locality. It also includes those 
insects which are known under the common names of May-flies, Day-flies, Ant-Lions, 
Lace-wings, Caddice-fiies, and many others. Perhaps the most perfectly organized 
insects, so far as concerns sight and flight, are found in this order. They are charac- 
terized as having four, naked, membranaceous wings, of equal consistency throughout, 
very much reticulated, and in the larger number, nearly, or quite, of an equal size. In 
some species, during repose, the wings are horizontally extended at right angles from 
the body; in others the inner surfaces are applied against each other, and in others 
again they are deflexed at the sides. Head frequently of a large size; mouth provided 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



r>53 



Vfith viandibles for mastication. In the sijooios most cliai-acteristic of tlie order, tin- 
eyes conspicuously occupy the greater portion of the head. AlHlomen Iour, cylindrical 
and compressed, with the seomonts very distinct. The legs arc of uKxlcratc sizt;. and 
not well adapted to locomotion in the mature state. The lar;^er nunihor live in their 
larva and;)(/^« .state in water, and are carniverous in their hahit.s. Their tnmsfonna- 
tions diti'er very much in the different trihes. The order may he ilivided into two pri- 
mary sections, namely: Sulicounia, havinfj the antennoe minute and getiform, with not 
more than seven joints; eyes large; ocelli two or three; larvce aquatic; pvpa reKombliug 
the larva3, and the imago aerial. Filicounia, having the antennae long, and filifonn, 
setaceous, or clavate; eyes moderate; ocelli .sometimes wanting; larvje gcncralW tcn-es- 
trial. In the fiimily Phryoankd.*:, the neurationsof the wiuj^ arc sii.yidy branching, 
and the organs of the mouth are obsolete. 



SECT. I. PSEUDONEUBOPTERA. 

TEiiMiTiNA— "White Auts." 

Tekmes Lin. 
flavipes Kol. 
frontalis Hid. 

PSOCINA. 

Atropos Lch. 

pulsatorius Lch. 
Psocus Lat. 

sparsus Hag. 

venosus Brm. 

contaminatus Hag. 

striatus Wlh. 

Peelina— "Pearl Flies.'' 

Pteronarcys New. 

regalis New. 
Perla Geof. 

abnonnis Neio, 

arida Hag. 

dorsata i^ay. 

capitata Pic. 

xanthenes New. 

occipitalis Pic. 

maculata Pic. 
Capnia Pic. 

pygmaea Brm. 

T^ENIOPTERYX Pic. 

fasciata Brm. 
frigida Hag. 
maura Pic. 
similis Hag. 
Leuctra Stp. 
tenuis Pic. 

Ephemerina — " Day-flies." 

Ephemera Linn. 
natata Wlk. 



Palinginea Brm. 

bilineata Say. 
Baetis Jjch. 

interpunctata Say. 

verticis Say. 
Ci-oe Lch. 

posticata Say- 

unicolor Hag. 

vicina Hag. 
C^Nis 67;). 

amica Hag. 

Tribe AGRIONINxV. "Dovir.s-necdies. 

Calopterygina. 

Calopteryx Lch. * 

apicalis Brm. 

maculata Beav. 

virginica Drv. 
Het^erina Hag. 

americana Fab. 

tricolor Brm. 
Lestes Ijch. 

rectangularis Say. 

congener Hag. 

eurina Say. 

ungnieulata Hag. 
Proton EUR.\ Sel. 

antennata Say. 
Agrion Fab. 

iners Hag. 

ramburii Sel. 

hastatum. 

exsulans Hog. 
Pyrrhosoma Chrp. 

.saucium Brm. 

durum Hag. 

civile Hag. 

violaceum Hag. 

apicale Say. 



554 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



putriclum Hag. 
aspersum Hag. 

Tribe ^SCHNINA. "Dragou-tiies." 
GOMPHINA. 

GoMnius Lch. 

adelphus Sel. 

fraternus Say. 

spicatus Ilag. 

exilis Sel. 
Petalura. 

thoreyi Hag. 

^SCHNINA. 

Anax Lch. 

jvinius Drib. 
^schna Fah. 

verticalis Hag. 

constricta Say. 

mutata Hag. 

grandis Lin. 

heros Fab. 

quadriguttata Brm. 

Tribe LIBELLULINA. "Dragon-flies.'' 
CORDULINA. 

Macromia Ram. 

taeniolata Ram. 

cingulata Ram. 
Epitheca Ghrp. 

princeps Hag. 
DiDYMOPS Ram. 

transversa Say. 

obsoleta? Say. 

CORDULIA LcJl. 

lateralis Brm. 

LiBELLULINA. 

Pantala Hag. 

flavescens Fah. 

hymenaea Say. 
Tramea Hag. 

Carolina Lin. 

lacerata Hag. 
Celithemis ILag. 

eponina Dru. 
Plathemis Hag. 

trimaculata Be O. 
Libellxjla Lin. 

qnadrimaculata Lin. 

seniifasciata Brm. 



luctuosa Brm. 

pulchella Dru. 

auripennis Brm. 

deplanata? Ram. 

quadrupla Say. 

jilumbea TIM. 
Mesothemis Hag. 

simplicicollis Say. 

longiiiennis Brm. 
Diplax Clirp. 

assimilata Uhl. 

semiciucta Say. 

rubicundula Say. 

berenice Dru. 

ornata Rmh. 
Pertthemis Hag. 

domitia Dru. 

SECT. II. NEUROPTERA. 
SlALINA. 

Sialis Ijat. 

infnmata NetD. 

americana Rnib. 
Chauliodes Lat. 

pectinicornis Linn. 

serricornis Say. 

maculosus Rml. 
Corydalis Lat. 

cornuta Linn. 



Hemerobina- 



Lace-wings." 



Alueronia Ftch. 

westwoodii Fell. 
MiCROMUs Ram. 

insipidus Hag. 

liamatus Wile. 
Hemerobius Linn. 

castanea Fch. 

tutatrix Fch. 

hyalinatus Fell. 
PoLYSTOECiiOTES Brm. 

punctatus Fah. 

vittatus Say. 
Mantispa Illg. 

brunnea Say. 

interrupta Say. 
Chrysopa Lch. 

oculata Say. 

latipennis Schn. 

quadripunctata Brm. 

rvifilabris Brm. 

interrupta Sc?i. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



555 



flava Scop. 
Myrmeleon Linn. "Ant-lions." 

gratus Say. 

obsoletus Say. 

immaculatus De G. 
ASCALAPHUS JFab. 

hyalinus Lat. 

quadripuuctatus Brm. 

limbatus Brm. 

Panorpina — •' Scorpion-flies." 

Panorpa Linn. 

rufescens Bmb. 

venosa Wstio. 

debilis Wstw. 

maculosa Ilag. 
BiTTACtrs Lat. 

stigmaterus Say. 

occidentis Wlk. 
Merope Nwm. 

tuber? Nwm. 

Phryganina — "Caddice-flies." 

Neuronia Fell. 
semifasciata Say. 
postica Wlk. 



Phryganea Linn. 
cinerea? Wlk. 

LiMNOPIIILIDES. 

LiMNOPIIILUS Lch. 

intcrruptus Say. 
Enoicyla Ram. 

subfasciata Say. 

lejiida Hag. 

Leptocerides. 

Leptocerus Lch. 

niger Linn. 

variegatus? Ilag. 
Setodes Bam. 

candidus Hag. 

Hydropsychides. 

Hydropsyche Pic. 
l)lialerata Uag. 

POLYCENTROPUS Cur. 
lucidus? Hag. 

Khyacophilides. 

CniMARRHA Lch. 
aterrima? Hag. 



So little attention has been paid to the Neuroptera of Lancaster County, that the 
foregoing catalogue must necessarily be very imperfect in many respects. In the first 
place, it may not include all the insects, belonging to this order, that are found within 
the limits of the county; and in the second place it may include some species that arc 
not localized here, but in the territory immediately North and South of its boundarj,-. 
The county, however, having the Susquehanna washing its entire Southwesteni 
margin, and being moreover permeated by the Conestogo, Chiiiucsalunga, Octo- 
raro, Pequea, Cocalico, Hammer, Mill, and Conoy creeks, as well as a multitude 
of minor streams; and as the largest portion of these insects undergo their transforma- 
tions in the water, and in fact pass their whole larm and pupa states there, it will be 
evident that a thorough entomological canvass of the county may develop a.s many 
more species than are here enumerated. This list is based upon the classification of Her- 
man Hagen, in his "Synopsis of the Neuroptera of N. America," and publislied by 
the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington city, D. C The future local student of 
Neuropterology in Lancaster county, may find this list of some advantage in classify- 
ing his collections. 



ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 

The insects belonging to this order, are known, in part, under the common names of 
Saw-flies, Gall-flies, Cuccoo-flies, Bees, Bumble-bees, Wasps, Hornets, Yellow-jackets, 
and others. They are distinguished as having four membranaceous wings, that are 
ramified by a number of veins, forming cells, but not assuming the appearance of net- 
work, as in the Neuropterfc—the anterior pair being larger than the post^^rior pair. 
Mouth composed of mandibles, maxill(S; labrum and labium, the latter of which is usu- 
ally elongated, and, together with the maxillai, forms a kind of tongue, or sucker, capable 



556 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



of being extended to a considerable length ; and is employed in collecting honey from 
flowers. The females are provided with an ovipositor — either exserted or concealed — 
which, in some species has the form of a pair of small saws, in others elongated into 
slender iilainents, and in others again, assuming that modification of form called a sting. 
The head is furnished with a pair of antennas that vary very much in the numl)er of 
their joints, from live or six to sixty or seventy. The eyes are complex and lateral, and 
between them arc three ocelli, or small eyes, commonly disposed in an equilateral trian- 
gle, but occasionally almost in a transverse line. The tarsi, in most cases, are five- 
jointed. 

Lancaster county contains a lai-ger number of these insects than have been thoroughly 
studied, or can be enumerated in this catalogue; many of wliicli have been described 
by foreign Entomologists, and the works in Avhich they are described not of convenient 
access ; therefore, only an approximation can be made to the real number and variety 
which our territory aftbrds, and that numl)cr will be found to include many that are 
found in adjacent localities. 

The order is divisible into the following Sections, Suh-Sections and Families; and these 
again into numerous Genera, Groups and Si^ecies, with their correlations and character- 
istic, which are too numerous and minute to find a place in a mere catalogue. 



SECT. I. TEREBBANTIA. 

Abdomen of the females furnished with 

saw or borer. 
Sub-section, SECURIFERA — abdomen 

sessile; larvae with feet. 

Tenthredinid.!":. "Saw-flies." 

CiMBEX Olv. 

americana Lch. 

ulmi Pck. 

laportii Ilav. 
LoPHYRUS Lat. 

araericanus Lch. 

compar Lch. 

abietis Jlar. 

abbottii L^ch. 

lecontii Fch. 

fabricii Lch. 

pectoralis Lch. 

clavicornis Fah. 
Sela^'dria L.ch. 

vitis liar. 

rosae liar. 

cerasi Pk. 

pygmaea Harf 

halcyon liar? 

pyri? Nob. 

barda Uarf 
Allantus Jur. 

rufipes Say. 

basilaris Say. 
TENTHr.EDO Lin. 

sericea Say. 

arvensis Say. 



bicolor P. de B. 

iuornata Say. 

septentrionalis Fah. 

mellipes Har. 

tarsata liar. 

collaris Say. 

dorsalis Har. 
Nematus Jur. 

integer Har. 

ventralis Har. 

fulvipes Har. 

circumcinctus Klg. 
Janus Fch ? 

fidviventris Fch. 
Abia Fch? 

cerasi Fch. 
Phyllacus Fch ? 

trimaculatus Soy. 
Lyda Fah. 

scripta Say. 

rufofasciata Liar. 

XlFHYDRIADJi. 

Cei'Hus Ljal. 

ferruginea Say. 

filicornis. 
XiPHYDRIA Lat. 

albicornis Har. 

mellipes Har. 

IjROCERIDyE. 

Tremex Jur. 

columba Linn. 
Urocerus Fab? 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



557 



aTbicornis Fab. 
abdominalis liar, 
cyaneus Uar. 
Orybsus Bar. 
maurus Har. 
affinis Bar. 
haemorrhoiclalis Bar. 

Sub-section PUPIVORA — abdomen pe- 
dunculated and furnished with a borer; 
larvae without feet. 

EVANIDJ5. 

EvANiA Fab. 

appendigaster Lat. 
Pblecinus Lat. 

polycerator Fab. 

clavator Lat. 



ICHNEUMONID^. 



PiMPLA Fab. 

atrata Fab. 

lunator Fab. 

irritator Fab. 
Cryptus Fnb. 

inquisitor Say. 

subspinosus Bar. 

palmapectus Bar. 

recurvvilus Har. 

cardinalis Bar, 

versicolor Bar, 
Ophion Fab. 

geminatus Say. 

flavicornis Say. 

morio Fab. 

analis Say. 

relictus Fab. 

glabratus Har. 

mundus Har. 
Trogus Pan. 

fulvus Fab. 

atratus Har. 

pennator Fab. 
Ichneumon Linn. 

concitator Say. 

devinctor Say. 

multor Say. 

basiator Say. 

alternator Say. 

centrator Say. 

leucaniai. 

cingor Say. 

residuus Say. 



unifasciatorius Say. 

otioKus Say. 

brevinctor Say. 

fonugator Swe. 

oniarginatus Uar. 

leucoptcrus Har. 

suturalis Har. 

exulans Har. 

famelicus Uar. 

ligatus Har. 

plautaris Har. 
Skmiotellus Fch.? 

destructor Fch. ? 
Alysia Pan? 

menducator Pan. 

ApHIDIIDjE. 

Aphidius Fell. 
lactucaphis Fch. 

ANTHOPnORABIA? 

megachillis ? 

Braconid^. 

Bkacon Fab. 

j)opulator >ay. 

operculatus Har. 

rugulosus Har. 

palpatorius Har. 
Mierogaster Lat. 

carpata Har. 

congregata Say. 
Cleonymus Lat. 

clisiocampaj Fch. 
Trichogramma? 

orgyiaj Feh. 

fraterna Feh. 
SiGALPiius Lat. 

socius Har. 

patulus Har. 

pappius Har. 
Chelonus Jur. 

corrugatus Har. 

sericeus Har. 
Taxarus Fch. 

triticaphis Fch. 
Praon Fch '? 

polygonai>liis Fch. 

viburnaphis Fch. 

avcnaphis Fch. 
Trioxys Fch. 

salicaphis Fch. 

populapliis Fch. 

cerasaphis Fch. 



558 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Cynipid^. "Gall-flies." 

BlARHIZA Fch. 

nigra Fch. 
Allotuia Fell. 

tritici Fell. 

avena Fch. 
Philonix Fell. 

fulvicollis Fell. 

nigricollis Fell. 
Macroglenes Fell. 

quercus-globuli Fell. 

quercus-pisi Fch., 
Ctnips Linn. 

quercus-tubev Fch. 

quercus-arbos Fell. 

quercus-batatus Fch. 

quercus-globulus Yeh. 

quei'cus-ticus Fch. 

quercus-laiia Fch. ■ 

seminator Har. 

quercus-pilula Fch. 
Callaspidia Fell. 

contliienta Ilur. 

uubilipennis liar. 

DiPLOLEPIDID.E. 

Ibalia Lat. 

macvilipeiinis Har. 

tigites Lat. 

chiuquipiu Fch. 

melisoma Har. 
DiPLOLEPis Oeof. 

confluentus Say. 

oneratus Hay. 

nubilipennis Har. 

seminator Har. 

bicolor Har. 

impolita Har. 
Spalakgia Fchf 

querci-lanae Fch. 

Chalcidid^. 

Chalcis Fab. 

octonotata Har. 
ToRYMUs Dal. 

harrisii Fch. 

EURYTOMA III. 

tritici Fch. 
hordei Har. 
fulvipes Fell. 
secalis Fch. 
lanulse Fch. 



Pteromalus Lat. 

onerati Fch. 

vanessie Har. 

clisiocampai Har. 

lepturus Har. 

obesus Har 
Perilampus Lat. 

hyalinus Har. 

Proctotrupiad^. 

DiAPRIA Fch? 

agronomyzae Fch. 
Proctotrupes Lat. 

cordatus Say. 
Platygaster? 

error Feh. 

POLYMEXA? 

natans? Lub, 
Teleomus Fch? 

orgyije Fell. 
PsiLUS Jur. 

terminatus Har. 

Chrysid.'E. 

Chrysis Lin. 
paciiica Say. 
caerulans Fab. 
speculum Har. 
viridis? Nob. 

Sect. n. ACULEATA. 
Abdomen of the females and neuters anned 

with a sting. 
Sub-section HETEROGYN A— Females and 

neuters wingless. 

FORMICIAD^. "Ants." 

Formica Lin. 
lierculeana Lat. 
lignivora Lat. 
noveboracensis Feh. 
caryale Feh. 
pensylvanica He G. 
ligniperda Fch? 
sanguinea Lat. 
rufa? Linn. 
quadrata Har. 
bilobata Har. 
petulca Har. 
subsericea Har. 
mileneura Har. 
nigra? Linn. 
destructor? Nob. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



559 



Mtrmica Lat. 

molesta Say. 

minuta Say. 

cerasi Fch. 

implecta Ear. 
Typhlopone? Hid. 

pallipes Hid. 

MUTILIAD^. 

Myrmosa Lat. 

unicolor Say. 
Methoca Lat. 

pacalis Har. 
MUTILLA Linn. 

ferinigata Fab. 

undulata Har. 

dislocata Har. 

occidentalis ? Linn. 

Sub-section FOSSORES— females winged; 
wings not folded; basal joint of posterior 
tarsi simple. 

SCOLIAD^. 

ScoLiA Fab. 

quadrimaculata Fab. 

plumipes Drury. 
TiPHiA Fab. 

inornata Say. 

tarda Har. 
Plesia Jur. 

costata Har. 
Myzene ? 

sexcincta Say. 
Sapyga Lat. 

peptica Har. 

centi-ata Har. 

POMPILIAD^E. 



Cerophales Lat. 

bipunctata Say. 

denticulata Har. 

formosa Svy. 

cylindricus Crs. 

mariae Crs. 
Priocnemus? 

unifasciata. 
PoMPiLUS Fah. 

biguttatus Fab. 

marginatus Say. 

tarsatus Har. 

tropicus Fab. 

debilis Jur. 



Misccs Jur. 

stygicus liar. 

petiolatus Har. 
Ctenoceuus ? 
klugii '? 
Angociilora? 

pursus Sink. 
Pepsis? 

foi-mosa? Say. 

cyanea Lin. 
Prosopis? 

affinis Smh. 

elliptica Krb. 



Sphegiad^. 

Ammopiiila Kirb. 

subsulcata Wst. 

cementaria Smth. 

urnaria Klg. 

luctuosa Smth. 

lugubris Har. 

gryplius Uar. 

fulvicaulis Uar. 
Sphex Lin. 

tibialis St. F. 

icliueumonea Lin. 

pensylvanica Pal. 

labrosa Har. 

apicalis Uar. 
Pelop^us Fab. 

caeruleus Lin. 

flavipes Fab. 

affinis Fab. 

cyanea Fab. 
Sarcophaga. 

nudipennis Low. 

Bembicid^. 

Bembex Fab. 

fasciata Fab. 

variegata? Nob. 
MONEDCLA Lat. 

Carolina Fab. 

quadrifasciata Say. 

ventialis Say. 

Larriad.e. 

A ST AT A Fah. 

unicolor Say. 
Lyrops III. 

aurulenta Fab. 
Larrada? 

argentata Bur. 



560 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Larra Fab. 
unicincta Say. 
pensylvanica Bvs. 
subita Har. 



NYSSONIDiE. 

Ntsson Lat. 

laterale Har. 
Tripoxtlon Lat. 

politiim Say. 

frigidum Smth. 

clavatum liar. 

atritarse liar. 
OXYBELUS Lat. 

emarginatus Say. 

quodrinotatus Say. 
Mellinus? Fah. 

bimaciilatus Say. 

GORYTES? 

flavicornis Har. 
Alyson ? 

oppositus ? 
Stizus Say. 

grandis Say. 

speciosus Dru. 

Crabronid^. 

Crabro Fah. 

sexmaculatus Say. 

singularis Smth. 

decemmaculatus Say, 

complanatus Say. 

scutellatus Say. 

tibialis Say. 

famelicus Har. 

pusillus liar. 

pegasus Har. 

glauconotatus Har. 
Cemonus Jur. 

concolor Say. 

inornatus Say. 

annulatus Har. 
Cerceris Lat. 

tuberculata ? 

tricincta? 

baridius Har. 

dorsata Say. 

PSEN? 

leucopus Say. 
Stigmcs? 

fraternus Say. 
Thyreopus? 

latipes Smth. 



Passal^cus Cres. 

mandibularis Cres. 
Rapholum Pak. 

pediculatum Pak: 
PniLANTHUs Fab. 

vertilabris Say. 

obsoletus Har. 

viatus Har. 

impunctatus Har. 

erratus Har. 

Sub-section DIPLOTERA— Females and 
neuters winged; wings folded. 

Vespadje. 

Vespa Lin. 

maculata Lin. 

vulgaris Ljin. 

areuaria Fab. 

fraterna Har. 

maculifrons Har. 

euneata Fab. 

inaequalis liar. 
Odynerus Lat, 

quadricornis Linn. 

pleuricincta Har. 

oculata Har. 

daedalus Har. 

leucomelus ? 
Eumene^ Lat. 

fraterna Say. 

flavicornis Har. 

atricornis Har. 
Polistes Fab. 

fuscata Fab. 

annularis Fab. 

canadensis Linn, 

promethea Har. 

Sub-section MELLIFERA — Females and 
neuters winged; wings not folded; pos- 
terior tarsi compressed into poUinige- 
rous organs. 

Andrenad^. 

Andrena Fab. 
sericea Fst, 
nigricornis Fab. 
vicina Say. 
frugalis liar. 
inornata liar, 
amoena liar. 
calceata Har. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



561 



fulviaiia TIar. 

ligata Uar. 
Sphecodes Lat. 

dicliroa liar. 
Halictes? 

parallelus Say. 

Apiari^. 

Xtlocopa Fuh. 

Carolina Linn. 

viotima Bar. 

virginica ? 
Cekatina Lat. 

dupla Say. 

dvibia Uld. 
Megachile Lat. 

integer Say. 

brevis Say. 

latimana Say. 

subsinuosum Ear. 

dimidiatum ILar. 

integrum Rai'. 

centricularis ? 
Apathus? 

aslitonii ? 
Anthrophora Smtlc^ 

spousa Smth. 

abrupta Fell ? 

taurea FcJi. 
OSMIA Pa7i. 

lignivora Pack. 

lignaria Say. 

semilinea Smth. 



paoilica Say. 
Stems Pan. 

intcnupta liar. 
Caelioxys Lat. 

octodcntata Say. 
Epeolus Fah. 

donatus liar. 

nicrcatus Hur. 
Xomada Fah. 

decora liar. 

vincta liar. 

intenni)ta Uar. 

pnlcljclla Smth. 

imbricata Saith. 
Melecta Lat. 

inei-mis liar. 
Eucera Lat. 

tibialis Uar. 

pi-uino.sa liar. 

erratica liar. 

rustica liar. 
BoMBUS Fab. 

amcricanum Linn. 

virgiuicns Fab. 

mnscoriuu? 

dimidiatus Bar. 

elatus Fah. 

fervidus Fah. 

irapatiens Uar. 

ternarius Uar. 
Apis IJnn. 

mellifica Lin. 



The foregoing is only a part of the true list oi llymenoptera, that may ultimately Ije 
found in the county of Lancaster; but many of them have a wide range geograi»hically, 
and may be found in nearly every State of the Union. The material of the comi)iler 
was too meagre to furnish a comjilete list, or one that reflects the true state of entomo- 
logical science in this department at the present day. It may .sen-e as an ai)pro.\ima- 
tion to what Lancaster county contains, of this interesting order of inscct.s, only a few 
spieces of which are known to belong to the destructives; and those chiefly conlinc them- 
selves to the foliage of vegetation or are wood borers. The jjarasitic species, of which 
there are many, may be regarded as the special friends of the human family, and their 
study is therefore both interesting and useful. 



LEPIDOPTERA. 

This order includes the "Butterflies" and "Moths," and the name is derived fi-om 
the two Greek words lepis a scale, and jUeron — a wing, or "scale-winged" insects. 
The whole order may be brought more or less under the following characteristics. 
Wings four; composed of ner^mres. and transjiarcnt membranes, clothed on the upiKT 
and under surfaces with minute colored scales, resembling dust or meal; eyts large and 



37 



562 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



lateral; antennce generally long and many-jointed, and also very variable in form; 
moiith comi^osed apparently of a long and spirally coiled organ, which the insect em- 
ploys in sipping the sweet substances from flowers, upon which it subsists; when not 
used, this delicate proboscis is coiled up and defended between two large compressed 
organs called the palpi, which are inserted upon a lip, in front of the head; abdomen 
destitute of a sting; the body \ery pilose, or hairy, and variable in respect to size; legs 
slender and hairy, but variable in difterent sexes and species. No kinds of insects are 
moi'e dissimilar in their different stages of metamorphosis, than those belonging to this 
order. When they issue from the egg, we recognize their larvce under the familiar form 
of "caterpillars;" these change into a chrysalis ov pupa, from which the i^erfect insect 
is in due time produced. The larvae are uniformly comjiosed of thirteen segments, or 
sections; the first represents the head, the second, third and fourth the thorax, and the 
remaining ones the abdomen. They may be all included under the following groux^s 
established by Linnaeus, namely: 
I. Diurnia — or day-fliers. 
II. Crepuscularia — or twilight-fliers. 

III. Nocturnia — or night-fliers. 

These groups are numerously represented in Lancaster county, although the individ- 
uals brought under them, respectively, are by no means constant to the general char- 
acteristics, but vary more or less from them. 



SECT. I. DIURNIA— OR DAT-FLIERS, 
Includes the insects properly known as 
Butterflies. 

Papilionid^. 

Papilio Lin. 

turnus Lin. 

glaucus Lin. 

troilus Lin. 

philenor Lm. 

asterius Fab. 

ajax Lin. 
PoNTiA Fab. 

casta Kir. 

oleracea liar. 
COLIAS Fab. 

philodice God. 

edusa? Fab. 
PiERis Lat. 

nicippe Ood. 

lisa? Boisd. 

Danaid^. 

Danais Bois. 
archippus Fab. 

Nymphalidje. 

Argtnnis Fab. • 

idalia Dru. 
cybele God. 
myrina Crm. 



aphrodite Boi. 

columbina Boi. 

astarte? Don. 

bellona? God. 
Melit^a Fab. 

phaeton Crm. 

nycteis Doii. 

tharos Crm. 
Grapta Dou. 

interrogationis God. 

comma liar. 
Vanessa Fab. 

antiopa Lin. 

progne Crm. 

furcillata Say. 

lintneri Fell. 
Pyrameis Hub. 

atalanta Lin. 

cardui Lin. 

huntera Sm. 
Nymphalis Lat. 

Ursula Fab. 

disippus God. 



Satyrid^. 



Neonympha Hub. 

eui'ythris Fab. 

acmenis Hub, 

polixeues Fab. 

cantheus? Fab. 
Satyrus Fab. 



alope Fab. 
pegala Fcih. 
Debis Do^l. 
portlandia Fah. 

CtENONTMPHA Iluh. 

semidea Say. 

Lycaexid^. 

Thecla Fab. 

pan Dru. 

favonius Qod. 

falacer God. 
Ltcaena Fab. 

plileas God. 

tlioe Boi. 

POLYOMMATUS Lat. 

acmon Dou. 
comyutas God. 
filenus Poe. 

Hespeeid^. 

NiSONIADES Hxib. 

juvenalis Sm. 
Cyclop.edes Uub. 

coras Cnn. 
Pamphila Fab. 

pustula? Hub. 

peckii? Krb. 

oileus Linn. 
Hesperia Lat. 

proteus Fab. 

cellus Boi. 

lycidas? Enc. 

Epialid>e. 

Epialus Fab. 
argento-maculatus liar. 

SECT. 11. CBEPUSCULARIA. 
Includes those families usually called twi- 
light-fiyiug moths. 

CoSSIDiE. 

CosstJS Fab. 

robinise Pck. 

querciperda Fell. 

plagiatus? Dou. 
Zeuzera Lat. 

pyrinus? God. 

CoNCHILOPODIDJE. 

Limacodes Lat. 
cippus Sm. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

spinuloidos Hen. 

palida? Wlk. 
Pimela Chn. 

lanuginosa Clm. 
Adoneta Clm. 

voluta Clm. 
Empretia Clm. 

stimulca Clm. 

paenulata Clm. 
Nochelia Clm. 

tardigrada Clm. 



563 



PSYCHID^. 

TnYRIDOPTERTX Stp. 

cpliemajriefonnis Uar. 
pcnsylvanicus Var. 
Peropiiora Uar. 
melsheimcrii Uar, 

Zygaenid^. 

Alypia Krb. 

octomaculata Sm. 
Procris Fab. 

americana Har. 

falsarius Clm. 
Malthaca Clm. 

perlucidula? Clm. 
Glaucopis Fab. 

pholus Fab. 

scmidiaphana Uar, 

latreillana? Krb. 

epimenis Dru. 

^GERID^. 

Trochilium Sep. 

cucuibitie Uar. 

caudata Uar. 

exitiosa Say. 

tipuliformis Har. 

scitula Har. 

fulvipes Har. 
Thyris lllg. 

maculata Har. 

Sphingid^. 

Sesia Fab. 

diffinis Boi. 

thysbe Fab. 
Macroglossa Ocli. 

liavofasciata Wlk. 
Thyrecs Swn. 

abbotii Swn. 

ucssus Wlk. 



564 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Deidamia Clm. 

inscripta Clm. 
Deilephila Ocli. 

lineata Fah. 

cliamfeuerii liar. 
Dakapsa Wlk. 

inyron Orm. 

cliaii'ilns Orm. 

versicolor Clm. 
Philampelus Har. 

satellitia Lin. 

achemoii Dru. 
Macrosila Wlk. 

rustica? Crm. 

cingulata Lin. 

Carolina Lin. 

quinquemaculata Stp. 

brontes Dru. 
Sphii^x Lin. 

cinerea Hub. 

plebeia Fab. 

kalmia3 Abt. 

drupiferarum Abt. 

jasminearum Lee. 
Ceratomia liar. 

quadricornis Hub. 

repeutiuus Clm. 
Smerixthus La. 

excsecatus Abt. 

modesta Har. 

geminatus Say. 

optlialmicus Boi. 
Ellema Clm. 

harrisi Clm. 

SECT. LIL NOCTUBNTA. 
POMERIDIAJSTA. 

Wiugs crossed upon the body; antennas 
pectinated, 

Satuenid^. 

Saturnia Shr. 

io Smth. 

pica Wlk. 
Attacus Linn. 

cecropia Linn. 

prometliea Dru. 

luna Fab. 

polyphemus Fab. 

angulifera? Wlk. 

didynia? Pal. 
Ceratocampa Har. 



regalis Fab. 
imperialis Dru. 
Dryocampa Har. 
stigma Fab. 
senatoria? Fab. 
rubicnnda Fab. 
bicolor? Har. 



BOMBYCID^. 



Gastropacha Ocli. 

americana Har. 

laricis Fell. 

occideutalis Wlk. 
Clisiocampa Cur. 

decipiens Wlk. 

sylvatica Har. 

americana? Fab. 



NOTODOXTID^. 

Cerura ScJi. 

borealis liar. 
NOTODONTA Och. 

basistriens Wlk. 

varia Wlk. 

biundato Wlk. 

manteo Wlk. 
Edema Wlk. 

unicornis Smitli A. 

albifrons Smith A. 

concinna? Smitli A. 

ICHTHTURA Hub. 

van Fch. 
albosigma Fch. 

EUDRYAS Hu. 

grata Fab. 

unio Hub. 
Datana Wlk. 

ministra Drv,. 

contracta Wlk. 
Nadata Wlk. 

gibbosa Sjn. Ab. 

Arctiid^. 



Orgya Och. 

leucostigma Sm. 

antiqua Linn. 
Deiopeia Cur. 

bella Linn. 
Spilosoma Sip. 

acrea Dru. 

virgiuica Fab. 

cunea Fabf 

egle Dru. 



Ab. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



565 



Arctia Auc. 

caja Fab. 

virgo Linn. 

phalerata IJar. 

virguncula Krb. 

nais Dm. 

Isabella Sm. 

lubricosa Uar. 

coUaris Fc7i. 
Callimorpha Lat. 

militaris Har. 

Carolina Ha?'. 

comma Doii. 

clymene Esjh 
LoPHOCAMPA Har. 

carysB Hew. 

tesselaris Sm. 

NOCTURNA. 
Wings crossed on the body in repose ; an- 
tenuse setaceous. 

LlTHOSIID^. 

EusTixiA Wlk. 
pupula Lu. 

CiSTHENE wile. 

subjecta? Wlk. 
Crocota Hub. 

brevicornis? Wlk. 

rubicuudaria? Hub. 
Gnophria 8tp. 

vittata liar. 

NoCTUADiE. 



ACRONTCTA Ocll. 

lobelias Que. 
spinigera Giie. 
innotata Que. 
snperans Gue. 

GORTYNA OcJl. 

zese Har. 

limpida Gue. 
Leucaxia Ocli. 

obtusa Gue. 

commoides Gue. 
Nonagria Hub. 

inquiuata Gue. 
CissrsA Wm. 

spadix Crm. 
Apatela Fab. 

americana Har. 
Mamestra Oc1i. 

picta Har. 



impulsa Gue. 

ordinaria Don. 
IIadena Doi. 

ligiiicolora Gue. 

libera Dou. 

indocilis Dou. 
Catocala Hhr. 

vidua Bin. 

illecta Dou. 

ilia Crm. 

epione Dru. 

laclirjTnosa Gue. 

nuptialis Dou. 

selecta Dou. 

desperata? Gue. 
AcoxTiA Ochs. 

margaritata Dru. 
Agxoxomia Huh. 

anilis Dru. 
CnAMYRia Gue. 

cerintliia Gue. 
Alaria Westw. 

llorida Gue. 
Derrima Wile. 

stellata Doti. 
Plusia Ochs. 

serea Hub. 

thyatyroides Gue. 

veriiica Fab. 

u-brevis Gue. 
Erastria Oclis. 

cameola Gue. 

iuscripta Dou. 
Orthosia. 

instabilis Sch. 

CUCULLIA OcJl. 

chamomilku Fab. 
Agrotis Gue. 

spissa Gue. 

suflusa Den. 

tritici Linn. 

ravida Den. 

clandestina Uar. 

devastator Har. 

tessclata Har. 

messoria Uar. 

iuermis Har. 

tclifera Uar. 
NocTUA Fab. 

pyramidea? Linn. 

oleracea Har. 

iota Crm. 

ciujnilata Har. 



566 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



, lunata Dru. 
sqviamularis Dric. 
libatrix Fab. 
aceris Smth. A. 
Hypena Sch. 
geueralis Dou. 
erectalis Que. 
liabitalis Dou. 
deceptalis Dou. 

Pyralid^. 

Pyralis Linn. 

fariiialis Har. 

decoralis Hub. 
Hekmikea Lat. 

jacchusalis Dou. 

clittoralis Dou. 
BOTYS Lat. 

oxydalis Qxie. 

licealis Wlk. 
Galleria Fab. 

cereana Fab. 

margaroiiia LIub. 

quadristigmatis Gue. 

TORTRICIDiE. 

LOXOTAENIA Stp. 

rosaceana liar. 

cerasivorana Fell. 
ToRTRix Trei. 

triqiietrana Fch. 

raalaiia Fch. 

sarteiia Ihib. 

circulavia Hub. 

pomoiia? liar. 
Penthina Trei. 

pomonella Har. 

oculaiia Har. 

vitivorana Pack. 
Argyrolepia Sti). 

quercifoliana Fch. 
Croesia Hub. 

persicaua FcJi. 
Ephippiphora Duj). 

caryana Fch. 

TlNEAD^. 

Anacampsis Cur. 
robiniella Fch. 
Cerostoma Lat. 
brassicella Fch. 
■ Argyromyges St}). 
quercifoliella FeJi. 



quercialbella Fch. 
I)seudacaciella Fch. 
morrisella Fch. 
vihlerella Fch. 
ostensackenella Fch. 
Tinea Fab. 
biflavimaculella Clm. 
dorsistrigella Clm. 
crocicapitella Clm. 
carnariella Clm. 
flavifrontella ? 
lanariella Cl77i. 
iiubilipennella Clm. 
variatella Clm. 
ligulella Hub. 
zeaj Fch. 
granella Har. 
pelliouella? Linn. 
vestiauella? ? 
BuTALis Cur ? 

cerealella Olv. 
Xylesthia Clm. 

pruniramiella Clm. 
Amydria Clm. 

effrenatella Clm. 
Anaphora Clm. 
plumifrontella Clm. 
popeanella Clm. 
arcanella Clm. 
Incurvaria Haw. 
russatella Clm. 
acerifoliella Fch. 
Plutella Sch. 
vigilaciella Clm. 
limbi])ennella Clm. 
mollipedella Clm. 
Hyponomeuta Zel. 

multipvinctella Clm. 
EUDARCIA Clm. 

simvilatricella Clm. 
Chaetociiilus Stp. 
poiiietellus Har. 
malifolielliis Fch. 
trimaculelkis Fch. 
veiitrellus Fch. 
contubenialellus Fch. 
Argyresthia Hub. 

oreasella Clm. 
Gracilaria Zel. 
superbifroutella Clm. 
fulgidella Clm. 
venu Stella Clm. 
strigifiuitella Clm. 



OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 



>67 



violacella Clm. 
Ornix Treit. 

trepidella Clm. 

iestinella Clm. 

crataegifoliella Clm. 

acerifoliella Clm. 
COSMOPTERYX? Hub. 

gemmiferella Clm. 
COSMIOTES Clm. 

illectella Clm. 

maculosella Clm. 

madarella Clm. 
COLEOPHORA Zel. 

laticoniella Clm. 

infuscatella Clm. 

cretaticostella Clm. 

coruscipennella Clm. 

LiTHOCOLLETIDiE. 

LiTHOCOLLETIS Zel. 

lucidicostella Clm. 

robiniella Clm. 

argentifimbriella Clm. 

lucetiella Clm. 

carypefoliella Clm. 

guttifiiiitella Clm. 
TiSCHERIA Zel. 

solidagonifoliella Clm. 

zelleriella Clm. 

citrinipeunella Clm. 

vittigiuella Clm. 
Leucanthiza Clm. 

amphicarpefefoliella Clm. 
BUCCULATRIX Zel. 

coronatella Clm. 
Aktispila Sell. 

nyssajfoliella Clm. 

coniifoliella Clm. 
AsPiDiscA Clm. 

splendoriferella Clm. 

Pterophoeidje. 



cincridactylus Ych. 
marginidactylus Fch. 
cretidactylus Fch. 

Ennomid.e. 

Caberodes Gue. 

remissaiia Oue. 

imbraria Gue. 

phasianaiia Gne. 
Geometra Lin. 

siccifolia Fch. 

vernata? Pck. 

catenaria Dru. 

serrata Dru. 
Dtspteris Uub. 

abortivaria lieu. 

ASCIDALID^. 

AsciDALiA Trei. 
ossularia Gue. 

MACARIDiE. 

Amilapis Gue. 

triplipuiictata Fch. 

unipunctata Haw. 
Macaria Curt. 

granitata Gue. 

bicolarata Fab. 



Zerenid^. 



Abraxis Leh. 
ribearia Fch. 



LARENTIAD.E. 



Melanippe Dup. 
lacnstrata Gue. 
intenuediata Gue. 



SlONAD^. 



Heteropiileps Sch. 

triguttaria 
Amsopteryx Stj-). 

vernata Pck. 

pometaria Har. 

liybcniia Lat. 

tiliaiia Har. 



PTEROPnoRus Geo. 

periscelidactylus Fch. 

lobidactylus Fch. 

tenuidactylus Fch. 

The foregoing, already a long list, excludes still a large number of specie^, which no 
doubt are natives of Lancaster county. It however includes many small species, called 
^'Micro-Lepidopterar which are so exceedingly small, that many of them cannot bo 
recoo-nized, except by a person who possesses extraordinary powers of vision, or has access 
to a good microscope. Many of them have a geographical range far beyond the borders 
of our county. The number of species is too great to give anything more than a simple 
list. The time to treat them in detail, in a work of this kind, has not yet arrived. 



568 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



ORDER DIPTERA. 

The name of this order was first used by Aristotle, and is a compound of two Greek 
words signifying twice or hco, and icings; that is, "Two-winged insects," although 
there are a few species belonging to it that are entirely wingless. The insects included 
in it are commonly called Crane-flies, jMosquitos, Gnats, Bot-flies, Horse-flies, Ox-flies, 
Blow-flies, House-flies, &c., &c. They are characterized by having a single pair of 
wings, which are membranous and usually extended, and affixed to the middle of the 
sides of the thorax. Near the insertion of the wings are a pair of small appendages 
called halterers. The mouth is provided with a hmistellum composed of from two to six 
scaly lancet-like pieces, inclosed in a groove or canal upon the upper surface of a fleshy 
snout' or proboscis; or covered by one or more inarticulated plates, forming a sort of 
sheath. The antennoi exhibit various degrees of development, from very short to very 
long. The ocelli, when present, are three in number, and the eyes are large, lateral, 
and composite — those of the males in many instances being much larger than those o f 
the females. The abdomen is usually attached to tlie thorax by only a portion of its 
basal dimeter, and is generally more pointed in the females than the males. The tarsi 
are flve-jointed and terminated by a small pair of hooks, and often by a sort of cussion- 
like process, which enables the insect to walk on a very smooth surface, or with the ba'^ 
downward. The larvae are usually called "maggots," and there is less diversity in their 
transformations than there is in some other orders, or than the diversities in the mature 
insects would seem to imply, Lancaster county, occupying a geographical position 
intermediately between North and South, has many species within her borders that are 
common to either of those portions of our territory, but the local Diptera of the county 
is only very partially developed in history and classification. 



CULICID^. 

CuLEX Linn. 

damnosus Say. 

pipiens Linn, 

cingulatus Fab. 

ciliatus Fab. 

pangeus Weid. 

colon liar. 
Anopheles Mei. 

granulatus liar. 

quadrimaculatus bay. 

TiPULID.E. 

TiruLA Linn. 

alternata Say. 

trivittata Say. 

flavicans Fab. 

ferruginea Fab. 

tricolor Fab. 

nubilis liar. 
Cecidomtia Fab. 

grossularia^ Fch. 

tritici Krb. 

robinia Hid. 

inimica Fell. 

cerealis Fch. 



graminis Fch. 

destructor Say. 

salicis Fch. 

culmicola Mor. 
Ctexoi'iiora Mei. 

abdominalis Say. 
MOLOBRUS Fch? 

mali Fch. 

A'ulgaris Fch. 

inconstans Fck. 

fuliginosus Fch. 
Ptyciioptera Mei. 

clavipes Linn. 
LiMNOBiA Mei. 

rostra ta Say, 

scutellata Say. 
Ryphus Lat, 

alternatus Say. 

discoidus Say. 
CiiiRONOMrs Mei, 

albitarsis Har. 

claracoUis Har, 

lateralis Har. 

biplagiatus liar, 
SiMULiUii Lai. 

obscurum liar. 

calceatum Har. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 



BiBio Geof. 

femorata Wei. 

brunnipes Fah. 

albipennis Say. 

articulosa Har. 
ScATorsE Oeof. 

nitida Har. 
DiLOPnus Met. 

frateruvis Har. 

lugubris Har. 
Leja Mei. 

triplagiata Uar. 

ziczac Har. 

obscura Har. 
Pedicia Lat. 

rostrata? Say. 

ASILID^. 

Laphria Meig. 

thoracica Fab. 

tei'gissa Say. 

flavibarbis Har. 

atribarbis Say. 

posticata Say. 

fulvicauda Say. 

flavicollis Saij. 

glabrata Say. 

sericea Say. 

saffrana Say. 
DiocTRiA Meig. 

octopvinctata Say. 
AsiLXJs Linn. 

sericeus Say. 

gestuans Linn. 

apicalis Weid. 

heros Weid. 

vorax Har. 

glauconotatus Har. 

ansatus Har. 
EjiPfS Lin. 

atritarsata Har. 
Htbos Meig. 

elevatus Har. 
AcROCERA Meig. 

obesa Har. 
fasciata liar. 

Antheacid^, 

BOMBYLIUS Lin. 

sequalis Fab. 

fulvis Tie id. 
Anthrax Scop. 

morioides Say. 



anal is Say. 
lateralis Say. 
scapulaiis liar. 



RnAGIONID.E. 

Thereva Lat. 

nigra Say. 

notata Wei. 

frontalis Say. 

plagiata Har. 
Leptis Fab. 

ornata Say. 

plumbea Say. 

liumeralis Har. 

trifasciata Har. 

DOLICHOPID^. 

DoLicnoPUS Lat. 

sipho Say. 

atriconiis Har. 
PoRPHTROPS Meig. 

quadriplagiatus liar. 

scutellaris Har. 
Plattpeza Meig. 

appendiculata Har. 

pallipes *S'</^. 

Tabniid^. 

Chrtsops Meig. 

ferrugatus Fab. 

vittatus Wei. 

confusiis Har. 
Tabancs Linn. 

atratus Fab. 

cinctus Fab. 

liueola Fch. 

ferrugatus Fc?i,. 

niolestis Say. 

lineatus Fab. 

divisus Har. 

Xylophagidj:. 

Mtdas Fab. 

filata Lin. 

clavata? Dru. 
Coenomyia Lat. 

pallida Say. 

fuscitarsis Har. 
Xylophagus Fab. 

heros Har. 

fascipennis Har. 

politus Har. 



670 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Stratomyid^. 

Stratomys Oeof. 

intermedia We'i. 

abdominalis Bar. 

quadripunctata Ear. 
Sargus Fab. 

decorus Say. 

scutellatus Har. 

amoenifrous liar. 

viridicinctus Ear. 
Chlorops? 

pumiliouis? 

glabra? 

Syrphyid^. 

VOLUCELLA Geof. 

basalis Jlar. 
Sericomyia Meig. 
tuberculata Ear. 
Eristalis Meig. 
concavus Say. 
quadratus Say. 
cylindricus Say. 
sincerus Ear. 
posticatus Fab. 
pterelas Bar. 
fascicollis Ear. 
Strphus Lat. 
lachrJ^nosus Say. 
gemiiiatus Say. 
marginatus Say. 
obliquus Ear. 
vittatifrQiis Ear. 
simulatus Ear. 
angulatus Ear. 
Meromyza? 

americana Fell. 
Siphonella Ileig. 
obesa Fch. 
vulgaris FcJi. 
autumnalis FcJi. 
Ohrysogaster Meig. 

ruficornis Ear. 
Pyrgota Wcid. 
undata Har. 
valida Ear. 
MiLEsiA Lat. 
ornata Fab. 
excentrica Ear. 
obliqua Har. 
analis Ear. 
verbosa Ear. 



PsARus Lat. 

quadrifasciatus Say. 
Merodon Meig. 

bardus Say. 

tubicornis Ear. 

curvijies Wei. 
Xylota Meig. 

ejuncida Say. 

proxima Say. 

hajmatodes Say. 
Rhingia Scop. 

nasica Say. 



OESTRIID^. 



Grastrus Meig. 

equi Linn. 

hsemorrhoides? 

veterinus? 
CEsTRis Linn. 

bovis Linn. 
Cephalemyia, 

ovis Linn. 

CUTEREBRA. 

buccata Fab. 



CONOPID^. 



Myopa Fab. 

vesiculosa Ear. 
Coxops Linn. 

Sagittarius Say. 

interruptus Ear. 
Stomoxys Geof. 

calcitrans Fab. 

pallida Ear. 



MUSCAID^. 



Echinomyia Dum. 

obesa Ear. 

tessellata Fab. 
GoNiA Meig. 

vertebrata Ear. 

basalis Ear. 

tarda Ear. 

ACINIA. 

solidaginis Fch. 
noveboracensis FcJi. 
Agromyza. 
tritici Fch. 

LUCILIA. 

ceasar? 
Gymnosoma 3feig. 

rotundata Lin7i. 
TRicnopoDA Lat. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



571 



jugatoria Sdy. 
OcYPTERA Meig. 

lateralis Uar. 
Melakophora Meig. 

stygia Uar. 
Calliphora. 

vomitoria Linn. 

liarpyia Har. 
Musca Linn. 

domestica Linn. 

regina Meig. 

anicena Har. 

hirticollis Har. 

Tachinid^. 

Tachina Fah. 

plagiata Har. 

vivida Uar. 

fn tills Har. 

algeiis Wei. 

noctvife Har. 

coiiica Har. 
Sarcophaga Meig. 

carnaria Linn. 

georgina Wei. 

Anthomyid^. 

Anthomyia Meig. 
lunatifrons Uar. 

ceparum Lin. 

brassica Bon. 

rapliani Uw. 

tiniida Uar. 

lenis liar. 
Tephritis Maq. 

melliginis Fch. 

qiiadrifasciatus Maq. 

trimaculatus Maq. 

tabellavia Fch. 

asteris Har. 
OsciNis. 

tibialis Fch. 

coxendix Fell. 

lineatus Uar. 
Homalomtia? 

scalai'is Har. 
BoRBORUS Meig. 

lilanipes Har. 

CORDYLURA Fal. 

placida Har. 

SCATOMYZAD.E. 
SCATOPHAGA Lat. 



furcata liar. 
postilcna liar. 

PlOPIIILA? 

casei liar. 
Pyropa? 

furcata Bay. 
LoxocERA Lat. 

atricornis Uar. 
LissOMYiA Hay. 

polita Uar. 

Ortilliad.e. 

Tetanura Meig. 

pallida Uar. 
Sapromyza Fal. 

subfasciata Uar. 
Tetanocera Dum. 
guttularis Wei. 
canadensis Maq. 
saratogensis Fch. 
cauta Uar. 
cribaria Har. 
Calobata Meig. 
anteanaspes Say. 
cerasi Lin. 
agilis Har. 
Diopsis Linn. 
brevicornis Say. 
subfasciatus Fch. 
Hylemyia? 
deceptiva Fch. 
similis Fch. 
Ortalis Fall. 
colon Uar. 
Sepsis Fal. 
putris Lin. 
cylindrica Fah. 
Trypeta Meig. 
picta Fab. 
serpentaria Uar. 
cinctipes Uar. 
albiscutellata Uar 
Lauxania Lat. 
lapsans ILir. 
PiiORA Lat. 
vclox Uar. 

IIlPPOBASCID-E. 

Olfersia Lch. 

amoricana Lch. 
HiPPonoscA Lch. 

equina"? 
Ornithomyia Lch. 



572 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY 

conflueiis Sai/. MELOPnAorrs? 

falcouis JI(ir. oviuus Linn, 

My scientitic knowledge of the Diptera of Lancaster county is very limited, and 
therefore the foregoing catalogue of these insects is nothing more than an imperfect 
compilation from the works of Say, Harris and Fitch — with Harris' classilication — as 
an approximation to what may be jiresumed to be the dipterous fauna of the county, 
from its geographical position, and its relation to other portions of the northern and 
middle States of the Union. S. S. R. 



ORDER APHANIPTERA. 

This is the order Aptera of IMacley, and includes the wingless insects; an example 
of which is the common "Flea" — Pulex irritans. Not «W insects however, that are 
destitute of wings, are members of this order; for there are various species, the females 
of which are wingless, and in some instances both sexes, in other orders. As instances 
of this kind, it may be remarked, that several species of predaceous Goleopter a v^revfirygs 
less, although tliey have wing-covers. There are also wingless species both male and 
female among the Orthopiera; and females among the Hemiptera; and among the Ilynf 
enoptera, and Lepidoptera, as well as the Diptera. This subject constitutes one of those 
anomalies in natural history, which can only be solved by the patient and jjersevering 
progress of the entomological student. The order Aphaniptera might perhaps be properly 
restricted to a single small family. Pulecid.e, which includes the various species 
of fleas, that infest men and animals. The Podurid^, which by some entomol- 
ogists are regarded as degraded species of Neuroptera, may, for the present with 
some proprietj', beplaced in this order. These insects undergo the usual trans- 
formations, from the egg to the imago, that all other insects do, but they lack the 
distinctive divisions of head, thorax and abdomen, that characterizes the other ordei's, 
being merely a series of segmental rings, from the head to the caudal termina- 
tion of the abdomen. In their larva state they are long, distorted, wormlike grubs, 
which however spin themselves into a sort of silken coccoon, and assume the pupa form, 
in which the legs, antennae, and sucking apparatus are visible. Emerging from this 
state, they assume the mature form, in which i\\e P^llecid(e have the hind feet developed 
into leaping appendages, and the external integument tough and shiny, each segment 
being fringed with a few stiff bristles. In this fonn they attack men and animals, living 
upon the blood they extract from them by means of their powerful piercers. 

PULECID^E. arvalis Fell. 

elegans Fell. 
PuLEx Lin. noveboracensis Fell. 

irritans Lin. "Common Flea."' signifer Feh. 



PODURIDJE. 



PODTJRA. 

nivicola Fell. 
Stmuthurus? , Several other species. 



hor tensis i^c7t. Thysanitra. "Spring-tails." 
juvenilis Feh. Several species, 

dorsalis Fell. Lepisma. 
apicalis Fell. Several species, 

maturus Fell. 

The Fodundce, as before stated, are regarded by many naturalists as merely degraded 
forms of Neuroptera, allying them with the genera Ephemera and Perla, and therefore 
perhaps they cannot j^roperly be classed with the Order Aptera, scientifically restricted. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



CLASS MYRIAPODA. 

As tlie name implies, this class is composed of oblou;; or loii^; animals, with many 
feet, of which there are not a large numbei- of species fonnil within tlie limits of Lan- 
caster county; and although some of them are very common, yet very little attention 
has been devoted to their specific history by a resident naturalist. Of this class there 
are two divisions, very distinct in their structure, form and habits — commonly called 
Centipedes and Millipedes. "The Myriapoda are air-breathing apterous aiiiculata, char- 
acterized by the distinctness of the head from the body; the strongly marked st>ginen- 
tation of the latter, and its method of development." According to s]x'cialists. they 
constitute two distinct Orders, called Chilopoda, including the centipedes; and Diplo- 
PODA, including the millipedes. The former are known, in many instances, to be car- 
nivorous in their habits, and some of the latter are equally Avell known to be herbivo- 
rous. The Chilopods comprise those that have the body tlattened with a limited number 
of segmental rings, to each of which is attached a single pair of feet, at the sides. The 
diplopods on the other hand have the body tube-shaped, or cylindrical, with a double 
I)air of feet attached to each segment, beneath. The former are very swift runners, 
whilst the latter seem to glide along very slowly, and when internipted throw themselves 
over on the side in a spiral coil. There is, however, a subdivision of the Chilopoda 
called Chilogkatha, which seems .to be a connecting link between the two orders 
above named. These possess the flattened bodies, with the legs articulated at the 
sides; but there are two pairs to each segment, and like the diplopoda. they are slow- 
travellers. Large species of the diplopods — from three to four inches in length — are 
found in the wooded valleys of Lancaster comity, especially in the southern tier of 
townships. These have been detected feeding upon the various species of funr/i that 
are common to those localities. Although the common names of Centipedes and Milli- 
pedes, applied to these animals, would seem to indicate that they possess respectively a 
hundred or a thousand feet; yet there are species that exceed the first number, but 
none that reach the last. 



ORDER CHILOPODA. 

Fam. I. Cermatid.e. 

Cermatia III. 
forceps Wood. 
coleoptrata? Bay. 

FaM. II. LlTHOBIlD^. 

LlTHOBIUS Lch. 
americanus Nicp. 

BOTHKOPOLYS Wood. 

multidentatus Nicp. 

Fam, III. SCOLOPENDRID.E. 

Opisthemega Wood? 
spinicauda Wood. 

SCOLOPOCRYPTOPS XlCp. 

sexspinosa Kiop. 

Fam. V. GEOPHILID.E. 

Geopiiilus ScJi. 

cephalicus Wood. 
Strigamia Gray. 

fulva Sayer. 



walkeri? Wood. 

SUB-ORDER CHILOGNATIIA. 
Fam. I. Lysioptalidx. 

SpiROSTREPnox Brndt. 
lactarius Soy. 
csesioannulatus Wood? 

Fam. II. Polydesmid.e. 

Polydesmus Lnt. 
setiger Wood. 
granulatus Say. 
serratus"? Say. 
canadensis Miep. 
erjlhropygus Bvndf. 
hispidipes Wood. 
virginiensis Dm. 
corrugatus Wood. 
trimaculatus Wood. 

ORDER DIPLOPODA. 

Fam, I. JuLiD-E, 



574 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

SpiBOBOLrs Brndt. canaliculatus Wood. 

marginatus Say. liqueatus. 

JULUS Linn. ceruleo-cinctus Wood. 

pilosicavitus Wood. hortensis Wood. 

canadensis Niop. variegatus Wood. 

immaculatus? Wood. stigmatosus? Brndt. 

pensylvanicus Brndt. minutus? Brndt 

The CMlognatTia perhaps ought rather to be considered a sub-order of the Diplopoda 
than the Chilopoda. They are diplopod in their pedal characters, and still have the flat- 
tened bodies of the chilopods, Avith the legs articulated at the sides. The Class is cut 
up into many orders, sub-orders, sub-families and sub-genera, to which, in a limited 
list, it was not thought necessary to adhere. Nor can it be supposed, from the little 
that is absolutely known of the local myriapoda of Lancaster county, that this list 
includes all the local species. Sufficient are however enumerated and arranged, to give 
some idea of what the county contains. With but limited material, assisted by the 
excellent paper of Dr. Wood of Philadelphia, this list has been compiled. 



IIERPETOLOGY.i 

REPTILIA, CLASS OF REPTILES. 

The animals belonging to this class have been long and tolerably well known under 
the common names of Turtles, Terrapins, Snakes, Frogs, Toads, Lizards, Salamand- 
ers, Newts, &c., and although generally harmless, the larger portion of our population 
regard many of them with feelings of aversion. The class is usually divided into four 
orders, namely, C HE L ONI A, 8 A URIA, OPUIDIA and BABTBACHIA, only a small 
number of species of either of which are known to inhabit Lancaster county. 

ORDER I. CEELONIA or TESTUDINATA—TURTLES. 

CiSTUDA clausa — the common "land tortoise" or "box turtle;" sparsely but widely 

distributed over the county. 
Chelydra serpentina — the well-known "snapping turtle;" very much prized by epi- 
cures, and found in all our streams, especially in ponds and mill-dams. 
Emys (Graptemys, Ag.,) geographica — the j^eculiar yellow curved map-like lines with 

which it is marked gave rise to the specific name. 
(Chrysemys, Ag.,) picta — the scales of the carapace are beautifully bordered with 

yellow, and the base with red markings, hence the common name of "painted 

terrapin." 
(Nanemys, Ag.,) guttata — is distinguished by small yellow spots on the black 

carapace; numbers are often associated together in the same pond, and sunning 

themselves on a log, stone or stump, in the water. 
(Glyptemis, Ag.,) insculpta — A pretty species, scales of the shell deeply grooved 

in radiating lines from an elevated centre — legs and neck deep-orange coloi'ed 

when young. 
(Ptychemys, Ag.,) rubriventris — a doubtful species, 
megacephela ? — the large river terrapin ; at one time exceedingly numerous in the 

Susqviehanna river, but now becoming rather scarce. It is considered next in 

excellence to the snapping turtle. 
OzoTHECA, Ag., odorata — commonly called the "stink pot." 

Contributed by Mr. J. Stauffer. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 575 

THYROSTERNrM pensylvaiiicum, Ag. The two last named species have a imusky (xlor 
and are called stiuk pots. The first can readily be distin^ruished from the Hccuiid 
by its more deeply marked scales and the small lleshy warts inider the chin. 

ORDER 11. SA URIA— LIZARDS. 
We have but t^yo kinds 
Tropidolepus undulatus — a brownish species with diagonal markings of l)lack stripes 

and spots. 
SciNcrs fasciatus— the five-striped lizard ; a specimen from East Florida appears to bo 
identical with ours. 

ORDER III. OPIIIDIA or SERPENTS. 

Family — Crotalid.e. 

Crotalus horridus— "Bastard Rattle-snake," without the rattle; venomous; rare. 
Distinguished from the true rattle-snake mainly by the absence of rattles. Occa- 
sionally along the mountain ranges specimens may be found. 

Trigonocephalus contortrix, Holb.,—\\\e "Copperhead"; venomous. This reptile is 
still found in the county, and especially along its wild southern border, where in 
some localities, it is by no means rare. 

Family — Coluberidje. 

Bascanon constrictor, B. ^' 0. — Black-snake — by way of distinction called the racer. 

Not venomous. 
ScoTOPHis allighaniensis, B. §■ G. — Also a common black snake, but not so slender as 

the racer. 
Nerodia sipedon — common water snake; abundant, but harmless. 

fasciata — a very pretty mottled species of water snake. 
Regina lebris — subaquatic in its habits. 
ExTAiNiA sirtalis — the common garter snake; also resorts to the water in pursuit of 

tadpoles and other species of aquatic animals, 
sauretia — the swift garter snake, also called the "ribbon snake"; is more slender, 

and the stripes broader and more distinct than in the common species. 
Ophibolus eximeus — the common "hoiise snake""; is beautifully mottled with brown 

spots, with dark margins on a light ground. A specimen three feet long was cap- 
tured near Lancaster, and is now in the Museum of the Linniean Society. 
Heterodon platyrhines — commonly called the "Viper" or "Blower"'; but unlike the 

true viper, which is a foreign species, it is entirely harmless, although sometimes 

making a great show of pugnacity. 
DiADOPnis punctatus — the ring-necked snake; is not rare. 
Storeyia deKayi— quite common within the limits of Lancaster city, with small 

black spots along the dorsal line and sides; color in larger specimens of a 

brick red. 
Celuta amoena — ground snake, or worm snake. 

It may be added in conclusion, that there are persons now living in the county of 
Lancaster, who verily believe they have seen a species of green-snake within its limits 
many years ago, but no recent case has occurred in confirmation of such a belief. 

IV. ORDER BATRACniA— FROGS AND SALAMANDERS. 

Family — Urodelid^e. 

SALAMANDRAerythronota— the most common species, under stones and logs; dark color 

with a yellowish dorsal stripe. 



576 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

conicaiida — a Ijeautiful bright yellow species, with black spots and long tail, 
symmetrica — a reddish brown species with crimson spots. 
rubra — red with black spots, 
glutinosa — a glutinous species of a bluish color. 
Ambltstoma opaca — terrestrial in their habits, but partial to moist localities, 
Triton millepunctatus — this species is aquatic and has a membrane along the tail, fin- 
like. There are perhaps other species inhabiting Lancaster county, as such have 
been captured in adjoining counties. 
Menopoma allighaniensis — this is the "hell-bender" of the fishennan; it is the largest 
species known to our county, and within the past few years has become com- 
mon in the Susquehanna, and has been captured at Safe Harbor, Columljia and 
Marietta. A specimen in the collection of the Linnsean Society is nearly eigh- 
teen inches in length. 

Family — Ranid.e. 

Rana ijipens — our most common species of frog. This species was at one time very 

numerous in the county of Lancaster, but being diligently sought by epicures as 

a delicate edible table relish, is becoming very rare, especially as its favorite 

haunts are rapidly being drained and giving way to cultivation. 

fontinalis — commonly called the "Bull-frog," and is distinguished from the common 

species by dermal folds along the dorsal line; one taken near Lancaster city, 
halecina — the spotted or shad-frog, 
sylvatica — the wood-frog, 
palustris — the marsh-frog. 
Hylodes gryllus — the small cricket-frog. 

Hyla versicolor — the northern tree-frog or tree-toad. There seem to be two kinds of 
tree-frogs in Lancaster county, vTuless the difference in color is merely sexual; 
one is a dark farm color, mottled with black; the other has small eyes, more 
prominent and of a greenish color, with only a large blotch across the shoulders 
and a dark band on the thighs. 
BuFO americanus — the common toad; repulsive to some people, but at the same time 
harmless and useful in gardens as an insect scavenger, 
erythronotus — deemed a southern species, but found in the county. 



ICHTHYOLOGY. 1 

ORDER L ACANTEOPTERTOIL 

The fishes belonging to this Order have two dorsal fins, the anterior of which has 
spiny rays. 

Family — Percid^. 

Pekca flavescens, the common American yellow perch, is extensively distributed. 

They rarely attain a length of 12 to 15 inches. One specimen recorded weighed 2|- 

pounds. This is the only species we have. 
Labrax liueatus — the striped bass or rock fish; well known, and many are taken at 

Safe Harbor and elsewhere on the Susquehanna river. They vary greatly in size; 

specimens weighing 77 pounds have been taken. 
LucioPERCA, Cuv. (Stizostedion, Raf.) — the yellow pike-perch of the Susquehanna, 13 

to 18 inches long. 
PoMOTis — Sunfish. 

1 Contributed by Mr. J. Stauffer. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 577 

maculatus, tlie moccasin; varies in diflerent localities ami seasons and reMjmblcs P. 
jibbosus and P. catcsbei. 

appendix (Ichthelis appendix) has a prolonged rounded point to the oiwrculuni. 
Bkittus tlavescens— a name sufrgested by the writer f<.r a bnttor-yellow siiecifs caught 
at Safe Harbor, apparently undescribed, resemblin;r a Brittusaiul tin- butt»T-fisli 
of AVestern waters. Prof. Cope saw the specimen and deemed it new aii<l un- 
named. 

Family Etheostomid.e. 

This family, recently established, embraces several genera of .small species and ap- 
pears to be exclusively limited to the fresh waters of the northern poitinns of tho 
Western Hemisphere. 

Prof. S. S. Haldeman describes two species of Pkiicina, as a sub-geiuis. The P. 
nebulosa and P. miuima. The Pii.eom A belongs here. The Boleosoma tesscllatum, 
is abundant near Lancaster, in a small stream emptying into the Conestoga l)elow 
the Railroad Bridge. Having no swinnning-bladder it is not seen suspended in tho 
water, but always at the bottom. We have also a species of Etiieostoma, described as 
new by Prof. E. D. Cope, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, for September and October, 1864, from a specimen sent him from tlieCon- 
estoga, near Lancaster, wliich he named, peltatum, Stauffer. It is a beautiful little 
fish, with broad black markings over the opercle, and around the eyes. The only other 
fish belonging to this order found in the county known to me, is the Cotti's viscosus, 
Hald., found in a few localities, in clear spring water flowing through meadows, boixler- 
ed by turf and having a shallow pebbly bottom. This fish is rather slimy, and 3 inches 
long. The spines are stout. Fishes of this genus are properly called bull-heads. Our 
species was first described by Prof. S. S. Haldeman, in 1840. 



ORDER 11. MALACOPTERI. 

This order embraces fish having all the fin-rays soft and cartilaginous, with the excep- 
tion of the first in the dorsal and the first in the pectoral, as in the 

Family Silurid^e — Cat-iishes. 

These have the skin naked, mouth bearded with long filaments and a second adipose 
or fatty dorsal fin. Our cat-fish were formerly embraced in the genus Pimelodus, 
which are all South American fishes. They are now divided into six genera, of winch 
we have the 

Aminxjrus lynx, a large headed black species with a rounded caudal tin, and tin higher 
than long at its insertion, 
nebulosus. (A. albidus?)-has the anal fin short but broad on the basc-a la'autiful 
light colored and gracefully shaped cat-fish freciuently taken in the Conestoga. 
We have two other undescribed cat-fish belonging to the genus 
ICHTH^LURUS, Raf. (Ictalurus (7.;>.).-J. P. 3IcCaskey, September 9th, 1SG:1 brought 
me a specimen taken at Shenk's Ferry-nine inches long, of a yellowish or pale 
olive color, having a silvery reflective and metallic blue on tlie sides, lateral lino 
straight, dorsal spine serrated, nape of the neck depressed-anal fin wide and 
lono-, light colored, with prominent veins or blood vessels ramified over the Ims. 
This I named, Ichth^lurus McCa^kei. The other species, taken by J. B. Kc- 
vinski, Sept. 1863. Head moderate, body tapering, tail deeply furcated, color 
dorsally black, sides slate colored, abdomen whitish. The anal fm long and 
moderately high. From its gyrating motions when di-awn from the water 1 
should have named it L gyians, but this name is appropriated already to a dis- 

38 



678 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

tinct species so I have named it, Ichthajlurus Kennskii. Several specimens 
of blind cat-fish have been taken in the Conestoga, two sent to Prof. Cope, of 
-which he published a long account in the Proceedings of the Academy of Nat- 
ural Sciences of Philadelphia, for 18G4, p. 231. Another specimen was taken 
in November, 1865. This proves to be a new genus and species, named by Prof. 
Cope, GiiONiAS nigrilabris. The stone cat-fish, distinguished by having the supra 
occipital separated, tail rounded, confluent with the adipose or second dorsal — 
known as Noturus marginatus— (also Silurus gyrinus,) concludes this Family. 

Family Salmonid^ — Salmon. 

Fish having an adipose fin and scaly bodies, constitute this family. All the rays 
of the fins are soft. Our common brook trout is the Salmo fontinalis of Mitchill. 
These are very variable in color, and may embrace various species. 

Family Clupeid.e — Herring. 

Occasionally caught in the Susquehanna. Tlie green herring is a species which is 
almost identical with Mitchill's Clupea vernalis; but our Susqviehanna herring have 
the upper jaw distinctly notched, Cthe distinctive mark of the genus ALOSA,)but it dif- 
fers in some respects from the Alosa menhaden or moss-bunker, and is more like our 
Hickory shad, Alosa tyi-annis. The true Susquehanna shad is the Alosa praestabilis. 

Family Sauridje — Gar-pike. 

The common hard-scaled gar of the Susquehanna, is the Lepidosteus osseus. 
There seem to be several species, or at least distinct varieties. The banded or green 
Gar belongs to the Esocid^ or Pike family, and is the Belone truncata; also, called 
Bill-fish. The common pike belongs to the genus Esox. We have variable species; 
the E. reticulatus and umbrosus. 

Family AxGUiLLiDiE — Eels. 

Anguilla macrocephala, Lesueur, the biill-headed, black or winter eel, also short- 
nosed eel. 

tenuirostris, the sharp-nosed eel. 

argentea? The silver eel of the fisherman is a variety of this; its white abdomen 
separated by a lateral line from the color above. 

Family Cyprinid.e. 

Prof. E. D. Coi>e, has published a synopsis of the Cyprinid^ of Pennsylvania, 

■which is full and complete. 

EXOGLOSSUM maxillingua is distinguished by its lobed under lip, a common fish which 
takes the hook readily. The only species. 

Semotilus rhotheus, the chub or fall fish. The S. corporalis also called chub, has 
smaller scales, and a dark shade across the eyes. 

Ceratichthys biguttatus, abounds in all the streams in the State, except those enter- 
ing into the Delaware. It is called the horned chub, from the numerous tuber- 
cles on the vertex and muzzle. In the breeding season they are often of a lively 
red and yellow color, 
micropogon, taken in Mill creek. Mr. Cope says "I only know this species from 
specunens sent me by my friend J. Staufter of Lancaster," whether it occurs in 
any of the other hydrographic basins is not yet known. The head is shorter, 
convex, a dark lateral and median dorsal band, caudal peduncle slender. 



OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 579 

Argtreus nasutus, the Dace, Rhiuichthis Ag; Cliondiostoma Heck., is f.nind in Kois- 
terous and rocky streams, and takes the hook with the spring' of a trout 
astronasus, the black-nosed Dace, Mitcli., is a iavoritc for A(iuar?a. In Spring they 
are brilliantly colored with vermilion red and orange, found in the small stream 
in the Dillerville swamp. Another, .which I suppose to be the A. lunatus, is occa- 
sionally met with. 
Stilbe americana (abramis versicolor, deEay.) Its young arc the minnows and 
shiners. 
Other small species are the Clinostomus funduloides and C. mar-'arita. 
Htpsilepis (Plargyrus, Raf.) 
kentuckiensis. , 

coniutus. 
Hybopsis procue. Prof. Cope has it from the Delaware, Schuylkill and Su.squehanna, 
where I originally saw it, but not further westward, 
hudsonius, and a specimen closely allied to 
FUNDULUS multifasciatus, peculiar in having a series of 13 bluish vertical bands— mot 
with in several localities near Lancaster. Also what I called the Cyi'niNELLA 
analostoma, and the Moxostoma oblongum. These latter are without a lateral 
line, taken in Mill creek. 
The Sucker Family comes next in order. The hammer-head, stone-roller or spotted 
sucker, Catostomus longirostris, a variety of C. communis or black sucker, of a much 
lighter color, accords with the description of C. pallidus. The large scaled sucker, 
C. aureolus, is much like the C. macrolepidotus, which latter I consider the long-Jlnned 
chubsuckeror Susquehanna carp; the other, the golden sucker or common Susipichanna 
mullet, or mullet sucker. The Labeo cyprinus and Carpiodes cyprinus, are names 
applied to the Susquehanna carp. 

A more extended investigation may reveal other siiccics. This emliraccs all known 
to the writer. AYith respect to the cartilaginous fishes, we have the lamprey, Ammo- 
CCETUS bicolor. The colored mud-lamprey, and a parasitic species, perhaps Petromyzox 
nigricans, which attaches itself to other fishes, and is the bluish lamprey. These are 
only met with in the Susquehanna river, as far as now known. 



580 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



FLOEA. 

An enumeration of indigenous and naturalized Plants found growing in the County of 

Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 

By Thos. C. Porter, 
Professor of Botany and Zoology in Lafayette College. 

The following catalogue is based upon the results of explorations made during a resi- 
dence in the city of Lancaster between the years 1853 and 1866. All the plants con- 
tained in it were seen and examined by the author, with the single exception of Quercus 
phellos, L., and specimens of the rarer species, about which there might beany question, 
are at hand for reference in his own herbarium and in the herbaria of the Linnaean 
Society and the State Normal School at Millersville. 

In the annals of American Botany, Lancaster county is classic ground. It was the 
home of the distingiiished Mulilenberg, who probably collected on her soil, at the be- 
ginning of the century, many of the species first described by him and by the German 
Botanist Willdenou, with whom he carried on a long and active correspondence. He 
left behind him in manuscript a Flora Lancastriensis, which unfortunately has either 
been lost, or is no longer accessible. 

The only list of the plants of the county heretofore published is the one in Rupp's 
History. Its preface shows that it was compiled by the late Dr. William Darlington, 
of West Chester. But, because it is a compilation, and because no fewer than 87 of its 
species are inserted on the strength of mere conjecture, it was thought best not to use it 
in the preparation of the present catalogue. Its 61 undetected phaenogams and vascular 
cryptogams were therefore ruled out — a loss more than compensated by the addition of 
225, not including marked varieties. 

The aim of the author has been to lay a good foundation upon which any one who 
may wish to continue the work hereafter can build with confidence, for the field is by no 
means exhausted. Much remains to be done, and new discoveries may be looked for, 
especially in the unexplored northern and eastern portions of the county. On the 
mosses and liverworts, little attention was bestowed, and by further search their numbers 
might be largely increased. 

In the arrangement and nomenclatm-e, the fifth edition of Dr. Gray's Manual of the 
Botany of the Northern United States, (1868), has been followed. Naturalized and 
adventive plants are indicated by italics. For the rarer species localities are given and 
the names of the persons by whom they were communicated. 

Easton, Pa., March 12, 1869. 

CATALOGUE — SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 

Phaenogams. Indig. Nat. Total. 

Exogens, 694 147 841 

Endogens, 293 35 328 

Cryptogams. 

Acrogens, 47 47 

Anophytes, 152 152 

Whole No. of Species and Varieties, 1368 

SERIES I. 
PHAENOGAMOUS, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS, OR virginiana i. (Virgin's Bower.) 
EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Anemone i. 

-r» virjjiniana L. 

RANUNCULACE^. ", . TTi^a^^ra 

pennsylvamca L. Liberty Square, J. S- 

Clematis L. Parry; Little Conestoga. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



>81 



nemorosa L. 
Hepatica Dill. 

triloba Cliaix. (Liverwort.) 
Thalictkum L. 

anemonoides Michx. (Anemone.) 
dioicum L. (Early Meadow Rue.) 
cornuti L. (Tall Meadow Rue.) 
Ranunculus L. 

aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus, Chaix. 

Litiz Spring, 
alismaefolius Oeyer. Reinholdsville. 
flammula L. var. reptans, Oray. On the 
Susquehanna at Turkey Hill, /. M. 
Seitz. 
abortivus L. 
sceleratus L. 
recurvatus Poir. 

pennsylvanicus L. On the Susque- 
hanna, 
fascicularis Mulil. (Early Crowfoot.) 
repens L. 

bulbosus L. (Buttercups.) 
Caltha L. 

palustris L. (Marsh Marigold.) 
Aquilegia L. 

canadensis Z. (Wild Columbine.) 
Delphinium L. 

consolida L. (Larkspur.) 
Hydbastis L. 
canadensis L. Rich woods near Lancaster; 
Conoy twp., Said. 
ACTAEA L. 

alba Bigelow. Near Marticville, 

CiMICIFUGA L. 

racemosa Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) 

Magnoliace^. 

Magnolia L. 

glauca L. Swamps near Smith ville. 

umbrella Lam. First ravine on the Sus- 
quehanna above the mouth of the 
Tucquau. 

acuminata L. On the road between Lan- 
caster and Litiz stands a single large 
tree, probably planted there. It may 
occur wild in the hills around Mt. Hope 
Furnace. 

LiRIODENDIlON L. 

tulipiferai. (Tulip Tree.) 

Anonace^. 



along tlio Conestoga and the Su»quc- 
hanna. 

Menispermace^. 

Memspermum ]j. 

canaden.se L. (Moonseed.) 

BERBERIDACEiE, 

Caulopiiyllum Michx. 

thalictroiiU's Michx. (Blue Cohosh.) 
Podophyllum L. 

peltatum L. (May Ajiplc.) 

NyMI'IIAEACE.E. 

Brasenia t<chreber. 

peltata Pursh. CoUins's Feny. 
Nymphaea Tourn. 

odorata Ait. Safe Harbor. 
Nuphar Smith. 

advena Ait. (Spatter-tlock.) 

luteum Smith, var. puniilum Gray. Col- 
lins's Ferry. 

Sarraceniace^. 

Sarracenia Tourn. 
purpurea L. Sphagnous swamp iKstween 
Christiana and Georgetown, MissRake- 



strmc. 



Papaverace^. 



Abimina Adans. 
triloba Dunal. 



(Pa-paw.) Common 



Papaver L. 

somniferum L. (Poppy.) 

duhium L. (Field Poppy.) 
Argemone L. 

mexicaua L. Escaped from gardens. 
Chelidonium L. 

majus L. Thoroughly naturalized along 
the Susquohaima. 
Sanguinauia Dill. 

canadensis L. (Bloodroot.) 

FUMARIACE.E. 

DiCENTRA Dorkh. 

cucullaria|Z). C. (Dutchman's Breeches.) 
canadensis D. C. (Squirrel Corn.) Lib- 
erty Square, /. S. i^arry; Turkey HiU. 
A. P. Oarber. 

CORYDALIS. 

glauca Punh. Columbia; Mount Hoi>e 

Furnace. 
flavulaiJa/. Common on tlic Su.sque- 

hanna. 
FUMARIA L. 



582 



AUTHENTIC HISTOKY 



officinalis L. Escaped from Gardens. 

Crucifer^. 

Nastuktium, M. Br. 

palustre, Z>. C. 

palustre D. G. var. hispidum, Gray. 

armoracia Fries. Meadows above Cedar 
Hill. 
Dentaria L. 

laciniata 3Iuhl. (Tooth wort.) 
Cardamine L. 

rhomboidea D. C. 

liirsuta L. (Bitter Cress. ) 
Akabis L. 

lyrata L. 

patens Sulliv. Near Columbia. Herb. S. 

S. Ilaldeman. 

laevigata D. G. 

canadensis L. (Sickle Pod.) 
Barbarea B. Br. 

vulgaris B. Br. (Winter Cress.) 
Erysimum. 

clieiranthoides L. Islands and Banks of 
tlie Susquehanna. 
Sisymbrium L. 

officinale L. (Hedge Mustard.) 

thaliana, Oaud. 
Brassica. 

tinapistrum Boiss. 

nigra, Gray. (Common Mustard.) 
Draba L. 

caroliniana Walt. Graeff's Landing. 

verna L. 
Camelina Graniz. 

sativa Grants. 
Cafsella Vent. 

bursa-pastoris MaincJi. (Shepherd's Purse) 
Lepidium L. 

virginicum L. (Wild Pepper-grass.) 

Capparidacejs. 

POLANISIA 

graveoleus Baf. Safe Harbor. 
VlOLACE^. 

SOLEA Qing, D. G. 
concoloi- Ging. Poor House Hill; Turkey 
Hill. 
Viola L. 
rotundifolia Michx. Ravine near Martic 

Forge, 
primulffifolia i. New Texas; Smith ville. 
blanda Willd. New Texas; Martic Forge. 



cucuUata Ait. 

cucullata Ait. Var. palmata, Gray. 

cucullata Ait. Var. cordata, Gray. 

sagittata Ait. 

pedata L. (Bird-foot Violet.) 

pedata L. Var. bicolor, Gray. 

canina L. Var. sylvestris, Begel. 

striata Ait. 

pubescens Ait. Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. 

pubescens Ait. Var. scabriuscula, T. §" G. 

tricolor L. 

ClSTACE^. 

Helianthemum Tourn. 

cauadcnse Michx. Chesnut Hill. 
Lechea L. 

major Michx. On the Conestoga near 
Eden. 

minor Za??i. (Pin Weed.) Chesnut Hill. 

Droserace^. 

Drosera L. 
rotundifolia Z. (Sun Dew.) Swamp near 
Smithville, New Texas. 

Hypericace^. 

Ascyrum L. 
crux-andrea3 L. Below Peach Bottom;, 

mouth of the Tucquan. 
Hypericum L. 
pyramidatum Ait. Near Kauffman's 

Mill, on the Little Conestoga, J. M. 

Seitz. 
prolificum L. Islands and Shores of the 

Susquehanna, 
ellipticum Hook. Island at Safe Harbor. 
perforatum L. (Common St. John's- 

wort. ) 
mutilimi L. 

canadense L. Martic Forge, New Texas, 
sarothra Michx. 
E lode A Adans. 
virginica J^utt. Smithville, New Texas;. 

Mt. Hope Furnace. 

Caryophyllace^. 

DiANTHUS L. 

armeria L. (DeiJtford Pink.) 
Saponaria L. 

officinalis L. Thoroughly naturalized 
along the Susquehanna. 
Vaccaria Medik. 

vulgaris Host. Escaped from Gardens. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 



583 



SiLENE L. 

Stella ta Ait. 

nivea D. C. Islands of the Susquc- 

liauua. 
pennsylvanica iW<c7i..c. Mt. Joy;Chesnut 

Hill; Martic township. 
armeria L. Escaped from Gardens, 
antirrliiua L. 
Lychnis To urn. 

gitJiago Lam. (Corn Cockle.) 
Arenaria L. 
serpyUifolia L. 

stricta Miclix. Near Hershey's Mill, 
lateriflora L. Swamp beyond Dillervillc; 
Banks of the Little Conestoga. 
Stellaria L. 
media. Smith. 

pubera, Miclix\ Peach Bottom J. J. Car- 
ter. 
longifolia MuM. Safe Harbor; banks of 
the Little Conestoga. 

HOLOSTEUM L. 

umhellatum L. Thoroughly uaturaUzed in 
fields and copses around Lancaster city. 
Cerastium L. 

vulgatum L. On the Conestoga ; rare. 

viscoaum L. Very common. 

nutans Baf. 

oblongifolium Torr. New Texas, on the 
serpentine barrens. 

arvense L. 
Sagina L. 

apetala L. Hill below Safe Harbor. 
Spergularia Pei's. 

rubra Presl] xar. campe.stris Orai/. Is- 
land at Safe Harbor ; scarce. 
Anychia Michx. 

dichotoma Miclix. Dry Hills. 

MOLLTJGO L. 

verticillata L. (Carpet Weed.) 
POETULACACE^. 

PORTULACA Tourn. 

oleracca L. (Common Purslane.) 
Talinum Adans. 

teretifolium Pursh. New Texas, on the 
serpentine barrens, /. /. Carter. 
Claytonia L. 

virginica L. 



MaLVACE-E, 



sylvestria L. 

SiDA L. 

spinosa L. Sandy banks of streams. 
AiJUTiLOX To\irn. 
avicenme Gacrtn. 
Hibiscus L. 
muschcutos L. Banks of the Conestoga; 

Slu)ck's Mill above ^larictta. 
militaris Cuv. Islands of the Susfiuo- 

hanna, at Safe Harbor. 
trionum L. 
syriacua L. Escaped. 

TiLIACE.E. 

TiLIA L. 
araericana L. (Linden.) 

Linages. 

LiNUM L. 

virginianum L. 

striatum Walt. Swamps near Dillci-villo 
and Smithville. 

iisitatissimumL. (Common Flax.) Along 
railroad embankments and occasion- 
ally in cultivated fields. 

Geraniace.e. 

Geranium L. 

maculatum L. 

carolinianum L. 

cohi^tibinum L. Safe Harbor. 
Erodium L'ller. 

ciciLtarium VEer. Near Columliia, J. 
Staaffcr. 
Fl(ERKEA Willd. 

proserpinacoides Willd. Banks of tho 
Conestoga above Cedar Hill. 
Impatiens L. 

pallida Nutt. (Pale Toudi-me-not. ) 

fulva Nuit. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) 
OXALIS L. 

violacea L. 

stricta L. (Yellow Wood-son-cl.) 

RUTACE.E. 

XANTnoxYLUM Coldcti. 

amcricanum Mill. On the Conestoga. 
AiLANTiius Desf. 

(jlandulosus De.of. Naturalized at 
duckies. 



ANACARDIACEuE. 



Malva L. 
roiundifolia L. 



(Mallows.) 



Rhus L. 



584 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



typLiina L. (Staghorn Sumach.) River 

Hills. 
glabra L. (Smooth Sumach.) 
copallina L. 
venenata D. C. Swamps near Diller- 

ville and Martic Forge, 
toxicodendron L, 

VlTACE^, 

ViTis Tourn. 

labrasca L. (Fox Grape, ) 

aestivalis Michx. New Texas. 

cordifolia 3/^c7t.^;. (Summer Grape.) 

riparia Michx. On the Susquehanna. 
Ampelopsis Miclix. 

quinquefolia Michx. (Virginia Creeper. ) 

Ehamnace^. 

Ceanothus L. 

americauus Z. (New Jersey Tea.) 
Celastrus L. 

scandens L. 
EuoNYMUs Tourn. 

atropurpurens Jacq. (Burning Bush.) 

americanus L. Peach Bottom. 

Sapindace^']. 

Staphylea L. 

trifolia i. (Bladder Nut.) 
Acer Tourn. 

sacchariuum Wang. (Sugar Maple.) 

dasycarpum Ehrh. (Silver M.) 

rubrum L. (Red M.) 
Negundo Manch. 

aceroides Mcench. Along the Conestoga. 

POLYGALACE^. 

PoLYGALA Tourn. 
incarnata L. Near Pleasant Grove, J. J. 

Carter. 
sanguiuea L. Pleasant Grove; Martic 

Forge, 
nuttallii^r. ^^ G. Smith ville; New Texas, 
cruciata L. Smithville ; New Texas, 
verticillata L. 
ambigua Nutt. 

senega L. Mt. Joy, /. Staicffer. 
paucifolia Willd. Bart township. 

Leguminos^e. 

LxJPiNUS Tourn. 

j)erennis L. Chesnut Hill; New Texas. 
Crotalaria L. 



sagittalis L. (Rattle Box.) Near Willow 
Street. 
Trifolium L. 

arvense L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.) 

pratense L. (Red C.) 

repens L. (White C.) 

agrarium L. (Yellow, or Hop C.) 

procrimbens L. (Low Hop C.) 
Melilotus Tourn. 

officinalis Willd. Waste grounds near 
Lancaster. 

alba Lam. Escaped from gardens. 
Medicago L. 

sativa L. (Lucerne.) Fields near Millers- 
ville. 

lupulina L. Around Lancaster. 

ROBINIA L. 

pseudacacia L. (Locust Tree.) 
Tephrosia Pers. 

virginiana Pers. Chesnut Hill. 
Desmodium D. C 

nudiflorum D. C. 

acuminatum D. C. 

rotundifolium D. V. 

canescens D. C. 

cuspidatum T. §• O. 

dillenii Darlington. 

paniculatum D. C 

canadense D. C. Swamp near Dillerville. 

sessilifolium T. S,- 0. Mouth of the Tuc- 
quan. 

rigidum D. C. New Texas, /. J. Carter. 

ciliare D. C- 

marilandicum D. C. ^ 

Lespedeza Michx. 

procumbens Michx. 

repens T. §' G. Chesnut Hill. 

violacea Pers. var. divergens, Gray. 

violacea Pers. var. sessilitiora. Gray. 

violacea Pers. var. angustifolia Gray. 

stuvei? Nutt. Chesnut Hill. 

hirta Ell. 

capitata Michx. On the Susquehanna. 
Stylosantues Swartz. 

clatior Simrtz. Che.suut Hill; Willow 
Street. 
ViciA Tourn. 

Sativa L. (Vetch or Tare.) 

cracca L. 

caroliniana Walt. Herb. 8. 8. HaldemaU' 

americana Muhl. 
Lathyrus L. 

palustris i. Swamps beyond Dillerville. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



585 



Apios Boerhaave. 

tuberosa Moenrh. 
Phaseolus L. 

perennis Walt. On the Conestona. 

helvolus L. On the Susquehanna. 
Clitoria L. 

mariana i/. Newtown, Raphe Townsliij), 
J. Slaiiffer; very rare. 
Amphicakpa Ell. 

monoica Wutt. 
Galactia F. Broione. 

glabella Michx. Cedar Hill ; rare. 
Baptisia Vent. 

tinctoria R. Br. (Wild Indi',ro.) 
Cercis L. 

canadensis X. (Red Bud.) 
Cassia L. 

marilandica L. (Wild Senna.) 

chamsecrista L. 

nictitans L. 
Gleditschia L. 

triacanthos L 
dwellings. 



Spontaneous around 



Rosacea. 

Prunus Tourn. 
americana Marshall. (Wild Plum.) 
pumila L, Swamp near Smithville ; New 

Texas, J. J. Carter. 
virginianaX. (Choke Cherry.) Chest- 
nut Hill, 
serotina Ehrh. (Wild Cherry.) 
Spiraea L. 

(Nine Bark.) 
On the Susquehanna. 
New Texas, J. J. Carter. 
Meadows, New Texas. 



River Hills. 



opulifolia L. 

salicifolia L. 

tomentosa L. 

lobata Mum. 
Gillenia MoencTi. 

trifoliata MoencJi.. 
Poterium L. 

canadense Gray. Swamps near Diller- 
ville and the Gap, 
Agrimonia Tourn. 

eupatoria L. 

parviflora Ait. 
Geum L. 

album Omelin. 

virginianum L. Chickies. 

POTENTILLA L. 

non^egica L. 

canadensi.s L. (Cinquefoil.) 
canadensis L. Var. simplex, T. ^" 0. 
arguta Pursh. Safe Harbor. 



FuAuAUiA Tourn. 
virginiana Ehrh. (Wild StniwU-n-y. j 
vesca L. Hocks along the Coiic«to«a. 
RuBus Tourn. 
odoratus L. Below P.inkley'H Rridjfe. 
.strigo.sus Miehr. ('(.Dins' F.-ny. 
occidentalis /.. (Black Ha.splH'ny. ) 
villosns yliV. (BlacklH.-ny.) 
canadensis L. (DewlH-rry.) 
hispidus L. (Swamp Bla<;klMTry.) 
Swamps near Sinilhvill.- and Marlic 
Forge, 
cuneifolius PwrsA. (Sand Blackl)erry. ) 
Common on the liills .south of the Pe- 
quea. 
Rosa Tourn. 
Carolina L. (Swamp Rose.) 
lucida Ehrh. 

rubiginosa L. (Sweet Briar.) 
Crataegus L. 
coccinea L. 
tomentosa L. 

crus-galli L. (Cockspur Thoni.) 
Pyrus L. 

coronaria L. (Cnih Apple. J Near Man- 

heim; Mt. Xebo; Conoy twy. 
arbutifolia L. Var. melanocarpa, Oray. 
Amelanciiier Medic. 
canadensis T & J. 

Gray. 
canadensis T. &. J. 
Gray. 

Saxifkagace.k. 

RiBES L. 

hirtellum Michi. Cliesnut Hill. 

tloridum L. 
Hydrangea Gronoc. 

arborescens L. River Hills. 
Saxifraga L. 

virginiensis Michx. 

ponn.sylvanica Z. Manlieim; New Texas; 
Millersville. 
Heucheha L. 

americana L. On the Concstoga. 

pubescens Pursh. Along the Susquc- 
lianna. 
Mitella Tourn. 

diphylla i/. (Miti-e-wort.; 
Chrysosplenium Tourn. 

americanum Schweinilz. 

Crassulace^. 



Var. Botryapium, 
Var. oblongifolia. 



586 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Penthorum Gronov. 

sedoides L. 
Sedum Tourn. 

ternatum Miclix. Rocks along the Sus- 
quehanna. 

telephium L. Escaped in some places. 

Hamamelace^. 

Hamamelis L. 
vh-gmica i. (Witch Hazel.) 

Onagrace^. 

CiRC^A Tourn. 

lutetiana L. 
Gaura L. 

biennis L. 
Epilobium L. 

angustifolium L. Christiana; New Texas. 

palustre L, Var. lineare, Gray. Swamp 
South of Marticville. 

molle Tourn. Swamp beyond Dillerville. 

coloratum MuM. 
Oenothera L. 

biennis L. (Evening Primrose.) 

fruticosa L. 

LUDWIGIA L. 

alternifolia L. 
palustris Ell. 

Melastomace^. 

Rhexia L. 
virginica L. New Texas; ^louth of the 
Tucquan. 

LYTHRACEiE. 

Ammannia Houston. 

humilis Miclix. Chickies; New Texas. 
CuPHEA Jacg. 

viscosissima Jacg. 

CaCTACEuE. 

Opuntia Tourn. 
vulgaris J/27?. (Prickly Pear.) On Rocks 
at the head of an Island above Peach 
Bottom. 

Passiflorace^. 

Passiflora L. 
lutea L. Safe Harbor; Mouth of the 
Tucquan. 



Cucurbitace^. 



SiCTOS. 



angulatus L. (Nimble Kate.) 
ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. 

lobatus T. & G. Near Bainbridge, A.J. 

Garber. 

Umbellifer^. 

HyDROCOTYLE Tourn.\ 

ranunculoides L. Columbia. 

americana L. 
Sanicula Tourn. 

canadensis L. 

marilandica L. 
Daucus Tourn. 

carota L. (Wild Carrot.) Most thor- 
oughly naturalized. 
Heracleum L. 

lanatum Miclix. (Cow Parsnips.) 
Pastinaca Tourn. 

sativa L. (Wild Parsnip.) Fully natu- 
ralized. 
Archemgra B. C. 

rigida D. C New Texas, /. /. Carter. 
Archangelica Iloffm. 

hirsuta T. & G. 

atropurpurea IJoffni. Swamps around 
Lancaster. 
Thaspium iV^M«. 

barbinode JSfutt. 

aureum Nuit. Swamp beyond Diller- 
ville. 

trifoliatum Gray. 

ziziA n. c. 

integerrima D. C. Poor House Hill. 
BuPLEURUM Tourn. 
rotundifolium L. Escaped in some places. 

CiCUTA L. 

maculata L. (Spotted Cowbane.) 

bulbifera L. Collins' s Ferry. 
SiDM L. 

lineare Michx. 
Cryptot^nia D. C. 

canadensis Z>. C. 

Cn.EROPHYLLUM L. 

procumbens Lam. On the Conestoga. 
sativurn Lam. Near the Poor House. 
OSMORRHIZA Ra,f. 
longistylis D. C. (Sweet Myi'rh.) 
brevistylis D. C. 

Araliace.^. 

Aralia Tourn. 
spinosa L. Escaped from cultivation, 
racemosa L. (Spikenard.) 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



587 



hispida ITic/t-c. Above Columbia, J. Stauf- 

fer. 
nuclicaulis L. 
quimiuefolia Gray. (Ginseng.) Herb. 

Wm. Gill. 
trifolia Gray. 

CORXACEiE. 

CoRNUS Tourn. 

canadensis i. Mt. Hope Hills, J. Stauffer. 

tlorida L. (Dogwood.) 

eircinata UUev. Cedar Hill. 

sericea L. 

paniculata L^Hev. 

alternifolia L. 
Nyssa L. 

multiflora Wang. (Sour Gum.) 

Caprifoliace^. 

LONICERA L. 

sempervirens Ait. Banks of the Cones- 
toga; jSTew Texas, J. J. Carter. 

parvifiora Lani. Banks of the Conestoga. 
DiERViLLA Tourn. 

trifida, Mccnch. Chesnut Hill ; near Safe 
Harbor. 
Triostetjm L. 

perfoliatuna L. 

angustifolium L. Mt. Joy, /. Stauffer. 
Sambucus Tourn. 

canadensis i, (Common Elder.) 

pubens Miclix. (Red-berried Elder.) 
Chickies; Turkey Hill. 
Viburnum L. 

lentago L. New Texas; Bart township. 

prnnifolium i. (Black Haw.) 

nudum L. Bart township; Smithville. 

dentatum L. Bart township. 

acerifoliuni L. 

EUBIACE^. 

Galium L. 
aparine L. (Bedstraw.) 
asprellum Michx. 
concinnum T. §' G. Near ]\It. Joy, J. 

Stauffer; on an island at the mouth of 

the Tucqvian. 
trifidum L., var. tinctorium Gr. 
triflorum Miclix. 
pilosum Ait. 
circaezans Michx. 
lanceolatum Torr. Below Binkley's 

Bridge. 



boreale /-. Hanks of the Conestopi. 
Diodia L. 

teres Walt. Hills south of tho Pccjuea. 
Ceimialantiius L. 

occidentalis L. (Butter Hush.) 
MiTGIIELLA L. 

repeus L. (Partridge Bcn-y. 
HOUSTONIA L. 

purjnirea /-., var. longifolia. Gray. Chos- 
nut Hill. 

ca-rulea h. (Bluets.) 

Yalerian.\ce.i:. 

Yalekiaxa Tourn. 

paucillora Michx. Ou the Little Cone»- 
toga beyond :Millcrsville, A. P. Garber. 
Fedia Gaerln. 

oliloria Vahl. (Corn Salad.) 

radiata Michx. 

DiPSACE.E. 

DiPSACUS Tourn. 
»ylvestri» Mill. (Wild Teasel.) 

Compositj:. 

Verxonia Sch7'eb. 

noveboracensis Willd. (Iron Weed.) 
Elepiiantopcs L. 
carolinianus Willd. (Elephant's Foot.) 
Peach Bottom. 
LiATRis ScJireb. 
spicata Willd. New Texas; Martic Forge; 
Island at the mouth of the Tucquau. 
KUHNIA L. 

eupatorioides L. Cedar Hill. 
EuPATORiUM Tourn. 

purpurouin L. (Joe Pye Weed.) 
hyssopifolium L. Collins's Ferry: above 

McCairs Ferry on the Susquehanna, 
teucrifolium Willd. Swamps in Martic 

township and near New Texas, 
rotundifolium L. On tho Susquehanna 

below Peach Bottom, 
sessilifolium L. 
pcrfoliatum L. (Boneset.) 
agcratoidos L. 

aromaticum L. Chesnut Hill. 
3I1KANIA Willd. 
scandens Willd. Bart township: below 
Martic Forge. 
CONOCLtXIUM D. C. 
cffilestinum 2). C (Mist Flower.) On the 
Conestoga above Lanca.stcr; on tho 



588 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Susquehanna above McCall's Feny. 
Sericocarpus Kees. 
solidagineus Nees. Swamp near Martic 

Forge; New Texas, /, J. Carter. 
conyzoides Nees. 
Aster L. 

corymbosus Ait. 

macrophyllus L. 

radula Ait. Swamp west of Smithville. 

patens Ait. 

patens Ait., var. phlogifolius, Oray. 

laevis I. Fruitville; New Texas, J. J. 

Carter. 
undulatus L. 
cordifolius L. 
ericoides L. 

ericoides L., var. villosus, Oray. 
ericoides L., var. gracilis. On the ser- 
pentine barrens around New Texas, 
mutitiorus Ait. Islands at Safe Harbor, 
dumosus L. Martic township, 
tradescanti L. On the Susquehanna, 
miser L., Ait. 
simplex Willd. 
puniceus L. 
prenanthoides Mulil. 
prenanthoides 3fu7d.Yar. scaber, T. & G. 
novae anglise L. 
Erigeron L. 
canadense L. 
bellidifolium Mulil. 
philadelphicum L. 
annuum Pers. 
strigosum MilM. 
DiPLOPAPPus Ca»». 
linariifolius llook. Cedar Hill; Pleasant 

Grove, 
umbellatus Torr. ^- Or. Island at the 

mouth of the Tucquan. 
amygdalinus Torr. §■ Or. Swamp near 

Martic Forge, 
cornifolius Darlington. Mt. Nebo. 
BOLTONIA L'Her. 
glastifolia U Her. Islands and shores of 

the Susquehanna. 

SOLIDAGO L. 
bicolor L. 
latifolia L. 
caesia L, 
virga-aurea L. Var.humilis, Oray. Rocky 

islands at McCall's Ferry, 
neglecta Torr. §• Or. New Texas, /. J. 
Carter. 



patula MuM. 

arguta Ait. Safe Harbor; New Texas. 

muhlenbergii Torr ^ Or. Eiver Hills. 

altissima L. 

ulmifolia Muld. 

odora Ait. Below Peach Bottom. 

nemoralis Ait. 

canadensis L. 

canadensis L. Var. proceia T. §• 0. 

serotina Ait. 

gigantea Ait. 

lanceolata L. 
Chrysopsis Nutt. 

mariana Xuti. Pleasant Grove. 
Inula L. 

lielenium L. (Elecampane.) 
Bacchakis L. 

halimifolia L. Marsh South of New 
Texas; very scarce. 

POLYMNIA L. 

canadensis L. Above Shenk's Ferry; 
rare. 

uvedalia Z. (Leaf Cup.) 
SiLPniUM L. 

trifoliatum L. On the Susquehanna 
above McCall's Ferry, A. P. Oarber. 
Ambrosia Tourn. 

trilidai. (Rag Weed.) 

artemi siae folia i. (Hog Weed.) 
Xanthium Tourn. 

strumarium L. 

spinosum L. Washington; New Texas. 

ECLIPTA L. 

procumbens 3/tc7t.t;. On the Susquehanna. 
Heliopsis Pers. 

laivis Pers. 
RUDBECKIA L. 

laciniata L. 

fulgida Ait. 

hirta L. 
Helianthus L. 

giganteus L. 

strumosus L. 

strumosus L. Var. mollis, T. §• O. Wood- 
ward Hill. 

divaricatus L. 

decapetalus L. 

doronicoides Lam. Along the Susque- 
hanna. 

tuberosus L. (Jerusalem Artichoke.) Es- 
caped. 

ACTINOMERIS Nutt. 

squarrosa Nutt. Common. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



589 



Coreopsis /.. 
tripteris L. On the Susquehanna above 
McCall's Ferry. 
BiDENS L. 
frondosa L. 
connata Muhl. 

cernua L. Swami) near Dillerville. 
chrysanthemoides Michx. 
bipiunata L. (Spanish Needles.) 
Helenium L. 

autumnale L. 
Martjta Cass. 

cotulaD. C. (May Weed.) 
Anthemis L. 

aroensis L. Cohimbia; Lancaster. 
Achillea L. 

Millefolium L. (Yarrow.) 
Leijcanthemum Tour/1. 

vulgare Lam. Ox-eye Daisy. 
partheniuiii; Oodron. (Feverfew.) Es- 
caped. 
Tanacetum L. 

vulgare L. (Tansy.) Escaped. 
Gnaphalium L. 
polycephalum Michx. (Everlasting.) 
uliginosum L. 
purpureum L. 
Antennaria Gcertn. 

margaritacea, E. Br. Gap Hills; Mt. 
Hope, 
plantaginifolia Hook. 
FiLAGO Tourn. 

germanica L. Bainbridge; New Texas. 
Erechthites Raf. 

hieracifolia Raf. (Fire Weed. ) 
Cacalia L. 
suaveolens L. Below the mouth of the 

Pequea; on the Little Conestoga. 
reniformis Muld. Islands of the Susque- 
hanna, 
atriplicifolia L. 
Senecio L. 

avu-eus L. Var. obovatus, T. §" G. 
Arnica L. 

nudicaulis Ell. New Texas, /. J. Carter. 
Centaurea L. 

eyanus L. (Blue Bottle.) Escaped. 
CiRSiTJM Tourn. 
lanceolatum, Scop. (Common Thistle.) 
discolor Spreng, 
altissimum Spreng 
muticum Michx. 
pumilum Spreng. 



horridulum Michx. Swamps Wyond Dil- 
lerville. 
arvense, Scop. (Canada Tliistle.) Nortli 
and West of Lancaster. 
Lappa Tourn. 

officinalis All. (Common Bunlork.) 
CiciiORiL'M 'Tourn. 

intybus L. (Cichory or Chicoiy.) 
Krioia Schrcb. 

virginica Willd. 
Hieuacium Tourn. 
scabrum Michx. (Rough Hawkweed.) 
gronovii L. 

venosum L. ^ 

paniculatum L. 
Nabalis C(«.'*«. 
albus Hook. 
altissimus Hook. 

fraseri D. C. Near ^lartic Forge, 
fraseri D. C. Var. integrifoli, T. §• G. 
New Texas. 
Taraxacum Ilaller. 

dens-leonis Desf. (Dandelion.) 
Lactuca Tourn. 
canadensis L. (Wild Lettuce.) 
canadensis L. Var. integrifolius T. 
SfG. 
Mulgedium (7«s<. 
acuminatiun D. C. 
florid anum D. C. 
leucopha;um, D. C. 

SOKCHUS L. 

oleraceus L. 
asper, Vill. 

LOBELIACEJ-:. 

Lobelia L. 

oardinalis L. (Cardinal Flower.) 
syphilitic.i L. 

puberula MicJir. New Tcxa.s, J. J. Car- 
ter. 
inflata L. (Lulian Tobacco.) 
spicata Lam. 
kalmii L. Swamps beyond Dillei-villo, 

Campanulace.*:. 

Campanula Tourn. 

rotundifolia /.. (IIare-bel\) Rocks be- 
low Wabank. 

aparinoidcs Pursh. 

americana L, On the Conestoga; 
Speculauia Jliister. 

perfoUata J. B. C. 



590 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Ericaceae. 

Gaylussacia H. B. E. 
dumosa T. ^- O. Smithville; New Texas, 
frondosa T. §• G. Safe Harbor, 
resinosa T. tV O. (Black Huckleberry.) 
Vaccinium D. 
macrocarpon Aii. (Cranberry.) George- 
town, 
stamineum L. 

pennsylvanicuni Latn. Fruitville. 
vacillans Solander. 
corymbosum L. 
^ Epiga^a L. 

repens i. (Trailing Arbutus.) 
Gaultheria Kahn. 
procumbens Z/. (Tea Berry.) Near Smith- 
ville ; Chestnut Hill. 
Leucothoe Do}i. 

racemosa Gray. Swamps at Smithville ; 
Island at the mouth of the Tucquan. 
Andromeda L. 
mariana L. New Texas, J. J. Garter. 
ligustrina Muhl. 
Kalmia L. 
latifolia L. (Common Laurel.) 
angustifolia, 7>. (Sheep Laurel.) Smith- 
ville ; New Texas. 
Azalea L. 

viscosa 7>. Bart Township; Smithville; 

New Texas, 
nudiflora L. (Wild Honeysuckle.) 
Rhododendron L. 
maximum L. (Rosebay. Great Laurel. ) 
Ravines along the Susquehanna. 
Pyrola Tourn. 
rotundifolia L. 
elliptica NxM. 

chlorantha Swartz. Turkey Hill, 
secunda L. Hei-b. Wm. Gill. 
Chuiaphila Pursh. 
umbellata Nutt. (Pipissewa.) 
maculata PursJi. 

MONOTROPA L. 

uniflora i. (Indian Pipe.) 
hypopitys L. 

Aquifoliacejb. 

Ilex L. 
o^aca, Ait, (American Holly.) Around 

McCall's Ferry, 
verticillata Gray. 
laivigata Gray. Whitson's Mill, Bart 



Township. 

Ebenace^, 

DiOSPYROS L. 
virginiana L (Persimmon.) Common 
on the Susquehanna. 

Plantagikace^. 

Plantago L. 
major L.. (Common Plantain.) 
lanceolata L. (Ripi>le grass.) 
virginica L. 

Primulace^. 

DODECATnEON L. 

meadia Z. (Hawk's Bill.) Rocks above 
Graeff 's Lauding ; below Safe Harbor. 
Trientalis L. 

americana Pursh. Mt. Hope Furnace. 
Lysimachia lourn. 
stricta Ait. On the Susquehanna, 
quadrifolia L. 
ciliata L. 

lanceolata Walt. On the Susquehanna. 
Anagallis lourn. 
arvensis L. (Pimpernel.) Near Lan- 
caster. 
Samolus L. 

valerandi L. Var. Americanus, Gray. 
On the Conestoga, near Millersville ; 
rare. 

Lentibulace^. 

Utricularia L. 
vulgaris L. CoUins's Ferry, 
gibba L. CoUins's Ferry. 

BlGNONIACE^. 

Tecoma Jtiss. 
radicans Juss. Trumpet Creeper. On the 
Octorara, J. J. Carter. 
Catalpa Scop., Walt. 

bignonioides Walt. 
Martynia L. 
probosoidea Glox. (Unicorn Plant.) Es- 
caped. 

Orobanchace^. 

Epiphegus Nutt. 

virginiana 5ar< (Beech Drops.) 
CONOPHOLUS Wallroth. 

americana, Wallroth. (Cancer Root.) 
Cedar Hill. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



591 



Aphyllon Mitchell. 
uniflorum T. h,- G. 

SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

Yerbascum L. 

Thapsxis L. (Common Mullein.) 

Uattaria L, (Moth^M.) 

lychnitisL. Speedwell Forge. J.Stav.ffer. 
Lin ARIA Tourn. 

canadensis Spreng. Near New Texas. 

vulgaris, Mill. (Toad Flax.) 

SCROPHULARIA Toum. 

nodosa L. 
Chelone Tourn. 

glabra L. (Turtle Head.) 
Pentstemon 3Iitc?iell. 

pubescens Soland. (Beard Tongue.) 

MiMULUS L. 

ringens L. (Monkey Flower.) 

alatus L. 
Gratiola L. 

virginiana L. 
Ilysanthes Raf. 

gratioloides Bentli. 
Veronica L. 

virginica L. 

anagallis L. Swamp beyond Dillersville. 

americana 8c1i weinitz. 

scutellata L. Collins' s Ferry. 

oiiicinalis L. 

serpyllifolia L. 

peregrina L. 

arvensis L. 

agrestis L: Very rare. 

hedercefoUa L. On the Conestoga, below 
Snavely's Mill. 

BUCHNERA L. 

americana L. Near Pleasant Grove, /. J. 
Carter. 
Gerardia L. 

purpvu-ea i. Swamp beyond Dillerville; 
on the Susquehanna. 

tenuifolia Vahl. 

setacea Walt. Near New Texas, /. /• 
Carter. 

flava L. 

quercifolia Pursh. Herb. Wm. Gill. 

pedicularia L. 
Castilleia Mutts. 

coccinea Spreng. (Painted Cup.) 
Pedicularis Tourn. 

canadensis L. (Lousewort.) 

lanceolata Miclix. 



Melampyucm Tourn. 

americanum Michi. (Cow AVho:i«.) 

ACANTIIACEJ':. 

Diantrkua Oronov. 
americana /.. In the ConoRtojra and 
Susquehamia. 
Ruellia L. 
strcpens L. Banks of the Conestoga; 
rare. 

Yeruenace.k. 

Verbena L. 

angustifolia Michx. On the Su-squehanna. 

hastata L. 

urticifolia L. 

officinalis L. Near Lancaster; along X.\n' 
Susquehanna. 
LiPPiA L. 

lanceolata Michx. Islands and shores of 
the Susquehanna. 
Phryma L. 

leptostachya L. (Lopseed. ) 

Labiate:. 

Teucrium L. 

canadense L. (Germander.) 
Triciiostema /.. 

dichotomum L. (Blue Curls.) 
IsANTUUS Michx. 

cjBiuleus Michx. On the Susquehamui. 
Mentha L. 

viridis L. (Si^ear Mint.) 

piperita L. (Pepper M.) 

sativa L. On the Conestoga, near Lan- 
caster. 

canadensis L. 

canadensis L., var. glabrata, Baith. 
Shores of the Susquehamia. 
Lycopvs L. 

virginicus L. 

europieus /-. 

europiwus /.., var. integrifolius. Gray. 

europieus L., var. siimatus, Gray. 

LUNIl.A ].. 

mariana L. (Dittany.) 
Pycnantiikmcm Michx. 
incanum Michx. 

clinnpodioides Torr &■ Gr. Head of 
Heed's Run. above the mouth of the 
Tucquan. 
muticum Pers. 
lanceolatum Pur»h. 



592 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



linifoliura Parsh. 
Origanum L. 

vulgare L. Roadsides near Smithville. 
Calamintha McencJi. 

cUnopodium Bentli. (Basil.) 
Melissa L. 

officinalis L, (Balm.) Escaped. 
Hedeoma Pers. 

pulegioides Pers. (Pennyroyal.) 

COLLINSONIA L. 

canadensis L. (Horse Balm.) 
Salvia L. 
lyrata L. Woods and meadows near 
Lancaster. 

MONARDA L. 

fistulosa L. (Wild Bergamot.) 
LOPHANTHUS Benth. 

nepetoides Benth. 

scropliulariajfolius Benth. 
Nepeta L. 

cataria L. (Catnip.) 

glechoma Benth. (Ground Ivy.) 
Physostegia BentJt. 

virginiana Benth. Islands of tlie Susque- 
hanna. 
Brucella Tourn. 

vulgaris -L. (Heal-all.) 
Scutellaria L. 

canescens Nutt. 

pilosa Michx. 

integrifolia L. New Texas ; SmithviUe. 

nervosa Pursh. Cedar Hill. 

parvula Michx. Chesnut Hill; New Texas. 

galericulata L. 

lateriflora L. 
Marrubium L. 

vulgare L. (Horehound.) 
Stachts L. 

palustris L. Var. aspera, Oray. Safe 
Harbor. 

palustris L. Var. glabra. Oray. 
Leonurus L. 

eardiaca L. (Motherwort, j 
Lamium L. 

amplexicaule L. (Dead Nettle. ) 

purpureum L. On the Conestoga, below 
Witmer's Bridge. 

BORRAGINACEiE. 

EcHixjM Tourn. 

vulgare L. (Blue Weed.) 
Symphytum Tourn. 

officinale L. (Comfrey.) Escaped. 



Onosmodium Michx. 

virginianum D. G. Cedar Hill. 
LiTnosPERMUM Tourn. 

arvense L. (Field Gramwell._) 

latifolium Michx. 
Mertensia Both. 

virginica D. G. (Lungwort.) 
Myosotis L. 

palustris WitJiering. Var. laxa, Oray. 
(Forget-me-not. ) 

verna Nutt. 
Cynoglossum Tourn. 

officinale L. (Hound's Tongue.) 

virginicunri L. 

morisoni D. G. 

Hydrophyllace^. 

Hydrophyllum L. 

virginicum L. 

canadense L. Turkey Hill; Island above 
Peach Bottom. 

append iculatum Michx. Near Mt. Joyj^ 
/. Stauffer; Herb. Wm. Gill. 
Ellisia L. 

nyctelea L. Along the Susquehanna. 
Phacelia JliSS. 

parviflora Pursh. Along the Susquehana. 

POLEMONIACE^. 

Polemonium Tourn. 

reptans L. On the Conestoga. 
Phlox L. 

paniculata L. Peach Bottom; mouth of 
the Tucquan. 

maculata jj. 

pilosa L. New Texas, J. J. Garter. 

divaricata L. 

.subulata L. (Moss Pink.) New Texas, 
J. J. Garter. 

CONVOLVULACE^. 

Ipom^a L. 

purpurea L. Escaped from gardens. 

nil, Both. Fields, New Texas. 

lacunosa L. Islands of the Susquehanna. 

pandurata Meyer. CWild Sweet Potato.) 
Convolvulus L. 

arvensis L. (Bindweed. ) Near Lancaster. 
Calystegia B. Br. 

sepium R. Br. Islands of the Susque- 
hanna. 

spithamaea Pursh, Near Columbia; Man- 
heim, /. Stauffer. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



593 



CuscuTA Tourn. 

epilinum, WeiJie. New Texas, ,/. J. Car- 
ter. 

tenuiflora Engelm. Shock's Mill, above 
Marietta. 

chlorocarpa Engelm. Islands at Safe Har- 
bor. 

gronovii Willd. 

SOLANACE^. 

SoLANUM Tourn. 

dulcamara L. (Bitter-sweet.) 

nigrum L. (Night-shade.) 

carolinense L. Bart twp. ; Millersville. 
Physalis L. 

philadelphica Lam. Lancaster. 

viscosa L. 

pennsylvanica, L. Petersville. 
NiCANDRA Adans. 

physaloides Gmrtn. 
Lycium L. 

vulgare, Duval. Escaped in some places. 
Datura L. 
■ stramonium, L. (Thorn Apple.) 

tatula L. (Purple T.) 

Gentianace^. 

Sabbatia Adams. 

angularis Pursli. (Am. Centaury.) 
Erythraea Pers. 
ramosissima, Pers. var. pidchella, Griseb. 
Abundant near Lancaster. 
Gentiana L. 
crinita Froel. Swamps beyond Diller- 

ville. 
ochroleuca Froel. New Texas, 
andrewsii Griseb. 
saponaria L. Swamp at Sniithville. 
Bartonia Muhl. 

tenella Mtihl. Swamp near Martic Forge. 
Obolaria L. 

virginica L. Martic township. 
Menyanthes Tourn. 

trifoliata L. (Buck Bean.) Swamp be- 
yond Dillerville; Long Swamp, below 
Eden. 

Apocynace^. 

Apocynum Tourn. 
androsaemifolium L. (Dog Bane.) 
cannabinura L. (Indian Hemp.) 
cannabinum L. Var. hypericifolium, 
Gray. 

39 



Asclkpiadace.k. 

ASCLEPIAS L. 

cornuta Dcrniitnf. (('omnmn Milkwtt.'d. i 

phytolaccoides Pur»h. 

purpurasccMs L. 

variegata L. Chesnut Hill. 

quadrifolia Jiirq. 

incarnata L. 

incaniata L. Var. pulchi-a. Gray. Smitli- 
ville. 

obtusifolia Michx. New Texan, J. J. Car- 
ter. 

rubra L. Swamj)s at Smithville and 
Georgetown. 

tuberosa L. 

verticillata L. Cedar Hill. 
ACERATES Ell. 

viridiliora Ell. 
GoNOLOBUs Michx. 

obliquus R. Br. Cedar Hill, al)ov9 
Shenk's Ferry. 

Oleace.k. 

LiGCSTRUM Tourn. 
vulgare L. (Privet.) On the Concstoga. 

CHIONANTnUS L. 

virginica L. (Fringe Tifc.) Martic 
Township; New Texa.s, J. J. Carter. 
Fraxinus Tourn. 

americana L. (White Ash.) 

pulx!sccns Lam. (Rod Ash.) 

viridis i¥i'<-7i.r. /. (Green Ash.) Island at 
Safe Harbor. 

sambucifolia Lam. (Black Ash.) 

AmSTOLOCHIACE.t:. 

AsARU.M Tourn. 

canadeuse //. (Wild Ginger.) 
Aristolochia Tourn. 

serpeutaria L. (Virginia Snakcnwt.) 

PnYTOLACCACE^. 

Phytolacca Tourn. 
decandra L. (Poke.) 

CllENOPODlACE-K. 

CnEN'oroDicM L. 

album L. (Lamb's Quarters. ) 

album L. Var. bo.scianum, Gray. Safe 

Harbor. 
glaucum L. Streets of Lancaster. 
urbicum L. Streets of Lanca.ster. 



594 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



hyhridum L. Safe Harbor. 
botrys L. 
ambrosioides L. 

ambrosioides L. Var. anthelminttcum, 
Gr. (Wormseed.) Columbia. 
Blitum Tourn. 
capitaium L. (Strawberry Elite.) Es- 
caped from cultivation. 

Amarantace^. 

Amaraxtus Tourn. 
hypocliondriacus L. 
paniculaius L. 
retroflexus L. 

retroflexiis L. Var, chlorostachys, Gray, 
albus L. 
spinosus L. 



POLYGONACE^. 
POLYGOMUM Z.l 

orientale L. (Prince's Feather.) 

pennsylvanicum L. 

incarnatum Ell. On the Susquehanna. 

persicaria L. 

liydropiper X. (Smartweed.) 

acre R. B. K. 

hydropiperoides Micltx. 

amphibium L. Var. aquaticum Willd. 

In the Susquehanna at Safe Harbor, 
amphibium L. Var. terrestre, Willd. 
virginianum L. 

aviculare L. Var. erectum, Both. 
tQnwe Michx. Chesnut Hill; New Texas, 
arifolium L. 

sagittatum L. (Tear Thumb.) 
convolvulus L. (Wild Buckwheat.) 
dumetorum L. Var. scandens Gray. 
Fagopyrum Tourn. 
esculentum Moencli. (Buckwheat.) 

RUMEX L. 

britannica X. (Pale Dock.) Safe Harbor. 
crispus L. (Curled D.) 
obtusifoUus L. (Bitter D.) 
ucetosella L. (Sheep Sorrel.) 

Laurace^. 

Sassafras Nees. 

officinale Nees. 
LiNDERA Tliunberg. 

\>en7.ova. Meisner. (Spice Bush.) 

Thymelace^. 

DiRCA L. 



palustris L. (Leatherwood.) Near Mt. 
Joy, /. Stauffer. 

Santalace^, 

COMANDRA Nutt. 

umbellata Nutt. 

LOEANTHACE^. 

PnORADENDRON Nutt. 

flavescens Nutt. (Mistletoe.) On two 
gum-trees near Martic Forge. 

Saururace^. 

Satjrurus L. 

cernuus L. (Lizard's Tail.) 

Ceratophyllace^. 

Ceratophyllum L. 

deroersum L. (Hornwort.) 

Callitrichace^e, 

Callitriche L. 
verna L. 

EUPHORBIACE^. 

EnpnoRBiA L. 
maculata L. 
hypericifolia Z. 
coroUata L. 
dentata Michx. On the Conestoga near 

the railroad-bridge, E. DiffenbatigTi. 
peplus L. Fruitville. 
commutata, Engelm. Safe Harbor. 
latJiyris L. (Mole Spurge.) 

ACALYPHA L. 

virginica L. 
Phyllanthus L. 
carolinensis Walt. On the Susquehanna. 

Urticaceje. 

Ulmus L. 

fulva Michx. (Slippery Elm.) 

araericana i. (White E.) 
Celtis Toxirn. 

occidentalis L. (Hackberry.) 
MoRUS Tourn. 

rubra L. 

alba L. Along roadsides. 
TJrtica Tourn. 

gracilis Ait. 

dioica L. (Common Nettle. ) 
Laportea Gaudichaud. 

canadensis, Gaudichaud. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 



595 



Ptlea Lindl. 

pumila Gray. 
BffiHMERiA Jacq. 

cyliiulrioa Willd. 
Parietarta Tourn. 

pennsylvanica MuM. 
Cannabis Tourn. 

sativa L. 

HUMULUS L. 

lupulns L. (Hop.) On 
and Snsqnehanna. 



tlie Conestoica 



Platan ACE J?:, 

Platanus l. 
occidentalis L. (Buttonwood.) 

JUGLANDACE.E. 

JUGLANS L. 

cinerea L. (Butternut.) 

nigral.. (Black Walnut.) 
Carya Nutt. 

alba Nutt. (Shellbark Hickory.) 

sulcata Nutt. 

tomentosa Nutt. 

porcina Nutt. (Pig Nut. ) 

amara Nutt. 

CUPULIFER.E. 

QuERcrs L. 

albai. (White Oak.) 

obtusiloba Michx. (Po.st Oak.) Kissel 
Hill; near Marietta; New Texas; rare. 

macrocarpa Michx. On the Cocalico. 

bicolor Willd. Islands of the Susque- 
hanna. 

prinus />. (Che-snut Oak.) 

prinus L., var., monticola Michx. (Rock 
Oak.) 

prinus i., var. acuminata, Michx. (Yel- 
low Chesnut Oak.) On the Conestoga; 
rare. 

priuoides, Willd. (Chinquapin Oak.) 
Smithville. 

phellos L. (Willow Oak) Reported on 
reliable authority as growing on the 
Pequea near Good's mill. 

nigra i. (Blackjack.) Near Smithville ; 
New Texas; rare. 

ilicifolia Wang. (Scrub Oak.) New Texas. 

coccinea Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) 

coccinea Wang., var. tinctoria, Gray. 
("Quercitron, or Black Oak.) 

rubra Z. (Red Oak.) 



pahistris D>i Hoi. (Pin Oak.) Conowafco 
Hills. 
Castanka Tourn. 

vysoa L. (Cliosinit.) 

pumila .VjcAj. (Chincpi.-i])!!!.) Nrar Mar- 
tic Forge. 
Fagus 'lourn. 

fenuginea Ait. (Beech.) 
CoRYLrs Tourn . 

americana Walt. (Common Hazelnut) 

rostrata ,h7. (Beaked H.) Chesnut Hill. 
OsTRTA Mitchell. 

virginica Willd. (Iron Wood.) 
Carpinus L. 
americana Miehx. (Hornbeam.) 

^[yricace.e. 

CoMPTOXiA Solander. 
asplenifolia Ait. (Sweet Feni.) 

Betulace^. 

Betula Tourn. 

lentai. (Sweet Birch.) River Hills. 

nigia L. 
Alncs Tourn. 

serrulata JiY. (Alder.) 

Salicace.e. 

Salix Tourn. 
tristis^4j7. New Texas, 
humilis Marshall. 
discolor Muhl. 
sericea Marshall. 
petiolaris Smith, 
purpxirea L. 

cordata Muhl. Islands of the Susque- 
hanna, 
cordata Muhl. Var. myricoides Gray. 
lucida Muhl. Near Wa.shington. 
nigra Marshall. 
nigra Marsh. Var. falcata Carey. Along 

the Susquehanna. 
fragilis L. Var. russeliana Carey. On 

the Conestoga. 
alba L. 
PopcLCS Tourn. 
tremuloides Michx. (Aspen.) 
grandidentita Michx. 

CONIFER-E. 

PiNUS Tourn. 
rigida Miller. (Pitch Pine.) 
inops Ait. (Scrub Pine) 



596 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



mitisMichx. (Yellow Pine.) A small grove 

of it near Manlieim. 
StrobusX. (White Pine.) 
Abies Tourn. 

canadensis Michx. (Hemlock Spruce.) 

JUNIPERUS L. 

communis L. (Common Juniper.) On 
the Conestoga near Mill Creek; near 
Eeinholdsville. 

canadensis L. (Red Cedar, j 

CLASS II. MONO COT YLED ONO US, 
OB ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Arace^. 

Aris^ma Martins. 

tripliyllum Torr. (Indian Turnip.) 

dracontium Scliott. 
Symplocarpus Salisb. 

foetidus Salisb. (Skuiik Cabbage.) 
Orontium L. 

aquaticum L. (Golden Club.) Swamp 
beyond Dillerville; Smithville. 
ACORUS L. 

calainus L. (Calamus.) 

Lemnacej*;. 

Lemna L. 

trisulca i. Run near Lancaster. 

minor L. (Duck Weed.) Collins's 

Ferry. ^ 
polyrrhiza L. 

TYPHACEJi. 

Typha Tourn. 

latifoliai. (Cat Tail.) 
Sparganium Tourn. 

eurycarpum Engehn. Collins's Ferry. 

simplex Hudson. Var. nuttallii Or. 

simplex Z/Mrf-stJ/i,. Var. androcladum Or. 

Naiadaceje. 

Naias L. 

flexilis All. In the Susquehanna. 

POTAMOGETON Toum. 

natans L. 

claytonii Tuckerm. Susquehanna. 

hybridus Michx. Near Christiana. 

lonchitis Tuckerm. Susquehanna. 

gramineus L. Susquehanna. 

perfoliatus L. 

crispus L. Conestoga and Susquehanna. 

compressus L. Near Bainbridge. 



obtusifolius 3Iertens Sf Koch. Riui in 
swamp beyond DilleiTille; very rare. 

paucitlorus Pursh. 

pusillus L. 

pectinatus L. Susquehanna at Safe Har- 
bor. 

robbinsii Oakes. Safe Harbor; Wash- 
ington. 

Alismace^. 

Alisma L. 

plantago L. Var. americanum, Or. 
Sagittaria L. 

variabilis Engehn. 

heterophylla Pursh. Safe Harbor. 

Hydrochardiace^. 

Anacharis Richard. 

canadensis Planchon. 
Vallisneria 3Iicheli. 

spiralis L. CEel Gi'ass.) 

ORCHIDACEJi. 

Orchis L. 

spectabilis L. River Hills. 
Habenaria Willd., B. Br. 

tridentata Hook. Mt. Hope Hills; Mar- 
tic Swamp. 

virescens Spreng. New Texas, /. J. Car- 
ter. 

viridis B. Br. Var. bractcata, Beichen- 
baeh. Mt. Hope Hills. J. Stauffer; 
Chiques, Herb. S. S. Haldeman. 

ciliaris B. Br. Smithville; New Texas. 

lacera B. Br. New Texas. 

psycodes Gr. 

timbriata B. Br. Hills east of George- 
town. 

peramasna Gr. New Texas, /. J. Car- 
ter. Near the mouth of the Pequea. 
GOODYERA B. Br. 

pubescens B. Br. 
Spiranthes Bichard. 

latifolia Torr. Meadows near Millers- 
ville. 

cernua Bichard. 

graminea Lindl. Var. walteri, Gr. 

gracilis Bigelow. 
Arethusa Gronov. 

bulbosa L. Swamps near Smithville and 
Georgetown. 
POGONIA Juss. 

ophioglossoides Nutt. Smithville; New 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



597 



Texas, 
pendula Lindl. Near Shenk's Ferry, E. 

Diffenhaucjh. 
verticillata Nutt. Below Willow Street. 
Calopogon R. Br. 
pulchellus R. Br. Martic Swamp; New 

Texas. 

MiCROSTYLIS Nutt. 

ophioglossoides Nutt. New Texas, /. /. 
Carter. 
LiPARis Richard. 

liliifolia Ridiard. Chesiiut Hill. 
CORALLORHIZA IlalUr. 

innata R. Br. House Rock, Martic 
Township. 

odontorhiza Nutt. 

multiflora Nutt. 
Aplectrum Nutt. 

hyemale Nutt. (Adam and Eve) 
Cypripedium L. 

parviflorum Salixb. New Texas; Little 
Conestoga;^ Reinholdsville. 

pnbescens Willd. Near Martic Forge. 

acaule Ait. Chicques; Smitliville. 

Amarylladace^. 

Narcissus L. 
pseudo-narcissus L. (Daffodil.) Escaped 
at House Rock, Martic Township; 
near Millersville, A. P. Garher. 
Hypoxys L. 
erecta i. (Star Grass.) 

n.EMODORACEvE. 

Aletris L. 
farinosa L. Smitliville; New Texas. 

IRIDACE..E. 

Iris L. 

versicolor Z. (Blue Flag.) 

virginica L. New Texas, J. J. Carter. 
Pardanthus Eer. 

cTiinensis Ker. Bart township; New 

Texas. 
S18YRINCHIUM L. 

bermudianum L. Var. anceps Or. 

bermudianum L. Var, mucronatum 0. 

DiOSCOREACE.E. 



DloscoREA Plxtmier. 
villosa L. 



SMILACE.E.. 



Smilax Tourn. 

rotundifolia /.. (rirceii Briar.; 
ghiuca W,dt. Swamp at Siiiithvlllo. 
hispida Mu?d. On tho Coucstojpi. 
horbacca L. (Carrion Flower. ^ 

LlLIACEJE. 
Trillium L. 
granditlorum SaltJib. Below Peach Bot- 
tom, ,/. ,/. Carter. 
ereotum /.. (Wake Robin.) 
erectum L. "Var. album, Gr. LilKTty 

Square, J. S. Parry. 
cernuum L. Ravines near Martic Forge* 
Reinholdsville. 
Medeola Gronov. 

\irginica L. (Indian CucumlKr-root.) 
Melanthium Gronor. L. 

virginicum L. 
Stenanthium (tray. 
angustifolium Gr. New Texas, J, ,/. 
Carter. 
Veratrum Tourn. 

viride Ait. (White Helleboie.} 
Amianthium Gray. 
muscajtoxicum Gr. (Fly Poison. ^ Hills 
along the Octoi-aro. 
CirAM.ELIRIUM Willd. 

luteinn Gr. (Blazing Star.) 
UVULARIA L. 

perfoliata L. (Bellwort.) 
sessilifolia L. 
Smilacina Dei(f. 
racemosa Dcsf. 

stellata Des/. Silver Spring, J. P. Gar- 
her. 
bifolia Ker. 

POLYGONATUM ToUVn. 

bitlorum Ell. (Solomon's Soal.;i 

giganteum Dietrich. 
Asparagus L. 

officinalis L. Escaped fnim gardciu;. 
LlLIUM L 

philadelpfiium L. Clu-snut Hill. 

canadense /.. Smitliville. 

superbum /.. New Texas, J. J. Carter; 
Reinholdsville. 
Erytrronium L. 

americanum Smith. (Dog's-tooth Violet) 

albidum Nutt. Turkey Hill. -1. P. Gar- 
ber. 
ORMTnOGALUM Tourn. 

umbellatum L. (SUir of Bethlehem.; 



598 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



Escaped. 
Allium L. 
tricoccum Ait. Peacli Bottom, J. J. 

Cartel'. 
cernuum Both. (Wild Onion. ^ 
mneale L. (Garlic.) 

canadense Kahn. Swanij) near Dillerville. 
MuscARi Tourn. 
botryoides, Mill. (Grape Hyacinth, j Es- 
caped. 

JuXCACE.i:. 

LUZULA B. C. 

pilosa Willd. On the Conestoga near 
Eden. 

campestris D. C. 
JUNCUS L. 

effusus L. (Common Rush.) 

balticus Dctliard. Swamps beyond Dil- 
lerville. 

marginatus Bostk. 

bufonius L. 

tennis Willd. 

tennis Willd. Var. secundus, Engclin. 
Safe Harbor; Reigart's Landing. 

acuminatns Michx. Var. debilis, Engebn. 
Swamp at Smith ville; rare. 

acuminatns Michx. Var. legitimus, 
Engelm. 

acuminatns Michx. Vor. frateruus En- 
gelm. 

nodosus L. Swamps beyond Dillerville 
SciRPOiDEs Lam. Var. macrostemon, En- 
gelm. Island at the mouth of the Tuc- 
quan. 

canaden.sis J. Gay. Var. longicaudatus, 
Engelm. 

canadensis J. Gay. Var. subcaudatus, 
Engelm. lleinholdsville; rare. 

canadensis J. Gay. Var. brachycephalus. 
Engelm. Swamps beyond Dillerville. 

PONTEDERIACE.E. 
PONTEDERIA L. 

cordata L. Susquehanna at Safe Hai'bor. 
Heteranthera Buiz is' Pav. 

renifonnis B^liz i^' Pav. 
Schollera Schreh. 

graminea Willd. 

COMMELYJSTACEJE. 
COMMELYNA Dill. 

erecta L. Peach Bottom; Reed's Run. 



virginica L. Safe Harbor. 
Tradescantia L. 
virginica L. (Spiderwort.) 

Xyridace^. 

Xyris L. 

flexnosa Miihl. Ghapm. Islands of Sus- 
quehanna; New Texas. 

Cyperace^. 

Cyperus L. 

flavescens L. 

diandrus Torr. 

iuflexus Muhl. On the Susquehanna. 

dentatus Torr. On the Susquehanna. 

phymatodes Muhl. 

strigosus L. 

filicuhnis Vahl. 

lancastriensis T. C. Porter. Abundant 
along the shores of the Susquehanna 
and on the islands from Safe Harbor 
to Peach Bottom. 

ovularis Torr. On the Susquehanna. 
DuLicniUM Bichard. 

spathaceum Pers. 
ELEOcnARis B. Br. 

obtnsa Schultes. 

palustris B. Br. 

intermedia Schultes. 

tennis Schultes. 

acicularis B. Br. 
SCIRPUS L. 

planifolius Muhl. 

pungens Vahl. Swamp near Dillerville; 
along the Susquehanna. 

validus Vahl. 

debilis Pursh. Smith ville; Pleasant 
Grove. 

fluviatilis Gray. Sus(iuehanna at Peach 
Bottom, Br. George Smith. 

atrovirens MiM. 

polyphyllus Vahl. 

eriophoium Michx. 
Eriophorum L. 

virginicum L. 

FlMBRISTYLIS Vahl. 

laxa Vcihl. New Texas, on the serpen- 
tine, J. J. Carter. 
autumnalis Bcem §• Schult. 
capillaris Gray. 
Rhyncospora Vahl. 

cjnnosa Nutt. Island at the mouth of the 
Tucquan; Georgetown; New Texas. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



699 



alba Vahl. 

capillacea Torr. Swami)s beyond Dillcr- 
ville. 

glomerata Vahl. 
Cladium p. Browne. 

mariscoides Torr. Swami) near Dillcr- 

ville. 
SCLERIA L. 

triglomerata Michx. Smithville. 

laxa 2'orr. Martic Swamp. 

pauciflora Mulil. New Texas. 

verticillata MuM. Swamps beyond Diller- 
ville. 
Carex L. 

polytriclioides MuM. 

willdenovii Schk. Near Binkley's Bridge. 

steudelii Kunth. On the Concstoga. 

bromoide.s Schk. 

teretiuscula Oood., var. major, Koch. 
Swamp nearDillei"ville; Long Swamp. 

vrdpinoidea Michx. 

stipata Ma hi. 

sparganioides Muhl. 

cephaloidea Dew., Boott. 

cephalophora Muhl. 

muhlenbergii Schk. 

rosea Schk. 

retroflexa Muhl. Above Reigart's Land- 
ing. 

sterilis Willd. Swamps near Dillerville. 

stellulata Good. 

stellulata Good., var. scirpoides, Boott. 

scoparia Schk. 

lagopodioides Schk. Safe Harbor. 

cristata Schw. Near Peach Bottom. 

straminea Schk., var. typica, Boott. 

striata Lam. 

striata Lam., var. strictior, Boott. 

crinita Lam. 

buxbaumii Wahl. Smithville; New 
Texas. 

paniaea L. New Texas, J. J. Carter. 

tetanica Schk. 

granularis Muhl. 

conoidea Schk. Swamp beyond Diller- 
ville. 

glauaodea Tuckerm. Smithville. 

grisea Wahl. 

davisii ScJiw. S\' Torr. 

gracillima Schw. 

virescens Muhl. 

triceps Michx. 

platyphylla Carey. On the Conestoga. 



digitalis Willd. On the Little Conestog*. 

laxitlora Lam. 

laxitlora Lam., var. Btyloflcxa, Boott. 
SwaiHp near Smithville. 

laxitlora Lam., var. blanda. Boott. 

laxitlora Lam., var. latir.tlia. Boott. 

oligocarpa Schk. Poor Hou.se Hill. 

hitchcoi'kiana Dew. 

peduncnlata Mithl. Below Eilen. 

umboHata Srhk. Ik'low Chioiues. 

ennnonsii Deir. 

pennsylvanica L.am. 

varia Muhl. 

pubescens Muhl. 

miliacea Muhl. 

scabrata Schw. Turkey Hill; Mt. IIoi* 
Hills. 

debilis Michx. Smithville ; Bart towiuhip. 

debilis Michx., var. imlx'ra. Gr. Smith- 
ville. 

lanuginosa Michx. 

vestita ^yilld. Smithville. 

polymoipha Muhl. Smithville; Bart 
township. 

trichocarpa Muhl. 

comosa Boott. Collin.s's Ferry; Fi.shiMg 
Creek. 

hystricina Willd. 

tentaculata Muhl. 

intumescens Rudgc. New Texa.s; Bart 
town.ship. 

luijulina Mvhl. Island nearthe Tuccjuan. 

folliculata L. Mt. llo])0 Funiaee; swaniji 
near Smithville. 

squarrosa L. Island at the mouth of the 
Tucquan. 

monile Tuckerm. Swamp near Smith- 
ville. 

Imllata Schk. Swam]) near Smithville. 

Gramine.e. 

Leersia Solander. 
virginica Willd. 
oryzoides Swartz. 
ZizAMA Gronov. 
aquatica L. (Indian l{iee,) Swamps 
above Shock's mill, on the Su.sque- 
hanna. • 

PnLEUM L. 

pratense L. (Timothy.) 
Crypsis Ait. 
schoenoides. Lam. Near Mountvillo. A. 
P. Qarber. 



600 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



ViLPA Adans. Beauv. 

aspera Beauv. 

vaginseflora Torr. 
Agkostis L. 

perennans Tuckerm. 

scabra Willd. 

vulgaris, With. (Red top.) 

alba L. 

CiNNA L. 

arundinacea L. Chiques. 
MuHLENBERGiA Scliveber. 

sobolifeva Trin. 

glomerata Trin, Swamps beyond Diller- 
ville. 

mexicana Trin. 

sylvatica T. Sf O. 

willdenovii Trin. 

diffusa Schreb. 

capillaris Kunth. Below Safe Harbor; 
very rare. 
Brachyelytrum Beauv. 

aristatum Beauv. 
Calamagrostis Adans. 

canadensis Beauv. Near Georgetown. 

nuttalliana Steud. Swamps at Smith- 
Oryzopsis Miclix. 

melanocarpa, Muhl. Below Binkley's 
Bridge. 
Akistida L. 

dichotoma Michx. 

gracilis Ell. 

purpurascens Pair. On the Susque- 
hanna 
Spartina, Schreb. 

cynosuroides, Willd. On the Susque- 
hanna. 

BOUTELONA Laff. 

curtipendula Gr. Safe Harbor; Cedar 
Hill. 
Eleusine Qaertn. 

indica, Gaertn. (Crab Grass. ^ 
Tricuspis Beauv. 

seslerioides Torr. 
Dactylis L. 

glomerata L. ( Orchard Grass. ) 
Eatonia Raf. 

obtusata Gr. Safe Harbor. 

pennsylvanica Gr. 
Melica L. 

mutica Walt. Var. diffusa, Gr. Safe 
Harbor. 
Gltceria B. Br. 

canadensis Trin. Martic Swamp ; Smith- 



ville. 

elongata Trin. Beyond Reinholdsville. 

nei-vata Trin. 

fluitans B. Br. Georgetown ; Willow 
Street, 
PoaZ. 

annua L. 

compressa L. (Blue Grass.) 

pratensis L. (Meadow Grass.) 

trivialis L. 

sylvestris Gr. Little Conestoga beyond 
Millersville. 

alsodes Gr. Ravine near Martic Forge. 

brevifolia Muhl. Rocks on the Cones- 
toga. 
Eragrostis Beauv. 

reptans Nees. 

po(Eoides Beauv. 

pilosa Beauv. 

frankii Meyer. Shores of the Susque- 
hanna. 

capillaris Nees. On the Susquehanna. 

pectinacea Gr., Var. spectabilis, Gr. 
Festitca L. 

tenella Willd. 

elatior h. (Fescue Grass.) 

elatior L., Var. pratensis, Gr. 

nutans Willd. 

nvitans Willd., Var. palustris. In swamps 
near Dillerville, Smithville and New 
Texas. 
Bromus L. 

secalinus L. (Cheat.) 

racemosus L. 

ciliatus L. 
Uniola L. 

latifolia Michx. McCall's Ferry; Safe 
Harbor. 
LOLIUM L. 

perenne L. (Darnel.^ 
Triticum L. 

repens L. ( Couch Grass. ) 
Elymus L. 

virginicus L. 

canadensis L. 

canadensis L., var. glaucifolius, Gr. 

striatus, Willd. Island above Peach 
Bottom. 
GYMNOSTtcHUM Schrcb. (Bottle Brush.) 

hystrix, Schreb. (Bottle Brush.) 
Danthonia B. C. 

spicata Beauv. 
Trisetum Pers. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



601 



palustre Torr. Bart Township ; near 
Dillei-ville. 
AiRA L. 

flexiiosa L. Rocks near Peach Bottom. 

caespitosa, L. Long Swamp below Eden. 
Arrhenatherum Beauv. 

avenaceum Beauv. (Oat Grass.) 

IIOLCUS L. 

lanatus L. (Velvet Grass.) 
Anthoxanthum L. 

odoratum i, (SAveet Vernal Grass. ) 
Phalaris L. 

canariensis L. (Canary Grass.) 

arundinacea L. 
Paspalum L. 

setaceum Michx. 

Iseve Michx. 
Panicum L. 

filifomie L. 

glabrum Gaudin. 

sanguinale L. 

anceps Michx. 

agrostoides Spreng. 

prolifemni Lam. 

capillare L. 

virgatum L. On the Susquehanna. 

latifolium L. 



clandcstiniim L. 

microcarium Mnhl. Islands of the Suk- 

quehaniia. 
paucitloruni FAL On the Su.squchanna. 
dichotonuim L. 
depauperatum Muld. 
crus-galli L. 
Setaria Beauv. 
verticillata, Beauv. 
glauca, Beauv. (Foxtail.) 
viridis Beauc. (Green F.) 
Cknchuus L. 

tribuloidcs X. (Bur Grass.) On the Su- 
quohanna. 
Tripsacum L. 
dactyloides L. (Gama Grass.) On the 
Susquehanna. 
Andropogon L. 
furcatus Mu?d. 
scoparius Michx. 

virginicus L. Chesnut Hill; Susque- 
hanna, 
macrourus Michx. Martic Swamp; Smith- 

ville. 
Sorghum Peri*. 
nutans Gray. 



SERIES II. 
CRYPTOGAMOUS, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 

pinnatifidum Nutt. Rocks east of George- 
town. 

trichomancs L. 

ebeueum L. 

montanum Willd. On the Tucquan. 

ruta-muraria L. Cedar Hill. 

augustifolium Michx. Turkey Hill- 

thelypteroidcs Michx. 

hlix-fffimina Bernh. 
Camptosouus Link. 

rhizophyllus Link. (Walking Leaf.) 
P^EGOPT^:RIS FCe. 

hexagonoptera FC'C. 

dryopteris F^e. Itiwine near Marticl- orge. 
AsPiDiUM Swarlz. 

thelypteris Sictz. 

noveboracense Swtz. 

spinulosum Swtz., var. dilatatum, trr. 

cristatum Swtz. Swamps, Martic town p. 

marginalc Swtz. 

acrostichoides Swtz. 
Cystopteris Bernh. 

bulbifera Bernh. 



CLASS TIL ACRO GENS 

Equisetace^. 

EqtJisETUAt L. 
arvense L. 

arvenseZ., var. serotinum, 3/(e^e7'. Island 
at Safe Harbor, June 7, 1 865 ; abundant, 
sylvaticum L. Long Swamp, below- Eden, 
hyemale L. (Scouring Rush.) 

FiLICES. 

POLTPODIUM Lj. 

vulgare L. 
Adiantum L. 

jMidatxim L. (Maidenhair.) 
Pteris Z. 

aquilina -L. (Brake.) 
Cheilanthes Sicartz. 

vestita Swartz. Rocks on the Susque- 
hanna. 
Pell^a Link. 

atropurpurea Link. 
Abplenium L. 



602 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



fragilis Bernh. 

fragilis J5er7iA., var. dentata, Hooh. 
Struthiopteris Willd. 

gernianica Willd. COstrich Fern.) Islands 
and banks of the Susquehanna. 
Onoclea L. 

sensibilis L. 
WoODSiA R. Br. 

obtusa Torr. 
DiCKsoNiA V Her. 

punctilobula Kunze. 

OSMUNDA L. 

regalis L. 

claytoniana L. 

cinnamomea L. 
BoTRYCHiUM Swartz. 

virginicum Swtz. 

lunarioides 8wtz., var. obliquuni, Gr. 

lunarioides Sictz., var. dissectum, Or. 
Ophisglossom L. 

vulgatum L. (Adder's Tongue.) Near 
Mountville, A. P. Garber. 

Lycopodiace^. 

Lycopodium L. Spring. 

lucidulum Michx. Ravine near Martic 
Forge, 
dendroideum Miclix. 
clavatum L. New Texas, J. J. Carter. 
complanatum L. 
Selaginella Beauv., Spring. 
rupestris Spring. Cedar Hill; shores of 

the Susquehanna, 
apus Spring. 

ISOETES L. 

engelmanni Brann, var. valida, Engelm. 
Bogs around Smith ville. 

CLASS IV. AN0PHYTE8. 

Musci.^ 

Sphagnum Dill. 

cymbifolium Bill. 

acutifolium Ehrh. 
Archidium Brid. 

ohioense Scldmp. On the Tucquan. 
Phascum L. 

crassinervium SchwcBgr. 
Weissia Hedw. 

viriduia Brid. 
DiCRANUM Hedw. 

1 In the determination of the mosses, valuable aid 
Thomas P. James, Esq., of Philadelphia. 



varium Hedw. 

rufescens Turner. 

heteromallum Hedw. 

schreberi Hedw. Swamp beyond Diller- 
ville. 

scoparium L. 

undulatum Turner. 
Ceratodon Brid. 

purpureus Brid. 
LEUror.RYUM Hampe. 

minus Hampe. 

glaucum Hampe. 
FissiDENs Hedw. 

minutulus Sulliv. 

adiantioides Hedw. 
CoNOMiTRiUM Montague. 

julianum Mont. 
TRicnosTOMUM Br. cV Sell. 

tortile Schrad. 

pallidum Hedio. 
Barbula Hedw. 

unguiculata Hedw. 

ciespitosa ScMocegr. 
Desmatodon Br-id. 

plinthobius Sulliv. ^' Lesqx. On limestone 
rocks, below the railroad bridge, near 
Lancaster. 
Tetraphis Hedio. 

pellucida Hedw. 
Encalypta Sclireh. 

streptocarpa Hedw. 
Zygodon Hook. &,• Tayl. 

lapponicus Br. ^ ScTi. 
Drummondia Hook. 

clavellata Hook. 
Orthotrichum Hedw. 

cupulatum Hoffm. 

anomalum Hedw. 

strangulatum Beauv. 

canadense Br. 8f ScTi. 

hutchinsias Smitli. 

crispum Hedw. 

crisi^ulum HornscJi. 
ScnisTiDiUM Br. Sf ScTi. 

apocarpum Br. §■ Sch. 

confertum Br. ^' Sch. 
Grimmia Ehrh. 

pennsylvanica Schwcegr. 
Hedwigia Ehrh. 

ciliata Ehrh. 
DiPiiYsciUM Web. §• Mohr. 
has Ijeen received from that excellent bryologist, 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



603 



foliosum Web. Sf-MoJir. River Hills. 
Atkichum Beauv. 

undulatuni Beauv. 

angustatum Beauv. 
PoGONATUM Beauv. 

brevicaule Brid. 
PoLYTRicnusi Brid. 

commune L. 

formosum Uedio. 
TiMMiA Hedw. 

megapolitana Iledm. 
AuLACOMNioN Schwagr. 

heterostichum Br. §• Sch. 

palustre Schwcpgr. 
Bryum Br. ^ Sch. 

pyriforme Hedw. 

crudmn Schreh. On the Conestoga. 

nutans Schreh. 

roseum Schreb. 

argenteum L. 

bimum Schreb. 

inteiTnedium Brid. 

caespiticium L. 

cirrhatum Iloffe ^' Rornsch. 
Mnium Br &,■ Sch. 

affine Bland. 

hornum Hedw. 

lycopodioides UooU. Mill Creek. 

punctatum Hedw. 

serratum Brid. 

cuspidatum Uedw. 
Bartramia Hedw. 

pomiformis Hedw. 

fontana Brid. 
Funaria Schreb. 

bygrometrica Hedic. 
Physcomitrium Brid. 

pyriforme Br. ^~ Sch. 
Aphanorhegma Sullio. 

serrata SuUiv. 
Fontinalis Dill. 

antipyretica L. Yar. gigantea, Sulliv. 

dalecarlica Bry. Eur. 
Leucodon Sc7nccp.gr. 

julaceus Sullio. 
Leptodon Mohr. 

tricbomitriou Mohr. 
Anomodon Hook §- Tayl. 

attenuatus Hub. 

?tristis Cesati. 
Leskea Hedio. 

polycarpa Hedw. 

obscura Hedw. 



rostrata Hedw. 
TnELiA Sulliv. 

birtella Sulliv. 
JMyurella Bry. Europ. 

careyana Sulliv 
Pylais.ea Bry. Eur. 

intricata Bry. Eur. 
Homalothecium Bry. Eur. 

subcapillatum Bry. Eur. 
Platygerium Bry. Eur. 

repens Bry. Eur. 
Cylindrotiiecium B7-y. Eur. 

cladorrhizans Bry. Eur. 

seductrix Bry. Eur. 
Neckera Hedw. 

pennata Hedw. 
Climacium Web Sj- Mohr. 

araericanum Brid. 
Hypnum Hill. 

tamariscinum Hedw. 

paludosum Sulliv. Swamp near Dillers- 
ville. 

triquetrum L. 

brevirostre Ehrl. 

splendens Hedw. 

alleghaniense, C. Mull. Martic Town- 
ship. 

hians Hedw. 

suUivantii Spruce. 

strigosum Hoffm . 

boscii Schwaegr. 

serrulatum Hedio. 

rusciforme Weis- Martic Township. 

recurvans Schwcegr. 

giganteum Schimp. Swamp near Dil- 
lerville. 

cusiiidatum L. Schreberi, Willd. 

cordifolium Uedw. 

aduncum Hedw. 

filicinum L. 

crista-castrensis L. 

moUuscum Hedw. 

imponeus Hedw. 

curvifolium Hedw. 

pratense Koch. 

rugosum Ehrh. 

salebrosum Hoffm. 

laetum Brid 

rutabulum L. 

plumosum L. 

stellatum Schreh. 

polymorphum Bry. Europ. 

hispidulum Brid. 



604 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY 



minutissimum, Sulliv. ^ Lesqx. 

adnatum Hedw. 

serpens Hedw. 

radicale Brid. 

orthocladon Beauv. 

noterophilum Sulliv. &f Lespx. Litiz 

Spring, 
riparium Hedw. Litiz Spring, 
lescvirii Sulliv. Safe Harbor, 
denticulatum L. 

Hepatic^. 

RicciA Mich. 

glauca L. 

natans L. Turkey Hill. 

fluitans L. 
Anthockros Mic?i. 

laevis L. 
Marchantia i. 

polymorpba L. 
Fegatella Raddi. 

conica Corda. 
Reboxjlia Raddi. 

hemisphajrica Raddi. 
Grimaldia Raddi. 

barbifrons Bischoff. On the Conestoga. 
Metzgeria Raddi. 

furcata Nees. 
Steetzia Lelim. 



lyellii Lehm. 
Laphocolea Nees. 
bidentata Nees. 

JUNGERMANNIA L. 

curvifolia Dickson. 

schraderi Martins. 
ScAPANiA Lindenherg. 

nemorosa Nees. 
Plagiochila Nees ^•Mont. 

asplenioides Nees SfMont. 

porelloides Lindenierg. 
Frullania Raddi. 

grayana Mont. 

virginica Lehm. 

eboracensip, Lehm. 

Hiolotis Nees. 
Lejeunia Libert. 

clypeata Schweinitz 

cucullata Nees. 
Madotheca Dumortier. 

platyphylla Dumort. 

porella Nees. 
Ptilidium Nees. 

ciliare Nees. 
Trichocolea Nees. 

tomentella Nees. 
Mastigobryum Nees. 

trilobatum Nees. 



.^^ 






^^ 









z aielhlon'm^ Man/t etff 


















^^^ 












GEOL©©lI'BALiilAiP 

OF 



i;r-ff».7( TjyDAVlB JM.SUTTFKR, Lancaster. 



I I Mesozoir Red Sand Stone . 

I I Falaeozoic. Linte Stanc 

i I LonrrFal neozoic , Potsdam Sand Stove 

I I Gneiss, Stratified Granite. 

■BH Trrt/; or Green Stone. 

L— __J /i on t'l II (j SI rife 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 605 



GEOLOGY.i 

Lancaster County presents three prominent geological features. -which it may be well 
to notice separately, Commencing on the northern boundary, the Conewago range of 
hills separating the county from Dauphin and Lebanon Counties, belongs to the Meso- 
zoic red sand stone period. The shales and gravelly soil of this formation spread south- 
ward. A glance at Scott's County Map, will show the range of hills commencing at 
Bainbridge, on the Susquehanna, extending in a line curving northwardly, then soutb- 
eastwardly, with a general eastward course, embracing the greater portion of surface 
of the northern tier of townships. The limestone valley, constituting the central portion 
of the county, extends by a narrow inlet between two Gravel hills, in Penn township, 
not over a mile apart, (southeast of Manheim, ) which opens into a limestone basin, 
around the borough of Manheim, widening out and embracing a large portion of Penn, 
Warwick, Clay and Ephrata townships, and portions of West and East Cocalico. The 
red shale or gravel formation east of Reamstown, and on the south-eastern side of the 
Cocalico creek, and north of the Conestoga creek, in a narrow strip, extends westward, 
crossing the southern portions of Ephrata, Warwick and Penn townships, to the afore- 
• named inlet. The Reading and Columbia Railroad passes nearly through the centre 
of this isolated valley. This Mesozoic red sand stone, is a portion of what Dana chills 
the Palisade range, which extends from Rockland, .on the Hudson river, southward 
through New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia, east of the Blue Ridge, in a contin- 
uous line of about 350 miles in length. It crosses the Delaware between Ti-enton and 
Kintnerville ; the Schuylkill about 12 miles below Reading, and the Susquehanna river 
between Highspire in Dauphin, and Bainbridge in Lancaster county. In York county 
this belt inclines southward, in conformity with the Appalachian flexures, or mountain 
ranges on the N. W. 

The Mesozoic or Mediaeval time in the Earth's history comprises a single age only — 
the Reptilian. It is remarkable, however, that very few fossils or signs of life of any 
kind are found within the county. The rock is in general a red sand-stone, pass- 
ing into a shale or conglomerate, and occasionally including beds of impure lime-stone. 
The brown building stone, often called freestone, used in the erection of our County 
Jail and Court House, were quarried in the Black Oak Ridge, in Clay Township. Other 
quarries of sandstone are 6pened along the range of hills. Millstones are also made 
from a hard millstone grit found in Cocalico Township, and other points. Extensive 
dikes of trap or greenstone are met with in the Conewago hills, as also below Bainbridge 
near Millers ville, and crossing thence towards Safe Harbor and at various other points. 

This Trap rock is of igneous origin, and belongs to the class of rocks met with in 
volcanic countries, like lava, being in fact the melted material of older rocks, ejected 
through fissui-es in the sand stone. In some places the sandstone is baked into a hard 
grit by the heat, and at times blown up by steam so as to seem scoriaceous, or the 
clayey sandstone is changed into very hard rock, similar to Trap itself. IMinerals like 
the epidote and tourmaline result from this baking. The predonunant red color in the 
soil, arises from the oxidation of magnetic iron grains present in it. 

The calcareous formation, or the Limestone Valley, extends from the Gravel Hills, or 
Red Sandstone formation, to the Gneiss and Talc Slate Hills, commencing at Safe Har- 
bor east of the Conestoga creek, inclining towards Willowstreet, thence eastward below 
or south of Strasburg, in a westwardly course along the boundary between Salisbury 
and Sadsbury Townships. This Limestone Valley as well as the Gneissic portions, 
belong to an age or period prior to the shales. The Palaeozoic age is represented by a 
hard quartzite named the Postdam sandstone by the geologists of New York, a rock 
which is remarkably compact and rather fine grained, and consists almost exclusively 
I Drawn up by Mr. J. St lufler, Lancaster. 



606 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

of nearly pure silicious sand. It rises in a bold ridge ending in a precipitous cliif at 
Chicques on the Susquehanna, a mile and a half above Columbia. This formation ex- 
tends eastwai'd from the river towards Rohrerstown and between Silver Spring and 
Mountville. It also appears between Lancaster and Neffsville, and in tlie eastern por- 
tion of the county, on Laurel Hill, extending into Berks County. The Hill in the 
extreme northeastern corner of the county is also an upheaval of this peculiar formation 
and corresponds with the South Mountain in Berks County, being the lowest in the 
Palteozoic period. From the Chestnut Hill Ore Banks many thousand tons of Iron Ore 
(argillaceous oxide and hematite) have been taken from the overlying clay. Xumerous 
other localities exist throughout the county, where Iron Ore is found, commonly along 
the borders of the Limestone formation. The curious calcareous rock, called Potomac 
Marble, (Breccia) occurs north of Manheim and east of Bainbridge. Argillite (or 
clay slate or roofing slate) is found at Peach Bottom, on both sides of the river and 
inferior qualities occur in Rapho and Peun Townships, but the laminated structure is 
found defective to a great degree. 

Considering the extent of the Limestone Valley, between the gneiss and red sand 
stones, and that in the opinion of geologists most limestone was formed from the cal- 
careous relics of living species accumulated in oceanic waters, like the coral limestone 
of the present period, and partially protected by barriers from the incursion of detritus, 
it is probable, therefore, that this valley was once an arm or bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 
and now constituting the most valuable and fertile portion of the county for agricultural 
purposes. The lower or southern portion of the county, like that on the north, is much 
improved by liming. Belts of limestone are found near New Providence and at Quarry- 
viUe. Gneiss has much the composition of Granite, but with the Mica more or less 
distinctly in layers. As the Mica is in scales, a gneiss rock breaks most easily in the 
direction of the Mica layers, tlms affording slabs. As the earthy matter of all soils has 
been produced by the gradual decay, degradation, or crumbling down, of previously ex- 
isting rocks, it follows that whenever a soil rests immediately upon the rock from which 
it has been derived, it may be expected to partake more or less of the composition and 
character of the rock. I shall not attempt to speculate on the cause and description of 
the diversified rocks, the convulsions to which they were subjected, in a remote period 
of the woi'ld's history, the faults, upheavings, &c., these subjects being accessible in the 
various books and treatises on geology. 



MINERALS or LANCASTER COUNTY.i 

Arranged according to the last edition of Dana's Mineralogy. To give the general 
reader an idea of the nature and composition of each mineral, its constituent elements 
are stated in a parenthesis, without regard to chemical combination. When the 
occurrence of a mineral is rare, or the locality new or doubtful, the authorities are given 
in initial letters : D. standing for Dana; K. for Kevinski; R, for Miles Rock; Bcb. for 
Reepper and W. for Captain Williams. 

L NATIVE ELEMENTS. 
1. Gkaphite, or plumbago, ("carbon,) K. 

IL SULPHIDES. 
Galenite, or galena, (lead, sulphur. ) 

1. Contributed by Mr. J. B. Kevinski. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 607 

3. Ordinary variety, on Mt. Joy Railroad, 4 miles northwest of Lancaster, with zinc 
ore, H.; in quartz, Salisbury township, R.; Chesnut riflles in the Susquehanna, 
not analyzed, perhaps argentiferous, illaldeman.'] 

3. Argentiferous variety, or silver bearing galena, in Pequea townsliip, 8 miles south 

of Lancaster. 

4. Sphalerite, or blende, (zinc, suliihur;) on Mt. Joy Railroad, 4 miles northwest of 

Lancaster, D. 

5. MiLLERiTE, or capillary pyrites, (nickel, sulphur) ; in Gap Mines, Bart township, in 

radiated fibrous coatings, occuring thus in no other part of the world. Tlie usual 
fomi in long fine needles also occurs in Gap IVIines, K. 
Ptrrhotite, or magnetic pyrites, (iron, sulphur.) 

6. NiCKELiFEROUS variety, (iron, nickel, sulphur;) occurs in Gap Muies, Bart twp., 

and is the chief of Nickel ore. 
Pyrite, or pyrites (iron, sulphur. ) 

7. Ordinary variety, in crystals, near New Texas, Little Britain twp., in pentagonal 

dodecahedrons; in the limestone stratum underlying Lancaster city in cubes; in 
the Gap Mines in octahedrons, B. 

8. Radiated variety, K. 

9. CnALCOPYRiTE, Or copper pyrites, (copper, ii-on, sulphur-); in the Gap Mines and 

extracted with the Nickel ores. 

10. Marcasite, or white iron pyrites, (iron, sulphur.) 

III. FLUORIDES. 

11. Fluorite, or fluor spar, (lime, hydrofluoric acid); in limestone quarry half a mile 

east of Lancaster, K. 

IV. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 
A. SIMPLE OXIDES. 

13. Water, (hydrogen, oxygen.) almost throughout the county contains much carbonate 
of lime in solution. In Colonial times a mineral spring, containing sulphates of 
iron and copper, &c., in solution, led to the discovery of the Gap Mines. 

13. Melaconite, or black copper, (copper, oxygen.) 

14. Corundum, or Emery, (Alumina.) 
Hematite, or red hematite, (iron, oxygen.) 

15. Compact variety. Wood's mine. Little Britain township, D. 

16. Micaceous variety. 

Menacconite, or titanic iron, (sibanium, iron, oxygen.) 

17. Ilmenite variety; near New Holland, Rm. 

18. Menacconite variety; near Wood's mine, Little Britain township, and near Rock 

Springs, Fulton township, D. 

19. Magnetite, or loadstone, (iron, oxygen.) In octahedral crystals imbedded in 

chlorite, near Rock Springs, Fulton township, Bee. D. 

30. Chromite, or chromic iron, (chromium, iron, oxygen, magnesia, alumina); Wood's 

Mines, Little Britain township. 

31. RuTiLE, (titanium, oxygen); Bart township, W. 

32. GoTHiTE, (iron, oxygen, water); Chestnut Hill Ore Banks, 7 miles west of Lan- 

caster, K. 
23. Lepidokrokite variety, Chestnut Hill Ore Banks, 7 miles west of Lancaster, K. 

LiMONiTE, or brown hematite, (iron, oxygen, water.) 
34 Compact and Geodic variety ; Safe Harbor, Chestnut Hill, &c. 
35. Brown Ochre variety ; Chestnut Hill, K. 



608 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

36. Bog Iron variety ; Shoeneck, 14 miles N. E. of Lancaster. 

27. Brucite, (magnesia, water); Tyson's Chrome Mine, near New Texas, D. 

28. PsiLOMELANE, (manganese, oxygen.) 
Quartz, (silicon, oxygen.) 

29. Rock Crystal variety, scattered through limestone soils ; in dilierent parts of the 

county. 

30. Rose Quartz variety. 

31. Smoky Quartz variety, on Gap hills, K. 

32. Milky Quartz variety. 

33. Ferruginous Quartz variety. 

34. Sagenitic variety, containing crystal of tourmaline. 

35. Chalcedony variety, near Rock Springs, Fulton township, D. 

36. Carnelian variety, Rock Springs, Fulton township, D., K. 

37. Moss Agate, or Mocha Stone variety, near Rock Springs, B. K. 

38. Agate Jasper variety, near Rock Springs. 

39. Yellow Jasper variety, Rock Springs. 
Opal, (silicon, oxygen, water.) 

40. Cachalong variety. 



B. COMPOUNB 0XIBE8. 

Silicates. 

A. Anhydrous Silicates. 
*Bisilicates. 

41. Bronzite, (magnesia, iron oxide, silica), "Wood's mine, Little Britain twp., B. 
Pyroxene, (lime, magnesia, iron oxide, alumina, silica.) 

42. Angite variety, Gap mine. It is the gangue of the Nickel ores. 

43. Anthophyllite, (iron oxide, magnesia, silica;) near New Texas, B. 
Amphibole. 

44. Actinolite variety, (lime, magnesia, silica;) Gap mines, B. 

45. Hornblende variety, (lime, magnesia, iron, alumina, silica;) Gap mine. 

46. Asbestus variety. Little Britain township. 

**Unisilicates. 

47. Chrysolite, (magnesia, iron oxide, silica;) Wood's mines. Little Britain twp., G. 
Garnet. 

48. Andradite variety, or iron garnet, (lime, iron oxide, alumina, silica;) Little Britain 

township. 

49. OuvAROViTE vai'iety, (chromium oxide, lime, silica.) Wood's mine, B. 

50. Epidote, (lime, iron oxide, alumina, silica) ; Earl township. 

51. Mica, (potash, soda, magnesia, iron oxide, alumina, silica.) 

52. Lepidolite, or Lithia Mica, (lithia, potash, manganese oxide, alumina, silica.) 

53. Feldspar, (potash, alumina, silica.) Bart township. 

54. Moonstone variety. Little Britain township. 

*** Subsilicates. 

Tourmaline, (boracic acid, alumina, lime, magnesia, soda, potash, silica.) 

55. Black variety. Pequea township, K. 

56. Green variety. In Talc near Rock Springs, Fulton township, B. 

57. Kyanite, (alitmina, silica.) 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 609 

C. HYDRO US SILICA TES. 

** Unisilicates. 

58. Calamine, (zinc, silica, water.) On Mount Joy Railroad, 4 miles northwest of Lan- 

caster, D. 

§§§ MABQAROPUYLLITE SECTION. 

* Bisilicates. 

Talc, (magnesia, silica, water.) 

59. Foliated variety. Low's mine, D. 

60. Steatite variety. Little Britain township, K. 

** Unisilicates. 
Serpentine, (magnesia, silica, water.) 

61. Massive and Foliated variety, Wood's mine, Little Britain township, D. 

62. Williamsite variety. Wood's Chrome mine. Little Britain township, K ; Low's 

mine, D. 

63. Marmolite variety. Wood's mine, D. 

64. Chrtsotile variety. Little Britain township, Rce. 

65. Picrolite variety. Wood's mine, D. 

66. Baltimorite variety. Wood's mine, D. 

67. Deweylite, (magnesia, silica, water.) Little Britain township, K. 
Kaolinite, (alumina, silica, water.) 

68. LiTHOMARGE Variety. 

69. Chlorite, (magnesia, alumina, silica, water.) Drumore township. 
Pennite, (iron oxide, chromium oxide, magnesia, alumina, silica, water.) 

70. K^mmererite variety. Wood's mines, B. 

71. Rhodochrome variety. Wood's mines. 

72. RiPiDOLiTE, (magnesia, alumina, silica, water.) Wood's mine, D. 

73. Clinochlore variety, Wood's mine, K. 

74. Margarite (potash, magnesia, alumina, silica;) Pequea twp., 7 miles south of 

Lancaster, on Pequea creek, K. 

75. Genthite (nickel, oxide, magnesia, silica, water;) Wood's mine, D. 

Phosphates, Arsenates. 

76. ViviANiTE, (iron oxide, phosphoric acid;) Gap mines, D. 

11. Cacoxine, (iron oxide, phosphoric acid, water;) Chesnut Hill L-on Mines, [Ilald.'l 

78. Wavellite, (alumina, i^hosphoric acid, water;) Chesnut Hill Iron Mines, [Hald.J 

Sulphates, Chromates. 

79. Melanterite, or copperas, (iron oxide, sulphuric acid, water;) In effloresent coat- 

ings at Gap mines, R. 

80. Chalcanthite, or blue vitriol, (copper oxide, sulphiuic acid, water;) With melan- 

terite at Gap mines, R. 

81. Copiapite, (iron scsquioxide, sulphuric acid, water;) Gap mines, Ra. 

82. Vauquelinite, (copper oxide, lead oxide, chromic acid;) Pequea mine, 8 miles 

south of Lancaster, D. 

Carbonates. 

83. Calcite, or calc spar, (lime, carbonic acid;) Wood's Mine, D ; near Lancaster 

Gas Works, K. 

40 



010 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

84. Iceland Spar variety, near Gas "Works, K. 

85. Marble, or Granular Limestone variety, near P. R. E. bridge over Conestoga, 

one mile East of Lancaster, K. 

86. Hard Compact Limestone variety. Tlie limestone rocks of the central, eastern 

and western parts of county. 

87. Travertin, or Calcareous Tufa variety, in a quarry on Groffstown road. East of 

Lancaster, K. 

88. Dolomite, (magnesia, lime, carbonic acid;) "Wood's Mine, D. 

89. Pearl Spar variety. 

90. Brown Spar variety, (contains iron oxide.) 

91. Magnesite, (magnesia, carbonic acid;) "Wood's Mines, D ; and at Landisville, 

seven miles "West of Lancaster, K. 
Siderite, (iron oxide, carbonic acid. ) 
93. Crystallized variety. Gap Mines, R. 

93. Spherosiderite variety. Gap Mine, K. 

94. Black Band variety. 

95. Smithsonite, (zinc oxide, carbonic acid;) on ]\It. Joy R. R. four miles "West of 

Lancaster, D. 

96. Arragonite, (lime, carbonic acid;) In tufts of acicular crystals near Safe Harbor; 

massive in a boulder at "Wabank, three miles south-west of Lancaster, K. "Wood's 
Mines, D. 

97. Cerussite, (lead oxide, carbonic acid;) Pequea Mine with vauquelinite, B. 

98. Hydromagnesite, (magnesia, carbonic acid, water;) "Wood's mine, D. 

99. Lancasterite variety, (a mixture of hydromagnesite and bnicite;) "Wood's mine, 

D. K. 
Hydrodolomite, (magnesia, lime, carbonic acid, water.) 

100. Pennite variety. New Texas, colored green by Nickel oxide. 

101. Zaratite, or Emerald Nickel, (Nickel oxide, carbonic acid, water;) "Wood's 

mine, New Texas, D.' 

102. Aurichalcite, (zinc oxide, copper oxide, carbonic acid, water;) On Mount Joy 

Railroad, 4 miles N. "W. of Lancaster. (Taylor, Am. J. Sci. II. ** 413.) 

VL HYDRO CARBONS. 

103. Mineral Coal, (carbon;) occurs in small quantities north of Hinkletown, (in 

Mesozoic shales, possibly, B.) About the year 1830 it was proposed to form a 
coal company at this locality, and sufficient coal was collected on the occasion to 
build a fire in a number of the houses of the town. [Ilaldeman.] 

104. Fossil Resin. In bog iron ore near Shoeneck, 14 miles N. E. of Lancaster, K. 



AECH^OLOGY. 

The archaeology of this county is almost wholly untrodden ground . The whole county, 
as has been shown in the opening chapters of this work, was occupied for a long 
period by successive Indian tribes, and, to this day, the plough turns up in various parts 
of the county, interesting mementos of the red occupants of the soil. Arrow-heads, 
tomahawks, hatchets, stone-pipes, pieces of pottery are very common. The following 
notices of such rehcs, exhumed at different periods and in different locaUties, will be 
perused with much interest. Besides the localities named, we would call particular 
attention to the neighborhood of the old Indian Town (Conestogo), in Manor twp.; to 



OF LANCASTEE COUNTY. 611 

the valleys and months of the Conestoga, Pequca, Chic(iuesaluiiga and Conoy crocks, as 
localities whose exploration would probahly greatly enrich the archaeological treasmy 
of the county. The pictorial inscriptions on the rocks in the Susciuehaniia, of which a 
minute account is subjoined, are also very important. 

But before noticing Indian antiquities, we reprint here an account of tlie discovery of 
fossil-bones in 1816. 
Extract of a letter from Joel Lightner, Esq., dated Salisbury, Lancaster county, Pa., 

Nov. 30, 181 G, to the Rev. Mr. Shaffer, of New York. 

My absence from home, and being otherwise much engaged, prevented me from 
writing sooner. It is with pleasure that I undertake to give you all the satisfaction 
that I am capable of giving respecting the circumstances connected with the discovei-y 
of certain fossil bones found on my laud ; their dimensions, locality, manner in which 
they lay deposited, nature of the earth in which found, <kc. 

Five or six years since, I discovered upon a bank of limestone, witliin five rods of the 
Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike road, the appearance of handsome Hag stones, 
standing partly on their edge, inclining somewhat to the north, with their ends north- 
east and south-west, at which time and since, we have occasionally taken several of 
them out ; and as they proved to be valuable for sills, flags, &c., and the demand con- 
siderable, I concluded to have the quarry completely opened, in doing which it was 
necessary to begin at the foot of the hill or bank, and to dig on a level until we could 
reach the stone. This work I commenced with a few hands in August last, and after 
having penetrated twenty-four feet into the bank, on a level, through a rich black 
earth, intermixed with a small piece of limestone [perpendicidar depth about eight or 
nine feet] we came to a body of hard clay, also intermixed with small pieces of hme- 
stone, materially difterent from the earthy matter dug up on entering the bank, being 
a yellowish cast, abounding in some parts with calcareous spar, and so extremely hard 
that it was with difficulty to be entered with a pick or mattock. After having worked 
into the body of this stratum of clay, limestone, &c., about four feet and a half from 
its surface, and within a few inches of the rocks or flag stones, (the object of our 
labor,) a large bone was found, supposed to be the upper bone of the fore -leg of some 
large animal, the lower part appeared to have been broken off, as nothing of the joint 
could be seen. The upper part was to be seen in its full size, but being much decayed, 
and the clay and small stones so very hard pressed in and about it, that the greater 
portion of it could not be kept together, leaving only a small spongy end to it, and that 
also with clay, and the small pieces of limestone firmly united with it. 

The length of the bone, as much as I was able to save of it, is fifteen inches, and 
measures ten and a half inches around the smaller solid part ; the circumference of the 
thicker or upper part is twenty-two inches, but the thickest part could not be preserved, 
being so much decayed, and probably there might have been eight or ten inches want- 
ing. 

This bone was found lying partly in a horizontal position, the thick end witluu three 
or four inches of the rock's termination, and appeared to have been thrown there pro- 
miscuously, as well as the pieces of limestone around it, which are evidently fragments 
of larger ones. 

Within three or four feet of the same place, in a black earth or mould, appearances 
o{ other large bones presented themselves, but they were so much decomposed that they 
could not be preserved entire, resembling pidveilzed chalk, or slacked lime. 

I have put up specimens of the different earths as mentioned above, also of the rocks 
and stones found near the spot where the bones Avere discovered ; and also a piece of 
the bone which I intend to forward to you by tlie first safe opportunity. 

Since the discovery of these bones on my land, I have been informed that many years 
since, an extraordinary large tooth (grinder) was found in a spring about two miles 
from my quarry, but I am not able to learn what has become of it. 



612 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

The subjoined discovery took place in 1828 : 

" We have received from Doctor David Watson, of Bainbridge, in this county, several 
curiosities discovered in the neighborhood of that jilace, by the laborers employed on 
the Pennsylvania canal, among which are a stone tobacco pipe, very neatly formed, a 
rude tomahawk, a small brass basin, two keys, a small globular bell, and some broken 
pieces of Indian pottery; but the greatest curiosity is the scull bone of an Indian, whicli 
materially differs in form any that we have ever seen belonging to the human species. 
The skull is remarkably large, and of an oblong or oval form; the, bones themselves of 
which it is composed, have been very thin, much more so than is usually the case. 
What is very remarkable in the general outline of the skull, is the peculiar manner in 
which the frontal bone, which forms the forehead, recedes from the root of the nose 
and the superciliary ridges on which the eyebrows rest, and rather lies on the top of 
the head than juts over the rest of the face, as is usual. Thus there is no forehead, 
properly so called ; the cranium in this respect presenting rather the appearance of the 
skull of a dog than a human being. The Choctaw tribe of Indians were formerly in 
the habit of flattening their heads in this manner, by binding metallic plates on the 
foreheads of their male children. A chief having this singular appearance, was in 
Philadelphia in the year 179G. Indians inhabiting the sources of the Missouri, are to 
this day in the habit of moulding their skulls into this form. The Incas or kings of 
Pera, and all those partaking of their being within a certain degree of consanguinity to 
them, (and they only, ) were allowed to enjoy the imi:)erial privilege of having their 
heads thus modeled. It may be worthy of observation, that this artificial conforma- 
tion is not known in the slightest degree to impair the mental opei-ation. The skull 
above mentioned is that of a male, probably about 45 or 50 years of age. 

"The whole have been presented to Mr. Landis, who has since received from John 
Hamilton, Esq., who resides near Bainbridge, an ornamented tobacco pipe, which has 
a human head rudely carved upon it; also some beads, and a curious bead, ajiparently 
made of clay, which is as hard as stone." — Lancaster Gazette. 

Forty years later, the same locality discloses similar relics. "In the fall ot 1868, 
while workmen were engaged at the ql^arries of Messrs. J. L. Kerr & Co., on the farm 
of Jacob Haldeman, Esq., near Bainbridge, Lancaster county, in clearing the clay 
from off the limestone, they dug up the larger bones of six fully developed bodies, be- 
sides a collection of trinkets, consisting of beads, necklace, pipes and several hatchets. 
These partial skeletons were found about eighteen inches beneath the surface and in 
close proxunit'y to each other. The pipes are nicely carved, and together with the 
beads and other articles, are in a good state of preservation." 

In this connection we add the following communication: 

"Mr. A. Morlot, of Lausanne, Switzerland, made a communication to the American 
Philosophical Society, in whose proceedings it was published (with a plate) in Novem- 
ber, 1862, in which he calls attention to certain enamel beads found in Indian graves at 
Beverly, in Canada; a similar one having been found near Stockholm, in Sweden, and 
another from a grave-mound in Jutland. These are considered to be of ancient Phoenician 
manufacture. 'It follows, that those glass beads and baldrics from the ossi;aries at 
Beverly, are anterior to the Christian era, and that America appears to have been visited 
already at that remote period by Europeans, most likely by those skilful navigators, the 
Phoenicians.' — Morlot. 

"Whilst digging the Pennsylvania canal near Bainbridge, in this county, small copper 
beads were found, made by bending into a circle, bits of flat wire, about a sixteenth of 
an inch wdde, and enamel baldrics (tubular beads) about an eighth of an inch in diameter 
and an inch and a half long, of the red color of the celebrated pipe-stone of Minnesota, 
when this is wet. A single bead of the Beverly pattern, 5-16 of an inch in diameter, 
and one-fourth of an inch long, the form spherical with the ends compressed, color deep 
blue, and a paler blue in alternate longitudinal stripes, ends red, separated from the 





INDIAN HIEROGLYPHICS 

oiinorks hcloir SAFE HABBOR , 

fiim caster Co.P'} 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 613 

blue by a narrow wavy line of white, centre white around the perforation. The white 
line forms twelve waves, as in the figures in Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, Vol. 1, pi. 21, 
p. p. 11, 12, 13." 

Some of these specimens arc in possession of Prof. S. S. Ilaldcman, of Chi«|ues, to 
whom we are indebted for this communication. 

The subjoined account refers to the picture-writing on the rocks below Safe Harbor. 
It was written by Professor T. C. Porter, D.D., fonnerly of Lancaster, now of Lafay- 
ette College, Easton, Pa., dated April 1, 1865 : 

"I inclose much reduced photographic copies of figures carved by the Indians on two 
gneissic rocks (A and B,) in the Susquehanna river, below the dam at Safe Harbor, 
Lancaster county. Pa., drawn from casts in plaster, taken under tlie auspices of the 
Linnajn Society of Lancaster county, in the autumn of 1803, and the summer of 1804. 
The casts are boxed up and ready for sending to the Smithsonian Institution. Tlio 
largest figure is over three feet in length. When the season arrives, we will secure for 
you a full set of casts in plaster, from which accurate drawings can be made. 

"In the month of September, 1863, the existence of figures chiseled out by the red 
men of oui- stone period, on certain rocks in the Susquehanna River, became known to 
the Linntean Socity of Lancaster County, and a committee was appointed, with the 
president, Prof. T. C. Porter, as chairman, to visit those rocks and obtain casts of the 
figures in plaster. The work was begun and carried on during the month of October, 
but not completed till the summer of 1864, the rocks being accessible only at a low stage 
of the water. Drawings on a greatly reduced scale were made from the casts by Mr. 
Jacob Staufter and photographic copies, still more reduced, by Mr. W. L. Gill, members 
of the Society. Those under the letter A belong to the larger rock, and those under B 
to the smaller one. The intention is to furnish the American Philosophical Society with 
a full set of casts, in order that a permanent record may be secured in their transac- 
tions. Search for the implements used in cutting out the figures has, as yet, been 
unsuccessful. The following facts were collected and reported by the committee : 

''Position of tJie Rocks: The Susquehanna river, below the dam at Safe Harbor, Lan- 
caster County, is filled with a multitude of rocks and rocky islets, various in size and 
extent, between which, the fall being considerable, the water rushes, forming a series 
of rapids and eddies, navigable only by channels. The width of the stream at this 
point is scarcely less than a mile, and the jurisdiction of Lancaster County extends to 
low-water mark on the York County shore. 

"Among these rocks are the two in question. 

"The larger one, A, lies a full half mile below the dam, in a line nearly due south 
from the mouth of the Conestoga. 

•'The smaller one, B, is situated about 250 yards further up, in the same line, at a 
distance of some 400 or 500 yards from the eastern shore. 

"The currents around both rocks are strong and swift. 

" Their Character: Each rock is composed of several masses overlying each other at 
an angle of 45° down stream, the lines of division running east and west, the southern 
crest being the highest". They consist of gneiss, which is rather friable within but 
hard on the outside. The surface is roughened by grains of quartz, and here and there, 
are seen distinct veins of the same material. The portions facing up stream have been 
rounded and worn smooth by the action of ice and drift-wood during the high freshets 
of early spring, as may be inferred from the logs piled upon and around them, and from 
the striai or grooves on the larger rock, produced probably by angular pieces of stouo 
imbedded in cakes of ice. Each rock has, also extending a little distance below it, a 
tongue of land on which grow dwarf oaks, dog-woods, and a few herbaceous plants. 

''Their Dimensions: Rock A measures through the centre, from north to south, 83 
feet, and from east to west 40 feet. It slopes gradually upward from north to south; 
the lowest part being 9 feet, and the highest 16 feet above low-water mark. This rock 



614 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 

is said to be tlie highest in the river near Safe Harbor, and from its flat summit the 
prospect is extensive and beautiful. 

"Rock B measures, from east to west, on the north side, 20 feet; on tlie south side, 
29 feet 8 inches; from north to south, on the east side, 12 feet 9 inches; on tlie west side, 
8 feet 6 inches. The height of the west side above low- water mark is 6 feet; of the 
east side, 12 feet 9 inches. 

"From the east side a huge mass has been broken off, perhaps during one of the ice- 
gorges which sometimes occur in the river at this spot. It has fallen into the bed of 
the stream with the fractured end uppennost. Its length is 12 feet 9 inches, and its 
computed weight 27 tons. The oldest fishermen about Safe Harbor know nothing, 
either from their own observation or from tradition, as to when the disruption took 
place ; and yet it must have happened since the figures were cut upon the rock, for 
those found on the outer perpendicular face of the fragment evidently belong to the 
same series as those on the upper level surface with which it was once continuous. 

' ' The Figures : The two rocks contain in all upwards of 80 distinct figures, and a 
number more almost obliterated. They are much scattered, and seem to have been 
formed without regard to order, so that it is not possible for an unskilled observer to 
say that they bear any necessary relation to each other. They are probably symbolical, 
but it is left to those who are versed in American antiquities to decipher their meaning. 
Some points, however, are clear. They were made by the Aborigines, and made at 
a large cost of time and labor, with rude stone implements, because no sharp lines or 
cuts betray the use of iron or steel. This, in connection with their number and variety, 
proves that they were not the offspring of idle fancy, or the work of idle hours, but the 
product of design toward some end of high importance in the eyes of the sculptors." 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



615 



LIST OF MOST OF THE ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED 
TO IN THE PRECEDING DIVISION. 



Ag., Agas. Agassiz. 

Abt. Abbot. 

Aub., Au. Aube. 

Aud. Audvibon. 

Ant. Anthony. 

Adans. Adanson. 

Adans.andBeauv. Adanson andBeauvoise. 

Ait. Aiton. 

Ann. Annales Soc. Ent. de Paris. 

A. D. C. Alphonso De CandoUe. 
Beav., Bvr., Bvs., Bv. Beauvois. 
Brid. Bridel. 

Br. and Sch. Bruch and Sbimper. 

Bern. Bernhardi. 

Beanv. and Spreng. Beauvoise and Spren- 

gel. 
BrnU., Brll. Brulle. 
Brd. Baird. 
Bos. Bosc. 

Bbm., Bhn. Bobeman. 
Briss. Brisson. 
Bod., Bd. Boddert. 
Bon. Bonelli. 
Bart. Barton. 
Bonap. Bonai)arte. 
Brm., Bur. Burmeister. 
Br. Brunicb, 
Brndt. Brandt. 
Boisd., Boi. Boisduval. 
Borkb. Borkbansen. 
Bentb. Bentliam. 

B. & G. Baird & Girard. 
Cbv. Cbevrolet. 

Ciu-t., Cur. Curtis. 

Cbaud., Cbd. Cbaudoir. 

Cab. Cabanis 

Cas. Cassin. 

Cbz. Chwinitz. 

Cuv., Cv. Cuvier. 

Crs. Cressou. 

Claii-., Civ. Clairville. 

Crm. Cramer. 

Cbn. Clemmens. 

C. Mull. C. Miiller. 
Dup. Dupont. 
Don. Donovon. 
Dal., Dim. Dalman. 
Dabl. Dablgren. 
Des. Desvoidy. 
Dew. Dewey. 



Dill. DillwjTi. 

De G. De Geer. 

Daud. Daudin. 

Dum. Dumeril. 

Dumort. Dumortier. 

Dru. Drury. 

Dej. Dejean. 

Dou. Doubleday. 

D. C. De CandoUe. 

D. Darlington. 

Desf. Desfontaines. 

Eul., (erroneously,) Ubler. 

Ere., Ers. Ericson. 

Esb., Escb. Eschscboltz. 

Ent. Entoni. Magazine. 

End. Eudlicber. 

Engelm. Engelmann. 

Esp. Esper. 

Ebrh. Ebrhart. 

Ell. Emit. 

Fab., Frbs., Fah. Fabricius. 

Forst., Frs., Fst. Forster. 

Frt. Ferte. 

Feb. Fitcb. 

Fisch. Fischer. 

Ging. De Gingins. 

Gaud. Gaudiu. 

Grm. Germer. 

Gml. Gmelin. 

Gr. Gray. 

Good. Goodenough. 

Griseb. Grisebach. 

Grv., Gnv. Gravenhorst. 

Gyl. Gyllenhal. 

Gld. Gould. 

Gor. Gory. 

Guer., Gur. Gudrin. 

Geb. Gebler. • 

Gue. Guonen. 

Gamb. Gamber. 

God. Godart. 

Gronov. Gronovius. 

Godron. Goodenough. 

Glox. Gloxin. 

Geer. De Geer. 

Geof. Geoffroy. 

Gaertn. Gaertner. 

Hub., Hu. Hiibner. 

Haw. Haworth. 

Hntz., Hts. Hentz. 



616 



AUTHENTIC HISTOEY 



Hpe. Hope. 

Hoi. Holbrook. 

Hbst., Hbt. Herbst. 

Har. Harris. 

Hartl. Hartley. 

Hel. Heller. 

Hag. Hagen. 

Hald., Hid. Haldeman. 

H. B. K. Plumboldt, Boiipland and Kuutli. 

Hoflfm. Hoffman. 

Hedw. Hedwig. 

Hoff and Hornsh. Hoifman and Horn- 

scbuh. 
Hook. Hooker. 

Hook and Tayl. Hooker and Taylor. 
Hornsch. Hornschuli. 
lUg., 111. Illiger. 
Jaq., Jag. Jacquiu. 
,Tur. Jurine. 
.Tuss. Jnssien. 
Kun. Kiinz. 
KoL, Kohl. Kohler. 
Kug. Kugelniann. 
Klg. Klug. 

Kch., Kn., Kb. Enoch. 
Kin. Klein. 
Kaup. Kaupmann. 
Kirb., Krb., Kir. Kirby. 
Knh. Knight. 
L., Lin., Linn. Linnaeus. 
Lee. Leconte. 
Lehm. Lehman. 
Lat., La. Latrielle. 
Lac. Lacordaire. 

Lch., Leh. Leach. 

Lindl. Lindley. 

Licht. Lichtenstein. 

Low. Leow. 

Law. Lawrence. 

Lath. Latham. 

Lam. Lamarck. 

Lap. Lapporte. 

Ln. Lucas. 

L'Her., L'Hev. L'Heritier. 

Maq. INLaquarte. 

Mis., Mels. Melsheimer. 

Motch. Motchulsky. 

Mul. MiUler. 

]\Iull., Chapm. MiUler, Chapman. 

Mac. Macleay. 

Mom. (erroneously) Newman. 

Mont. Montagne. 

Mann,, Man. Mannerheim. 



Meg., Mie., Mieg. Miegan. 

Merr. Mcerig. 

Mor. Morris. 

Michx. Michaux. 

Muhl. Muhlenberg. 

Medic, Medik. Medicus. 

Mill. Miller. 

Moench. ]Monch. 

Nwp. Newporte. 

Nwm., Num., New. Newmaun. 

Nees., Nees von Esenbeck. 

Nees. and Mont. Nees von Esenbeck and 

Montagne. 
Nutt. Nuttal. 
Oliv., Olv., Old. Olivier. 
Ord. Ord. 

Och., Ochs. Ochsenheimer. 
Orm. Ormstead '? 
Pal. Pallas. 
Pck., Pk. Peck. 
P. de B., Pal. de Beauvoise. 
Pic. Pictet. 
Pan., Pnz. Panzer. 
Putz., Puz., Ptz. Putseys. 
Payk., Pky., Pyk. PaykuU. 
Pen. Pennant. 
Prm. Prime. 
Pak., Pack. Packard, 
Poir. Poiret. 
Pers., Persl. Persoon. 
Raf. Rafenesque. 
Richard. Richardson. 
Riuz and Pav. Riuz and Pavon. 
Rac. Racket. 
Ran., Rnd. Randall. 
Ran., Rud. (Typographical error) ibid. 
Redt., Red., Ret. Redtenbacher. 
Ramb., Ram. Rambur. 
R. Br. Robert Brown. 
Schwseg. Schwsegricher. 
Schreb. Schreber. 
Swtz. Swartz. 
Schimp. Schimper. 
Steph., Stp. Stephens. 
Steud. Steudel. 
Salisb. Salisbury. 
Swn., Sw. Swainson. 
Srv., Sro. Serville. 
Schn., Sch. Schonherr. 
StU. Stoll. 
Scop., Sep. Scopoli. 
Sol., Sul. Solander. 
Shrnk., Shr., Sh. Schrank. 



OF LANCASTER COUNTY 



C17 



St. F. St. Fargeau. 

Spin., Spn. Spinola. 

Suf. Siiffraiu. 

Swe. Swederus. 

Strm. Stmm. 

Serb. Scribner. 

Smth., Smb., Sm. Smith. 

Sm. A. Smith & Abbot. 

Shrp. Sharpless. 

Siilliv. Sullivant. 

SuUiv. and Lesqx. Sullivant and Lesque- 

reiix. 
Spreng. Sprengel. 
Thn. Thb. Thnnberg. 
Temm. Temmink. 
Tourn. Tournfort. 
ToiT and G. T. & G. Torry & Gray. 
Ton-. Tony. 
Trin. Trinius. 



Tuckim. Tuckcrman. 

Uhl. Uhler. 

Viel. Viellant. 

Vahl, (fovWahl.) Wahlcnberg. 

Vent. Ventcnat. 

Vill. Villars. 

Web., Wbr. Weber. 

Wils. Wilson. 

Wm., (erroneously, for Newman.) 

Westw. Westwood. 

Wlk. Walker. 

Wldi. Walch. 

Walt. Walter. 

Willd. Willdenau. 

Waug. Wangenhetni. 

Weid., Wei. Weidmann. 

Zieg., Zgl. Ziegler. 

Zimm. Zimmerman. 

Zel. Zellers. 



APPENDIX. 



DIVISION X. 



DOCUMENTARY 



AND 



FI NANCIAL. 



No. I. 

^' The Charter of Charles the /Second, of England, Scotland, France and 
Ireland, King, defender of the faith, &c., unto William Penn, Proprietary 
and Governor of tlie Province 0/ Pennsylvania," [1681.] 

" Charles, by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and 
Ireland, defender of the faith, &c., to all, to whom these presents shall 
come, Greeting: 

"Whereas our trusty and well-beloved subject William Penn, Esquire, 
son and heir of Sir William Penn deceased, (out of a commendable de- 
sire to enlarge our British empire, and promote such useful commodities, 
as may be of benefit to us and our dominions, as also to reiduce the 
savage Natives, by just and gentle manners, to the love of civil society, 
and christian religion) hath humbly besought leave of US, to transport 
an ample colony unto a certain country, hereinafter described, in the 
parts o^ America not yet cultivated and planted; and hath likewise so 
humbly besought our royal Majesty to give, grant and confirm all the 
said country, with certain privileges and jurisdictions, requisite for the 
good government and safety of the said country and colony, to him, and 
his heirs forever. 

SECTIOX I. 

" Know ye, therefore, that we, (favoring the petition and good purpose 
of the said William Penn, and having regard to the memory and merits 
of his late father, in divers services, and particularly to his conduct, 
courage and discretion, under our dearest brother James Duke of York, 
in that signal battle and victory, fought and obtained, against the Dutcli 
fleet, commanded by the Heer Van Opdam, in tlie year 1665: In consid- 
eration thereof, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion) 
have given and granted, and, by this our present Charter, for us. our 
heirs and successors, do give and grant unto the said WiUicmi Penn, his 
heirs and assigns, all that tract, or part, of land, in America, with the 
islands therein contained, as the same is bounded, on the east, by Dela- 
ware river, from twelve miles distance northwards of New Castle town, 
unto the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude, if the said river 
doth extend so far northward, but if the said river shall not extend so 
far northward, then, by the said river, so far as it doth extend ; and from 
the head of the said river, the eastern bounds are to be determined by a 
meridian line, to be drawn from the head of the said river, unto the said 

IK 



2 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

forty-third degree. The said land to extend westward five degrees ia 
longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds; and the said 
lands to be bounded on the north by the beginning of the three and 
fortieth degree of northern latitude, and, on the south, by a circle, drawn 
at twelve miles distance from Neio Castle^ northward and westward, unto 
the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude; and then by a 
straight line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned. 

SECTION II. 
" We do also give and grant unto the said William Penn^ his heirs and 
assigns, the free, and undisturbed use, and continuance in, and passage unto, 
and out of all and singular ports, harbours, bays, waters, rivers, isles and 
inlets, belonging unto, or leading to, and from, the country, or islands 
aforesaid, and all the soils, lands, fields, woods, underwoods, mountains, 
hills, fenns, isles, lakes, rivers, waters, rivulets, bays and inlets, situated, 
or being within, or belonging to, the limits, or bounds, aforesaid, together 
with the fishing of all sorts of fish, whales, sturgeon, and all royal, and 
other fishes, in the seas, bays, inlets, waters, or rivers, within the prem- 
ises, and all the fish taken therein; and also all veins, mines, minerals and 
quarries, as well discovered as not discovered, of gold, silver, gemms, and 
precious stones, and all other whatsoever, be it stones, metals, or of any 
other thing or matter whatsoever, found, or to be found, within the 
country, isles, or limits, aforesaid. 

SECTION III. 
"And him, the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns, we do by this 
our royal charter^ for us, our heirs and successors, make, create and con- 
stitute the true and absolute proprietary of the country aforesaid, and of 
all other the premises ; saving always to us, our heirs and successors, the 
faith and allegiance of the said William Pem\ his heirs and assigns, and 
of all other proprietaries, tenants and inhabitants, that are, or shall be, 
within the territories and precincts aforesaid; and saving also unto us, 
our heirs and successors, the sovereignty of the aforesaid country; to 
have, hold, possess and enjoy the said tract of land, country, isles, inlets, 
and other the premises, unto the said William, Penn^ his heirs and assigns, 
forever, to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, kings of England, 
as of our castle of Windsor, in the county of Berks, in free and common 
soccage, by fealty only, for all services and not in capite, or by knight 
service : yielding and paying therefore to us, our heirs and successors, two 
Beaver skins, to be delivered at our castle of Wi7idsor, on the first day of 
January, in every year ; and also the fifth part of all gold, and silver oar, 
which shall, from time to time, happen to be found within the limits 
aforesaid, clear of all charges. And of our further grace, certain knowl- 
edge, mere motion. We have thought fit to erect, and we do hereby erect, 



THE CHARTEK OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 3 

the aforesaid country and islands into a province and seigniory, and do 
call it Pensilvania, and so from henceforth will have it called. 

SECTION IV. 

"And, for as much as, we have hereby made and ordained the afore- 
said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, the true and absolute proprie- 
taries of all the lands and dominions aforesaid. Know ye, therefore, that 
we (reposing special trust and confidence in the fidelity, wisdom, justice 
and provident circumspection of the said William Penn) for us, our heirs 
and successors, do grant free, full and absolute power, by virtue of these 
presents, to him and his heirs, to his, and their deputies and lieutenants, 
for the good and happy government of the said country, to ordain, make 
and enact, and, under his and their seals, to publish any laws whatsoever 
for the raising of money for public uses of the said province, or for any 
other end, appertaining either unto the public state, peace, or safety of 
the said country, or unto the private utility of particular persons, accord- 
ing unto their best discretion, and with the advice, assent and approba- 
tion of the freemen of the said country, or the greater part of them, or 
of their delegates, or deputies, whom, for the enacting of the said laws, 
when, and as often as need shall require, we will that the said William 
Penri^ and his heirs shall assemble, in such sort and form, as to him and 
them shall seem best, and the same laws duly to execute, unto and upon 
all people, within the said country and limits thereof. 

SECTION V. 

" And we do likewise give and grant unto the said William Penn^ and 
to his heirs, and their deputies and lieutenants, full power and authority 
to appoint and establish any Judges and Justices, Magistrates, and other 
officers whatsoever, (for the probates of wills, and for the granting of ad- 
ministration within the precincts aforesaid) and with what power soever, 
and in such form, as to the said William Penn, or his heirs shall seem 
most convenient: also to remit, release, pardon and abolish (whether 
before judgment or after) all crimes and offences whatsoever, committed 
within the said country, against the laws, (treason and wilful and mali- 
cious murder only excepted, and in those cases, to grant reprieves, until 
our pleasure may be known therein) and to do all and every other thing 
and things, which unto the complete establishment of justice, unto courts 
and tribunals, forms of judicature, and manner of proceedings do belong, 
although, in these presents, express mention be not made thereof; and 
by judges, by them delegated, to award process, hold pleas, and deter- 
mine, in all the said courts and tribunals, all actions, suits and causes 
whatsoever, as well criminal as civil, personal, real and mixt; which 
laws, so as aforesaid, to be published, our pleasure is, and so we enjoin, 
require and command, shall be most absolute and available in law; and 



4 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

tliat all the liege people and subjects of us, our heirs and successors, do 
observe and keep the same inviolably in those parts, so far as they con- 
cern them, under the pain therein expressed, or to be expressed. Pro- 
vided nevertJi.eless, That the same laws be consonant to reason, and not 
repugnant, or contrary, but, (as near as conveniently may be) agreeable 
to the laws and statutes, and rights of this our kingdom of England; and 
saving and reserving to us, our heirs and successors, the receiving, hear- 
ing and determining of the appeal and appeals of all, or any person, or 
persons, of, in, or belonging to the territories aforesaid, or touching any 
judgment to be there made, or given. 

SECTION VI. 

"And, for as much as, in the government of so great a country, sudden 
accidents do often happen, whereunto it will be necessary to apply rem- 
edy, before the freeholders of the said province, or their delegates, or 
deputies, can be assembled, to the making of laws; neither will it be 
convenient, that instantly upon every such occasion, so great a multitude 
should be called together: Therefore (for the better government of the 
said country) we will and ordain, and by these presents, for us, our heirs 
and successors, do grant unto the the said William Penn and his heirs, 
by themselves, or by their Magistrates and officers, in that behalf, duly 
to be ordained, as aforesaid, to make and constitute lit and wholesome 
ordinances, from time to time, within the said country to be kept and 
observed, as well for the preservation of the peace, as for the better gov- 
ernment of the people there inhabiting; and publicly to notify the same 
to all persons, whom the same doth or may any ways concern. Which 
ordinances our will and pleasure is shall be observed inviolably within 
the said province, under the pains therein to be expressed, so as the said 
ordinances be consonant to reason, and be not repugnant nor contrary, 
but (so far as conveniently may be) agreeable with the laws of our king- 
dom of England^ and so as the said ordinances be not extended, in any 
sort, to bind, change, or take away the right, or interest of any person, 
or persons, for, or in, their life, members, freehold, goods, or chattels. 
And our farther will and pleasure is. That the laws for regulating and 
governing of property within the said province, as well as for the descent 
and enjoyment of lands, as likewise for the enjoyment and succession of 
goods and chattels, and likewise as to the felonies, shall be and continue 
the same, as they shall be for the time being by the general course of 
the law in our kingdom of England^ vmtil the said laws shall be altered 
by the said William Penn^ his heirs or assigns, and by the freemen of 
the said province, their delegates, or deputies, or the greater part of them. 

SECTION VII. 

"And to the end that the said William. Penn, or his heirs, or other the 



THE CHARTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 6 

planters, owners, or inhabitants of the said province may not, at any 
time hereafter (by misconstruction of the power aforesaid) through inad- 
vertency, or design, depart from that faith and due allegiance, which by 
the laws of this our realm of England, they and all our subjects, in our 
dominions and territories, always owe to us, our heirs and successors, by 
colour of any extent, or largeness of powers hereby given, or pretended 
to be given, or by force or colour of any laws hereafter to be made, in 
the said province, by virtue of any such powers; Our farther will and 
pleasure is, that a transcript or duplicate, of all laws, which shall be so, 
as aforesaid, made and published within the said province, shall within 
five years after the making thereof, be transmitted and delivered to the 
Privy Council, for the time being, of us, our heirs and successors: And 
if any of the said laws, within the space of six months after that they 
shall be so transmitted and delivered, be declared by us, our heirs and- 
successors, in our, or their Privy Council, inconsistent with the sover- 
eignty, or laAvful prerogative of us, our heirs and successors, or con- 
trary to the faith and allegiance, due to the legal government of this 
realm, from the said William Penn, or his heirs, or of the planters and 
inhabitants of the said province, and that thereupon any of the said laws 
shall be adjudged and declared to be void by us, our heirs and success- 
ors, under our or their privy seal, that then, and from thenceforth such 
laws, concerning which such judgment and declaration shall be made, 
shall become void : otherwise the said laws, so transmitted, shall remain 
and stand in full force, according to the true intent and meaning thereof. 

SECTION VIII. 

"Furthermore, that this new colony may the more happily increase by 
the multitude of people resorting thither; Therefore, we, for us, our 
heirs and successors, do give and grant, by these presents, power, license, 
and liberty unto all the liege people and subjects, both present and fu- 
ture, of us, our heirs and successors, (excepting those, who shall be 
especially forbidden) to transport themselves and families unto the said 
country, with such convenient shipping, as, by the laws of this our king- 
dom of England, they ought to use, and with fitting provision ; paying 
only the customs therefore due, and there to settle themselves, dwell and 
inhabit and plant, for the public, and their own private advantage. 

SECTION IX. 

"And furthermore, that our subjects may be the rather encouraged to 
undertake this expedition, with ready and cheerful minds, Knoiv ye, That 
we, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, do give 
and grant, by virtue of these presents, as well unto the said William 
Penn, and his heirs, as to all others, who shall, from time to time, repair 
unto the said country, full license to lade and freight, in any ports what- 



6 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

soever of us, our heirs and successors, according to the laws made, or to 
be made, within our kingdom of England^ and unto the said country, by 
them, their servants or assigns, to transport all and singular their goods, 
wares and merchandizes, as likewise all sorts of grain whatsoever, and 
all other things whatsoever, necessary for food, or cloathing, not pro- 
hibited, by the laws and statutes of our kingdom and dominions, to be 
carried out of the said kingdom, without any let, or molestation of us, 
our heirs and successors, or of any of the officers of us, our heirs or suc- 
cessors; saving always to us, our heirs and successors, the legal imposi- 
tions, customs, or other duties and payments for the said wares and 
merchandizes, by any law or statute, due, or to be due, to us, our heirs 
and successors. 

SECTION X. 

"And we do further, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant 
unto the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns, free and absolute 
power to divide the said country and islands into towns, hundreds and 
counties, and to erect and incorporate towns into burroughs, and bur- 
roughs into cities, and to make and constitute fairs and markets therein, 
Avith all other convenient privileges and immunities, according to the 
merits of the inhabitants, and the fitness of the places, and to do all, and 
every other thing and things, touching the premises, which to him, or 
them, shall seem meet and requisite; albeit they be such, as of their own 
nature might otherwise require a more special commandment and war- 
rant, than, in these presents, is expressed. 

SECTION XI. 

" We will also, and, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, 
we do give and grant license, by this our charter, unto the said William 
Penn, his heirs and assigns, and to all the inhabitants and dwellers in 
the province aforesaid, both present and to come, to import, or unlade, 
by themselves, or their servants, factors or assigns, all merchandizes and 
goods whatsoever, that shall arise of the fruits and commodities of the 
said province, either by land or sea, into any of the ports of us, our heirs, 
or successors, in our kingdom of England^ and not into 2a\j other country 
whatsoever; and we give him full power to dispose of the said goods, 
in the said ports; and, if need be, within one year after the unlading of 
the same, to lade the said merchandize and goods again, into the same, 
or other ships, and to transport the same into any other countries, either 
©f our dominions, or foreign, according to law ; provided always, that 
they pay such customs and impositions, subsidies and duties for the same, 
to us, our heirs and successors, as the rest of our subjects of our king- 
dom of England^ for the time being, shall be bound to pay, and do ob- 
serve the acts of navigation, and other laws, in that behalf made. 



THE CHARTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 7 

SECTION XII. 

" And furtliermore, of our ample and special graee, certain knowledge 
and mere motion, we do, for us, our heirs and successors, grant unto the 
said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, full and absolute power and 
authority, to make, erect and constitute, within the said province, and 
the isles and inlets aforesaid, such and so many seaports, harbors, creeks, 
havens, keys, and other places, for discharging and unlading of goods 
and merchandize, out of the ships, boats, and other vessels, and landing 
them unto such, and so many places, and with such rights, jurisdictions, 
liberties and privileges, unto the said ports belonging, as to him and them 
shall seem most expedient ; and that all, and singular the ships, boats and 
other vessels, which shall come for merchandize and trade, into the said 
province, or out of the same, shall be laden, or unladen, only at such 
ports, as shall be created and constituted by the said William Penn^ his 
heirs, or assigns, (any use, custom or thing to the contrary notwithstand- 
ing.) Provided, that the said William Penn and his heirs, and the Lieu- 
tenants and Governors, for the time being, shall admit and receive in and 
about all such havens, ports, creeks and keys, all officers and their depu- 
ties, who shall, from time to time, be appointed for that purpose by the 
farmers, or commissioners of our customs for the time being. 

SECTION XIII. 

" And we do further appoint and ordain, and by these presents, for us, 
our heirs and successors, we do grant unto the said William Penn, his 
heirs and assigns, that he, the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, 
may, from time to time, for ever, have and enjoy the customs and subsi- 
dies, in the ports, harbours and other creeks, and places aforesaid, within 
the province aforesaid, payable, or due for merchandize and "wares there 
to be laded and unladed, the said customs and subsidies to be reasonably 
assessed, upon any occasion, by themselves and the people there, as afore- 
said to be assembled, to whom we give poAver by these presents, for us, 
our heirs and successors, upon just cause, and due proportion, to assess 
and impose the same; saving unto us, our heirs and successors, such 
impositions and customs, as, by act of Parliament, are, and shall be, 
appointed. 

SECTION XIV. 

"And it is our farther will and pleasure, that the said William Penn, 
his heirs and assigns, shall, from time to time, constitute and appoint an 
Attorney, or agent, to reside in, or near our city of London; who shall 
make known the place where he shall dwell, or may be found, unto the 
clerks of our Privy Council, for the time being, or one of them, and shall 
be ready to appear in any of our courts, at M^estminster, to answer for 
any misdemeanor, that shall be committed, or by any wilful default, or 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

neglect, permitted by the said William Penn^ his heirs or assigns, against 
the laws of trade and navigation ; and after it shall be ascertained, in any 
of our courts, what damages we, or our heirs, or successors, shall have 
sustained by such default, or neglect, the said William Penn^ his heirs, 
or assigns, shall pay the same within one year, after such taxation, and 
demand thereof from such attorney; or in case there shall be no such 
attorney by the space of one year, or such attorney shall not make pay- 
ment of such damages, within the space of a year, and answer such other 
forfeitures and penalties, within the said time, as by acts of Parliament, 
in England,! are and shall be provided according to the true intent and 
meaning of these presents; then it shall be lawful for us, our heirs and 
successors, to seize and resume the government of the said province or 
country, and the same to retain, until payment shall be made thereof: 
but notwithstanding any such seizure, or resumption of the government, 
nothing concerning the propriety, or ownership, of any lands, tenements, 
or other hereditaments, goods or chattels of any of the adventurers, 
planters or owners, other than the respective offenders there, shall any 
ways be affected or molested thereby. 

SECTION XV. 

"Provided always, and our will and pleasure is, that neither the said 
William Penn^i nor his heirs, nor any other, the inhabitants of the said 
province, shall, at any time hereafter, have or maintain, any correspond- 
ence with any other king, prince or state, or with any of their subjects, 
who shall then be in war against us, our heirs and successors ; nor shall 
the said William Penn^ or his heirs or any other inhabitants of the said 
province, make war, or do any act of hostility against any other king, 
prince, or ^state, or any of their subjects, who shall then be in league or 
amity with us, our heirs and successors. 

SECTION XVI. 

"And because, in so remote a country, and situate near many barbar- 
ous nations, the incursions as well of the savages themselves, as of other 
enemies, pirates and robbers, may probably be feared ; Therefore, we 
have given, and, for us, our heirs and successors, do give power, by these 
presents, to the said William Pen^i, his heirs and assigns, by themselves, 
or their captains, or other their officers, to levy, muster and train all 
sorts of men, of what condition soever, or wheresoever born, in the said 
Province of Pennsylvania.! for the time being, and to make war, and to 
pursue the enemies and robbers aforesaid, as well by sea as by land, 
even, without the limits of the said province, and, by God's assistance, to 
vanquish and take them; and being taken, to put them to death, by the 
law of war, or to save them ; at their pleasure, and to do all and every 
other thing, which unto the charge and office of a captain general of an 



THE CHAKTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 9 

army belongetli, or hath accustomed to belong, as I'ully and freely as any 
captain general of an army hath ever had the same. 

SECTION XVII. 

"And furthermore, of our special grace, and of our certain knowledge 
and mere motion, we have given and granted, and, by these presents, for 
us, our heirs and successors, do fgive and grant unto tlie said William 
Penn^ his heirs and assigns, full and absolute power, license and authority, 
that he, the said Williani Penu, his heirs and assigns, from time to time 
hereafter forever, at his or their own will and pleasure, may assign, alien, 
grant, demise, or enfeoff of the premises so many, and such parts and 
parcels to him, or them, that shall be willing to purchase the same, as 
they shall think fit ; to have and to hold to them, the said person, or 
persons willing to take and purchase, their heirs and assigns, in fee sim- 
ple, or fee tail, or for the term of life, lives, or years, to be held of the 
said William Penn^ his heirs, or assigns, as of the said seigniory of Witid- 
sor, by such services, customs, or rents, as shall seem meet to the said 
William Penn^ his heirs, or assigns, and not immediately of us, our heirs 
or successors. 

SECTION XVIII. 

"And to the same person, or persons, and to all and every of them, we 
do give and grant, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, 
license, authority and power, that such person or persons may take the 
premises, or any parcel thereof, of the aforesaid William Penn, his heirs 
or assigns, and the same to hold to themselves, their heirs and assigns, in 
what estate of inheritance soever, in fee simple, or in fee tail, or other- 
wise, as to him the said William Perm, his heirs or assigns, shall seem 
expedient : The statute made, in the parliament of Edward, the son of 
King Henry, late King of England, our predecessor (commonly called 
the statute, ' Qiua Em,ptores Terrarum' lately published in our kingdom 
of England) in any wise notwithstanding. 

SECTION XIX. 

"And by these presents, we give and grant license unto the said Wil- 
liam Penn and his heirs, and likewise to all, and every such person, or 
persons, to whom the said William Penn, or his heirs, shall, at any time 
hereafter, grant any estate, or inheritance, as aforesaid, to erect any par- 
cels of land, within the province aforesaid, into manors, by and with the 
license, to be first had and obtained, for that purpose, under the hand 
and seal of the said William Penn, or his heirs; and, in every of the said 
ma7iors, to have and hold a Court-Baron, with all things what.soever,^ 
which to a Court-Baron do belong, and to have and to hold View of 
Frank Pledge, for the conservation of the peace, and the better govern- 
ment of those parts, by themselves, or their stewards, or by the lords for 



10 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

the time being, of the manors to be deputed, wlien they shall be erected, 
and, in the same, to use all things belonging to the Vieiv of Frank Pledge. 
And we do further grant license and authority, That every such person, 
or persons, Avho shall erect any such manor, or manors, as aforesaid, 
shall, or may, grant all, or any part of his said land to any person, or 
persons, in fee simple, or any other estate of inheritance to be held of the 
said manors respectively, so as no further tenure shall be created, but 
that upon all further, or other alienations thereafter to be made, the said 
lands so aliened shall be held of the same lord and his heirs, of whom the 
aliener did then before hold, and by the like rents and services, which 
were before due and accustomed. 

SECTION XX. 

"And furthermore, our pleasure is, and by these presents, for us, our 
heirs and successors, we do covenant and grant to and with the said 
Williain Penn, his heirs and assigns, that we, our heirs and successors, 
shall, at no time hereafter, set, or make, or cause to be set, or made, any 
imposition, custom, or other taxation, rate, or contribution whatsoever, 
in and upon the dwellers and inhabitants of the aforesaid province, for 
their lands, tenements, goods, or chattels, within the said province, or in 
and upon any goods and merchandizes within the province, or to be la- 
den, or unladen within the ports, or harbours of the said province, unless 
the same be with the consent of the Proprietary, or Chief Governor, or 
Assembly, or by act of parliament in England. 

SECTION XXI. 

"And our pleasure is, and, for us, our heirs and successors, we charge 
and command, that this our declaration shall be from henceforth, 
from time to time, be received and allowed, in all our courts, and before 
all the judges of us, our heirs and successors, for a suflScient lawful dis- 
charge, payment and acquittance ; commanding all the officers and min- 
isters of us, our heirs and successors, and enjoining them upon pain of 
our highest displeasure, that they do not presume, at any time, to attempt 
anything to the contrary of the premises, or that do, in any sort, with- 
stand the same ; but, that they be, at all times, aiding and assisting, as is 
fitting, to the said William Penn, and his heirs, and unto the inhabitants 
and merchants of the province aforesaid, their servants, ministers, fac- 
tors and assigns, in the full use and fruition of the benefit of this our 
charter. 

SECTION XXII. 

"And our farther pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and 
successors, charge and require. That, if any of the inhabitants of the said 
province, to the number of twenty, shall, at any time hereafter, be de- 
sirous, and shall, by any writing, or by any person deputed by them, . 



thp: charter of charles the second. 11 

signify such their desire to the bishop of London, for the time being, that 
any preacher, or preachers, to be approved of by the said bishop, may 
be sent unto them, for their instruction ; that then such preacher, or 
preachers, shall and may reside within the said province, without any 
denial, or molestation whatsoever. 

SECTION XXIII. 

"And, if perchance hereafter any doubt or question should arise con- 
cerning the true sense and meaning of any word, clause, or sentence, con- 
tained in this our present charter, we will, ordain and command, that, at 
all times, and in all things, such interpretation be made thereof, and 
allowed, in any of our courts whatsoever, as shall be adjudged most ad- 
vantageous and favorable unto the said William Penn, his heirs and as- 
signs : Provided ahvays, no interpretation be admitted thereof, by which 
the allegiance due unto us, our heirs and successors, may suffer any prej- 
udice or diminution ; although express mention be not made, in these 
presents, of the true yearly value, or certainty of the premises, or any 
part thereof, or of other gifts and grants, made by us, and our progeni- 
tors, or predecessors, unto the said William Penn: Any statute, act, or- 
dinance, provision, proclamation, or restraint, heretofore had, made, pub- 
lished, ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter what- 
soever, to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. In Witness 
whereof we have caused these our letters to be made patent : Witness 
Ourself] at Westminster, the fourth day of March, in the three and thir- 
tieth year of our reign, Annoque Domini one thousand six hundred and 
eighty-one. 

"/?y vrit of Privy Seal, 

PIGOTT." 



12 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



No. 2. 

Certain conditions, or concessions, agreed iqjon by William Penn, Propri- 
etary and Governor of the i^rovince of Pennsylvania^ and those who are 
the adventurers and purchasers in the same province^ the eleventh of July, 
one thousand six hundred and eighty-one. 

I. That so soon as it pleaseth God that the abovesaid persons arrive 
there, a certain quantity of land, or ground plat, shall be laid out, for a 
large town or city, in the most convenient place, upon the river, for 
health and navigation ; and every purchaser and adventurer shall, by lot, 
have so much land therein as will answer to the proportion, which he 
hath bought, or taken up, upon rent : but it is to be noted, that the sur- 
veyors shall consider what roads or high-ways will be necessary to the 
cities, towns, or through the lands. Great roads from city to city not to 
contain less ihivn forty feet, in breadth, shall be first laid out and declared 
to be for high-ways, before the dividend of acres be laid out for the pur- 
chaser, and the like observation to be had for the streets in the towns and 
cities, that there may be convenient roads and streets preserved, not to be 
encroached upon by any planter or builder, that none may build irregu- 
larly to the damage of another. In this, custom governs. 

II. That the land in the town be laid out together after the proportion 
of ten tliousand acres of the whole country, that is, two hundred acres, if 
the place will bear it : however, that the proportion be by lot, and entire, 
so as those that desire to be together, especially those that are, by the 
catalogue, laid together, may be so laid together both in the town and 
country. 

III. That, when the country lots are laid out, every purchaser, from 
one thousand, to ten thousand acres, or more, not to have above one thousand 
acres together, unless in three years they plant a family upon every 
thousand acres ; but that all such as purchase together, lie together ; and, 
if as many as comply with this condition, that the whole be laid out 
together. 

IV. That, where any number of purchasers, more or less, whose num- 
ber of acres amounts to five or ten thousand acres, desire to sit together 
in a lot, or township, they shall have their lot, or township, cast together, 
in such places as have convenient harbours, or navigable rivers attending 
it, if such can be found ; and in case any one or more purchasers plant 
not acccording to agreement, in this concession, to the prejudice of others 
of the same township, upon complaint thereof made to the Governor, or 



CERTAIN CONDITIONS OR CONCESSIONS. 13 

his Deputy, with assistance, they may award (if they see cause) that the 
complaining purchaser may, paying the survey money, and purchase 
money, and interest thereof, be entitled, enrolled and lawfully invested, 
in the lands so not seated. 

V. That the proportion of lands, that shall be laid out in the first great 
town, or city, for every purchaser, shall be after the proportion of ten 
acres for every Jive hundred acres purchased, if the place will allow it. 

VI. That notwithstanding there be no mention made, in the several 
deeds made to the purchasers; yet the said William Penn does accord 
and declare, that all rivers, rivulets, woods, and underwoods, waters, 
watercourses, quarries, mines, and minerals, (except mines royal) shall be 
freely and fully enjoyed, and wholly by the purchasers, into whose lot 
they fall. 

YII. That, for every fifly acres, that shall be allotted to a servant, at 
the end of his service, his quit-rent shall be two shillings per annum, and 
the master, or owner of the servant, when he shall take up the other /?/"/// 
acres, his quit-rent, shall he four shillings by the year, or, if the master of 
the servant (by reason in the indentures he is so obliged to do) allot out 
to the servant Jiff y acres in his own division, the said master shall have, 
on demand, allotted him, from the Governor, the owe hundred acres, at the 
chief rent of six shillings per annum. 

VIII. And, for the encouragement of such as are ingenious and willing 
to search out gold and silver mines in this province, it is hereby agreed, 
that they have liberty to bore and dig in any man's property, fully paying 
the damage done ; and in case a discovery should be made, that the dis- 
coverer have one-Jifth, the owner of the soil (if not the discoverer) a tenth 
part, the Governor two-Jifths, and the rest to the public treasury, saving 
to the king the share reserved by patent. 

IX. In every hundred thousand acres, the Governor and Proprietary, 
by lot, reserveth ten to himself, what shall lie but in one place. 

X. That every man shall be bound to plant, or man, so much of his 
share of land as shall be set out and surveyed, within tliree years after it 
is so set out and surveyed, or else it shall be lawful for new comers to be 
settled thereupon, paying to them their survey money, and they go up 
higher for their shares. 

XI. There shall be no buying and selling, be it with an Indian, or oue 
among another, of any goods to be exported, but what shall be performed 
in public market, when such places shall be set ajjart, or erected, where 
they shall pass the public stamp, or mark. If bad ware, and prized as 
good, or deceitful in proportion or weight, to forfeit the value, as if good 
and full weight and proportion, to the public treasury of this province, 
whether it be the merchandize of the Indian, or that of the })lanters. 

XII. And forasmuch, as it is usual with the planters to over-reach the 



14 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

poor natives of the country, in trade, by goods not being good of the 
kind, or debased with mixtures, with which they are sensibly aggrieved, 
it is agreed, whatever is sold to the Indians^ in consideration of their furs, 
shall be sold in the market place, and there suffer the test, whether good 
or bad ; if good, to pass ; if not good, not to be sold for good, that the 
natives may not be abused, nor provoked. 

XIII. That no man shall, by any ways or means, in word, or deed, 
affront, or wrong any Indian^ but he shall incur the same penalty of the 
law, as if he had committed it against his fellow planter, and if any Indian 
shall abuse, in word, or deed, any planter of this Province, that he shall 
not be his own judge upon the Indian^ but he shall make his complaint 
to the Governor of the province, or his Lieutenant, or De-puty, or some 
inferior Magistrate near him, who shall, to the utmost of his power, take 
care with the king of the said Indian^ that all reasonable satisfaction be 
made to the said injured planter. 

XIV. That all difterences, between the planters and the natives, shall 
also be ended by twelve men, that is, by six planters and six natives ; that 
so we may live friendly together as much as in us lieth, preventing all 
occasions of heart-burnings and mischief. 

XV. That the Indians shall have liberty to do all things relating to 
improvement of their ground, and providing sustenance for their fami- 
lies, that any of the planters shall enjoy. 

XVI. That the laws, as to slanders, drunkenness, swearing, cursing, 
pride in apparel, trespasses, distresses, replevins, weights, and measures, 
shall be the same as in England, till altered by law in this province. 

XVII. That all shall mark their hogs, sheep and other cattle, and what 
are not marked within three months after it is in their possession, be it 
young or old, it shall be forfeited to the Governor, that so people may be 
compelled to avoid the occasions of much strife between planters. 

XVIII. That, in clearing the ground, care be taken to leave one acre 
of trees for every Jive acres cleared, especially to preserve oak and mul- 
berries, for silk and shipping. 

XIX. That all ship-masters shall give an account of their countries, 
names, ships, owners, freights and passengers, to an officer to be ap- 
pointed for that purpose, which shall be registered within two days after 
their arrival, and if they shall refuse so to do, that then none presume to 
trade with them, upon forfeiture thereof; and that such masters be looked 
upon as having an evil intention to the province. 

XX. That no person leave the province, without publication being 
made thereof, in the market place, three weeks before, and a certificate 
from some Justice of the Peace, of his clearness with his neigbours and 
those he dealt with, so far as such an assurance can be attained and 
given: and if any master of a ship shall, contrary hereunto, receive and 



CERTAIN CONDITIONS OR CONCESSIONS. 



15 



carry away any person, that hatli not given tliat public notice, the said 
master shall be liable to all debts owing by the said person, so secretly 
transported from the province. 

Lastly, That these are to be added to, or corrected, by and with the 
consent of the parties hereunto subscribed. 

WILLIAM PENN. 
-| William Boeliiam, 
|- Harbert Springet, 
J Thomas Prudyard. 

Sealed and delivered in tJte ^ 
presence of all the propri- 
etors, who have hereunto [^ 
suhscrihed, except Thomas f 
Farrinhor rough and John 
Goodson, in presence of J 



Sealed and delivered in 
the presence of 



Hugh Chamberlen, 
E. Murray, 
Harbert Springet, 
Humphry South, 
Thomas Barker, 
Samuel 'JoBsoN, 
^JoHN Joseph Moore, 
William Powel, 
KiCHARD Davie, 
Griffith Jones, 
Hugh Lambe, 
Thomas Farrinborrougu, 
John Goodson. 



16 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



No. 3. 

The frame of the government of the inovince of Peusilvania, in America: 
together loith certain laws agreed upon in England, hy the Goverrior and 
divers freemen of the aforesaid inovince. To he further explained and 
confirmed there, hy the first 2^1'ovincial Council, that shall he held, if they 
see meet. 

THE PREFACE. 

When the great and wise God had made the world, of all his creatures, 
it pleased him to chuse man his Deputy to rule it : and to fit him for so 
great a charge and trust, he did not only qualify him with skill and 
power, but with integrity to use them justly. This native goodness was 
equally his honour and his happiness ; and whilst he stood here, all went 
well ; there was no need of coercive or compulsive means ; the precept 
of divine love and truth, in his bosom, was the guide and keeper of his 
innocency. But lust prevailing against duty, made a lamentable breach 
upon it ; and the law, that before had no power over him, took place 
upon him, and his disobedient posterity, that such as would not live 
conformable to the holy law Avithin, should fiill under the reproof and 
correction of the just law without, in a judicial administration. 

This the Apostle teaches in divers of his epistles: "The law (says he) 
was added because of transgression :" In another place, " Knowing that 
the law was not made for the riofhteous man; but for the disobedient and 
ungodly, for sinners, for unholy and prophane, for murderers, for whore- 
mongers, for them that defile themselves with mankind, and for man- 
stealers, for lyers, for perjured persons," &c., but this is not all, he opens 
and carries the matter of government a little further: "Let every soul 
be subject to the higher powers; for there is no power but of God. The 
powers that be are ordained of God: whosoever therefore resisteth the 
power, resisteth the ordinance of God. For rulers are not a terror to 
good works, but to evil: wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do 
that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same." " He is the 
minister of God to thee for good." " Wherefore ye must needs be sub- 
ject, not only for wrath, but for conscience sake." 

This settles the divine right of government beyond exception, and that 
for two ends: first, to terrify evil doers: secondly, to cherish those that 
do well; which gives government a life beyond corruption, and makes 
it as durable in the world, as good men should be. So that government 
seems to me a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and 



FIRST fra:me of goverxmext. 17 

end. For, if it does not directly remove the cause, it cruslies the effects 
of evil, and is as such, (though a lower, yet) an emanation of the same 
Divine Power, that is both author and object of pure religion; the dif- 
ference lying here, that the one is more free and mental, the other more 
corporal and compulsive in its operations: but that is only to evil doers; 
government itself being otherwise as capable of kindness, goodness and 
charity, as a more private society. They weakly err, that think there is 
no other use of government, than correction, which is the coarsest part 
of it: daily experience tells us, that the care and regulation of many other 
affairs, more soft, and daily necessary, make up much of the greatest part 
of government ; and which must have followed the peopling of the world, 
had Adam never fell, and will continue among men, on earth, under the 
highest attainments they may arrive at, by the coming of the blessed 
Second Adaon, the Lord from heaven. Thus much of government in 
general, as to its rise and end. 

For particular /Va?)ie5 and models, it will become me to say little; and 
comparatively I will say nothing. My reasons are : 

First. That the age is too nice and difficult for it ; there being nothing 
the wits of men are more busy and divided upon. It is true, they seem 
to agree to the end, to wit, happiness; but, in the means, they differ, as 
to divine, so to this human felicity ; and the cause is much the same, not 
always want of light and knowledge, but want of using them rightly. 
Men side with their passions against their reason, and their sinister inter- 
ests have so strong a bias upon their minds, that they lean to them 
against the good of the things they know. 

Secondly. I do not find a model in the world, that time, place, and 
some singular emergences have not necessarily altered; nor is it easy to 
frame a civil government, that shall serve all places alike. 

Thirdly. I know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy, 
aristocracy and democracy, which are the rule of one, a few, and many, 
and are the three common ideas of government, when men discourse on 
the subject. But I chuse to solve the controversy with this small dis- 
tinction, and it belongs to all three: Any government is free to the i^ople 
under it (whatever be the frame) tuliere the laws rule, and the x>eople are a 
party to those laws, and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion. 

But, lastly, when all is said, there is hardly one frame of government 
in the world so ill designed by its first founders, that, in good hands, 
would not do well enough; and story tells us, the best, in ill ones, can 
do nothing that is great or good; witness the Jeicish and Boman states. 
Governments, like clocks, go from the motion men give them ; and as 
governments are made and moved by men, so by them they are ruined 
too. Wherefore governments rather depend upon men, than men upon 
governments. Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad; if 
2k 



18 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 

it be ill, they will cure it. But, if men be bad, let the government be 
never so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil it to their turn. 

I know some say, let us have good laws, and no matter for the men 
that execute them : but let them consider, that though good laws do well, 
good men do better : for good laws may want good men, and be abolished 
or evaded by ill men; but good men will never want good laws, nor 
suffer ill ones. It is true, good laws have some awe upon ill ministers, 
but that is where they have not power to escape or abolish them, and 
the people are generally wise and good : but a loose and depraved peo- 
ple (which is to the question) love laws and an administration like them- 
selves. That, therefore, which makes a good constitution, must keep it, 
viz : men of wisdom and virtue, qualities, that because they descend not 
with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous 
education of youth; for which after ages will owe more to the care and 
prudence of founders, and the successive magistracy, than to their par- 
ents, for their private patrimonies. 

These considerations of the weight of government, and the nice and 
various opinions about it, made it uneasy to me to think of publishing 
the ensuing frame and conditional laws, forseeing both the censures, they 
will meet with, from men of differing humours and engagements, and the 
occasion they may give of discourse beyond my design. 

But, next to the power of necessity, (which is a solicitor, that will take 
no denial) this induced me to a compliance, that we have (with reverence 
to God, and good conscience to men) to the best of our skill, contrived 
and composed the frame and laws of this government, to the great end of 
all government, viz: To support power in reverence with the people^ and 
to secure the people frovti the abuse of power; that they may be free by their 
just obedience, and the magistrates honourable, for their just administra- 
tion: for liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedience without 
liberty is slavery. To carry this evenness is partly owing to the consti- 
tution, and partly to the magistracy: where either of these fail, govern- 
ment will be subject to convulsions; but where both are wanting, it 
must be totally subverted: then where both meet, the goverment is like 
to endure. Which I humbly pray and hope Ood will please to make the 
lot of this of Pensilvania. Amen. 

WILLIAM PENN. 

THE FRAME, &C. 

To all people, to whom these presents shall come. Whereas, king 
Charles the Second, by his letters patents, under the great seal of Eng- 
land^ for the consideration therein mentioned, hath been graciously pleased 
to give and grant unto me William Peim, (by the name of William 
Penn^ Esquire, son and heir of Sir William Penn^ deceased) and to my 



FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 19 

heirs and assigns forever, all that tract of land, or province, called Pcji- 
silvcmia, in America, with divers great powers, preheminences, royalties, 
jurisdictions, and authorities, necessary for the well-being and govern- 
ment thereof: Now know ye, that for the well-being and government 
of the said province, and for the encouragement of all the freemen and 
planters, that may be therein concerned, in pursuance of the powers 
aforementioned, I, the said William Penn, have declared, granted and 
confirmed, and by these presents, for me, my heirs and assigns, do de- 
clare, grant and confirm unto all the freemen, planters and adventurers 
of, in and to the said province, these liberties, franchises and properties, 
to be held, enjoyed and kept by the freemen, planters and inhabitants of 
the said province of Pensilvania for ever. 

Imprimis. That the government of this province shall, according to 
the powers of the patent, consist of the Governor and freemen of the said 
province, in form of a provincial Council and General Assembly, by 
whom all laws shall be made, ofl&cers chosen, and public affairs trans- 
acted, as is hereafter respectively declared, that is to say — 

II. That the freemen of the said province shall, on the twentieth day 
of the twelfth month, which shall be in this present year one thousand 
six hundred eighty and two, meet and assemble in some fit place, of which 
timely notice shall be before hand given by the Governor or his Deputy; 
and then, and there, shall chuse out of themselves seventy-tivo persons of 
most note for their wisdom, virtue and ability, who shall meet, on the 
tenth day of the first month next ensuing, and always be called, and act 
as, the provincial Council of the said province. 

III. That, at the first choice of such provincial Council, one-third part 
of the said provincial Council shall be chosen to serve for three years, 
then next ensuing; one-third part, for two years then next ensuing; and 
one-third part, for one year then next ensuing such election, and no 
longer; and that the said third part shall go out accordingly: and on the 
twentieth day of the twelfth month, as aforesaid, yearly for ever after- 
wards, the freemen of the said province shall, in like manner, meet and 
assemble together, and then chuse twenty-four persons, being one-third 
of the said number, to serve in provincial Council for three years: it 
being intended, that one-third part of the whole provincial Council (al- 
ways consisting, and to consist, of seventy-two persons, as aforesaid) 
falling ofl" yearly, it shall be yearly supplied by such new yearly elec- 
tions, as aforesaid; and that no one person shall continue therein longer 
than three years : and, in case any member shall decease before the last 
election during his time, that then at the next election ensuing his de- 
cease, another shall be chosen to supply his place, for the remaining time» 
he was to have served, and no longer. 

ly . That, after the first seven years, every one of the said third parts, 



20 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 

that goetli yearly off, sliall be uncapable of being cliosen again for one 
whole year following : that so all may be fitted for government, and have 
experience of the care and burden of it. 

Y. That the provincial Council, in all cases and matters of moment, as 
their arguing upon bills to be passed into laws, erecting courts of justice, 
giving judgment upon criminals impeached, and choice of officers, in 
such manner as is herein after mentioned; not less than two-thirds of 
the whole provincial Council shall make a quorum; and that the con- 
sent and approbation of two-thirds of such quorum shall be had in all 
such cases and matters of moment. And moreover that, in all cases and 
matters of lesser moment, twenty-four Members of the said provincial 
Council shall make a quorum, the majority of which twenty -four shall, 
and may, always determine in such cases and causes of lesser moment. 

VI. That, in this provincial Council, the Governor, or his Deputy, 
shall or may, always preside, and have a treble voice; and the said pro- 
vincial Council shall always continue, and sit upon its own adjournments 
and committees. 

VII. That the Governor and provincial Council shall prepare and 
propose to the General Assembly, hereafter mentioned, all bills, which 
they shall, at any time, think fit to be passed into laws, within the said 
province; which bills shall be published and affixed to the most noted 
places, in the inhabited parts thereof, thirty days before the meeting of 
the General Assembly, in order to the passing them into laws, or reject- 
ing "of them, as the General Assembly shall see meet. 

A^III. That the Governor and provincial Council shall take care, that 
all laws, statutes and ordinances, which shall at any time be made within 
the said province, be duly and diligently executed. 

IX. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, have 
the care of the peace and safety of the province, and that nothing be by 
any person attempted to the subversion of this frame of government. 

X. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, 
settle and order the situation of all cities, ports, and market towns in 
every county, modelling therein all public buildings, streets and market 
places, and sliall appoint all necessary roads, and high-ways in the prov- 
ince. 

XI. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, have 
power to inspect the management of the public treasury, and punish those 
who shall convert any part thereof to any other use, than what hath been 
agreed upon by the Governor, provincial Council and General Assembly. 

XII. That the Governor and provincial Council, shall erect and order 
all public schools, and encourage and reward the authors of useful sci- 
ences and laudable inventions in the said province. 

XIII. That, for the better management of the powers and trust afore- 



FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 21 

said, the provincial Council shall, from time to time, divide itself into 
four distinct and proper committees, for the more easy administration of 
the affairs of the Province, which divides the seventy-two into four eigh- 
teens, every one of which eighteens shall consist of six out of eacli of the 
three orders, or yearly elections, each of Avhich shall have a distinct portion 
of business, as followeth : Fust, a committee of plantations, to situate 
and settle cities, ports, and market towns, and high- ways, and to hear and 
decide all suits and controversies relating to plantations. Secondly, a 
committee of justice and safety, to secure the peace of the Province, and 
punish the mal-administration of those who subvert justice, to the preju- 
dice of the public, or private, interest. Thirdly, a committee of trade 
and treasury, who shall regulate all trade and commerce, according to 
law, encourage manufacture and country growth, and defray the public 
charge of the Province. And, Fourthly, a committee of manners, educa- 
tion and arts, that all wicked and scandalous living may be prevented, 
and that youth may be successively trained up in virtue and useful 
knowledge and arts: the quorum of each of which committees being six, 
that is, two out of each of the three orders, or yearly elections, as afore- 
said, make a constant and standing Council of tiventy-four, which will 
have the power of the provincial Council, being the quorum of it, in all 
cases not excepted in the fifth article; and in the said committees, and 
standing Council of the Province, the Governor, or his Deputy, shall, or 
may preside, as aforesaid; and in the absence of the Governor, or his 
Deputy, if no one is by either of them appointed, the said committees or 
Council shall appoint a President for that time, and not otherwise ; and 
what shall be resolved at such committees, shall be reported to the said 
Council of the province, and shall be by them resolved and confirmed 
before the same shall be put in execution ; and that these respective com- 
mittees shall not sit at one and the same time, except in cases of necessity. 
XIV. And, to the end that all laws prepared by the Governor and 
provincial Council aforesaid, may yet have the more full concurrence of 
the freemen of the province, it is declared, granted and confirmed, that, 
at the time and place or places, for the choice of a provincial Council, 
as aforesaid, the said freemen shall yearly chuse Members to serve in a 
General Assembly, as their representatives, not exceeding two hundred 
persons, Avho shall yearly meet, on the twentieth day of the second month, 
which shall be in the year one thousand six hundred eighty and three 
following, in the capital town, or city, of the said province, where, during 
eight days, the several Members may freely confer with one another ; and, 
if any of them see meet, with a committee of the provincial Council 
(consisting of three out of each of the four committees aforesaid, being 
twelve in all) which shall be, at that time, purposely appointed to receive 
from any of them proposals, for the alterations or amendment of any of 



22 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

the said proposed and promulgated bills : and on the ninth day from their 
so meeting, the said General Assembly, after reading over the proposed 
bills by the Clerk of the provincial Council, and the occasions and 
motives for them being opened by the Governor or his Deputy, shall give 
their affirmative or negative, which to them seemeth best, in such man- 
ner as herein after is expressed. But not less than two-thirds shall make 
a quorum in the passing of laws, and choice of such officers as are by 
them to be chosen. 

XV. That the laws so prepared and proposed, as aforesaid, that are 
assented to by the General Assembly, shall be enrolled as laws of the 
Province, with this stile: By the Governor^ ivith the assent and approba- 
tion of the freemen in provincial Council and General Assembly. 

XVI. That, for the establishment of the government and laws of this 
province, and to the end there may be an universal satisfaction in the laying 
of the fundamentals thereof: the General Assembly shall, or may, for the 
first year, consist of all the freemen of and in the said province; and 
ever after it shall be yearly chosen, as aforesaid; which number of two 
hundred shall be enlarged as the country shall increase in people, so as 
it do not exceed five hundred, at any time; the appointment and propor- 
tioning of which, as also the laying and methodizing of the choice of the 
provincial Council and General Assembly, in future times, most equally 
to the divisions of the hundreds and counties, which the country shall 
hereafter be divided into, shall be in the power of the provincial Council 
to propose, and the General Assembly to resolve. 

XVII. That the Governor and the provincial Council shall erect, from 
time to time, standing courts of justice, in such places and number as 
they shall judge convenient for the good government of the said province. 
And that the provincial Council shall, on the thirteenth day of the first 
mouth, yearly, elect and present to the Governor, or his Deputy, a double 
number of persons, to serve for Judges, Treasurers, Masters of Rolls, 
within the said province, for the year next ensuing ; and the freemen of 
the said province, in the county courts, when they shall be erected, and 
till then, in the General Assembly, shall, on the three and twentieth day 
of the second month, yearly, elect and present to the Governor, or his 
Deputy, a double number of persons, to serve for Sherifts, Justices of the 
Peace, and Coroners, for the year next ensuing; out of which respective 
elections and presentments, the Governor or his Deputy shall nominate 
and commissionate the proper number for each office, the third day after 
the said presentments, or else the first named in such presentment, for 
each office, shall stand and serve for that office the year ensuing. 

XVIII. But forasmuch as the present condition of the province requires 
some immediate settlement, and admits not of so quick a revolution of 
officers; and to the end the said Province may, with all convenient speed. 



FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 23 

be well ordered and settled, I, William Penn, do therefore think fit to 
nominate and appoint such persons for Judges, Treasurers, Masters of the 
Eolls, Sherififs, Justices of the Peace, and Coroners, as are most fitly qual- 
ified for those employments ; to whom I shall make and grant commis- 
sions for the said offices, respectively, to hold to them, to whom the same 
shall be granted, for so long time as every such person shall well behave 
himself in the office, or place, to him respectively granted, and no longer. 
And upon the decease or displacing of any of the said officers, the suc- 
ceeding officer, or officers, shall be chosen, as aforesaid. 

XIX. That the General Assembly shall continue so long as may be 
needful to impeach criminals, fit to be there impeached, to pass bills into 
laws, that they shall think fit to pass into laws, and till such time as the 
Governor and provincial Council shall delare that they have nothing 
further to propose unto them, for their assent and approbation : and that 
declaration shall be a dismiss to the General Assembly for that time ; 
which General Assembly shall be, notwithstanding, capable of assembling 
together upon the summons of the provincial Council, at any time during 
that year, if the said provincial Council shall see occasion for their so 
assembling. 

XX. That all the elections of members, or representatives of the peo- 
ple, to serve in provincial Council and General Assembly, and all ques- 
tions to be determined by both, or either of them, that relate to passing 
of bills into laws, to the choice of officers, to impeachments by the Gene- 
ral Assembly, and judgment of criminals upon such impeachments by 
the provincial Council, and to all other cases by them respectively judged 
of importance, shall be resolved and determined by the ballot; and un- 
less on sudden and indispeusible occasions, no business in provincial 
Council, or its respective committees, shall be finally determined the 
same day that it is moved. 

XXI. That at all times when, and so often as it shall hap])en that the 
Governor shall or may be an infant, under the age of one and twenty 
years, and no guardians or commissioners are appointed in writing, by 
the father of the said infant, or that such guardians or commissioners, 
shall be deceased ; that during such minority, the provincial Council 
shall, from time to time, as they shall see meet, constitute and appoint 
guardians or commissioners, not exceeding three ; one of which three 
shall preside as deputy and chief guardian, during such minority, and 
shall have and execute, with the consent of the other two, all the power 
of a Governor, in all the public affairs and concerns of the said province. 

XXII. That, as often as any day of the month, mentioned in any arti- 
cle of this charter, shall fall upon the first day of the week, commonly 
called the Lord's Day, the business appointed for that day shall be de- 
ferred till the next day, unless in case of emergency. 



24 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

XXIII. That no act, law, or ordinance whatsoever, shall at any time 
hereafter, be made or done bj the Governor of this province, his heirs or 
assigns, or by the freemen in the provincial Council, or the General 
Assembly, to alter, change, or diminish the form, or effect, of this charter^ 
or any part, or clause thereof, or contrary to the true intent and mean- 
ing thereof, without the consent of the Governor, his heirs, or assigns, and 
six parts of seven of the said freemen in provincial Council and General 
Assembly. 

XXIV. And lastly, that I, the said William Penn^ for myself, my 
heirs and assigns, have solemnly declared, granted and confirmed, and da 
hereby solemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, my heirs, nor 
assigns, shall procure or do any thing or things, whereby the liberties, 
in this charter contained and expressed, shall be infringed or broken; 
and if any thing be procured by any person or persons contrary to these 
premises, it shall be held of no force or effect. In witness whereof, I,, 
the said William Penn^ have unto this present character of liberties set 
my hand and broad seal, this five and twentieth day of the second month,, 
vulgarly called April, in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred 
and eighty-two. 

WILLIAM PENN. 

LAWS AGREED UPON IN ENGLAND, kG. 

I. That the charter of liberties, declared, granted and confirmed the five 
and twentieth day of the second month, called April, 1682, before divers- 
witnesses, by William Penn^ Governor and chief Proprietor of Pensil- 
vania, to all the freemen and planters of the said province, is hereby de- 
clared and approved, and shall be for ever held for fundamental in the 
government thereof, according to the limitations mentioned in the said 
charter. 

II. That ever}^ inhabitant in the said province, that is or shall be, a 
purchaser of one hundred acres of land, or upwards, his heirs and assigns, 
and every person who shall have paid his passage, and taken up one hun- 
dred acres of land, at one penny an acre, and have cultivated ten acres 
thereof, and every person, that hath been a servant, or bonds-man, and 
is free by his service, that shall have taken up his fifty acres of land, and 
cultivated twenty thereof, and every inhabitant, artificer, or other resi- 
dent in the said province, that pa3^s scot and lot to the government ; 
shall be deemed and accounted a freeman of the said province : and every 
such person shall, and may, be capable of electing, or being elected^ 
representatives of the people, in provincial Council, or General Assem- 
bly, in the said province. 

III. That all elections of members, or representatives of the people 
and freemen of the province of Pensilva7u'a, to serve in provincial 



FIEST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 25 

Council, or General Assembly, to be held within the said province, shall 
be free and voluntarj^ : and that the elector, that shall receive any re- 
ward or gift, in meat, drink, monies, or otherwise, shall forfeit his right 
to elect; and such person as shall directly or indirectly give, promise, or 
bestoAV any such reward as aforesaid, to be elected, shall forfeit his elec- 
tion, and be thereby incapable to serve as aforesaid : and the provincial 
Council and General Assembly shall be the sole judges of the regularity, 
.or irregularity of the elections of their own respective Members, 

IV. That no money or goods shall be raised upon, or paid by, any of 
the people of this province by way of public tax, custom or contribution, 
but by a law, for that purpose made ; and whoever shall levy, collect, or 
pay any money or goods contrary thereunto, shall be held a public enemy 
to the province, and a betrayer of the liberties of the people thereof 

V. That all courts shall be open, and justice shall neither be sold, de- 
nied nor delayed. 

VI. That, in all courts all persons of all persuasions may freely appear 
in their own way, and according to their own manner, and there personally 
plead their own cause themselves ; or, if unable, by their friend : and the 
first process shall be the exhibition of the complaint in court, fourteen 
days before the trial ; and that the party, complained against, may be 
fitted for the same, he or she shall be summoned, no less than ten days 
before, and a copy of the complaint delivered him or her, at his or her 
dwelling house. But before the complaint of any person be received, he 
shall solemnly declare in court, that he believes, in his conscience, his 
cause is just. 

VII. That all pleadings, processes and records in courts, shall be 
short, and in English^ and in an ordinar}'- and plain character, that they 
may be understood, and justice speedily administered. 

VIII. That all trials shall be by twelve men, and as near as may be, 
peers or equals, and of the neighborhood, and men without just excep- 
tion ; in cases of life, there shall be first twenty-four returned by the 
Sheriffs, for a grand inquest, of whom twelve, at least, shall find the 
complaint to be true ; and then the twelve men, or peers, to be likewise 
returned by the Sheriff", shall have the final judgment. But reasonable 
challenges shall be always admitted against the said twelve men, or any 
of them. 

IX. That all fees in all cases shall be moderate, and settled by the 
provincial Council, and General Assembly, and be hung up in a table in 
every respective court; and whosoever shall be convicted of taking 
more, shall pay two-fold, and be dismissed his employment ; one moiety 
of which shall go to the party wronged. 

X. That all prisons shall be work-houses, for felons, vagrants, and 
loose and idle persons; whereof one shall be in every county.' 



26 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

XI. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, un- 
less for capital offences, where the proof is evident, or the presumption 
great. 

XII. That all persons wrongfully imprisoned, or prosecuted at law, 
shall have double damages against the informer, or prosecutor. 

XIII. That all prisons shall be free, as to fees, food and lodging. 

XIV. That all lands and goods shall be liable to pay debts, except 
where there is legal issue, and then all the goods, and one-third of the 
land only. 

XV. That all wills, in writing, attested by two witnesses, shall be of 
the same force, as to lands, as other conveyances, being legally proved 
within forty days, either within or without the said province. 

XVI. That seven years quiet possession shall give an unquestionable 
right, except in cases of infants, lunatics, married women, or persons be- 
yond the seas. 

XVII. That all briberies and extortion whatsoever shall be severely 
punished. 

XVIII. That all fines shall be moderate, and saving men's contene- 
ments, merchandize, or wainage. 

XIX. That all marriages (not forbidden by the law of God, as to 
nearness of blood and affinity by marriage) small be encouraged ; but 
the parents, or guardians, shall be first consulted, and the marriage shall 
be published before it be solemnized ; and it shall be solemnized by 
taking one another as husband and wife, before credible witnesses ; and 
a certificate of the whole, under the hands of parties and witnesses, shall 
be brought to the proper register of that county, and shall be registered 
in his office. 

XX. And, to prevent frauds and vexatious suits within the said pro- 
vince, that all charters, gifts, grants, and conveyances of and (except 
leases for a year or under) and all bills, bonds, and specialties above five 
pounds, and not under three months, made in the said province, shall be 
enrolled, or registered in the public enrolment office of the said province, 
within the space of two months next after the making thereof, else to be 
void in law, and all deeds, grants, and conveyances of land (except as 
aforesaid) within the said province, and made out of the said province, 
shall be enrolled or registered, as aforesaid, within six months next after 
the making thereof, and settling and constituting an enrolment office or 
registry within the said province, else to be void in law against all per- 
sons whatsoever. 

XXI. That all defacers or corrupters of charters, gifts, grants, bonds, 
bills, wills, contracts, and conveyances, or that shall deface or falsify any 
enrolment, registry or record, within this province, shall make double 
satisfaction for the same ; half whereof shall go to the party wronged, 



FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 27 

and they shall be dismissed af all places of trust, and be publicly dis- 
graced as false men. 

XXII. That there shall be a register for births, marriages, burials, 
wills, and letters of administration, distinct from the other registry, 

XXIII. That there shall be a register for all servants, where their 
names, time, wages, and days of payment shall be registered. 

XXIV. That all lands and goods of felons shall be liable, to make 
satisfaction to the party wronged twice the value ; and for want of lands 
or goods, the felons shall be bondmen to work in the common prison, or 
work-house, or otherwise, till the party injured be satisfied. 

XXV. That the estates of capital oft'enders, as traitors and murderers, 
shall go, one-third to the next of kin to the sufferer, and the remainder 
to the next of kin to the criminal. 

XXVI. That all witnesses, coming, or called, to testify their know- 
ledge in or to any matter or thing, in any court, or before any lawful 
authority, within the said province, shall there give or deliver in their 
evidence, or testimony, by solemnly promising to speak the truth, the 
whole truth, and nothing but the truth, to the matter, or thing in ques- 
tion. And in case any person so called to evidence, shall be convicted 
of wilful falsehood, such person shall suffer and undergo such damage or 
penalty, as the person, or persons, against whom he or she bore false wit- 
ness, did, or should, undergo ; and shall also make satisfaction to the party 
wronged, and be publicly exposed as a false witness, never to be credited 
in any court, or before any Magistrate, in the said province. 

XXVII. And, to the end that all officers chosen to serve within this 
province, may, with more care and diligence, answer the trust reposed in 
them, it is agreed, that no such person shall enjoy more than one public 
office, at one time. 

XXVIII. That all children, within this province, of the age of twelve 
years, shall be taught some useful trade or skill, to the end none may be 
idle, but the poor may work to live, and the rich, if they become poor, 
may not want. 

XXIX. That servants be not kept longer than their time, and such as 
are careful, be both justly and kindly used in their service, and put in 
fitting equipage at the expiration thereof, according to custom. 

XXX. That all scandalous and malicious reporters, backbiters, de- 
famers and spreaders of fiilse news, whether against Magistrates, or pri- 
vate persons, shall be accordingly severely punished, as enemies to the 
peace and concord of this province. 

XXXI. That for the encouragement of the planters and traders in this 
province, who are incorporated into a society, the patent granted to them 
by William Pmn, Governor of the said province, is hereby ratified and 
confirmed. 



28 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

XXXII. * * * * * 



XXXIII. That all factors or correspondents in the said province, 
wronging their employers, shall make satisfaction, and one-third over, 
to their said employers: and in case of the death of any such factor 
or correspondent, the committee of trade shall take care to secure so 
much of the deceased party's estate as belongs to his said respective 
employers. 

XXXIY. That all Treasurers, Judges, Masters of the Rolls, Sheriffs, 
Justices of the Peace, and other officers and persons whatsoever, relating 
to courts, or trials of causes, or any other service in the government ; and 
all Members elected to serve in provincial Council and General Assem- 
bly, and all that have right to elect such Members, shall be such as 
possess faith in Jesus Christ, and that are not convicted of ill fame, or 
imsober and dishonest conversation, and that are of twenty-one years of 
age, at least; and that all such so qualified, shall be capable of the said 
several employments and privileges, as aforesaid. 

XXXV. That all persons living in this province, who confess and 
acknowledge the one Almighty and eternal God, to be the Creator, Up- 
holder and Ruler of the world ; and that hold themselves obliged in con- 
science to live peaceably and- justly in civil society, shall, in no ways, be 
molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion, or practice, in 
matters of faith and worship, nor shall they be compelled, at any time, to 
frequent or maintain any religious worship, place or ministry whatever. 

XXXVI. That, according to the good example of the primitive Chris- 
tians, and the ease of the creation^ every first day of the week, called the 
Lord's day, people shall abstain from their common daily labour, that 
they may the better dispose themselves to worship God according to their 
understandings. 

XXXVII. That as a careless and corrupt administration of justice 
draws the wrath of God upon magistrates, so the wildness and looseness 
of the people provoke the indignation of God against a country: there- 
fore, that all such offences against God, as swearing, cursing, lying, 
prophane talking, drunkenness, drinking of healths, obscene words, incest, 
sodomy, rapes, whoredom, fornication, and other uncleanness (not to be 
repeated) all treasons, misprisions, murders, duels, felony, sedition, maims, 
forcible entries, and other violences, to the persons and estates of the 
inhabitants within this province ; all prizes, stage-plays, cards, dice. May- 
games, gamesters, masques, revels, bull-baitings, cock-fightings, bear- 
baitings, and the like, which excite the people to rudeness, cruelty, loose- 
ness, and irreligion, shall be respectively discouraged, and severely pun- 
ished, according to the appointment of the Governor and freemen in 



FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 29 

provincial Council and General Assembly; as also all proceedings con- 
trary to these laws, that are not here made expressly penal. 

XXXVIII. That a copy of these laws shall be hung up in the provin- 
cial Council, and in public courts of justice: and that they shall l3e read 
yearly at the opening of every provincial Council and General Assem- 
bly, and court of justice ; and their assent shall be testified, by their 
standing up after the reading thereof. 

XXXIX. That there shall be, at no time, any alteration of any of these 
laws, without the consent of the Governor, his heirs, or assigns, and six 
parts of seven of the freemen, met in provincial Council and General 
Assembly. 

XL. That all other matters and things not herein provided for, which 
shall, and may, concern the public justice, peace or safety of the said 
province ; and the raising and imposing taxes, customs, duties, or other 
charges whatsoever, shall be, and are, hereby referred to the order, pru- 
dence and determination of the Governor and freemen, in provincial 
Council and General Assembly, to be held, from time to time, in the said 
province. 

Signed and sealed by the Governor and freemen aforesaid, the fifth 

day of the third month, called May^ one thousand six hundred 

and eighty-two. 



30 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



No. 4. 

The Frame of the Government of the Province of Pennsylvania and Terri- 
tories thereunto annexed^ in America. 1683. 

To all persons^ to whom these presents may come. Whereas^ king 
Charles the Second, by his letters patents, under the great seal of Eng- 
land^ bearing date the fourth day of March, in the thirty and third year 
of the king, for divers considerations therein mentioned, hath been gra- 
ciously pleased to give and grant unto me William Penn (by the name 
of William Penn^ Esquire, son and heir of Sir William Penn^ deceased) 
and to my heirs and assigns for ever, all that tract of land, or province, 
called Pennsylvania, in America, with divers great powers, preheminen- 
cies, royalties, jurisdictions and authorities, necessary for the well-being 
and government thereof. And, lohereas, the king's dearest brother James, 
duke of York and Albany, kc, by his deeds of feoffment, under his hand 
and seal, duly perfected, bearing date the four and twentieth day of Au- 
gust, one thousand six hundred eighty and two, did grant unto me, my 
heirs and assigns, all that tract of land, lying and being from twelve 
miles northward of Neivcastle, upon Delaware river, in America, to Cape 
Hinlopen, upon the said river and bay of Delaivare southward, together 
with all royalties, franchises, duties, jurisdictions, liberties and privileges 
thereunto belonging. 

Now knoiv ye. That for the well-being and good government of the said 
province and territories thereunto annexed, and for the encouragement 
of all the freemen and planters, that may be therein concerned, in pursu- 
ance of the rights and powers aforementioned, I, the said William Penn, 
have declared, granted, and confirmed, and by these presents, for me, 
my heirs and assigns, do declare, grant and confirm unto all the freemen, 
planters and adventurers of, in and to the said province and territories 
thereof, these liberties, franchises and properties, so far as in me lieth, 
to be held, enjoyed and kept by the freemen, planters and adventurers 
of and in the said province of Pennsylvania, and territories thereunto 
annexed, for ever. 

Imjnimis, That the government of this province and territories there- 
of, shall, from time to time, according to the powers of the patent and 
deeds of feoffment aforesaid, consist of the Proprietary and Grovernor, 
and freemen of the said province and territories thereof, in form of pro- 
vincial Council and General Assembly; which provincial Council shall 
consist of eighteen persons, being three out of each county, and which 



SECOND FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 31 

Assembly shall consist of thirty-six persons, being six out of each coun- 
ty, men of most note for their virtue, wisdom and ability; by whom all 
laws shall be made, officers chosen, and public affairs transacted, as is 
hereafter limited and declared. 

II. There being three persons already chosen for every respective 
county of this province and territories thereof, to serve in the provin- 
cial Council, one of them for three years ; one for two years, and one for 
one year; and one of them to go off' yearly, in every county; that on the 
tenth day of the first month yearly, for ever after, the freemen of the said 
province and territories thereof, shall meet together, in the most conven- 
ient place, in every county of this province and territories thereof, then 
and there to chuse one person, qualified as aforesaid, in every county, 
being one-third of the number to serve in provincial Council, for three 
years; it being intended, that one-third of the whole provincial Council, 
consisting and to consist of eighteen persons, falling oft' yearly, it shall 
be yearly supplied with such yearly elections, as aforesaid ; and that one 
person shall not continue in longer than three years; and in case any 
member shall decease before the last election, during his time, that then, 
at the next election ensuing his decease, another shall be chosen to sup- 
ply his place for the remaining time he was to have served, and no 
longer. 

III. That, after the first seven years, every one of the said third parts, 
that goeth yearly off, shall be incapable of being chosen again for one 
whole year following, that so all that are capable and qualified, as afore- 
said, may be fitted for government, and have a share of the care and 
burden of it. 

IV. That the provincial Council in all cases and matters of moment, 
as their arguing upon bills to be passed into laws, or proceedings about 
erecting of courts of justice, sitting in judgment upon criminals impeach- 
ed, and choice of officers, in such manner as is herein after expressed, 
not less than two-thirds of the whole shall make a quorum ; and that the 
consent and approbation of two-thirds of that quorum shall be had in all 
such cases, or matters, of moment : and that, in all cases and matters of 
lesser moment, one-third of the whole shall make a q^corum, the majority 
of which shall and may always determine in such cases and causes of les- 
ser moment. 

V. That the Governor and provincial Council shall have the power of 
preparing and proposing to the Assembly, hereafter mentioned, all bills, 
which they shall see needful, and that shall, at any time, be past into 
laws, within the said province and territories thereof, which bills shall 
be published and affixed to the most noted places, in every county of 
this province and territories thereof, twenty days before the meeting of 
the Assembly, in order to passing them into laws. 



32 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

VI. That the Governor and provincial Council shall take care that all 
laws, statues and ordinances, which shall, at any time, be made within the 
said province and territories, be duly and diligently executed. 

YII. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, 
have the care of the peace and safety of this province and territories 
thereof; and that nothing be, by any person, attempted, to the subver- 
sion of this frame of government. 

VIII. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, 
settle and order the situation of all cities, and market towns, in every 
county, modelling therein all public buildings, streets and market places ; 
and shall appoint all necessary roads and highways, in this province and 
territories thereof. 

IX. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, have 
power to inspect the management of the public treasury, and punish 
those who shall convert any part thereof to any other use, than what 
hath been agreed upon by the Governor, provincial Council and As- 
sembly. 

X. That the Governor and provincial Council shall erect and order all 
public schools, and encourage and reward the authors of useful sciences 
and laudable inventions in the said province and territories thereof. 

XI. That one-third part of the provincial Council, residing with the 
Governor, from time to time, shall with the Governor have the care of 
the management of public affairs, relating to the peace, justice, treasury 
and improvement of the province and territories, and to the good educa- 
tion of youth, and sobriety of the manners of the inhabitants therein, as 
aforesaid. 

XII. That the Governor, or his Deputy, shall always preside in the 
provincial Council, and that he shall, at no time, therein perform any 
public act of state whatsoever, that shall, or may, relate unto the justice, 
trade, treasury, or safety of the province and territories aforesaid, but by 
and with the advice and consent of the provincial Council thereof 

XIII. And to the end that all bills prepared and agreed by the Governor 
and provincial Council, as aforesaid, may yet have the more full concur- 
rence of the freemen of the province and territories thereof, it is de- 
clared, granted and confirmed, that, at the time and place in every 
county for the choice of one person to serve in provincial Council, as 
aforesaid, the respective Members thereof, at their said meeting, shall 
yearly chuse out of themselves six persons of most note, for virtue, wis- 
dom and ability, to serve in Assembly, as their representatives, who 
shall yearly meet on the tenth day of the third month, in the capital 
town or city of the said province, unless the Governor and provincial 
Council shall think fit to appoint another place to meet in, where, during 
eight days, the several Members may confer freely with one another ; 



SECOND FRAME OF GOVERXMEXT. 33 

and if any of them see meet, with a committee of the provincial Council, 
which shall be, at that time, purposely appointed, to receive from any of 
them proposals for the alterations, or amendments, of any of the said 
proposed and promulgated bills; and on the ninth day from their so 
meeting, the said Assembly, after their reading over the proposed bills, 
by the Clerk of the provincial Council, and the occasions and motives for 
them being opened by the Governor or his Deputy, shall, upon the ques- 
tion by him put, give their affirmative or negative, which to them seem- 
eth best, in such manner as is hereafter expressed : but not less than 
two-thirds shall make a quorum in the passing of all bills into laws, and 
choice of such officers as are by them to be chosen. 

XIV. That the laws so prepared and proposed, as aforesaid, that are 
assented to by the Assembly, shall be enrolled as laws of this province 
and territories thereof, with this stile: By the Oovernor^ icith the assent 
and approhation of the freemen in pirovincial Council and Assembly met, 
and from henceforth the meetings, sessions, acts, and proceedings of the 
Governor, provincial Council and Assembly, shall be stiled and called, 
The meeting, sessions and 'proceedings of the General xissemhJy of tlie i)rovince 
of Pennsylvania, and the territories thereunto belonging. 

XV. And that the representatives of the people in provincial Council 
and Assembly, may, in after ages, bear some proportion with the increase 
and multiplying of the people, the number of such representatives of 
the people may be, from time to time, increased and enlarged, so as 
at no time, the number exceed seventy-two for the provincial Council, 
and two hundred for the Assembly; the appointment and proportion 
of which number, as also the laying and methodizing of the choice of 
such representatives in future time, most equally to the division of the 
country, or number of the inhabitants, is left to the Governor and pro- 
vincial Council to propose, and the Assembly to resolve, so that the 
order of proportion be strictly observed, both in the choice of the Coun- 
cil and the respective committees thereof, viz.: one third to go off, and 
come in yearly. 

XVI. That from and after the death of this present Governor, the pro- 
vincial Council shall, together with the succeeding Governor, erect, from 
time to time, standing courts of justice, in such places and number as 
they shall judge convenient for the good government of the said province 
and territories thereof; and that the provincial Council shall, on the 
thirteenth day of the second month then next ensuing, elect and present 
to the Governor, or his Deputy, a double number of persons, to serve for 
Judges, Treasurers, and Masters of the Kolls, within the said province 
and territories, to continue so long as they shall well behave themselves, 
in those capacities respectively; and the freemen of the said province, in 
an Assembly met on the thirteenth day of the third month, yearly, shall 

3k 



34 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

elect and then present to the Governor, or his Deputy, a double number 
of persons to serve for Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and Coroners, for 
the year next ensuing ; out of which respective elections and present- 
ments, the Governor, or his Deputy, shall nominate and coramissionate 
the proper number for each office, the third day after the said respec- 
tive presentments; or else the first named in such presentment, for 
each office, as aforesaid, shall stand and serve in that office, the time 
before respectively limited; and in case of death or default, such 
vacancy shall be supplied by the Governor and provincial Council in 
manner aforesaid. 

XVII. That the Assembly shall continue so long as may be needful 
to impeach criminals, lit to be there impeached, to pass such bills into 
laws as are proposed to them, which they shall think fit to pass into laws, 
and till such time as the Governor and provincial Council shall declare, 
that they have nothing further to propose unto them, for their assent 
and approbation, and that declaration shall be a dismiss to the Assembly, 
for that time; which Assembly shall be, notwithstanding, capable of 
assembling together, upon the summons of the Governor and provincial 
Council, at any time, during that year, if the Governor and provincial 
Council shall see occasion for their so assembling. 

XVIII. That all the elections of members, or representatives of the 
people to serve in provincial Council and Assembly, and all questions to 
be determined by both, or either of them, that relate to choice of officers, 
and all, or any other personal matters, shall be resolved or determined 
by the hallot^ and all things relating to the preparing and passing of bills 
into laws, shall be openly declared and resolved by the vote. 

XIX. That, at all times, when the Proprietary and Governor shall 
happen to be an infant, and under the age of one and twenty years, and 
no guardians or commissioners are appointed in writing, by the father of 
the said infant, or that such guardian shall be deceased, that during such 
minority, the provincial Council shall, from time to time, as they shall 
see meet, constitute and appoint guardians and commissioners, not ex- 
ceeding three, one of which shall preside as deputy, and chief guardian, 
during such minority, and shall have and execute, with the consent of 
one of the other two, all the power of a Governor, in all public affairs 
and concerns of the said province and territories thereof, according to 
charter ; which said guardian so appointed, shall also have the care and 
oversight of the estate of the said minor, and be yearly accountable and 
responsible for the same to the provincial Council, and the provincial 
Council to the minor, when of age, or to the next heir, in case of the 
minor's death, for the trust before expressed. 

XX. That as often as any days of the month mentioned in any article 
of this charter, shall fall upon the first day of the week, commonly called 



SECOND FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 85 

the LonVs day, tlie business appointed for tliat day, shall be deferred 
until the next day, unless in cases of emergency. 

XXI. And, for the satisfaction and encouragement of all aliens, I do 
give and grant, that, if any alien, who is, or shall be a purchaser, or who 
doth, or shall, inhabit in this province or territories thereof, shall decease 
at any time before he can well be naturalized, his right and interest 
therein shall notwithstanding descend to his wife and children, or other 
his relations, be he testate, or intestate, according to the laws of this 
province and territories thereof, in such cases provided, in as free and 
ample manner, to all intents and purposes, as if the said alien had been 
naturalized. 

XXII. And that the inhabitants of this province and territories thereof 
may be accommodated with such food and sustenance, as God, in his 
providence, hath freely afforded, I do also further grant to the inhabit- 
ants of this province and territories thereof, liberty to fowl and hunt 
upon the lands they hold, and all other lands therein not inclosed ; and 
to fish, in all waters in the said lands, and in all rivers and rivulets in, 
and belonging to, this province and territories thereof, with liberty to 
draw his or their fish on shore on any man's lands, so as it be not to the 
detriment, or annoyance of the owner thereof, except such lands as do 
lie upon inland rivulets that are not beatable, or which are, or may be 
hereafter erected into manors. 

XXIII. And that all the inhabitants of this province and territories 
thereof, whether purchasers or others, may have the last worldly pledge 
of my good and kind intentions to them and theirs, I do give, grant and 
confirm to all and every one of them, full and quiet possesion of their 
respective lands, to which they have any lawful or equitable claim, saving 
only such rents and services for the same, as are, or customarily ought to 
be, reserved to me, my heirs or assigns. 

XXI A^. That no act, law, or ordinance whatsoever, shall, at any time 
hereafter, be made or done by the Proprietary and Governor of this 
province, and territories thereunto belonging, his heirs or assigns, or by 
the freemen in provincial Council or Assembly, to alter, change or dimin- 
ish the form or effect of this charter, or any part or clause thereof, con- 
trary to the true intent and meaning thereof, without the consent of the 
Proprietary and Governor, his heirs or assigns, and six parts of seven of 
the said freemen in provincial Council and Assembly met. 

XXY. And lastly, I, the said William Penn, Proprietary and Governor 
of the province of Pennsylvania, and territories thereunto belonging, for 
me, my heirs and assigns, have solemnly declared, granted and confirmed, 
and do hereby solemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, my 
heirs nor assigns, shall procure, or do, any thing or things, whereby the 
liberties, in this charter contained and expressed, shall be infringed or 



36 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

broken: and if any thing be procured, by any person or persons, con- 
trary to these premises, it shall be held of no force or effect. In witness 
whereof, I, the said William Penn, at Philadel])hia^ in Pennsylvania^ 
have unto this present charter of liberties set my hand and broad seal, 
this second day of the second month, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
six hundred and eighty and three, being the five and thirtieth year of the 
king, and the third year of my government. 

WILLIAM PENN. 

This within charter^ which we have distinctly heard read and thank- 
fully received, shall be by us inviolably kept, at Philadelphia^ the second 
day of the second month, one thousand six hundred eighty and three. 

Tlie Members of the j^^'ovincial Council i^re sent : 

William Markham, William Clark, 

John Moll, William Biles, 

William Haige, James Harrison, 

Christopher Taylor, John Kichardson, 

John Simcock, Philip Thomas Lenraar, 
William Clayton, Seer. Gov. 

Francis Whittwel, Eichard Ingelo, CI Coun. 
Thomas Holme, 

The Members of tJic Assembly present: 

Casparus Harman, Thomas Hassald, 

John Darby, John Hart, 

Benjamin Williams, Kobert Hall, 

William Guest, Eobert Bedwell, 

Valentine Hollingsworth, William Simsmore, 

James T3oyden, Samuel Darke, 

Bennony Bishop, Kobert Lucas, 

John Beazor, James Williams, 

John Harding, John Blunston, 

Andrews Bringston, John Songhurst, 

Simon Irons, John Hill, 

John Wood, Nicholas Wain, 

John Curtis, Thomas Fitzwater, 

Daniel Brown, John Clows, 

William Futcher, Luke Watson, 

John Kipshaven, Joseph Phipps, 

Alexander Molestine, Dennis Eotchford, 

Eobert Bracy, senior, John Brinklair, 

Thomas Bracy, v Henry Bowman, 



SECOND FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 87 

William Yardly, Cornelius Verhoofe, 

John Hastings, John Southworth, CI Synod. 

Eobert Wade, 

Some of the inhabitants of Philadelphia present: 

William Howell, Henry Lewis, 

Edmund Warner, Samuel Miles. 



88 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



No. 5. 

The Frame of Government of the Province of Pennsylvania, and the terri- 
tories thereunto belonging^ passed hy Governor Markham, November 7, 1696. 

Whereas, the late king Charles the Second, in the three and thirtieth 
year of his reign, by letters patent under the great seal of England, did, 
for the considerations therein mentioned, grant unto William Penn, his 
heirs and assigns, for ever, this colony, or tract of land, thereby erecting 
the same into a province, called PennsTjlvania, and constituting him, the 
said Williayn Penn, absolute Proprietary thereof, vesting him, his Depu- 
ties and Lieutenants, with divers great powers, pre-eminences, royalties, 
jurisdictions and authorities, necessary for the well-being and good gov- 
ernment of the said province. And whereas the late duke of Yorh and 
Albany , &c., for valuable considerations, did grant unto the said William 
Penn, his heirs and assigns, all that tract of land which hath been cast, 
or divided into three counties, now called Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, 
together with all royalties, franchises, duties, jurisdictions, liberties and 
privileges thereunto belonging; which last mentioned tract being in- 
tended as a beneficial and requisite addition to the territory of the said 
Proprietary, he, the said Proprietary and Governor, at the request of the 
freemen of the said three counties, by their deputies, in Assembly met, 
with the representatives of the freemen of the said province at Chester, 
alias Upland, on the sixth day of the tenth month, 1682, did (with the 
advice and consent of the Members of the said Assembly) enact, that the 
said three counties should be annexed to the province of Pennsylvania, 
as the proper territories thereof: and whereas king William and the late 
queen Mary, over Pjiigland, &c., by their letters patent and commission, 
under the great seal of England, dated the twenty-first day of October, in 
the fourth year of their reign, having, (for the reasons therein mentioned) 
taken the government of the said province and territories into their 
hands, and under their care and protection, did think fit to constitute 
Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, to be their Captain General, 
and Governor in Chief, over this province and country. And whereas, 
also the said king and queen afterwards, by their letters patent, under 
the great seal of England, dated the twentieth day of August, in the sixth 
year of their reign, have thought fit, upon the humble application of the 
said William Penn, to restore them to the administration of the govern- 
ment of the said province and territories ; and that so much of their said 
commission as did constitute the said Benjamin Fletcher, their Captain 



THIRD FRAME OF GOVERXMENT. 39 

General and Governor in Chief of the said province of Pennsylvania, 
country of Neivcastk, and the territories and tracts of land depending 
thereupon, in America, together with all the powers and authorities 
thereby granted for the ruling and governing their said province and 
country, should, from the publication of the said last recited letters 
patent, cease, determine and become void ; and accordingly the same are 
hereby declared void ; whereupon the said Williayn Penn did commis- 
sionate his kinsman, William Markham, Governor under him, with di- 
rections to act according to the known laws and usages of this govern- 
ment. 

Now, forasmuch as the former frame of government, modelled by act 
of settlement, and charter of liberties, is not deemed, in all respects, suit- 
ably accommodated to our present circumstances, therefore it is unani- 
mously desired that it may be enacted. And be it enacted by the Gover- 
nor aforesaid, with the advice and consent of the representatives of the 
freemen of the said province and territories, in Assembly met, and by 
the authority of the same, that this government shall, from time to time, 
consist of the Governor, or his Deputy, or Deputies, and the freemen of 
the said province, and territories thereof, in form of a Council and As- 
sembly; which Council and Assembly shall be men of most note for 
virtue, wisdom and ability; and shall, from and after the tenth day of 
the first month next, consist of two persons out of each of the counties of 
this government, to serve as the people's representatives in Council ; and 
of four persons out of each of the said counties, to serve as their repre- 
sentatives in Assembly ; for the electing of which representatives, it shall 
and may be lawful to and for all the freemen of this province and terri- 
tories aforesaid, to meet together on the tenth day of the first month 
yearly hereafter, in the most convenient and usual place for election, 
within the respective counties, then and there to chuse their said repre- 
sentatives as aforesaid, Avho shall meet on the tenth day of the third 
month yearly, in the capital town of the said province, unless the Gov- 
ernor and Council shall think fit to appoint another place. 

And, to the end it may be known wlio those are, in this province and 
territories, who ought to have right of, or to be deemed freemen, to 
chuse, or be chosen, to serve in Council and Assembly, as afore- 
said. Be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, That no inhabitant of this 
province or territories, shall have right of electing, or being elected as 
aforesaid, unless they be free denizens of this government, and are of 
the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, and have fifty acres of land, 
ten acres whereof being seated and cleared, or be otherwise worth Ji/ty 
poumls, lawful money of this government, clear estate, and have been 
resident within this government for the space of two years next before 
such election. 



40 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

And whereas divers persons within this government, cannot, for con- 
science sake, take an oath, upon any account whatsoever. Be it therefore 
enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all and every such person and 
persons, being, at any time hereafter, required, upon any lawful occasion, 
to give evidence, or take an oath, in any case whatsoever, shall, instead 
of swearing, be permitted to make his, or their solemn affirmation, attest, 
or declaration, which shall be adjudged, and is hereby enacted and de- 
clared to be of the same force and effect, to all intents and purposes 
whatsoever, as if they had taken an oath; and in case any such person 
or persons shall be lawfully convicted of having wilfully and corruptly 
afl&rmed, or declared any matter or thing, upon such solemn affirmation 
or attest, shall incur the same penalties and forfeitures, as by the laws 
and statutes of England are provided against persons convicted of wilful 
and corrupt perjury. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all persons 
who shall be hereafter either elected to serve in Council and Assembly, 
or commissionated or appointed to be Judges, Justices, Masters of the 
Rolls, Sheriffs, Coroners, and all other offices of State and trust, within 
this government, who shall conscientiously scruple to take an oath, but 
when lawfully required, will make and subscribe the declaration and 
profession of their Christian belief, according to the late act of parlia- 
ment, made in the first year of king William^ and the late queen Mary^ 
entitled. An act for exempting their majesties' Protestant subjects, dis- 
senting from the Church of England^ from the penalty of certain laws, 
shall be adjudged, and are hereby declared to be qualified to act in their 
said respective offices and places, and thereupon the several officers 
herein mentioned, shall, instead of an oath make their solemn affirmation 
or declaration in manner and form following; that is to say, 

The form of Judges' and Justices' attest shall be in these words, viz. 

Thou shalt solemnly promise, that as Judge, or Justice, according to 
the Governor's commission to thee directed, thou shalt do equal right to 
the poor and rich, to the best of thy knowledge and power, according to 
law, and after the usages and constitutions of this government; thou 
shalt not be of council of any matter or cause depending before thee, but 
shalt well and truly do thy office in every respect, according to the best 
of thy understanding. 

The form of the attests to be taken by the Masters of the Rolls, Secre- 
taries, Clerks, and such like officers, shall be thus, viz: 

Thou shalt well and faithfully execute the office of, &c., according to 
the best of thy skill and knowledge ; taking such fees only as thou 
oughtest to receive by the laws of this government. 

The form of the Sheriffs' and Coroners' attest, shall be in these words, 
viz: 



THIRD FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 41 

Thou slialt solemnly promise, that thou wilt well and truly serve the 
King and Governor in the oflice of the Sheriff (or Coroner) of the county 
of, &c., and preserve the King and Governors rights, as far forth as thou 
canst, or mayest ; thou shalt truly serve, and return, all the writs and 
precepts to thee directed ; thou shalt take no bailiff, nor deputy, but 
such as thou wilt answer for; thou shalt receive no writs, except from 
such judges and justices who, by the laws of this government, have au- 
thority to issue and direct writs unto thee ; and thou shalt diligently and 
truly do and accomplish all things appertaining to thy office, after the 
best of thy wit and power, both for the King and Governor's profit, and 
good of the inhabitants within the said county, taking such fees only as 
thou oughtest to take by the laws of this government, and not otherwise. 

The form of a Constable's attest shall be this, viz: 

Thou shalt solemnly promise, w^ell and duly, according to the best of 
thy understanding, to execute the office of a Constable for the town (or 
county) of P. for this ensuing year, or until another be attested in thy 
room, or thou shalt be legally discharged thereof. 

The form of the Grand Inquest's attests shall be in these words, viz: 

Thou shalt diligently enquire, and true presentment make, of all such 
matters and things as shall be given thee in charge, or come to thy 
knowledge, touching this present service ; the King's counsel, thy fel- 
lows, and thy own, thou shalt keep secret, and in all things thou shalt 
present the truth, and nothing but the truth, to the best of thy knowledge. 

This being given to the Foreman, the rest of the Inquest shall be at- 
tested thus, by three at a time, viz : 

The same attestation that your Foreman hath taken on his part, you 
will well and truly keep on your parts. 

The form of the attest to be given to the Traverse Jury, by four at a 
time, shall be thus, viz: 

You solemnly promise that you will well and truly try the issue of 
traverse between the lord the King, and A. B. whom you have in charge, 
according to your evidence. 

In civil causes, thus, viz: 

You solemnly promise that you will Avell and truly try the issue be- 
tween A. B. plaintiff; and C. D. defendant, according to your evidence. 

Provided always, and it is hereby intended, that no person shall be, 
by this act, excused Irom swearing, who, by the acts of parliament, for 
trade and navigation, are, or shall be required to take an oath. 

And, that elections may not be corruptly managed, on which the good 
of the government so much depends. Be it further enacted by the au- 
thority aforesaid, that all elections of the said representatives shall be 
free and voluntary, and that the electors, who shall receive any reward, 
or gift, for giving his vote, shall forfeit his right to elect for that year ; 



42 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

and such person or persons, as shall give, or promise, any such reward 
to be elected, or that shall ofter to serve for nothing, or for less wages 
than the law prescribes, shall be thereby rendered incapable to serve in 
Council, or Assembly, for that year ; and the representatives so chosen, 
either for Council or Assembly, shall yield their attendance accordingly, 
and be the sole judges of the regularity, or irregularity of the elections 
of their respective Members ; and if any person, or persons, chosen to 
serve in Council, or Assembly, shall be wilfully absent from the service, 
he or they are so chosen to attend, or be deceased, or rendered incapable, 
then, and in all such cases, it shall be lawful for the Governor, within 
ten days after knowledge of the same, to issue forth a writ to the Sheriff 
of the county, for which the said person, or persons, were chosen, imme- 
diately to summons the freemen of the same to elect another member in 
the room of such absent, deceased, or incapable person or persons; and 
in case any Sheriff shall misbehave himself, in the management of any of 
the said elections, he shall be punished accordingly, at the discretion of 
the Governor and Council, for the time being. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That every member 
now chosen, or hereafter to be choseUj by the freemen as aforesaid, to 
serve in Council, and the Speaker of the Assembly, shall be allowed five 
shillings by the day, during his and their attendance; and every Mem- 
ber of Assembly shall be allowed four shillings by the day, during his 
attendance on the service of the Assembly ; and that every Member of 
Council and Assembly shall be allowed towards their traveling charges 
after the rate of two pence each mile, both going to, and coming from, 
the place, where the Council and Assembly is, or shall be, held ; all 
which sums shall be paid yearly out of the count}^ levies, by the county 
receivers respectively. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Gover- 
nor, or his Deputy, shall always preside in the Council, and that he shall, 
at no time, perform any public act of state whatsoever, that shall, or may 
relate unto the justice, treasury or trade of the province and territories, 
but by and with the advice and consent of the Council tliereof, or major 
part of them that shall be present. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all the 
Sheriffs and Clerks of the respective counties of the said province, and 
territories, who are, or shall be, commissionated, shall give good and 
sufficient security to the Governor, for answering the king and his peo- 
ple, in matters relating to the said offices respectively. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Coun- 
cil, in all cases and matters of moment, as about erecting courts of justice, 
sitting in judgment upon persons impeached, and upon bills and other 
matters, that may be, from time to time, presented by the Assembly, not 



THIRD FKAME OF GOVERNMENT. 43 

less than two-tbirds shall make a quonnn ; and that the consent and ap- 
probation of the majority of that quorum shall l)e had in all such cases 
and matters of moment ; and that in cases of less moment, not less tlian 
one-third of the whole shall make a quorum ; the majority of which 
shall, and may, always determine in all such matters of lesser moment, 
as are not above specified: and in case the Governor's power shall here- 
after happen to be in the Council, a President shall then be chosen out of 
themselves by two-thirds, or the major part of them; which President 
shall therein preside. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the Governor 
and Council shall take care that all the laws, statutes and ordinances, 
which shall at any time be- made within the said province and territories, 
be duly and diligentl}' executed. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Governor 
and Council shall, at all times, have the care of the peace of this province 
and territories thereof, and that nothing be, by any persons, attempted to 
the subversion of this /ra.?/^f of governrufiit. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Gover- 
nor and Council for the time being, shall, at all times, settle and order 
the situation of all cities and market towns, modeling therein all public 
buildings, streets and market places; and shall appoint all public land- 
ing places of the towns of this province and territories: and if any man's 
property shall be judged by the Governor and Council to be commodious 
for such landing place in the said towns, and that the same be by them 
appointed as such, that the owner shall have such reasonable satisfac- 
tion given him for the same as the Governor and Council shall see meet, 
to be paid by the said respective towns. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Governor 
and Council shall, at all times, have power to inspect the management of 
the public treasury, and punish those who shall convert any part thereof 
to any other use, than what hath been agreed upon by the Governor, 
Council and Assembly. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the Governor 
and Council shall erect and order all public houses, and encourage and 
reward the authors of useful sciences and laudable inventions in the said 
province, and territories thereof. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That tlie Gover- 
nor and Council shall, from time to time have the care of the manage- 
ment of all public affairs, relating to the peace, safety, justice, treasury, 
trade, and improvement of the province and territories, and to the good 
education of youth, and sobriety of the manners of the inhabitants therein, 

as aforesaid. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the repre- 



44 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

sentatives of the freemen, when met in Assembly, shall have power to 
prepare and propose to the Governor and Council all such bills as they 
or the major part of them, shall, at any time, see needful to be passed 
into laws, within the said province and territories. 

Provided always. That nothing herein contained shall debar the Gov- 
ernor and Council from recommending to the Assembly all such bills as 
they shall think fit to be passed into laws ; and that the Council and As- 
semby may, upon occasion, confer together in committees, when desired ; 
all which proposed and prepared bills, or such of them, as the Governor, 
with the advice of the Council, shall, in open Assembly, declare his assent 
unto, shall be the laws of this province and territories thereof, and pub- 
lished accordingly, with this stile. By tlie Governor^ with the assent and 
approbation of the freemen in General Assembly met; a true transcript, or 
duplicate Avhereof, shall be transmitted to the king's privy council, for 
the time being, according to the said late king's letters patent. 

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Assem- 
bly, shall sit upon their own adjournments, and committees, and con- 
tinue, in order to prepare and propose bills, redress grievances, and 
impeach criminals, or such persons as they shall think fit to be there 
impeached, until the Governor and Council, for the time being, shall 
dismiss them ; which Assembly shall, notwithstanding such dismiss, be 
capable of Assembling together upon summons of the Governor and 
Council, at any time during that year; two-thirds of which Assembly, 
in all cases, shall make a quorum. 

And be it enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all elections of 
representatives for Council and Assembly, and all questions to be deter- 
mined by them, shall be by the major part of votes. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That as oft as any 
days of the month, mentioned in any article of this act, shall fall upon 
the first day of the week, commonly called the Lord's day, the business 
appointed for that day, shall be deferred till the next day, unless in cases 
of emergency. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That if any alien, 
who is, or shall be a purchaser of lands, or who doth, or shall inhabit in 
this province, or territories thereof, shall decease at any time before he 
can well be denizised, his right and interest therein shall notwithstanding 
descend to his wife and children, or other, his relations, be he testate, or 
intestate, according to the laws of this province and territories thereof, 
in such cases provided, in as free and ample manner, to all intents and 
purposes, as if the said alien had been denizised. 

And that the people may be accommodated with such food and suste- 
nance as God, in his providence, hath freely afforded, Be it enacted by the 
authority aforesaid. That the inhabitants of this province and territories 



THIRD FRAME OF GOVERN' ME XT. 45 

thereof, shall have liberty to fish and hunt, upon the lands they hold, or 
all other lands therein, not inelosed, and to fish in all waters in the said 
lands, and in all rivers and rivulets, in and belonging to this province 
and territories thereof, with liberty to draw his, or their fish upon any 
man's land, so as it be not to the detriment or annoyance of tlie owner 
thereof, except such lands as do lie upon inland rivulets, that are not 
boatable, or which hereafter may be erected into manors. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all inhabitants 
of this province and territories, whether purchasers, or others, and every 
one of them, shall have full and quiet enjoyment of their respective 
lands and tenements, to which they have any lawful or equital)le claim, 
saving only such rents and services for the same, as are, or customarily 
ought to be, reserved to the lord, or lords of the fee thereof, respectively. 

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That no act, law, or 
ordinance whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, be made or done, by 
the Governor of this province, and territories thereunto belonging, or by 
the freemen, in Council, or Assembly, to alter, change or diminish the 
form and effect of this act, or any part, or clause thereof, contrary to the 
true intent and meaning thereof, without the consent of the Governor, 
for the time being, and six parts of seven of the said freemen, in Council, 
and Assembly met. This act to continue, and be in force, until the said 
Proprietary shall signify his pleasure to the contrary, by some instru- 
ment, under his hand and seal, in that behalf. 

Provided always, and it is hereby enacted. That neither this act, nor 
any other act, or acts whatsoever, shall preclude, or debar the inhabitants 
of this province and territories, from claiming, having and enjoying any 
of the rights, privileges and immunities, which the said Proprietary, for 
himself, his heirs, and assigns, did formerly grant, or which of right belong 
unto them, the said inhabitants, by virtue of any law, charter or grants 
whatsoever, any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. 



46 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY OF LANCASTEK COUNTY. 



No. 6. 

"THE CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES, 

"Granted by William Penn^ Esquire, to the inhabitants of Pennsyhania 
and territories: 

•' William Penn^ Proprietary and Governor of the province of Pennsyl- 
vania, and territories thereunto belonging, to all to whom these presents 
shall come, sendeth Greeting: 

" Wheeeas, King Charles the second, by his letters patent, under the 
great seal of England, bearing date the fourth day of March, in the year 
one thousand six hundred and eighty, was graciously pleased to give and 
grant unto me and my heirs and assigns forever this province of Penn- 
sylvania, with divers great powers and jurisdictions for the well govern- 
ment thereof 

'■^And whereas, the King's dearest brother, James, Duke of York and 
Albany, d:c., by his deeds of feofi'ment, under his hand and seal, duly 
perfected, bearing date tlie 2'ith day of August, one thousand six hundred 
eighty and two, did grant unto me, my heirs and assigns, all that tract of 
land now called the territories of Pennsylvania, together with powers 
and jurisdictions for the good government thereof 

^^And whereas, for the encouragement of all the freemen and planters 
that might be concerned in the said province and territories, and for the 
good government thereof, I, the said William Penn, in the year one 
thousand six hundred and eighty and three, for me, my heirs and assigns, 
grant and confirm unto all the freemen, planters and adventurers 
therein, divers liberties, franchises and properties, as, by the said grant, 
entitled, ' The frame of the government of the i^rovince of Pennsylvania 
and territories thereunto belonging, in America,^ may appear ; which char- 
ter, or frame, being found, in some parts of it, not so suitable to the 
present circumstances of the inhabitants, was, in the Third month, in the 
year one thousand seven hundred, delivered up to me, by six parts of 
seven of the freemen of this province and territories, in General Assem- 
bly met, provision being made in the said charter for that end and 
purpose. 

^^And whereas, I was then pleased to promise, that I would restore the 
said charter to them again, with necessary alterations, or, in lieu thereof, 
give them another, better adapted to answer the present circumstances 
and conditions of the said inhabitants; which they have now, by the Ee- 



CHARTER OF TRIVILEGES. 47 

presentatives, in General Assembly met, at PhUaddplda, requested me 
to grant. 

" Know ye therefore, That, for the further ivell-heiwj, and fjood gov- 
ernment of the said province and territories; and in pursuance of the 
rights and powers, before mentioned, I, the said William Pen?i, do 
declare, grant and confirm unto all the freemen, planters and adventurers, 
and other inhabitants of, and in, the said Province and Territories there- 
unto annexed, forever. 

I. "Because no people can be truly happy, though under the greatest 
enjoyment of civil liberties, if abridged of the freedom of their con- 
sciences, as to religious profession and worship ; and Almighty God being 
the only Lord of conscience, Father of lights and spirits; and the Author, 
as well as Object, of all divine knowledge, faith and worship, who only 
doth enlighten the mind, and purswade and convince the understandings 
of people, I do hereby grant and declare, that no person, or persons, 
inhabiting this province or territories, who shall confess and acknowledge 
one Almighty God, the Creator, Upholder, and Euler of the world ; and 
profess him, or themselves obliged to live quietly under the civil govern- 
ment, shall be, in any case, molested, or prejudiced, in his or their person, 
or estate, because of his or their conscientious perswasion, or practice, 
nor be compelled, to frequent, or maintain, any religious worship, place 
or ministry, contrary to his, or their mind, or to do or suffer, any other 
act, or thing, contrary to their religious perswasion. 

"And that all persons, who also profess to believe in Jesses Christ, the 
Saviour of the world, shall be capable (notwithstanding their other per- 
swasions, or practices, in point of conscience and religion) to serve this 
government in any capacity, both legislatively and executively, he, or 
they solemnly promising, when lawfully required, allegiance to the King, 
as sovereign, and fidelity to the Proprietary and Governor, and taking 
the attests, as now established by law, made at Newcastle, in the year 
one thousand seven hundred, entitled, 'An act directing the attests of sev- 
eral officers and ministers, as now amended and confirmed this present 
Assembly.' 

II. "For the well-governing of this province and territories, there 
shall be an Assembly, yearly chosen, by the freemen thereof, to consist 
of four persons out of each county, of most note for virtue, wisdom and 
ability, (or of a greater number, at any time, as the Governor and As- 
sembly shall agree) upon the first day of October, for ever; and shall 
sit on the fourteenth of the same month at Philadelphia, unless the Gov- 
ernor and Council, for the time being, shall see cause to appoint another 
place, within the said province or territories: which Assembly shall have 
power to chuse a Speaker, and other their oflScers; and shall be judges 
of the qualifications and elections of their own members; sit upon their 



48 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

own adjournments, appoint committees; propose bills, in order to pass 
into laws; impeacli criminals and redress grievances; and shall have all 
other powers and privileges of an Assembly, according to the rights of 
the freeborn subjects of Emjland^ and as is usual in any of the King's 
plantations in America. 

"And if any county, or counties, shall refuse, or neglect to chuse their 
respective representatives, as aforesaid, or if chosen, do not meet to serve 
in Assembly, those, who are so chosen and met, shall have the full power 
of an Assembly, in as ample a manner as if all the Representatives had 
been chosen and met, provided they are not less than two-thirds ©f the 
whole number, that ought to meet. 

" And, that the qualifications of electors and elected, and all other mat- 
ters and things relating to elections of Representatives, to serve in As- 
semblies, though not herein particularly expressed, shall be and remain, 
as by a law of this government, made at Newcastle^ in the year one thou- 
sand seven hundred, entitled, ^ An act to ascertain the number of memhers 
of Assembly^ and to regulate the elections.^ 

III. "That the freemen in each respective county, at the time and 
place of meeting, for electing their representatives, to serve in Assembly, 
may, so often as there shall be occasion, chuse a double number of per- 
sons, to present to the Governor, for sheriffs and coroners, to serve for 
three years if they so long behave themselves well, out of which elec- 
tions and presentments the Governor shall nominate and commissionate 
one for each of the said offices, the third after such presentment, or else 
the first named in such presentment, for each office, as aforesaid, shall 
stand and serve in that office, for the time before respectively limited : 
In case of death and default, such vacancies shall be supplied by the 
Governor, to serve to the end of the said term. 

"Provided always, That, if the said freemen shall, at any time neglect, 
or decline to chuse a person, or persons, for either, or both the afore- 
said offices, then, and in such case, the persons, that are, or shall be, in 
the respective offices of Sheriffs, or Coroners, at the time of election, shall 
remain therein, until they shall be removed by another election, as 
aforesaid. 

"And, that the justices of the respective counties shall, or may nomi- 
nate, or present, to the Governor, three persons, to serve for Clerk of 
the Peace for the said county, where there is a vacancy ; one of which 
the Governor shall commissionate within ten days after such presentment, 
or else the first nominated shall serve in the said office, during good 
behaviour. 

IV. "That the laws of this government shall be in this stile, viz: By 
the Governor^ ivith the consent and approbation of the Freemen in General 
Assembly met^ and shall be, after confirmation by the Governor, forth- 



CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES. 49 

with recorded iu the Kolls-officc, and kci^t at P/uladelj'hia ; uuless the 
Governor and Assembly shall agree to appoint another place. 

V. "That all criminals shall have the same privileges of witnesses and 
council, as their prosecutors. 

VI. " That no person, or persons, shall, or may, at any time hereafter, 
be obliged to answer any complaint, matter or thing whatsoever, relating 
to property, before the Governor and Council, or in any other place bu't 
in the ordinary courts of justice, unless appeals thereunto shall be here- 
after by law appointed. 

VII. " That no person within this government shall be licensed by the 
Governor to keep ordinary, tavern, or house of public entertainment, but 
such who are first recommended to him, under the hands of the justices of 
the respective counties, signed in open court; which justices are, and shall 
be hereby empowered to suppress and forbid any person keeping such 
public house as aforesaid, upon their misbehaviour, on such penalties as 
the law doth or shall direct ; and to recommend others, from time to 
time, as they shall see occasion. 

VIII. " If any person, through temptation or melancholy, shall destroy 
himself, his estate, real and personal, shall notwithstanding descend to 
his wife and children, or relations, as if he had died a natural death; 
and if any person shall be destroyed or killed by casualty or accident, 
there shall be no forfeiture to the Governor by reason thereof. 

"And lao act, law or ordinance whatsoever shall, at any time hereafter, 
be made or done to alter, change or diminish the form or eftect of this 
charter, or of any part, or clause therein, contrary to the true intent and 
meaning thereof, without the consent of the Governor, for the time being 
and six parts of seven of the Assembly met. 

"And, because the happiness of mankind depends so much upon the 
enjoying of liberty of their consciences, as aforesaid, I do hereby sol- 
emnly declare, promise and grant, for me, my heirs and assigns, that the 
first article of this charter, relating to liberty of conscience, and every 
part and clause therein, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, 
shall be kept, and remain, without any alteration, inviolably for ever. 

"And lastly, I, the said William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of 
the province of Pennsylvania and territories thereunto belonging, for my- 
self, my heirs and assigns, have solemnly declared, granted and confirmed, 
and do hereby solemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, my 
heirs or assigns, shall procure or do any thing or things whereby the 
liberties, in this charter contained and expressed, nor any part tliereof, 
shall be infringed or broken: And if anything shall be procured or done 
by any person or persons, contrary to these presents, it shall be held of 
no force or eftect. 

"/?i witness xohereof, I, the said Williani Penn, of Philadelj^hia, in 
4k 



50 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Pennsylvania, have unto this charter of liberties set mj hand and broad 
seal, this twenty-eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord one 
thousand seven hundred and one, being the thirteenth year of the reign 
of 'King William the third, over England, Scotland, France and Ireland^ 
&c., and the twenty-first year of my government.' 

"And notwithstanding the closure and test of this present charter, as 
aforesaid, I think fit to add this following proviso thereunto, as part of 
the same, that is to say, That, notwithstanding any clause or clauses in 
the above mentioned charter, obliging the province and territories to join 
together in legislation, I am content, and do hereby declare, that if the 
Eepresentatives of the province and territories shall not hereafter agree 
to join together in legislation, and that the same shall be signified to me, 
or my Deputy, in open Assembly, or otherwise from under the hands 
and seals of the Representatives, for the time being, of the province and 
territories, or the major part of either of them, at any time, within three 
years from the date hereof, that, in such case, the inhabitants of each of 
the three counties of this province shall not have less than eight persons 
to represent them in Assembly for the province; and the inhabitants of 
the town of Philadelphia (when the said town is incorporated) two per- 
sons to represent them in Assembly; and the inhabitants of each county in 
the territories shall have as many persons to represent them, in a distinct 
Assembly, for the territories as shall be by them requested, as aforesaid. 

"Notwithstanding which separation of the province and territories, in 

respect of legislation, I do hereby promise, grant and declare, that the 

inhabitants of both province and territories shall separately enjoy all 

other liberties, privileges and benefits granted jointly to them, in this 

charter, any law, usage, or custom of this government heretofore made 

and practiced, or any law made and passed by the General Assembly, to 

the contrary hereof notwithstanding. 

" William Penn." 

" This charter of privileges being distinctly read in Assembly, and the 
whole, and every part thereof, being approved of, and agreed to, by us, 
We do thankfully receive the same from our Proprietary and Governor 
at Philadelphia, this twenty-eighth day of October, one thousand seven 
hundred and one, (1701.) 

'■^Signed on behalf, and by order of the Assembly, fer 

"Joseph Crowdon, Speaker. 
"Edward Shippen, ] 
Phineas Pemberton, I Proprietary 
Samuel Carpenter, i and 

Griffeth Owen, j Governor's 

Caleb Pusey, Council." 

Thomas Story, J 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 51 



No. 7. 

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 

At a Council held at Philadelphia, the 24:th day of July, 1744. 

present: 

The Honourable GEOKGE THOMAS, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor. 

Clement Plumsted, Abraham Taylor ] 

Samuel Hasell, Robert Strettell, {- Esqrs. 

William Till, J 

The Minutes of the preceding Council were read and approved. 

The Governor laid before the Board the Minutes of the Treaty held 
with the Indians at Lancaster, and the same was ordered to be inserted 
in the Council Book, and is as follows: 

A TREATY 

Held at the Town of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, by the Honourable 
the Lieutenant Governor of the Province and the Honourable the Com- 
missioners for the Provinces of Virginia and Maryland with the Indians 
of the Six Nations, in June, 17-44: : 

In the Court House in the Town of Lancaster, on Friday, the 22d 
June, 1744. 

present: 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor of 

the Province of Pennsylvania and Counties of New Castle, Kent, and 

Sussex on Delaware. 

The Honourable Thomas Lee, Esqr., ) „ . . .+• at- • • 

} Commissioners oi V irginia. 
Colonel William Beverly, ) 

The Honourable Edmund Jenings, ) ,-, . . r. , p •, -, 

^ ■ Commissioners ot Maryland. 
Philip Thomas Esqr., ) 

Colonel Robert King. 

Colonel Thomas Calvil. 

The Deputies of the Onondagoes, Senecas, Cayogoes, Oneidas, and 
Tuscaroraes. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The Governor and the Commissioners took some of the Indian Chiefs 
by the Hand, and after they had seated themselves the Governor bid them 
Welcome into the Government, and there being Wine and Punch pre- 
pared for them, the Governor and the several Commissioners drank health 



52 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

to the Six Nations, and Canassatego, Tachanoontia, and some other Chiefs, 
returned the compliments, drinking the healths of ^Onas, -Assaraquoa, 
and. the Governor of Maryland. 

After they were all served with Wine, Punch, Pipes, and Tobacco, the 
Governor told the Indians that as it was customary and indeed necessary 
they should have some time to rest after so long a Journey, and as he 
thought three days would be no more than sujfl&cient for that purpose, he 
proposed to speak to them on Monday next, after which the Honourable 
Commissioners would take their own time to deliver what thev had 
to say. 

Canassatego answered the Governor : " TVe thank you for giving us 
time to rest, we are come to you, and shall leave it intirely to you to 
appoint the time when we shall meet you again, 

" We likewise leave it to the Governor of Maryland, by whose invita- 
tion we came here, to appoint a time when he will please to mention the 
reason of his inviting us. As to our Brother Assaraquoa, we have at 
this present time nothing to say to him, not but we have a great deal to 
say to Assaraquoa, which must be said at one time or another, but not 
being satisfied whether He or We should begin first, we shall leave it 
wholly to Our Brother Onas to adjust this between Us, and to say which 
shall begin first." 

In the Court House at Lancaster, June the 25th, 174:4, A. M. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable George Thomas, Esqr., Governor, &c. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad W^iser, Interpreter. 

The Governor spoke as follows: 
"Honourable Gentlemen, Commissioners of the Governments of Vir- 
ginia and Maryland, 
"And Brethren Sachims, or Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Nations — 

" At a Treaty held by me two Years ago, in behalf of the Government 
of Pennsylvania, with a number of the Chiefs of the Indians of the Six 
Nations, I was desired by them to write to the Governor of Maryland 
concerning some Lands in the Back Parts of the Province which they 
claim a Right to from their Conquests over the Antient Possessors, and 
which have been settled by some of the Inhabitants of that Government 
without their Consent or any Purchase made from them. It was at that 
time understood that the Claim was upon Maryland only, but has since 
appeared by some Letters formerly wrote by Mr. President Logan to the 

iQnas, the Governor of Pennsylvania. 2 Assaraquoa, the Governor of Virginia. 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 58 

late Governor of Maryland that it related likewise to some Lauds in the 
Back parts of Virginia. The Governors of those Colonies soon mani- 
fested a truly equitable Disposition to come to any Reasonable Terms 
with the Six Nations on Account of those Lands, and Desired that for 
that End a Time and Place might be fixed for a Treaty with them. But 
before this could be effected, an unfortunate Skirmish happened in the 
Back Parts of Virginia, between some of the Militia there and a Party 
of the Indian- Warriors of the Six Nations, with some loss on both sides. 
Who were the Aggressors is not at this time to be discussed — both Parties 
having agreed to bury that affair in oblivion ; and the Government of 
Virginia having, in token of the continuance of their Friendship, pre- 
sented the Six Nations, through my hands, with Goods to the value of 
one hundred pounds sterling. To prevent further Hostilities and to heal 
this Breach, I had, before the Present was given, made a tender of my 
Good offices, which both Parties accepted, and consented, on my Instances, 
to lay down their Arms ; since which the Faith pledged to me has been 
mutually Preserved, and a Time and Place has been agreed upon through 
my Intervention for accommodating all Differences, and for settling a 
firm Peace, Union, and Friendship, as well between the Government of 
Virginia as that of Maryland and the Indians of the Six Nations.^ The 
Honourable the Commissioners for these two Governments and the Depu- 
ties of the Six Nations are now met at the Place appointed for the Treaty. 
It only remains, therefore, for me to say, that if my farther good Offices 
shall be thought usefull for the accomplishment of this Work, you may- 
Rely most assuredly upon them. 

"But I hope, Honourable Gentlemen Commissioners, it will hot be 
taken amiss if I go a little further, and Briefly represent to you how 
especially necessary it is at this Juncture, for His Majesty's Service and 
the Good of all His Colonies in this Part of His Dominions, that Peace 
and Friendship be established between Your Government and the Indians 
of the Six Nations. 

"These Indians by their Situation are a Frontier to some of them, and 
from thence. If Friends, are Capable of Defending their Settlements; If 
Enemies, of making Cruel Ravages upon them; If Neuters, they may 
deny the French a Passage through their Country, and give us timely- 
Notice of their Designs. These are but some of the Motives for culti- 
vating a good Understanding with them, but from hence the disadvan- 
tages of a Rupture are abundantly evident. Every advantage you gain 
over them in War will be a Weakning of the Barrier of those Colonies, 
and Consequently will be in Effect Victories over yourselves and your 
Fellow-Subjects. Some allowances for their Prejudices and Passions, 

1 This was allowed at a Conference had by the Governor with the Commissionei-s to 
be a jvist state of the Transactions preceding the Treaty. 



54 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

and a Present now and then for the Eelief of their Necessities, which 
have in some measure been brought upon them by their Intercourse 
with us, and by our yearly extending our Settlements, will probably tye 
them more closely to the British Interest. This has been the Method of 
Newyork and Pennsylvania, and will not put you to so much Expense 
in Twenty Years as the carrying on a War against them will do in One. 
The French very well know the Importance of these Nations to us, and 
will not fail by Presents and their other usual Arts to take advantage 
of any Misunderstandings we may have with them.^ 

" But I will detain You, Gentlemen, no longer. Your own Superior 
knowledge will suggest to You more than I can say on this Subject. 

"Friends and Brethren, Sachems or Chiefs of the Indians of the Six 
Nations : 

"These, Your Brethren of Virginia and Maryland, are come to enlarge 
the Fire, which was almost gone out, and to make it burn clearer to 
brighten the Chain which had contracted some rust, and to renew their 
Friendship with you which it is their desire may last so long as the Sun, 
the Moon, and the Starrs shall give light. Their Powers are derived 
from the Great King of England your Father, and whatever conclusions 
they shall come to with you will be as firm and Binding as if the Gov- 
ernors of these Provinces were themselves here. I am your Brother, 
and which is more, I am your true Friend. As you know from Expe- 
peprience that I am so, I will now give you a few words of Advice : Re- 
ceive these your Brethren with open Arms; Unite yourselves to them 
in the Covenant Chain, and be you with them as one Body and one 
Soul. I make no doubt but the Governor of Canada has been taking 
pains to widen the Breache between these your Brethren of Virginia 
and you ; but as you cannot have forgot the Hatred the French have 
always borne to your Nations, and how kindly on the contrary you have 
been treated, and how Faithfully you have been protected by the Great 
King of England and his Subjects, you will not be at a loss to see into 
the Designs of that Governor. He wants to divide you from Us, in order 
the more easily to destroy you, which he will most certainly do if you 
suffer yourselves to be deluded by him. 

"As to what relates to the Friendship establish'd between the Gov- 
ernment of Pennsylvania and your Nations, I will take another day to 
speak to you upon it." 

1 The two preceeding Paragraphs were allow'd by the Commissioners of Virginia, 
whilst they were at Philadelphia, to be very Proper to be spoken by the Governor of 
Pennsylvania at the opening of the Treaty, but taking up an Opinion from what passed 
at the first Friendly Interview with the Indians, that they would not make any Claim 
upon Lands within the Government of Virginia, the Governor consented to decline 
speaking to them in the Presence of the Indians. 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 55 

To enforce what lias been said, tlie Governor laid down a Belt of 
Wampum, upon which the Indians gave the Jo-hah.^ 

"After a Short Pause, the Governor ordered the Interpreter to tell the 
Indians that as they had greatly exceeded their appointed time for meet- 
ing the Commissioners, he recommended to them to use all the Expedi- 
tion possible in giving their Answer to what had been said, that they 
might forthwith proceed to treat with the respective Commissioners ou 
the Business they came about. 

" Then Canassatego repeated to the Interpreter the Substance of what 
the Governor had Spoke, in order to if he had understood him right [A 
Method generally made use of by the Indians,] and when the Interpreter 
told him he had taken the true Sense, Canassatego proceeded to return 
the Thanks of the Six Nations for the Governor's kind advice, promising 
to follow it as far as lay in their Power; but as it was their Custom when 
a Belt was given to return another, they would take time 'till the after- 
noon to provide one, and would then give their answer." 

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 25th, 174-1, P. M. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

Cannassatego's Answer to the Governor's Speech delivered in the 
Morning : 

"Brother Onas: 

"You spoke in the Presence of Assaraquoa and the Governor 
of Maryland to Us, advising Us to receive them as our Brethren, 
and Unite with them in the Covenant Chain as one Body and one 
Soul. We have always considered them as Our Brethren, and as such 
shall be willing to brighten the Chain of Friendship with* them; But 
since there are some disputes between Us respecting the Lands Possessed 
by them which formerly belonged to Us, We, according to Our Custom, 
Propose to have those differences first adjusted, and then We shall Pro- 
ceed to Confirm the Friendship subsisting between Us, which will meet 
with no obstruction after these matters are settled." 

Here they presented the Governor with a Belt of Wampum, in return 
for the Belt given them in the Morning by the Governor, and the In- 
terpreter was ordered to return the Jo-hah. 

I The Jo-hall denotes Approbation, being a loud shout or Cry, consisting of a few 
Notes pronounced by all the Indians in a very Musical manner in the nature of Our 
Huzza' s. 



56 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Then the Governor in Eeply spoke as follows : 

"I receive your Belt with Great kindness and affection, and as to what 
Relates to the Governments of Virginia and Maryland, the Honourable 
Commissioners now Present are ready to treat with you. I shall only 
add that the Goods for the Hundred Pounds Sterling put into my Hands 
by the Governor of Virginia is a token of his Good Dispositions to Pre- 
serve friendship with you, are now in Town and ready to be delivered, 
in consequence of what was told you by Conrad Weiser when he was 
last at Onondago." 

Then the Governor turning to the Commissioners of Virginia and 
Maryland, say'd:- "Gentlemen — I have now finished what was incumbent 
upon me to say by way of Introduction to the Indians, and as you have 
full Authority from your respective Governments to Treat with them, I 
shall leave the rest entirely to you, and either stay or withdraw as you 
shall think it most for your Service." 

The Commissioners say'd they were all of Opinion it would be for 
their Advantage that the Governor should stay with them, and, there- 
fore, they unanimously desired they would favor them with the Continu- 
ance of his presence whilst they should be in a Treaty with the Indians, 
which His Honor said He would at their Instance very readily do, be- 
lieving it might expedite their Business and prevent any Jealousy the 
Indians might conceive at his withdrawing. 

The Commissioners of Maryland order'd the Interpreter to acquaint 
the Indians that the Governor of Maryland was going to Speak to them, 
and then spoke as follows : 

"Friends and Brethren of the United Six Nations — 

"We who are deputed from the Government of Maryland by a Com- 
mission under the Great Seal of that Province, now in Our Hands (and 
which will be Interpreted to You), bid you welcome, and in token that 
"We are very glad to see you here as Brethren, we give you this String 
of Wampum." 

Upon which the Indians gave the Jo-hah. 

"When the Governor of Maryland received the first notice about 
Seven years ago of your Claim to some Lands in that Province, He 
thought our Good friends and Brethren of the Six Nations had little 
reason to complain of any Injury from Maryland, and that they would 
be so well convinced thereof on further Deliberation as he should hear 
no more of it; but you spoke of that matter again to the Governor of 
Pennsylvania about Two years since as if you designed to Terrify us." 

"It was very inconsiderately sayd by you, that you would do your- 
selves Justice by going to take Payment yourselves; such an attempt 
would have entirely dissolved the Chain of Friendship subsisting not 
only between us, but perhaps the other English and You. 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 57 

" We assure you our People, who are numerous, courageous, and have 
arms ready in their Hands, will not suffer themselves to be hurt in their 
Lives and Estates. 

"But, however, the old and Wise People of Maryland immediately 
met in Council, and upon considering very coolly your rash Expressions, 
agreed to invite their Brethren, the Six Nations, to this place, that they 
might learn of them what Eight they have to the land in Maryland; and 
if they had any, to make them some reasonable Compensation for it. 
Therefore the Governor of Maryland hath sent us to meet and treat with 
you about this Affair, and the Brightening and Strengthning of the 
Chain which has long subsisted between us; and as an Earnest of Our 
Sincerity and Good wall towards you, We present you with this Belt of 
AVampum." 

On which the Indians gave the Jo-hah. 

"Our Great King of England and his Subjects have alwise possessed 
the Province of Maryland free and undisturbed from any Claim of the 
Six Nations for above One hundred Years past, and your not saying any 
thing to us before convinces us you thought you had no Pretence to any 
Lands in Maryland, nor can we yet find out to what Lands or under what 
Title you make your Claim. For the Sasquehannah Indians, by a Treaty 
above ninety years since (which is on the Table and will be Interpreted 
to you). Give and Yield to the English Nation, their heirs and assigns 
forever, the Greatest part (if not all) of the Lands we possess from 
Patuxent River on the Western, as well as from Choptank River on 
the Eastern side of the Great Bay of Chesapeak, and near Sixty Years 
ago you acknowledged to the Governor of new York at Albany, ' That 
you had given your Lands and Submitted yourselves to the King of 
England.' 

"We are that Great King's Subjects, and we Possess and enjoy the 
Province of Maryland by virtue of His Right and Sovereignty thereto. 
Why then wdll you stir up any Quarrel between you and ourselves, who 
are as one man under the Protection of that Great King? 

" We need not put you in mind of the Treaty (which Ave suppose you 
liave had from Your Fathers) made with the Province of Maryland near 
Seventy Years ago, and renew'd and Confirmed twice since that time. 

"By these Treaties w^e became Brethren; we have alwise lived as such, 
and hope alwise to continue so. 

" We have this further to say, that altho' We are not satisfied of the 
Justice of your Claim to any Lands in Maryland, yet we are desirous in 
shewinc^ Our Brotherly kindness and affection, and to prevent (by any 
reasonable way) every misunderstanding between the Provmce ot Mary- 
land and you our Brethren of the Six Nations. 

"For this Purpose we have brought hither a quantity of Goods for Our 



58 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Brethren of the Six Nations, and which will be delivered you as soon as 
we shall have received your Answer and made so bright and large a Fire 
as may burn Pure and clear whilst the Sun and Moon shall Shine. We 
have now freely and openly laid our Bosoms bare to you, and that you 
may be better confirmed of the Truth of our Hearts, We give you this 
Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received with the Jo-liah. 

After a little time Canassatego spoke as follows : 

'* Brother, the Governor of Maryland: 

" We have heard what you have sayd to us, and as you have gone back 
to Old Times, We cannot give you an answer now, but shall take what 
you have sayd into consideration, and return you our answer sometime 
to-morrow." He then sat down, and after sometime he spoke again : 

"Brother, the Governor of Maryland: 

" If you have made any enquiry into Indian Affairs, you will know that 
we have always had our Guns, Hatchets, and Kettles mended when we 
came to see our Brethren. Brother Onas and the Governor of New York 
always do this for us, and We give you this early notice that we may 
not thereby be delayed, being desirous as well as you to give all Possi- 
ble Dispatch to the Business to be Transacted between us." 

The Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland sayd, since it was cus- 
tomary they would give Orders to have everything belonging to them 
mended that it should want it. 

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 26th, 1744. 

PRESENT: 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, &c. 

The Honourable Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

Canassatego Spoke as follows : 

"Brother, the Governor of Maryland: 

"When you invited us to kindle a Council Fire with you, Conedo- 
gwainet was the place agreed upon, but afterwards you by Brother Onas, 
upon second thoughts, considering that it would be difficult t® get Pro- 
visions and other accommodations where there were but few houses or 
or Inhabitants, desired we should meet Our Brother at Lancaster, and at 
his instance we very readily agreed to meet you here, and are glad of the 
Change, for we have found plenty of everything, and as yesterday you 
bid us Welcome, and told us you were glad to see us, we likewise assure 
you we are as glad to see you, and in token of our Satisfaction we pre- 
sent you with this String of Wampum." 



THE IXDIAX TREATY HEM) AT LANCASTER. ,59 

Whicli was received with tlic usual Cercinouy. 

"Brotlier, the Governor ol' Maryland: 

"You tell us that when about seven years ago you heard Ijy Our 
Brother Onasof our Claim to some Lands in your Province, vou took no 
notice of it, believing, as you say, that when we should come to reconsider 
that matter we should find that we had no right to make anv Complaint 
of the Governor of Maryland, and would drop our demand. And that 
when about two years ago we mentioned it again to our Brother Onus, 
you say We did it in such terms as looked like a design to Terrify you ; 
and you tell us further, that we must be beside ourselves in using such a 
rash expression as to tell you we know how to do ourselves Justice if you 
should still refuse. It is true we did say so, but without any ill design — 
for we must inform you that when we first desired Our Brother Onas to use 
his influence with you to procure us satisfaction for Our Lands, We at the 
same time desired him, in case you should disregard our Demand, to write 
to the Great King beyond the Seas, who would own Us for his Children as 
well as you, to compel you to do us Justice. And two years ago, when 
we found that you paid no regard to Our Just demand, nor that Brother 
Onas had convey 'd our Complaint to the Great King over the Seas, we 
were resolved to use such Expressions as would make the greatest Im- 
pressions on your minds, and we find it had its effect, for you tell us 
'That your Wise men held a Council together and agreed to Invite us, 
and to enquire of Our Eight to any of your Lauds; and if it should be 
found that we had a Eight we were to have a Compensation made for 
them ;' and, likewise, you tell us that our Brother, the Governor of 
Maryland, by the Advice of these wise men has sent you to brighten the 
Chain, and to assure us of his willingness to remove whatsoever impedes 
a good understanding between us. This shows that your wise men 
understand our Expressions in their true sense. We had no design to 
Terrify you, but to put you on doing us the Justice you had so long de- 
layed. Your wise men have done well ; and as there is no obstable to a 
Good understanding between us, except this aftiiir of the Land, we on 
our Parts do give you the Strongest assuraiices of our Good Dispositions 
towards you, and that we are as desirous as you to Brighten the Chain 
and to put away all hindrances to a perfect good understandmg; and in 
token of our sincerity we give you this Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received, & the Interp'r ordered to give the ,Io-hah. 

"Brother, the Governor of Maryland: 

"When you mentioned the affair of the Land Yesterday, you went 
back to old Times, and told us you had been in possession of the Prov- 
ince of :^[aryland above One hundred Years; but what is one hundred 
years in comparison to the length of Time since our Claim began.'* 
Since we came out of this Ground? For we must tell you that long 



60 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 

before One hundred years Our ancestors came out of this very Grround, 
and their Children have remained here ever since. You came out of the 
Ground in a Country that lyes beyond Seas, there you may have a just 
Claim, but here you must allow Us to be your elder Brethren, and the 
Lands to belong to us long before you know anj^thing of them. It is 
true that above One hundred years ago the Dutch came here in a Ship 
and brought with them several Goods, such as Awls, Knives, Hatchets, 
Guns, and many other particulars, which they gave us, and when they 
had taught us how to use their things, and we saw what sort of People 
they were, we were so well pleased with them that we tyed their Ship to 
the Bushes on the Shoar, and afterwards liking them still better the 
longer they stayed with us, and thinking the Bushes too slender, we re- 
moved the Eope and tyed it to the trees, and as the Trees were lyable to 
be blown down by high Winds, or to decay of themselves. We, from the 
affection We bore them, again removed the Rope, and tyed it to a Strong 
and big Rock [Here the Interpreter said they mean the Oneida Country,] 
and not content with this, for its further security We removed the Rope 
to the Big-Mountain [Here the Interpreter says they mean the Onondaga 
Country,] and there we tyed it very fast and rowled Wampum about it, 
and to make it still more Secure we stood upon the Wampum, and sat 
down upon it to defend it, and did our Best endeavours that it might 
remain uninjured, for ever during all this Time; the Newcomers, the 
Dutch, acknowledged Our Rights to the Lands, and solicited us from 
time to time to grant them Parts of Our Country, and to enter into 
League and Covenant with us, and to become one People with us. 

"After this the English came into the Country, and, as we were told, 
became one People with the Dutch ; about two years after the Arrival of 
the English, an English Governor came to Albany, and finding what 
great friendship subsisted between us and the Dutch, he approved it 
juightily, and desired to make as Strong a league and to be upon as good 
Terms with us as the Dutch were, with whom he was united, and to 
become one People with Us, and by his further care in looking what had 
passed between us he found that the Rope which tyed the Ship to the 
Great mountain Avas only fastened with Wampum, which was liable to 
break and rot, and to perish in a course of years, he therefore told us 
that he would give us a silver Chain, which would be much stronger and 
last for Ever. This Ave accepted, and fastened the Ship with it, and it 
has lasted ever since. Indeed, we have had some small Differences Avith 
the English, and during these misunderstandings some of their young 
men Avould, by way of Reproach, be every noAv and then be telling us 
that Ave should have perished if they had not come into the Country and 
furnished us Avith Strowds and Hatchets and Guns and other things 
necessary for the Support of Life. But Ave ahvays gave them to under- 



THE INDIAN' TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 61 

stand that tliey were mistaken, that we lived before tliey eanic amongst 
us, and as well or better, if we may believe what our Forefathers have 
told Us. We had then room enough and Plenty of Deer, which was 
easily caught, and though we had not Knives, Hatchets, or Guns, such 
as we have now, yet we had Knives of Stone and Hatchets of Stone, and 
Bows and Arrows, and these Served Our Uses as well then as the Eng- 
lish ones do now. AYe are now Straitned and sometimes in want of 
Deer, and lyable to many other Inconveniences since the English came 
among Us, and particularly from that Pen and Ink work that is going on 
at the Table [pointing to the Secretarys,] and we will give you an In- 
stance of this. Our Brother Onas, a great while ago, came to Albany 
to Buy the Susquehannah Lands of Us, but our Brother, the Governor 
of New York, who, as we suppose, had not a Good understanding with 
Our Brother Onas, advised us not to Sell him any Lauds, for he would 
make an ill use of it, and Pretending to be Our Good friend, he advised 
us, in order to prevent Onas's or any other persons imposing upon us, 
and that we might always have Our Land when we should want it, to 
put it into his Hands, and told us he would keep it for Our use, and 
never open his Hands, but keep them close shut, and not part with any 
of it but at Our request. Accordingly we Trusted him, and put Our 
Land into his Hands, and Charged him to keep it safe for Our Use; but 
sometime after he went away to England and carryed Our Land with 
him, and there Sold it to Our Brother Onas for a Large Sum of money ; 
and when, at the Instance of Our Brother Onas, we were minded to sell 
him some Lands, He told us that we had sold the Sasquehannah Lands 
already to the Governor of New York, and that he had bought them from 
him in England, though when he came to Understand how the Governor 
of New York had deceived L^s, he very generously paid L's for our 
Lands over again. 

"Though we mention this Instance of an Imposition put upon us by 
the Governor of New York, yet we must do the English the Justice to 
say, we have had their hearty Assistances in Our Wars with the French, 
who were no sooner arrived amongst us than they began to render us 
uneasy and to provoke us to War, and we have had several Wars with 
them, during all which we constantly received assistance from the Eng- 
lish, and by their Means we have alwise been able to keep up Our Heads 
against their Attacks. 

" We now come nearer home. We have had your Deeds Interpreted 
to Us, and we acknowledge them to be good and valid, and that the Cou- 
estogse or Sasquehannah Indians had a Right to sell those Lands unto 
you, for they were then their's ; but since that time We have Conquered 
them, and their Country now belongs to Us, and the Lands we demanded 
satisfaction for are no part of the Lands comprized in those Deeds— they 



62 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

are the ^Coliongorontas Lands. Those we are sure you have not pos- 
sessed One hundred years; no, nor above Ten years. And we made our 
Demand so soon as we knew your People were Settled in those Parts. 
These have never been sold, but remain still to be disposed of; and we 
are well pleased to hear you are Provided with Goods, and do assure 
you of Our Willingness to Treat with You for those unpurchased 
Lands, In confirmation whereof We present you with this Belt of 
Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

Canassatego added : 

"That as the Three Governors of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylva- 
nia, had divided the Lands among, they could not for this Reason tell 
how much each had got, nor were they concerned about it, so that they 
were paid by all the Governors for the Several Parts each Possessed ; and 
this they left to their Honour and Justice." 

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 27th, 17-i-I. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

Tht3 Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The Commissioners of Virginia order'd the Interpreter to let the In- 
dians know the Governor of Virginia was going to Speak to them, and 
then they Spoke as follows : 

"Sachims and Warriors of the Six United Nations, Our Friends and 
Brethren : 

"At our Desire the Governor of Pennsylvania invited you to this 
Council Fire ; we have waited a long time for you, but now you are come, 
you are heartily welcome. We are very glad to see you. We give you 
this String of Wampum." 

Which was received with their Usual Approbation. 

"Brethren: 

" In the Year 1736, Four of your Sachims wrote a Letter to James 
Logan, Esqr., then President of Pennsylvania, to let the Governor 
of Virginia know that you Expected some Consideration for Lands in 
the Occupation of some of the People of Virginia. Upon seeing a copy 
of this Letter, the Governor with the Council of Virginia took some 
time to consider of it; they found, on looking into the Old Treaties, that 
you had given up Your Lands to the Great King, who had possession of 
Virginia above One hundred and Sixty Years ; and under that Great King 
1 Coliongoroutas, Potomack. 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 63 

the InliabitaDts of A^'irginia hold tlicir Land, so they thought there might 
be some Mistake. 

" Wherefore they Desired the Governor of New York to cnc^uire of 
you about it. He sent Ilis Inter])reter to You in Afay, 1743, who laid 
this before you at a Council held at Onandago, to which You answer, 
' That if you had any Demand or Pretensions on the Governor of Vir- 
ginia any way, you would have made it known to the Governor of New 
York.' This corresponds with what you have said to Governor Thomas, 
in the Treaty made with him at Philadelphia in July, 1742, for then you 
only made your Claim to lands in Government of Maryland. 

" We are so well pleased with this Good Faith of You our Brethren 
of the Six Nations, and your Kegard of the Treaties made with Virginia, 
that we are ready to hear you on the Subject of your Message Eight 
Years since. 

'* Tell us what Nations of Indians you Conquered any Lands from in 
Virginia, how long it is since, and what Possession you have had ; and if 
it does appear that there is any Land on the Borders of Virginia that the 
Six Nations have a Eight to, we are willing to make you satisfaction." 

Then laid down a String of Wampum, which was accepted with the 
usual Ceremony, and then added : 

" We have a Chest of New goods, and the key is in Our Pockets. You 
are our Brethren; the Great King is our Common Father, and we will 
live with you as Children ought to do in Peace and Love. 

"We will brighten the Chain and Strengthen the Union between Us, 
so that we shall never be divided, but remain Friends and Brethren, as 
long as the Sun gives us light. In Confirmation whereof we give you 
this Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received with the Usual Ceremony. Tachanoontia replied : 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 

" You have made a Good Speech to Us, which is very agreeable, and 
for which we return you our Thanks. We shall be able to give you 
an Answer to every part of it sometime this afternoon, and we shall let 
you know when we are ready." 

In the Court House at Lancaster, 27th June, 1744, P. M. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable. the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

Tachanoontia Spoke as follows: 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 



6-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

"Since you have Joined with the Governor of Maryland and Brother 
Onas in Kindhng this Fire, we gladly acknowledge the pleasure we have 
in seeing you here and observing your good DisiDositions, as well to 
confirm the Treaties of Friendship as to enter into further Contracts 
about Land with Us, and in token of Our Satisfaction We Present you 
with this String of Wampum. 

Which was received with the usual Ceremonies. 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 

"In your Speech this Morning you were Pleased to say we had wrote 
a Letter to James Logan about Seven years ago, to demand a Considera- 
tion for our Lands in the Possession of some of the Virginians. That 
you held them under the Great King for upwards of One hundred and 
Sixty Years, and that we had already given up our Eight, and that 
therefore you had desired the Governor of New York to send his In- 
terpreter to Us last Year to Onandago, which he did, and as you say, 
We, in Council at Onandago, did declare that we had no Demand on 
3^ou for Lands, and that if we had any Pretensions we should have 
made them known to the Governor of New York; and likewise you 
desire to know if we have any Eights to the Virginia Lands, and that 
we will make such Eight appear and tell you what nations of Indians 
We conquered those Lands from. 

"Now we Answer, We have the Eight of Conquest — a Eight too 
dearly Purchas'd, and which cost us too much Blood to give up without 
an}^ Eeason at all, as you say We have done at Albany; but we should 
be obliged to you if you would let us see that Letter, and Inform Us 
who was the Interpreter and whose names are put to the Letter ; for as 
the whole Transaction can't be above a year's standing, it must be fresh 
in every Body's Memory, and some of Our Council would easily remem- 
ber it ; but we assure you, and we are well able to prove that neither we 
nor any Part of Us have ever relinquished our Eight, or ever gave such' 
an Answer as you say is mentioned in your Letter. Could we so few 
years ago make a Formal Demand by James Logan and not be sensible 
of Our Eight ? and hath any thing happen'd since that time to make us 
less sensible ? No. And as this matter can be easily cleared up we are 
anxious it should be done, for we are Positive no such thing was ever 
mentioned to us at Onandago nor any where else. All the World Knows 
we conquered the Several Nations living on Sasquehanna, Cohongoronta, 
and on the Back of the Great Mountains in Virginia. The Conoy-uch- 
such-roona, Coch-nan-was-roonan, Tokoairough-roonan, and Connutskirr- 
ough-roonaw, feel the effects of Our Conquests, being now a Part of Our 
Nations, and their Lands at our Disposal. 

" We know very well it hath often been say'd by the Virginians that 
the Great King of England and the People of that Colony conquered the 



THE IXDIAX TREATY HELD AT LAXCASTER. 65 

Indians that lived there, but it is not true. We will allow thev have 
conquered the Sachdagughroonan and Drove back the Tuscarroraws, 
and that they have on that Account a Right to some Part of Virginia, 
but as to what lyes beyond the Mountains we conquered the Nations re- 
siding there, and that Land, if ever the Virginians get a good Right to 
it, it must be by Us. And in Testimony of the Truth of Our Answer 
to this Part of Your Speech We give you this String of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

" Brother Assaraquoa : 

"We have given you a full answer to the first Part of Your 
Speech which we hope will be satisfactory. We are glad to hear 
you have brought with you a big Chest of New Goods, and that 
you have the Key in your Pockets. We do not doubt but we shall 
have a good Understanding in all Points, and come to an Agreement 
with you. 

" We shall open all Our Hearts to You that you may know everv 
thing in them ; we will hide nothing from you, and we hope if there be 
any thing still remaining in your Breast that may occasion any Dispute 
between Us, you will take this opportunity to unbosom your hearts and 
lay them open to Us, that henceforth there may be no Dirt nor auv 
other Obstacle in the Road between Us; and in token of Our hearty 
Wishes to bring about so good an harmony we present You with this 
Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

" Brother Assaraquoa : 

" We must now tell you what Mountains we mean that we say 
are the Boundaries between you and us. You may remember that 
about Twenty years ago you had a Treat}^ with us at Albany, 
when you took a Belt of Wampum and made a Fence with it 
on the Middle of the Hill, and told us that if any of the Warriors of the 
Six Nations came on your side of the Middle of the Hill you would hang 
them, and you gave us liberty to do the Same with any of your People 
who should be found on our side the Middle of the Hill. This is 
the Hill we mean, and we desire that Treaty may now be confirmed. 
After we left Albany we brought Our Road a great deal more to the 
West that we might comply wath Your Proposal, but tho' it was of your 
own making your People never observed it, but came and lived on Our 
side of the Hill, which we don't blame you for, as you live at a great 
distance near the Seas, and can't be thought to know what your People 
do in the Back parts; and on their Settling contrary to your own Propo- 
sals on our new Road, it fell out that Our A\"arriors did some hurt to 
your People's Cattle, of which a complaint was made and transmitted to 
us by our Brother Onas. And we at his Request altered the Road again, 
5k 



<dQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

and brought it to tlie Foot of the Great Mountain where it now is, and 
it is impossible for us to remove it any further to the West, those Parts 
of the Country being absolutely impassable by either Man or Beast. 

"We had not been long in the Use of this new Eoad before your 
People came like Flocks of Birds and sat down in both sides of it, and 
yet we never made a Complaint to you, tho' you must be Sensible 
those things must have been done by your People in manifest Breach of 
your own Proposal made at Albany ; and therefore as we are now open- 
ing our Hearts to you, we cannot avoid Complaining, and desire all these 
Affairs may be settled ; and that you may be Stronger induced to do us 
Justice for what is Past, and to come to a thorough Settlement for the 
future, we, in the Presence of the Governor of Maryland and Brother 
Onas, present you with this Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

Then Tachanoontia added: 

"We forgot to say that the Affair of the Road must be looked upon 
as a Preliminary to be Settled before the Grant of Lands, and that either 
the Virginia People must be obliged to Remove more Easterly, or if they 
are Permitted, to say that our Warriors Marching that way to the South- 
ward shall go sharers with them in what they Plant." 

In the Court House at Lancaster, 28th June, 1744, A. M. 

PRESENT: 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The Governor Spoke as follows : 

" Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations : 

" I am always sorry when any thing happens that may Create the 
least uneasiness between us, but as we are mutually engaged to keep the 
Road between Us clear and open, and to remove every obstruction that 
may lie in the way, I must inform you that three of the Delaware Indians 
lately Murdered John Armstrong, an Indian Trader, and his two men, in 
a most barbarous manner, as he was traveling to Allegheny, and stole his 
Goods of a considerable value. Shick Calamy and the Indians settled at 
Shamokin did well ; they seized two of the Murderers and sent them down 
to Our Settlements, but the Indians who had the Charge of them after- 
wards suffered one of them to Escape on a Pretence that he was not con- 
cerned in the Bloody deed. The other is now in Philadelphia Goal. By 
our Laws all the Accessaries to a Murder are to be Tryed and Put to 
Death as well as the Person who gave the Deadly wound. If they con- 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 67 

sented to it, encouraged it, or anywise assisted in it, they are to be j)ut to 
Death, and it is just tliey should be so. If, u])ou Tryal, the Persons 
Present at tlie Murder are found not to liave done any of these thing's, 
they are set at liberty. Two of Our People were, not many years ago, 
publickly put to Death for kilHng two Indians. We therefore expect you 
will take the most effectual Measures to Seize and deliver up to Us the 
other two Indians present at these Murders, to be tryed with the Princi- 
pal now in Custody. If it shall appear upon their Tryal that tliey were 
not advising nor any way Assisting in this Horrid Fact, they will be acquit- 
ted and sent home to their Towns. And that you may be satisfied no Injus- 
tice w^ill be done to them, I do now Invite you to Depute three or four 
Indians to be present at their Tryals. I do likewise expect that you will 
order Strict search to be made for the Remainder of the Stolen Goods, 
that they may be restored to the Wife and Children of the Deceased. 
That what I have said may have its due weight with you, I give you this 
String of Wampum." 

Which was accepted with the Jo-hah. 

The Governor afterwards ordered the Interpreter to tell them lie ex- 
pected a very full answer from them, and that they might take their own 
time to give it, for he did not desire to interfere with the Business of 
Virginia and Maryland. 

They sayd they would take it into Consideration and give a full answer. 

Then the Commissioners of Virginia let them know by tlie Interpreter 
that they would Speak to them in the Afternoon. 

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, Thursday, 28 June, 17-14, 
A.M. 

PRESENT: 

The Honourable, the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The Commissioners desired the Interpreter to tell the Indians they 
were going to Speak to them. 'Sir. Weiser acquainted them therewith. 
After Avhich the said Commissioners Spoke as follows: 

"Our good Friends and Brethren of the Six United Nations: 

" We have consider'd what you sayd concerning your Title to .some 
Lands now in Our Province, and also of the Place where they lye. Altho' 
we cannot admit your Right, yet we are so resolved to live in Brotherly 
Love and Affection with the Six Nations, that upon giving us a Release 
in Writing of all your Claim to any Lands in Maryland, We shall make 
you a Compensation to the value of Three hundred Pounds Currency ; 
for the Payment of Part thereof we have brought some Goods, and shall 
make up the Rest in what manner you think fit. 



68 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

"As We intend to say something to you about our Chain of Friend- 
ship after this affair of the Land is Settled, we desire you will now Ex- 
amine the Goods and make an End of this matter. 

" We will not omitt acquainting Our Good Friends the Six Nations 
that notwithstanding We are likely to come to an Agreement about your 
Claim of Lands, yet your Brethren of Maryland look on you to be as one 
Soul and one Body with themselves, and as a broad -Road will be made 
between Us, we shall always be desirous of keeping it clear, that we may 
from time to time take care that the links of Our Friendship be not 
rusted. In testimony that Our Words and Our hearts agree, We give 
you this Belt of Wampum." 

On presenting of which the Indians gave the usual Cry of Approba- 
tion. 

Mr. Weiser acquainted the Indians they might now look over the 
Several Goods placed on a Table in the Chamber for that Purpose; 
and the Honourable Commissioners bid him tell them if they disliked 
any of the Goods, or if they were damaged, the Commissioners would 
put a less Price on such as were either disliked or Damnify'd. The In- 
dians having View'd and Examined the Goods, and Seeming Disatisfy'd 
at the Price and worth of some of them, required time to go down into 
the Court House in order for a Consultation to be had by the Chiefs of 
them concerning the said Goods, and likewise that the Interpreter might 
Retire with them, which he did. Accordingly they went down into the 
Court House, and soon after returned again into the Chamber. Mr. 
Weiser sat down among the Indians and discoursed them about the 
Goods, and in some short time after they Chose the following from among 
the others, and the Prices agreed to be given for them by the Six Nations 
was, viz: 

One lb. Vermillion ------- 

1,000 Flints 

4 Doz. Jewsharps - 

1 Box. Boxes -------- 

Ic. 2qr. 01b. Barr Lead - - - - 

Oc. 2qr. 01b. Shot 

2 Half Barrels of Gunpowder . - - - - 



Four Pieces of Strowds a £7 - 

2 Pieces Do. a £5 - 

200 Shirts 

Carried forward, £101 12 



£0 


18 








18 








14 








1 





3 








1 








13 








£19 


11 





£28 








10 








63 


12 






THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 



£101 


12 


11 





21 





6 


10 


61 


2 


£201 


4 


19 


11 


£220 


15 



Brought forward, 
3 Pieces half Thkiks 
3 Pieces Duffle Blankets a £7 
1 Piece Do. 

47 Guns, 26s. 



Pennsylvania Currency 

When the Indians had agreed to take these Goods at the Rates above 
specify'd, they informed the Interpreter that they would give an Answer 
to the Speech made to them this morning by the Honourable the Com- 
missioners of Maryland, but did not express the Time when such answer 
should be made. 

At tAvelve o'Clock the Commissioners departed the Chamber. 

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 28th, 1744, P. M. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations, 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The Commissioners of Virginia desired the Interpreter to let the In- 
dians know that their Brother Assaraquoa was now going to give his 
Reply to their Answer to his first Speech, delivered them the day before 
in the forenoon: 

" Sachims and Warriors of the Six Nations : 

" We are now come to answer what you said to Us Yesterday, since 
what we sayd to you before on the Part of the Great King, our Father, 
has not been satisfactory. You have gone into Old Times and so must 
we. It is true that the Great King holds Virginia by Right of Conquest, 
and the Bounds of that Conquest to the Westward is the Great sea. 

"If the Six Nations have made any Conquest over Indians that may 
at any time have lived on the West side of the Great Mountains of Vir- 
ginia, yet they never possessed any Lands there that we have ever heard. 
That part was altogether deserted, and free for any People to enter upon, 
as the People of Virginia have done by order of the Great King, very 
justly as well by an Antient Right as by its being freed from the Pos- 
session of any other, and from any Claim, even of you the Six Nations, 
our Brethren, until within these Eight Years. The first Treaty between 
the Great King, in behalf of his Subjects of Virginia and you, that we 



J 
70 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

can find, was made at Albany by Colonel Henry Coursey, Seventy years 
Since. This was a Treaty of Friendship, when the first Covenant Chain 
was made, when we and you became Brethren. 

" The next Treaty was also at Albany above fifty-Eight years ago, by 
the Lord Howard, Governor of Virginia. Then you declare yourselves 
Subjects of the Great King, our Father, and gave up to him all your 
Lands for his Protection. This you Own in a Treaty made by the Gov- 
ernor of Newyork with you at the same Place in the Year 1687, and you 
Express yourselves in these AVords : ' Brethren you tell us the King 
of England is a very Great King, and why should you not join with us 
in a very just Cause when the French join with Our Enemies in an un- 
just Cause. O Brethren we see the Eeason of this, for the French would 
fain kill us all, and when that is done they would carry all the Beaver 
Trade to Canada, and the Great King of England would lose the Lands 
likewise ; And therefore, O Great Sachim beyond the Great Lakes, awake 
and suffer not those poor Indians that have given themselves and their 
Lands under your Protection to be destroyed by the French without a 
Cause.' 

" The last Treaty we shall Speak to you about is that made at Albany 
by Governor Spotswood, which you have not recited as it is ; for the 
White People, Your Brethren of Virginia, are in no Article of that 
Treaty Prohibited to pass and Settle to the Westward of the Great 
Mountains. It is the Indians' Tributary to Virginia that are restrained, 
as you and your Tributary Indians are from Passing to the Eastward of 
the same Mountains or to the Southward of Cohongoroonton, And you 
agree to this Article in these words : ' That the Great Eiver of Patow- 
mack and the High Kidge of Mountains which extend all along the 
Frontiers of Virginia to the westwards of the Present Settlements of that 
Colony, Shall be for ever the established Boundaries between the In- 
dians subject to the Dominions of Virginia and the Indians belonging 
and depending on the Five Nations, so that neither our Indians shall not, 
on any Pretence whatsoever, pass to the Northward or westward of the 
said Boundaries without having to produce a Passport under the hand 
and Seal of the Governor or Commander-in-Chief of Virginia, nor your 
Indians to pass to the Southward or EastAvard of the said Boundaries 
without a Passport in like manner from the Governor or Commander- 
in-Chief of New York.' 

"And what Eight can you have to Lands that you have no Eight to 
walk upon but upon certain conditions? It is true you have not ob- 
served this part of the Treaty, and Your Brethren of Virginia have not 
insisted on it with a due Strictness, which has Occasioned some mischief. 

"This Treaty hath been sent to the Governor of Virginia by Order of 
the Great King, and is what we must Eely on, and being in writing is 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 71 

more certain tlian your Menior3\ That i.s the way the wliite people have 
of preserving Transactions of every kind, and transmitting them down 
to their Children's Children forever; and all Disputes among them are 
settled by this faithful kind of Evidence, and must be the Kule between 
the Great King and you. This Treaty your Sacliims and warriors signed 
some Years after the same Governor Spotswood, in the Kight of the 
Great King, had been with some People of Virginia in possession of 
these very Lands, which you have set up 3^our late claim to. 

" The Commissioners for Indian Affairs at Albany gave the Account 
we mentioned to you yesterday to the Governor of New York, and he 
sent it to the Governor of Virginia. Their names will be given you by 
the Interpreter. 

" Brethren, this Dispute is not between Virginia and you. It is set- 
ting up your Eight against the Great King, under whose Grants the 
People you complain of are settled. Nothing but a Command from the 
Great King can remove them ; They are too powerful to be removed by 
any force of You our Brethren ; And the Great King, as our Common 
Father, will do equal Justice to all his children ; wherefore, we do be- 
lieve they will be confirmed in their Possessions. 

"As to the Eoad you mention, we intended to prevent any Occasion 
for it by making a Peace between You and the Southern Indians a few 
years since, at a considerable Expence to Our Great King, which you 
Confirmed at Albany. It seems by your being at war with the Cataw- 
bas that it has not been long kept between you. 

" However, if you desire a Eoad, we will agree to one on the Terms of 
the Treaty you made with Colonel Spotswood; and your People's be- 
having themselves orderly like Friends and Brethren shall be used in 
their Passage through Virginia with the same kindness as they are when 
they pass through the Lands of your Brother Onas. This we hope will 
be agreed to by you Our Brethren, and we will abide by the Promise 
made to you Yesterday. 

" We may Proceed to Settle what we are to give you for any Eight you 
may have or have had to all the Lands to the Southward and Westward 
of the Lands of your Brother the Governor of ^laryland, and of your 
Brother Onas, though we are informed the Southeren Indians claim these 
very Lands that you do. 

"We are desirous to live with you our Brethren according to the Old 
Chain of Friendship to settle all these matters fairly and honestly. 

" And as a Pledge of Our Sincerity we give you this Belt of Wam- 
pum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, June the 29th, 17-i4. A. M. 



72 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

PRESENT: 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

Mr. Weiser informed the Honourable Commissioners the Indians were 
ready to give their answer to the Speech made to them here yesterday 
Morning by the Commissioners. Whereupon 

Canassatego spoke as follows, looking on a Deal Board where were 
some black lines describing the Courses of Potowmack and Sasquahanna : 

"Brethren — 

"Yesterday you Spoke to Us concerning the Lands on this side Potow- 
mack Eiver, and as we have deliberately considered of what you said to 
us on that matter, we are now very ready to settle the Bounds of such 
Lands, and Eelease our Eight and Claim thereto. 

"We are willing to renounce all Eight to Lord Baltimore of all those 
Lands lying two Miles above the uppermost Fork of Potowmack or Co- 
hongoruton Eiver, near which Thomas Cressap has a Hunting or Trading 
Cabbin, by a North Line to the Bounds of Pennsylvania. But in case 
such Limits shall not include every Settlement or Inhabitant of Mary- 
land, then such other Lines and Courses from the said two Miles above 
the Forks to the outermost Inhabitants or Settlements as shall include 
every Settlement and Inhabitant in Maryland, and from thence by a 
North Line to the Bounds of Pennsylvania, shall be the Limits. And 
further, if any People already have or shall settle beyond the Lands now 
described and Bounded, they shall enjoy the same free from any Disturb- 
ance of us in any manner whatsoever, and we do and shall accept those 
People for our Brethren, and as such always Treat them. 

"We earnestly desire to live with you as Brethren, and hope you will 
shew us all Brotherly kindness ; In token whereof we present you with 
a Belt of Wampum." 

Which Avas received with the usual Ceremony. 

Soon after the Commissioners and Indians departed the Court House 
Chamber. 

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, June 30th, IT^-l, A. M. 

PRESENT: 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

Gachadow, Speaker for the Indians, in answer to the Commissioners' 
Speech at the last meeting, Avith a Strong Voice and Proper Actions, 
Spoke as follows : 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 



THE INIJIAN TKEATY llEhV AT LANCASTER. 73 

"The World at tlio first was made on the other side of the Great water 
different from what it is on this side, as may be known from the different 
Colour of Our Skin and of Our Flesh, and that whieh you call Justice 
may not be so amongst us. You have your Laws and Customs and so 
have we. The Great King might send you over to Conquer the Indians, 
but looks to us that God did not approve of it, if lie had, he would not 
have Placed the Sea where it is, as the Limits between us and you."' 

"Brother Assaraquoa.- 

" Though great things are well remembered among Us, Yet we don't 
remember that we were ever Conquered by the Great King, or that we 
have been employ'd by that Great King to conquer others ; if it was so 
it is beyond our Memory. We do remember we were employed by Ma- 
ryland to Conquer the Conestogo's, and that the Second time we were at 
War with them we carry'd them all off." 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 

"You Charge us with not acting agreeable to our Peace with the Ca- 
tawbas ; we will repeat truly t© you what was done : The Governor of 
New York at Albany, in behalf of Assaraquoa, gave us several Belts 
from the Cherikees and Catawbas, and we agreed to a Peace if those 
Nations would send some of their Great men to Us to confirm it face to 
face, and that they would Trade with us, and desired that they would 
appoint a time to meet at Albany for this Purpose, but they never came." 

"Brother Assaraquoa; 

"We then desired a Letter might be sent to the Catawbas and Cheri- 
kees to desire them to come and confirm the Peace. It was long before 
an Answer came, but we met the Cherikees and Confirmed the Peace, 
and seat some of Our People to take care of them untill they returned to 
their own Country. 

" The Catawbas refused to come, and sent us word that we were but 

Women; that they were men and double men for they had two P s; 

that they could make Women of us, and would be always at War with 
us. They are a deceitful People ; Our Brother Assaraquoa is deceived 
by him; we don't blame him for it, but are sorry he is so deceived." 

" Brother Assaraquoa : 

"We have confirm'd the Peace with the Cherikees, but not Avith the 
Catawbas. They have been Treacherous, and know it, so that the War 
must continue till one of Us is destroyed. This we think Proper to tell 
you, that you may not be Troubled at Avhat we do to the Catawbas. 

" Brother Assaraquoa : 

"We will uow Speak to the Point between us. You say you will 
agree with us to the Koad. We desire that may be the Road which was 
last made (the Waggon Poad.) It is always a custom among Brethren 
or Strangers to use each other kindly. You have some very ill-natured 



74 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

People living up there, so that we desire the Persons in Power may know 
that we are to have reasonable Victuals when we are in want. 

"You know very well when the White People came first here they 
were poor ; but now they have got our Lands and are by them become 
Eich, and we are Now poor. What little we had for the Land goes soon 
away, but the Land lasts forever. You told us you had brought with 
you a Chest of Goods, and that you have the Key in your Pockets ; But 
we have never seen the Chest nor the Goods that are said to be in it. 
It may be small and the Goods few. We want to see them, and are de- 
sirous to come to some Conclusion. We have been sleeping here these 
Ten Days past, and have not done any thing to the Purpose." 

The Commissioners told them they should see the Goods on Monday. 

In the Court House at Lancaster, June the 30th, 1744. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEOEGJ^^ THOMAS, Esqr., Governor. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The three Governments Entertained the Indians and all the Gentlemen 
in town with a handsome Dinner; the Six Nations in their order having 
returned thanks with the usual Solemnity of Jo-ha-han, the Interpreter 
informed the Governor and the Commissioners that as the Lord Propri- 
etor and Governor of Maryland was not known to the Indians by any 
particular Name, they had agreed in Council to take the first oppor- 
tunity of a large company to present him with one, and as this with them 
is deemed a matter of great Consequence, and attended with abundance 
of Forme, the several Nations had drawn Lots for the performance of the 
Ceremony, and the Lot falling on the Cayogo Nation, they had chosen 
Gachradodow, one of their Chiefs, to be their Speaker, and he desired 
leave to begin, which being given, he on an elevated part of the Court 
House, with all the dignity of a Warrior, the Gesture of an Orator, and 
in a very gracefull Posture, spoke as follows: 

" As the Governor of Maryland had Invited them here to Treat about 
their Lands and brighten the Chain of Friendship, the United Nations 
thought themselves so much obliged to him that they had come to a 
Eesolution in Council to give to the Great man who is Proprietor of 
Maryland a particular Name, by which they might hereafter correspond 
with him, and as it had fallen to the Cayogo's Lot in Council to consider 
of a proper name for that Chief Man, they had agreed to give him the 
Name of Toearry-ho-gan, denoting Precedency, Excellency, or living in 
middle or Honourable Place betwixt Assaraquoa and their Brother 



THE INDIAN TREATY IIKLD AT LANCASTKH. 75 

Onas, by whom their Treaties might be better carrvd on;' And then 
addressing himself to his Honour, the Governor of Pennsylvania, The 
Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland and to the 
Gentlemen then present, he Proceeded : 

"As there is a Company of Great Men now Assembled, We take this 
Time and opportunity to Publish this Matter, That it may be known 
Tocarry-ho-gan is Our Friend, and that we are ready to Honour him, 
and that by such Name he may be always called and known among Us. 
And We hope he will ever Act towards us according to the PJxcellenev 
of the Name we have now Given him, and enjoy a long and hapi)y life." 

The Honourable the Governor and Commissioners, and all the Com- 
pany present, returned the Compliment with three Huzza's, and after 
drinking Healths to Our gracious King and Six Nations, the Commis- 
sioners of Maryland proceeded to Business in the Court House Chamber 
with the Indians, where Conrad Weiser the Interpreter was present. 

The Honourable the Commissioners order'd Mr. Weiser to tell the 
Indians that a Deed, releasing all their Claim and Title to certain Lands 
lying in the Province of Maryland, which by them was agreed to be given 
and executed, for the use of the Lord Baron of Baltimore, Lord Proprie- 
tary of that Province, was now on the Table and Seals ready fixed thereto. 
The Interpreter acquainted them therewith as desired, and then gave the 
Deed to Canassatego the Speaker, who made his Mark and put his Seal 
and Delivered it, after which thirteen other Chiefs or Sachims of the Six 
Nations Executed it in the same manner in the Presence of the Honour- 
able the Commissioners of Virginia and divers other Gentlemen of that 
Colony, and of the Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland. 

At the House of Mr. George Sanderson in Lancaster, 2d July, 1744, A. M. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

Several of the Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The several Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Nations who had not 
Signed the Deed of Release of their Claim to some Land in Maryland, 
tender'd to them on Saturday last in the Chamber of the Court Hou.se in 
this Town, did now readily Execute the same, and caused Mr. Weiser 
likewise to sign it, as well with his Indian as with his own proper Name 
of Weiser, as a Witness and Interpreter. 

In the Court House at Lancaster, July 2d, 1744. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor. 
The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 



76 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

Canassatego Spoke as follows: , . 

"Brother Onas : 

" The other day you was pleased to tell us you were always concern'd 
whenever anything happen'd that might give you or us Uneasiness, and 
that we were mutually engaged to preserve the Eoad open and Clear 
between Us. And you informed Us of the Murder of John Armstrong 
and his two Men by some of the Delaware Indians, and of their Stealing 
his Goods to a Considerable value. The Delaware Indians as you Sup- 
pose are under our Power. We join with you in your Concern for such 
a vile Proceeding ; and to testify that we have the same Inclinations with 
you to keep the Road clear, free, and open, we give you this string of 
Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

"Brother Onas: 

"These things happen frequently, and we desire you will consider 
them well, and not be too much concerned. Three Indians have been 
killed at different times at Ohio, and we never mentioned any of them to 
you, imagining it might have been occasioned by some unfortunate 
Quarrels, and being unwilling to create a Disturbance; We therefore 
Desire you will consider these things well, and to take the Grief from 
your Heart We give you this String of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

" Brother Onas : 

"We had heard of the Murder of John Armstrong, and in our Journey 
here We had Conference with our Cousins, the Delawares, about it, and 
Reproved them severely for it ; and charged them to go down to Our 
Brother Onas and make him satisfaction, both for the Men that were 
killed and for the Goods. We understood by them that the principal 
Actor in these Murders is in your Prison, and that he had done all the 
Mischief himself ; but that besides him you had required and Demanded 
two others who were in his Company when the Murders were Committed. 
We promise faithfully in our return to renew our Reproofs, and to Charge 
the Delawares to send down some of their Chiefs with these two young 
men, but not as Prisoners, to be examined by you ; and as we think upon 
Examination you will not find them Guilty, we rely on your Justice not 
to do them any Harm, but to permit them to return in safety. 

"We likewise understand that search has been made for the Goods 
belonging to the deceased, and that some have been alread}^ returned to 
your People ; but that some are still missing. You may depend upon 
our Giving the Strictest Charge to the Delawares to Search again with 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 77 

more Diligence for the Goods, and to return tliem or the value of them 
in Skins. And to Confirm what we have said, we give you this String 
of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony, 

"Brother Onas: 

"The Conoy Indians have informed us that they sent you a Message 
some time ago to advise you that they were ill used by the white People 
in the place where they had lived, and that they had come to a Resolu- 
tion of removing to Shamokin, and requested some small Satisfaction for 
their Land; And as they never have received any answer from you, they 
have desired Us to Speak for them. We heartily recommend their Case 
to your Generosity, and to add weight to our Recommendation we present 
you with this String of AVampum." 

Which was receiv'd with the usual Ceremony. 

The Governor having conferred a little time with the Honourable 
Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland, made the following Reply : 

"Brethren — 

"I am glad to find that you agree with me in the necessity of keeping 
the Road between us clear and open; and the Concern you have ex- 
pressed on Account of the Barbarous Murders mentioned to You, is a 
proof of Your Brotherly affection for Us. If crimes of this Nature be 
not Strictly enquired into, and the Criminals Severely Punish'd, there 
will be ail end of all commerce between us and the Indians, and then you 
will be altogether in the Power of the French ; They will set what Price 
they please on their own Goods, and Give you what they think fit for 
your Skins, so it is for your own interest that our Traders should be 
safe in their Persons and Goods when they Travel to your Towns. 

"Brethren: 

" I consider 'd this matter well before I came from Philadelphia, and I 
advised with the Council there upon it, as I have done here with the 
Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland. I never 
heard before of the Murder ©f Three Indians at Ohio; had complaint 
been made to me of it, and it had appeared to have been committed by 
any of the People under my Government, they should have been put to 
Death, as two of them were two years ago for killing two Indians. You 
are not to take your own satisfaction, but to apply to me and I will see 
that Justice be done you; and should any of the Indians rob or murder 
any of our People, I do expect that you will deliver them up to betryed 
and Punished in the same manner as White people are. This is the way 
to preserve Friendship between us, and will be for your benefit as well 
as our's. I am well pleased Avith the Steps you have already taken, and 
the Reproofs you have given to your Cousins the Dela wares, and do ex- 
pect you will lay your Commands upon some of their Chiefs to bring 



78 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

down the two Young men that were present at the Murders. If they 
are not brought down, I shall look upon it as a Proof of their Guilt. If 
upon Examination they shall be found not to have been concerned in 
the Bloody Action, they shall be well used and sent home in Safety. I 
will take it upon myself to see that they have no Injustice done them. 
An Inventory is taken of the Goods already restored, and I expect satis- 
faction will be made for such as cannot be found in Skins, according to 
their Promise. 

"I well remember the coming down of one of the Conoy Indians with 
a Paper setting forth That the Conoys had come to a Eesolution to leave 
the Land reserved for them by the Proprietors, but he made no com- 
plaint to me of ill usage from the White People. The reason he gave 
for their removal was, that the Setling of the White people all around 
them had made Deer Scarce, and that therefore they chose to remove to 
Juniata for the Benefit of Hunting. I ordered what they said to be en- 
tered in the Council Book. The old Man's Expences were borne, and a 
Blankit given him at his Return home. I have not yet heard from 
the Proprietors on this head, but you may be assured, from the favour 
and Justice they have always shewn to the Indians, that they will do 
everything that can be reasonably expected of them in this case. 

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, July 2d, 1744, P. M. 

present: 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The Indians being told by the Interpreter that their Brother Assara- 
quoa was going to speak to them, he spoke as follows : 

" Sachims and Warriors, our Friends and Brethren : 

"As we have already sayd enough to you on the Subject of the Title 
to the Lands you Claim from Virginia, we have no occasion to say any- 
thing more to you on that head, but come directly to the Point. We 
have open'd the Chests, and the Goods are now here before you; They 
cost Two hundred Pounds, Pennsylvania money, and were bought by a 
Person recommended to Us by the Governor of Pennsylvania, with 
ready Cash. AVe order'd them to be good in their kinds, and we believe 
they are so. These Goods, and Two hundred Pounds in Gold which now 
lye now on the Table, we will give you, Our Brethren of the Six Na- 
tions, upon Condition That you immediately make a Deed, recognizing 
the King's Right to all the Lands that are or shall be by his Majesty's 
Appointment in the Colony of Virginia. 

"As to the Road, we agree you shall have one, and the Regulation is 
in a paper which the Interpreter now has in his custody to Shew you. 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 79 

The People of Virginia shall perform their Part if you and your Indians 
performs their's. We are your Brethren, and will do no hardships to 
you, but, on the Contrary, all the kindness we can." 

The Indians agreed to what was said, and Canassatcgo desired they 
would Represent their "Case to the King, in order to have a farther Con- 
sideration when the Settlement increased much farther back. To which 
the Commissioners agreed, and Promised they would make sUch a Rep- 
resentation faithfully and honestly, and for their further Security that 
they would do so, they would give them a Writing under their Hands 
and Seals to that purpose. 

They desired that some Rum might be given them to drink on their 
way home, which the Commissioners agreed to, and payd them in Gold 
for that Purpose, and the Carriage of their Goods from Philadelphia, 
Nine pounds thirteen shillings and three pence, Pennsylvania monev. 

Canassatego further sayd, That as their Brother Tocarry-ho-gan sent 
them Provision on the Road here, which kept them from Starving, he 
hoped their Brother Assaraquoa would do the same for them back, and 
have the Goods he gave them carry'd to the usual Place, which were 
agreed to. 

After this Conference the Deed was Produced, and the Interpreter 
Explained it to them, and they according to their Rank and Quality put 
their Marks and Seals to it in the presence of several Gentlemen of Mary- 
land, Pennsylvania, and Virginia ; and when they delivered the Deed, 
Canassatego delivered it for the use of their Father the Great King, and 
hoped he would consider them, upon which the Gentleman and Indians 
present gave three shouts. 

In the Court House at Lancaster, Tuesday, July 2d, 1744, A. M. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

The Governor Spoke as follows: 

" Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations — 

"At a Treaty held with many of the Chiefs of your Nations two years 
ago, the Road between us was made Clearer and Wider; Our Fire 
was enlarged and our Friendship confirmed by an Exchange of Presents 
and many other Mutual Good Offices. 

"We think ourselves happy in having been Instrumental to your 
meeting with our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland, And we persuade 
ourselves that you on your Parts will always remember it as an Instance 



80 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

of our good will and affection for jou. This has given us an opportu- 
nity of seeing you sooner than perhaps we should otherwise have done ; 
and as we are under mutual Obligations by treaties, we to hear Avith 
Our Ears for you, and yon to hear with your Ears for us, We take this 
opportunity to inform you of what very nearly concerns us both.' 

"The Great King of England and the French King have Declared War 
against each other. Two Battles have been fought, one by Land and the 
other by Sea. The Great King of England Commanded the Land Army 
in Person, and gained a Cora pleat Victory. Numbers of the French 
were killed and taken Prisoners, and the rest were forced to pass a Eiver 
with Precipitation to save their Lives. The Great God covered the 
King's head in that Battle, so that he did not receive the least hurt, for 
which you as well as we have reason to be very thankfnll. 

" The Engagement at Sea was likewise to the Advantage of the English. 
The French and Spaniards joined their Ships together and came out to 
Fight us. The brave English Admiral burnt one of their largest Ships, 
and many others were so shatter'd that they were glad to take the oppor- 
tunity of a very high wind and a dark Night to run away and to hide 
themselves again in their Harbours. Had the Weather proved fair he 
would in all probability have taken or destroyed them all. 

"I need not put you Id mind how much William Penn and his sons 
have been your Friends and the Friends of all the Indians; you have 
long and often experienced their Friendship for you, nor need I repeat 
to you how kindly you were treated, and what valuable Presents were made 
to you two years ago by the Governor, the Council, and the Assembly 
of Pennsylvania. The Sons of William Perm are all now in England, 
and have left me in their place, well knowing how much I regard you 
and all the Indians. As a fresh proof of this, I have left my House and 
am come thus far to see you, to renew our Treaties, to brighten the 
Covenant Chain, and to confirm our Friendship with you. In testimony 
whereof I present you with this Belt of Wampum." 

AVhich was received with the Jo-hah. 

"As your Nations have engaged themselves by Treaty to Assist Us, 
your Brethren of Pennsylvania, in case of a War with the French, we do 
not Doubt but you will punctually perform an Engagement so solemnly 
entered into. A War is now declared, and We expect that you will not 
suffer the French or any of the Indians in Alliance with them to March 
through your Country to disturb any of our Settlements, And that you 
will give us the Earliest and best Intelligence of any Designs that may 
be formed by them to our Disadvantage, as we promise to do of any that 
may be to your's. To enforce what I have now say'd to you in the 
strongest manner, I present you with this Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received with the Jo-hah. 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 81 

After a little Pause liis Honour tlie Governor Spoke again: 

"Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations — 

"What I have now sayd to you is in conformity to the Treaties sub- 
sisting between the Province of which I am Governor and your Nations. 
I now proceed with the Consent of the Honourable the Commissioners 
of Virginia and Maryland to tell you That all Differences having been 
adjusted, and the Eoads between us and you made quite clear and oi)en, 
We are ready to confirm our Treaties with your Nations, and establish 
a Friendship which is not to end but with the World itself. And in 
behalf of the Province of Pennsylvania, I do by this fine Belt of Wam- 
pum and a Present of Goods to the Value of Three hundred pounds, 
confirm and establish the said Treaties of Peace, Union, and Friendship, 
you on your Parts doing the same." 

Which was received with a loud Jo-hah. 

The Governor further added, "The Goods bought with the one Hun- 
dred Pounds Sterling Put into my Hands by the Governor of Virginia 
are ready to be delivered when you Please. The Goods bought and 
sent up by the People of the Province of Pennsylvania, according to the 
List which the Interpreter will explain, are laid by themselves, and are 
likewise ready to be deliver'd to you at your own time." 

After a little Pause the Commissioners of Virginia Spoke as follows: 

" Sachims and Warriors of the Six Nations — 

" The Way between us being made Smooth by what Passed Yester- 
day, we desire now to confirm all former Treaties made between Virginia 
and you our Brethren of the Six Nations, and to make Our Chain of 
Union and Friendship as bright as the Sun, that it may not contract any 
more Eust for ever; that our Children's Children may rejoice at and 
confirm what we have done; and that you and your Children may not 
forget it. We give you One hundred pounds in Gold and this Belt of 
Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremonye. 

"Friends and Brethren: 

"Altho' we have been Disappointed in Our Endeavors to bring about 
a Peace between you and the Catawbas, yet we desire to speak to you 
something more about them. AVe believe they have been unfaithfull to 
you and Spoke of you with a foolish contempt, but this may be only 
the Eashness of some of their Young Men. In this Time of War with 
Our common Enemies, the French and Spaniards, it will be the wisest 
way to be at Peace among Our selves. They, the Catawbas, are also 
Children of the Great King, and therefore we desire you will agree that 
we may endeavour to make a Peace between you and them, that we may 
be all United by one common Chain of Frien.lship. We give you this 

String of Wampum." 
6k 



82 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Whicli was received with the usual Ceremony. 

"Brethren : 

"Our Friend Conrad Weiser, when he is old, will go into the other 
World, as Our Fathers have done; our Children will then want such a 
Friend to go between them and your Children to reconcile any difter- 
ences that may happen to Arise between them, that, like him, may have 
the Ears and Tongues of our Children and yours. 

" The way to have such a Friend is for you to send three or four of 
your Boys to Virginia, where we have a fine House for them to Live in, 
and a Man on purpose to teach the Children of you, our Friends, the 
Religion, Language, and Customs of the White People. To this Place 
we kindly invite you to send some of your Children, and we promise 
you they shall have the same care taken of them, and be Instructed in 
the same manner as our own Children, and be returned to you again 
when you please ; and to confirm this we give you this String of Wam- 
pum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

Then the Commissioners of Maryland Spoke as follows: 

"Friends and Brethren, the Chiefs or Sachims of the Six United 

Nations : 

"The Governor of Maryland invited you hither, we have treated you 
as Friends and agreed with you as Brethren. 

"As the Treaty now made concerning the Lands in Maryland Will, 
we hope, Prevent effectually every future Misunderstanding between us 
on that Account, we will now bind faster the Links of Our Chain of 
Friendship by a Renew^al of all our former Treaties; and that they may 
still be the better Secured we shall present you with One hundred 
Pounds in Gold. 

" What we have further to say to you is, Let not our Chain contract 
any Rust ; whenever you perceive the least Speck tell us of it and we 
will make it clean. This we also expect of you, that it may always con- 
tinue so bright as our Generations may see their Faces in it; and in 
pledge of the Truth of what we have now Spoken and our affection to 
you, we give you this Belt of Wampum," 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

Canassatego in return spoke as follows : 

"Brother Onas, Assaraquoa, and Tocarry-ho-gan — 

" We return you thanks for your several Speeches, which are very 
agreeable to us. They contain matters of great moment; that we pro- 
pose to give them- a very Serious consideration, and to answer them 
Suitably to their Worth and Excellence, and this will take till To-morrow 
Morning, and when we are ready we will give you due Notice. 

"You tell us you beat the French; if so you must have taken a great 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 83 

deal of Bum from them, and can the better spare ns some of that Liquor 
to make us rejoice with you in the Victory." 

The Governor and Commissioners order'd a Dram of Rum to be given 
to each in a small Glass, calling it A French Glass. 



In the Court House at Lancaster, July the -ith, 1744, A. M. 

PRESENT : 

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia. 

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. 

The Deputies of the Six Nations. 

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. 

Canassatego, Speaker. 

"Brother On as: 

"Yesterday you expressed your satisfaction in having been Instru- 
mental to our meeting with Our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland. 
We in return assure you that Ave have great Pleasure in this Meeting, 
and thank you for the Part you had in bringing us together in order to 
create a good Understanding and to clear the Road ; and in token of Our 
Gratitude We present you with this String of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

"Brother Onas: 

"You was pleased Yesterday to inform us 'That War had been De- 
clared between the Great King of England and the French King; that 
two Great Battles had been fought, one by Land and the other at Sea, 
with many other particulars.' AVe are glad to hear the Arms of the King 
of England were Successfull, and take part with you in your Joy on this 
Occasion. You then came nearer home and told us 'You had left your 
House and were come thus far on behalf of the whole People of Penn- 
sylvania to see us, to renew our Treaties, to brighten the Covenant Chain, 
and to confirm your Friendship with us. AVe approve this Proposition; 
we thank you for it. AVe own with Pleasure that the Covenant Chain 
between Us and Pennsylvania is of Old Standing, and has never Con- 
tracted any Rust ; we wish it may always continue as bright as it has 
done hitherto ; and in token of the Sincerity of our AVishes we present 
you with this Belt of Wanipum." 

Which was received with tlio Jo-liuh. 

"Brother Onas: 

"You was pleased Yesterday to remind us of Our Mutual Obligation 
to assist each other in case of a War with the French, and to repeat the 
Substance of what we ought to do by Our Treaties with you ; and that 
as a AVar had been already entered into with the French, you called upon 



84 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

US to assist you, and not to suffer the French to March through our 
Country to disturb any of your Settlements. 

" In answer, "We assure you We have all these particulars in our Hearts ; 
they are fresh in our Memory. We shall never forget that You and we 
have but one Heart, one Head, one Eye, one Ear, and one Hand; We 
shall have all your Country under our Eye, and take all the care we can 
to prevent any Enemy from coming into it ; and in proof of our Care, 
we must inform you that before we came here we told ^Onantio, our 
Father, as he is called, that neither he nor any of His people should come 
through our Country to hurt our Brethren the English, or any of the 
Settlements belonging to them ; there was room enough at Sea to fight ; 
there he might do what he pleased, but he should not come upon our Land 
to do any Damage to our Brethren, And you may depend upon our using 
our utmost care to see this effectually done; and in token of our Sincerity 
we present you with this Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

After some little time the Interpreter said, Canassatego had forgot 
something Material, and desired to mend his Speech, and to do so as often 
as he should omitt any thing of Moment, and thereupon he added: 

"The Six Nations have a great Authority and Influence over sundry 
Tribes of Indians in Alliance with the French, and particularly over the 
Praying Indians, formerly a part with ourselves, who stand in the very 
gates of the French, and to shew our Further care, we have engaged these 
very Indians, and other Indian Allies of the French, for you. They will 
not join the French against you. They have agreed with us before we 
set out. We have put the Spirit of Antipathy against the French in 
those People. Our Interest is very Considerable with them and many 
other Nations, and as far as ever it extends we shall use it for your 
Service." 

The Governor said, Canassatego did well to mend his Speech ; he might 
always do it when ever his Memory should fail him in any Point of Con- 
sequence, and he thanked him for the very agreeable Addition. 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 

"You told us Yesterday that all Disputes with you being now at an 
End, you desired to confirm all former Treaties between Virginia and Us, 
and to make our Chain of Union as bright as the Sun. 

" We agree very Heartily with you in these Propositions ; we thank 
your good Inclinations ; we desire you will pay no regard to any Idle 
Stories that may be told to our Prejudice, and as the Dispute about the 
Lands is now entirely over, and we perfectly reconciled, we hope for the 
future we shall not Act towwards each other but as becomes Brethren 
and Hearty Friends. 

1 Onantio. the Governor of Canada. 



THE INDIAN TKEATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 85 

"We are willing to renew the Friendship with you, and to make it as 
firm as possible for us and our Children, with you and your Children to 
the latest Generation, and we desire you will imprint these Engagements 
on your Hearts in the Strongest manner; and in confirmation that we 
shall do the same we give you this Belt of Wampum." 

Which was received with Jo-hah from the Interpreter and all the 
Nations. 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 

"You did let us know yesterday that tho' you had been disapointed in 
your Endeavors to bring about a Peace between us and the Catawbas, 
yet you would still do the best to bring such a thing about. We are 
well pleased with your Design, and the more so as we hear you know 
what sort of People the Catawbas are — that they are spitefull and Of- 
fensive, and have Treated us Contemptuously. We are glad you know 
these things of the Catawbas. We believe what you say to be true, that 
there are, notwithstanding, some amongst them who are "W^iser and bet- 
ter ; and, as you say, they are your Brethren and belong to the Great 
King over the AVater, we shall not be against a Peace on reasonable 
Terms provided they will come to the Northward to Treat about it. In 
Confirmation of what we say, and to encourage you in your Undertaking, 
we give you this String of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremonys. 

" Brother Assaraquoa : 

You told us likewise you had a Great House Provided for the Educa- 
tion of Youth, and that there were several white People and Indian 
Children there to learn languages and to write and read, and invited us 
to send some of our Children among you, &c. 

" We must let you know we love our Children too Avell to send them 
so great a way, and the Indians are not inclined to give their Children 
learning. We allow it to be good, and we thank you for your Invita- 
tion ; but our Customs differing from your's you will be so good as to 
excuse us. 

"We hope Tarachawagon^ Avill be preserved by the Good Spirit to a 
good old age. When he is gone under Ground it will then be time 
to look out for another ; and no Doubt amongst so many Thousands as 
there are in the World one such Man may be found 'who will serve 
both Parties with the same Fidelity as Tarachawagon does; while he 
lives there is no room to complain. In token of our Thankfulness for 
your Invitation we give you this String of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Ceremony. 

"Brother Tocarry-hogan : 

"You told us yesterday that since there was now nothing in Contro- 
1 Tarachawafiron, Conrad Weiser. 



86 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

versie between us, and the Aflair of the Land was Settled to your satis- 
faction, you would now brighten the Chain of Friendship which hath 
Subsisted between you and us ever since we became Brethren. We are 
well pleased with the Proposition, and we thank you for it. We also 
are inclined to renew all Treaties and keep a good Correspondence with 
you. You told us further, if ever we should perceive the Chain had 
Contracted any Eust to let you know and you would take care to take 
the Eust out, and preserve it bright. We agree with you in this, and 
shall, on our Parts, do everything to preserve a good Understanding, 
and to live in the same Friendship with you as with our Brothers Onas 
and Assaraquoa; in Confirmation whereof we give you this Belt of 
Wampum." 

On which the usual Cry of Yo-hah was given. 

"Brethren: 

"We have now finished our Answer to what you said to us Yesterday, 
and shall now proceed to Indian Affairs that are not of so General a 
Concern. 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 

" There lives a Nation of Indians on the other side of your Country, 
the Tuscaroraes, who are our Friends, and with whom we hold Corres- 
pondence ; but the Eoad between us and them has been stopped for some 
time on Account of the Misbehaviour of some of Our Warriors. We 
have open'd a New Eoad for our Warriors and they shall keep to that ; 
but as that would be inconvenient for Messengers going to the Tusca- 
roraes we desire they may go the old Eoad. We frequently send Mes- 
sengers to one another, and shall have more Occasion to do so now that 
■we have concluded a Peace with the Cherikees. To enforce our Eequest 
we give you this String of Wampum." 

Which Avas received with the usual Crj^ of Approbation. 

"Brother Assaraquoa: 

" Among these Tuscaroraes there live a few families of the Conoy 
Indians who are desirous to leave them and to remove to the rest of their 
Nation among us, and the Straight Eoad from them to Us lyes through 
the Middle of your Country. We desire you will give them free passage 
through Virginia, and furnish them with Passes; and to enforce our 
Eequest we give you this String of Wampum." 

Which was received with the usual Cry of Approbation. 

"Brother Onas, Assaraquoa, and Tocarry-hogan: 

"At the close of your respective Speeches Yesterday you made us very 
handsome Presents, and we should return you something suitable to your 
Generosity ; but, alas, we are poor, and shall ever remain so long as there 
are so many Indian Traders among us. Their's and the white People's 
Cattle have eat up all the Grass, and made Deer Scarce. However, we 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 87 

have Provided a Small Present for you, and tlio' some of you gave 
us more than others, yet as you are all equally Our Bretliren, we shall 
leave it to you to divide it as you Please." And then presented Three 
Bundles of Skins which were received with the usual Ceremony from tlie 
three Governments. 

"We have one thing further to say, and tliat is We heartily recommend 
Union and a Good Agreement between you our Brethren. Never disa- 
gree, but preserve a s:rict Friendship for one another, and thereby you as 
well as we will become the Stronger. 

"Our wise Forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five 
Nations; this has made us formidable, this has given us great weight and 
Authority with our Neighboring Nations. 

" We are a PowerfuU confederacy, and by your observing the same 
Methods our wise Forefathers have taken, you will acquire fresh Strength 
and Power; therefore, whatever befalls you, never fall out with one 
another." 

The Governor replied: 

"The Honourable Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland have de- 
sired me to Speak for them, therefore I, in behalf of those Governments 
as well as the Province of Pennsylvania, return you thanks for the many 
Proofs you have given in your Speeches of your Zeal for the Service of 
your Brethren the English, and in particular for your having so Early 
engaged in a Neutrality the Several Tribes of Indians in the French Alli- 
ance. We do not Doubt but you will faithfully Discharge your Promises. 
As to your Presents, we never estimate these things by their Real Worth, 
but by the Disposition of the Giver. In this Light we accept them with 
Great Pleasure, and put a high value upon them. We are obliged to you 
for Recommending Peace and Good Agreement amongst ourselves. We 
are all Subjects as well as you of the Geat King beyond the Water, and 
in Duty to his Majesty and from the good Affection we bear to each 
other, as well as from a regard to our Interests, we shall always be 
inclined to live in Friendship." 

Then the Commissioners of Virginia presented the llundred Pounds 
in Gold, together with a Paper containing a Promise to recommend the 
Six Nations for further favor to the King, which they received with Yo- 
hah, and the Paper was given by them to Conrad Weiser to keep for them. 
The Commissioners likewise Promised that their publick Messengers 
should not be Molested in their Passage through Virginia, and that they 
would prepare Passes for such of the Conoy Indians as were willing to 
remove to the Northward. 

Then the Commissioners of Maryland presented their Hundred pounds 
in Gold, Which was likewise received with the Yo-hah. 

Canassatego said: "We mentioned to You Yesterday the Booty you 



88 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

had taken from the French, and asked yon for some of the Eum, which 
we supposed to be part of it, and you gave us some, but it turned out 
unfortunately that you gave us it in French Glasses, we desire now You 
will give us some in English Glasses." 

The Governor made answer : " We are glad to hear you have such a 
Dislike for what is French. They cheat you in your Glasses as well as 
in every thing else. You must Consider we are at a Distance from 
Williamsburg, Annapolis, and Philadelphia, where our Eum Stores are, 
and that altho' we brought up a good quantity with us, you have 
almost drank it out; but notwithstanding this, we have enough left 
to fill our English Glasses, and will Shew the Difference between the 
Narrowness of the French and the Generosity of the English towards 
you." 

The Indians gave in their Order five Yo-hahs, and the Honourable 
Governor and Commissioners calling for some Rum and some middle- 
sized Wine Glasses drank Health to the Great King of England and the 
Six Nations, and put an End to the Treaty by three loud Huzza's, in 
which all the Company Joined. 

In the Evening the Governor went to take his leave of the Indians, 
and presenting them with a String of Wampum he told them that was in 
return for one he had received of them, with a Message to desire the 
Governor of Virginia to suffer their Warriors to go through Virginia un- 
molested, which was rendered unnecessary by the Present Treaty. 

Then presenting them with another String of Wampum, he told 
them that was in return for their's, praying him that as they had taken 
away one Part of Conrad Weiser's Beard, which frightned their Chil- 
dren, he would please to take away the other, which he had ordered to 
be done. 

The Indians received these two Strings of Wampum with the usual 
Yo-hah. 

The Governor then asked them what was the reason that more of the 
Shawanaes from their Town on Hohio, were not at the Treaty ? But seeing 
that it would require a Council in Form, and perhaps another day to give 
an answer, he desired they would give answer to Conrad Weiser upon 
the Road on their Return Home, for he was to Set out to Philadelphia 
the next Morning. 

Canassatego in Conclusion spoke as follows : 

" We have been hindred by a great deal of Bussiness from waiting on 
you to have some private Conversation with you, chiefly to enquire after 
the Health of Onas beyond the Water ; we desire you will tell them we 
have a grateful Sense of all their Kindness for the Indians. Brother 
Onas told us when he went away he would not stay long from us; we 
think it is a great while, and want to know when we may expect him, 



THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LAXCASTKR. 89 

and desire when You write You Avill recommend \i.s lieartilv to him ;" 
wliicli the Governor promised to do, and tlien took liis leave of them. 

The Commissioners of Virginia gave Canassatego a Scarlet Camblet 
Coat, and took their leave of them in form, and at the same time deliv- 
ered their Passes to them, according to tlieir Request, 

The Commissioners of Maryland presented Gachradodow with a Broad 
Gold-laced Ilat, and took their leave of them in the same manner. 



90 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



No. 8. 

THE CONSTITUTION OF PENNSYLVANIA— 1776. 

A¥HEREAS all Government ought to be instituted and supported for 
the Security and Protection of the Community as such, and to enable 
the Individuals, who compose it, to enjoy their natural Eights and the 
other Blessings which the Author of Existence has bestowed upon Man; 
and, whenever these great Ends of Government are not obtained, the 
people have a Eight, by common Consent, to change it and take such 
Measures as to them may appear necessary to promote their Safety and 
Happiness. And WHEEEAS the Inhabitants of this Commonwealth 
have, in Consideration of Protection only, heretofore acknowledged Al- 
legiance to the King of Great Britain ; and the said King has not only 
withdrawn that Protection, but commenced and still continues to carry 
on, with unabated Vengeance, a most cruel and unjust War against 
them, employing therein not only the Troops of Great Britain, but for- 
eign Mercenaries, Savages and Slaves, for the avowed Purpose of re- 
ducing them to a total and abject submission to the despotic Domination 
of the British Parliament, with many other Acts of Tyranny (more fully 
set forth in the Declaration of Congress) whereby all Allegiance and 
Fealty to the said King, and his Successors, are dissolved and at an End, 
and all Power and Authority derived from him ceased in these Colonies. 
And whereas it is absolutely necessary for the Welfare and Safety of the 
Inhabitants of said Colonies, that they be henceforth free and indepen- 
dent States, and that just, permanent and proper Forms of Government 
exist in every part of them derived from, and founded on the Authority 
of the People only, agreeable to the Direction of the honorable American 
Co7igress. 

We, THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FREEMEN OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN 

GENERAL CONVENTION MET, for the express Purpose of framing such a 
Government, confessing the Goodness of the great Governor of the Uni- 
verse, (who alone knows to what Degree of earthly Happiness Mankind 
may attain, by perfecting the Arts of Government) in permitting the 
People of this State, by common Consent, and without Violence, delib- 
erately to form for themselves such just Eules as they shall think best 
for governing their future Society ; and being fully convinced that it is 
our indispensable Duty to establish such original Principles of Govern- 
ment as will best promote the general Happiness of the People of this 
State and their Posterity, and provide for future Improvements, without 



CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 91 

Partiality for or Prejudice against any particular Class, Sect or Denomi- 
nation of Men whatsoever, do, by Virtue of the Authority vested in us 
by our Constituents, ordaix, declare and establish the following 
Declaration of Rights and Frame of Government, to be the Constitution 
of this Commonwealth, and to remain in Force therein forever, unaltered, 
except in such Articles as shall hereafter, on Experience, be found to 
require Improvement, and which shall, by the same Authority of the 
People fairly delegated, as this Frame of Government directs, be amended 
or improved for the more effectual obtaining and securing the great 
End and Design of all Government herein before mentioned. 

CHAPTER I. 

A Declaration of the Eights of the Inhabitants of the Common- 
wealth OR State of Pennsylvania. 

SECTION the first. 

That all Men are born equally free and independent, and have certain 
natural, inherent and unalineable Rights, amongst which are the enjoy- 
ing and defending Life and Liberty, acquiring, possessing and protect- 
ing Property, and pursuing and obtaining Happiness and Safety. 

SECTION THE SECOND. 

That all Men have a natural and unalienable Right to worship Al- 
mighty God according to the Dictates of their own Consciences and Un- 
derstandings : And that no Man ought or of Right can be compelled to 
attend any religious Worship, or erect or support any Place of Worship, 
or maintain any Ministry, contrary to, or against his own free Will and 
Consent : Nor can any Man, who acknowledges the Being of a God, be 
justly deprived or abridged of any civil Right as a Citizen, on Account 
of his religious Sentiments, or peculiar Mode of religious Worship: And 
that no Authority can or ought to be vested in, or assumed by, any 
Power whatever, that shall in any Case interfere with, or in any Manner 
controul the Right of Conscience, in the free Exercise of religious Wor- 
ship. 

SECTION THE THIRD. 

That the People of this State have the sole exclusive and inherent 
Right of governing and regulating the internal Police of the same. 

SECTION THE FOURTH. 

That all Power being originally inherent in, and consequently derived 
from the People; therefore all Officers of Government, whether legisla- 
tive or executive, are their Trustees and Servants, and at all times ac- 
countable to them. 



92 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 

SECTION THE FIFTH. 

That Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common Ben- 
efit, Protection and Security of the People, Nation or Community; and 
not for the particular Emolument or Advantage of any single Man, 
Family or Set of Men who are a Part only of that Community, And 
that the Community hath an indubitable, unalienable and indefeasible 
Eight to reform, alter or abolish Government in such Manner as shall be 
by that Community judged most conducive to the public Weal. 

SECTION THE SIXTH. 

That those who are employed in ike legislative and executive Business 
of the State, may be restrained from oppression, the People have a Right 
at such Periods as they may think proper, to reduce their public Officers 
to a private Station, and supply the A-^acancies by certain and regular 
Elections. 

SECTION THE SEVENTH. 

That all Elections ought to be free; and that all free Men having a 
sufficient evident common Interest with, and Attachment to the Com- 
munity, have a Right to elect Officers, or be elected into Office. 

SECTION THE EIGHTH. 

That every Member of Society hath a right to be protected in the En- 
joyment of Life, Liberty and Property, and therefore is bound to con- 
tribute his Proportion towards the Expense of that Protection, and yield 
his personal Service, when necessary, or an Equivalent thereto. 

But no Part of a man's Property can be justly taken from him, or 
applied to public Uses, without his own Consent, or that of his legal 
Representatives: Nor can any Man who is conscientiously scrupulous of 
bearing Arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such Equiva- 
lent: Nor are the People bound by any Laws, but such as they have in 
like Manner assented to, for their common Good. 

SECTION THE NINTH. 

That in all Prosecutions for criminal Offences, a Man hath a right to 
be heard by himself, and his Counsel, to demand the Cause and Nature 
of his Accusation, to be confronted with the Witnesses, to call for Evi- 
dence in his Favour, and a speedy public Trial, by an impartial Jury of 
the Country, without the unanimous Consent of which Jury he cannot 
be found guilty: nor can he be compelled to give Evidence against hin:i- 
self : nor can any Man be justly deprived of his Liberty, except by the 
Laws of the Land, or the Judgment of his Peers. 

SECTION THE TENTH. 

That the People have a Right to hold themselves, their Houses. Papers 



CONSTITUTION' OF 1776. 93 

and Possessions free from Search or Seizure; and therefore, Warrants 
without Oatlis or Affirmations first made alYording a sufficient Founda- 
tion for them, and Whereby any Officer or Messenger may be commanded 
or required to search suspected Places, or to seize any Person or Persons, 
his or their Property, not particularly described, are contrary to that 
Eight, and ought not to be granted. 

SECTION THE ELEVENTH. 

That in Controversies respecting Propertv, and in Suits between Mau 
and Man, the parties have a Right to Trial by '^ury, which ought to be 
held sacred. 

SECTION THE TWELFTH. 

That the People have a Right to Freedom of Speech, and of writing, 
and publishing their Sentiments; therefore the Freedom of the Press 
ought not to be restrained. 

SECTION THE THIFvTEENTH. 

That the People have a Right to bear Arms for the Defence of them- 
selves and the State; and as Standing Armies, in the Time of Peace, are 
dangerous to Liberty, they ought not to be kept up: And that the 
Military should be kept under strict Subordination to, and Governed by 
the Civil Power. 

SECTION THE FOURTEENTH. 

That 'a frequent Recurrence to fundamental Principles, and a firm 
Adherence to Justice, Moderation, Temperance, Industry and Frugality, 
are absolutely necessary to preserve the Blessings of Liberty, and keep 
a Government free: The People ought therefore to pay Particular Atten- 
tion to these Points in the Choice of Officers and Representatives, and 
have a Right to exact a due and constant Regard to them, from their 
Legislators and Magistrates in the making and executing such Laws as 
are necessary for the good Government of the State. 

SECTION THE FIFTEENTH. 

That all men have a natural inherent Right to emigrate from one 
State to another that will receive them, or to form a new State in vacant 
Countries, or in such Countries as they can purchase, whenever they 
think that thereby they may promote their own Happiness. 

SECTION THE SIXTEENTH. 

That the People have a Right to assemble together, to consult for their 
common Good, to instruct their Representatives, and to apply to the 
Legislature for Redress of Grievances, by Address, Petition or Remon- 
strance. 



94 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



CHAPTER II. 

Plan or Frame of Government for the Commonwealth or State 

OF Pennsylvania. 

section the FIRST. 

The Commonwealth or State of Pennsylvania shall be governed here- 
after by an Assembly of the Representatives of the Freemen of the 
same, and a President and Council, in Manner and Form following. 

SECTION THE SECOND. 

The Supreme Legislative Power shall be vested in a House of Repre- 
sentatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth or State of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SECTION THE THIRD. 

The Supreme Executive Power shall be vested in a President and 
Council. 

SECTION THE FOURTH. 

Courts of Justice shall be established in the City of Philadelphia, and 
in every County of this State. 

SECTION THE FIFTH. 

The Freemen of this Commonwealth and their Sons shall be trained 
and armed for its Defence, under such Regulations, Restrictions and Ex- 
ceptions, as the General Assembly shall by Law direct; preserving 
always to the People the Right of choosing their Colonels, and all com- 
missioned Officers under that Rank, in such Manner and as often as by 
the said Laws shall be directed. 

SECTION THE SIXTH. 

Every Freeman of the full age of twenty-one Years, having resided in 
this State for the Space of one whole Year next before the Day of Elec- 
tion for Representatives, and paid public Taxes during that Time, shall 
enjoy the Right of an Elector : Provided always, that Sons of Freeholders 
of the Age of twenty-one Years shall be entitled to Yote, although they 
have not paid taxes. 

SECTION THE SEVENTH. 

The House of Representatives of the Freemen of this Commonwealth 
shall consist of Persons most noted for Wisdom and Virtue ; to be chosen 
by the Freemen of every City and County of this Commonwealth re- 
spectively: And no Person shall be elected, unless he has resided in the 
City or County for which he shall be chosen, two Years immediately 



CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 95 

before the said Election; nor shall any Member, wliile he continues 
such, hold any other Office, except in the ^Militia. 

' SECTION THE EIGHTH. 

No Person shall be capable of being elected a Member to serve in the 
House of Eepresentatives of the Freemen of tliis Commonwealth more 
than four Years in seven. 

SECTION THE NINTH. 

The Members of the House of Eepresentatives shall be chosen annu- 
ally by Ballot, by the Freemen of the Commonwealth, on the second 
Tuesday in October for ever, (except this present Year) and shall meet 
on [the fourth Monday of the same Month; and shall be styled THE 
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE 
FREEMEN OF PENNSYLVANIA, and shall have power to choose 
their Speaker, the Treasurer of the State, and their other Officers ; sit on 
their own Adjournments; prepare Bills and enact them into Laws; judge 
of the Elections and Qualifications of their own Members'; they may 
expel a Member, but not a second Time for the same Cause ; they may 
administer Oaths or Affirmations on Examinations of Witnesses ; redress 
Grievances ; impeach State Criminals ; grant Charters of Incorporation ; 
constitute Towns, Boroughs, Cities and Counties; and shall havo all 
other Powers necessary for the Legislature of a Free State or Common- 
wealth; but they shall have no p®wer to add to, alter, abolish or infringe 
any part of this constitution. 

SECTION THE TENTH. 

A Quorum of the House of Representatives shall consist of two-thirds 
of the whole Number of Members elected; and having met, and chosen 
their Speaker, shall each of them, before they proceed to Business, take 
and subscribe, as well the Oath or Affirmation of Fidelity and Allegiance 
herein after directed, as the following oath or affirmation, viz : 

I , do swear (or affirm) that, as a Member of this Assembly, 

I will not propose or assent to any Bill, Vote or Resolution, which shall 
appear to me injurious to the People, nor do or consent to any Act or 
Thing whatever, that shall have a Tendency to lessen or abridge their 
Rights and Privileges as declared in the Constitution of this State; but 
will, in all things, conduct myself as a faithful honest Reitreseutative 
and Guardian of the People, according to the best of my Judgment and 
Abilities. 

And each Member, before he takes his Seat, shall make and subscribe 
the following Declaration, viz: 

I do believe in one God, the Creator and Governor of the Universe, 
the Rewarder of the good and punisher of the wicked : And I do acknowl- 



96 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

edge the Scriptures of the old and new Testament to be given by divine 
Inspiration. 

And no further or other religious Test shall ever hereafter be required 
of any civil Officer or Magistrate in this State. 

SECTION THE ELEVENTH. 

Delegates to represent this State in Congress, shall be chosen by Ballot, 
by the future General Assembly, at their first Meeting, and annually for 
ever afterwards, as long as such Eepresentation shall be necessary; any 
Delegate may be superseded at any time, by the General Assembly, ap- 
pointing another in his stead; no Man shall sit in Congress longer than 
two Years successively, nor be capable of Re-election for three years 
afterwards : And no Person, who holds any Office in the Gift of Congress, 
shall hereafter be elected to represent this Commonwealth in Congress. 

SECTION THE TWELFTH. 

If any City or Cities, County or Counties, shall neglect or refuse to 
elect and send Representatives to the General Assembly, two-thirds of 
the Members from the Cities or Counties that do elect and send Repre- 
sentatives, provided they be a Majority of the Cities and Counties of the 
whole State when met, shall have all the powers of the General Assem- 
bly as fully and amply as if the whole were present. 

SECTION THE THIRTEENTH. 

The Doors of the House, in which the Representatives of the Freeman 
of this State shall sit in General Assembly, shall be and remain open for 
the Admission of all Persons who behave decently, except only when 
the Welfare of this State may require the Doors to be shut. 

SECTION THE FOURTEENTH. 

The Votes and Proceedings of the General Assembly shall be printed 
weekly, during their Sitting, with the Yeas and Nays on any Question, 
Yote or Resolution, where any two Members require it except when the 
Yote is taken by Ballot ; and when the Yeas and Nays are so taken, 
every Member shall have a Right to insert the Reasons of his Yote, 
upon the Minutes, if he desires it. 

SECTION THE FIFTEENTH. 

To the End that Laws, before they are enacted, may be more maturely 
considered, and the Inconvenience of hasty Determinations as much as 
possible prevented, all Bills of a public Nature shall be printed for the 
Consideration of the People, before they are read in General Assembly 
the last Time for Debate and Amendment ; and, except on Occasions of 
sudden Necessity, shall not be passed into Laws until the next Session 



CONSTITUTION' OF 1776. 97 

of Assembly; and for the more perfect Satisfaction of the Public, the 
reasons and Motives for making such laws shall he fully and clearly ex- 
pressed in the Preambles. 

SECTION THE SIXTEENTH. 

The Style of the Laws of this Commonwealth shall be " Be it enacted, 
and it is hereby enacted by the Representatives of the Freemen of the 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and bv the 
Authority of the same. And the General Assembly shall affix their Seal 
to every Bill, as soon as it is enacted into a Law, which Seal shall be kept 
by the Assembly, and shall be called "The seal of the l.\ws of Penn- 
sylvania," and shall not be used for any other Purpose, 

SECTION THE SEVENTEENTH. 

The City of Philadelphia and each County in this Commonwealth re- 
spectively, shall, on the first Tuesday of November in this present Year, 
and on the second Tuesday in October annually for the two next Years, 
to wit, the Year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven, and the 
Year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, choose six Persons 
to represent them in General Assembly : But as Representation, in Pro- 
portion to the Number of Taxable Inhabitants, is the only Principle which 
can, at all times, secure Liberty, and made the Voice of a Majority of the 
People the Law of the Land, therefore the General Assembly shall cause 
complete Lists of the taxable inhabitants, in the City and each County in 
the Commonwealth respectively, to be taken and returned to them on or 
before the last Meeting of the Assembly elected in the Year one thousand 
seven hundred and seventy-eight — who shall appoint a representation to 
each in Proportion to the Number of Taxables in such Returns ; which 
Representation shall continue for the next seven years afterwards; at the 
End of which a new Return of the taxable Inhabitants shall be made, 
and a Representation agreeable thereto appointed by the said Assembly, 
and so on septennially for ever. The Wages of the Representatives in 
General Assembly, and all other State-charges, shall be paid out of the 
State Treasury. 

SECTION THE EIGHTEENTH. 

In order that the Freemen of this Commonwealth may enjoy the Bene- 
fit of Election as equally as may be until the Representation shall com- 
mence as directed in the foregoing Section, each County at its own Choice 
may be didided into Districts, hold Elections therein, and elect their Re- 
presentatives in the County and their other elective Officers, as shall be 
hereafter regulated by the General Assembly of this State and no Inhabi- 
tant of this State shall have more than one annual Vote at the general 
Election for Representatives in Assembly. 
7k 



98 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

SECTION THE NINETEENTH. 

For the present tlie Supreme Executive Council of this State shall 
consist of twelve Persons, chosen in the following Manner : The Freemen 
of the City of Philadelphia and of the Countys of Philadelphia, Chester 
and Bucks respectively, shall choose by Ballot one Person for the City 
and one for each County aforesaid, to serve for three Years and no longer, 
at the Time and Place for electing Eepresentatives in General Assembly. 
The Freemen of the Countys of Lancaster, York, Cumberland and Berks 
shall in like Manner elect one Person for each County respectively, to 
serve as Counsellors for two Years and no longer. And the Countys of 
Northampton, Bedford, Northumberland, and Westmoreland respect- 
ively, shall in like Manner elect one Person for each County, to serve as 
Counsellors for one Year and no longer. And at the expiration of the 
Time for which each Counsellor was chosen to serve, the Freemen 
of the City of Philadelphia and of the several Countys in this State 
respectively, shall elect one Person to serve as Counsellor for three 
Years and no longer; and so on every third year forever. By this 
Mode of Election and continual Potation, more Men will be trained to 
public Business, there will in every subsequent Year be found in the 
Council a Number of Persons acquainted with the proceedings of the 
foregoing Years, whereby the Business will be more consistently con- 
ducted, and moreover the Danger of establishing an inconvenient 
Aristocracy will be effectually prevented. All Vacancies in the Council 
that may happen by Death, Eesignation, or otherwise, shall be filled at 
the next general Election for Eepresentatives in General Assembly, 
unless a particular Election for that Purpose shall be sooner appointed 
by the President and Council. No Member of the General Assembly or 
Delegate in Congress, shall be chosen a Member of the Council. The 
President and Vice-president shall be chosen annually by the joint Ballot 
of the General Assembly and Council, of the Members of the Council. 
Any Person having served as a Counsellor for three successive Years, 
shall be incapable of holding that Ofiice for four Years afterwards. 
Every Member of the Council shall be a Justice of the Peace for the 
whole Commonwealth by Virtue of his Office. 

In Case new additional Counties shall hereafter be erected in this State, 
such County or counties shall elect a Counsellor, and such County or 
Counties shall be annexed to the next neighboring Counties, and shall 
take Eotation with such Counties. 

The Council shall meet annually, at the same Time and Place with 
the General Assembly. 

The Treasurer of the State, Trustees of the Loan-office, Naval- 
ofl&cers Collectors of Customs or Excise, Judge of the Admiralty, 
Attornies-General, Sherifls, and Prothouotaries, shall not be capable 



COXSTITUTIOX OF 1776. 99 

of a Seat in the General Assembly, Executive Council, or Continental 
Congress. 

SECTION THE TWENTIETH. 

The President, and in his Absence the Vice-president, with the coun- 
cil, five of whom shall be a Quorum, shall have Power to appoint and 
commissionate Judges, Naval-officers, Judge of the Admiralty, Attorney- 
general and all other Officers, civil and military, except such as are chosen 
by the General Assembly, or the People, agreeable to this Frame of 
Government and the Laws that may be made hereafter ; and shall supply 
every Vacancy in any Office occasioned by Death, Resignation, Removal 
or Disqualification, until the Office can be filled in the Time and Manner 
directed by Law or this Constitution. They are to correspond with 
other States, and transact Business with the Officers of Government 
civil and military, and to prepare such Business as may appear to them 
necessary to lay before the General Assembly. They shall sit as Judges 
to hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their Assistance, for 
Advice only, the Justices of the Supreme Court; and shall have Power 
to grant Pardons and remit Eines in all Cases whatsoever, except in 
Cases of Impeachment; and in Cases of Treason and Murder, shall have 
Power to grant Reprieves, but not to pardon, until the End of the next 
Sessions of Assembly. But there shall be no Remission or Mitigation 
of Punishment on Impeachments, except by Act of the Legislature. 
They are also to take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed; they 
are to expedite the Execution of such Measures as may be resolved upon 
by the General Assembly ; and they may draw upon the Treasury for 
such Sums as shall be appropriated by the House. They may also Tay 
Embargoes, or prohibit the Exportation of any Commodity, for any 
Time not exceeding thirty Days in the Recess of the House only. They 
may grant such Licenses as shall be directed by Law: and shall have 
Power to call together the General Assembly when necessary, before 
the Day to which they shall stand adjourned. The President shall 
be Commander-in-chief of the Forces of the State, but shall not com- 
mand in Person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only 
so long as they shall approve thereof. The President and Council shall 
have a Secretary, and keep fair Books of their Proceedings wherein 
any Counsellor may enter his Dissent, with his Reasons in support 
of it. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-FIRST. 

All Commissions shall be in the Name and by the Authority of the 
Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, sealed with the State 
Seal, signed by the President or Vice-President, and attested by the 
Secretary; which seal shall be kept by the Council. 



100 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-SECOND. 

Every Officer of State, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable to 
be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in Office, or after 
his Eesignation or Eemoval for Mal-administration. All impeachments 
shall be before the President or A^ice-President and Council, who shall 
hear and determine the same. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-THIRD. 

The Judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature shall have fixed Sala- 
ries, be commissioned for seven Years only, though capable of Re-ap- 
pointment at the End of that Term, but removeable for Misbehaviour at 
any Time by the General Assembly; — they shall not be allowed to sit 
as Members in the Continental Congress, Executive Council, or General 
Assembly, nor to hold any other Office, civil or military, nor to take or 
receive Fees or Perquisites of any Kind. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-FOURTH. 

The Supreme Court and the several Courts of Common Pleas of this 
Commonwealth shall, besides the Powers usually exercised by such 
Courts, have the Powers of a Court of Chancery, so far as relates to the 
perpetuating Testimony, obtaining Evidence from Places not within this 
State, and the Care of the Persons and Estates of those who are non 
compotes mentis, and such other Powers as may be found necessary by 
future General Assemblies, not inconsistent with this Constitution. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-FIFTH. 

Trials shall be by Jury as heretofore. And it is recommended to the 
Legislature of this State to provide by Law against every Corruption or 
Partiality in the Choice, Return, or Appointment of Juries. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-SIXTH. 

Courts of Sessions, Common Pleas, and Orphans Courts shall be held 
quarterly in each City and County; and the Legislature shall have 
Power to establish all such other Courts as they may judge for the Good 
of the Inhabitants of the State. All Courts shall be open, and Justice 
shall be impartially administered without Corruption or unnecessary 
Delay, All their officers shall be paid an adequate but moderate Com- 
pensation for their Services — and if any officer shall take greater or other 
Fees than the laws allow him, either directly or indirectly, it shall ever 
after disqualify him from holding any Office in this State. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-SEVENTH. 

All prosecutions shall commence in the name and by the Authority of 
the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ; and all Inditements 



CONSTITUTION OF 1776, 101 

shall conclude with these Words, "Against the Peace and Dignity of the 
same." The stile of all Process hereafter in this State shall be, The 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

SECTION THE TWENTY-EIGHTH. 

The Person of a Debtor, where there is not a strong Presumption of 
Fraud, shall not be continued in Prison, after delivering up, bona fide, 
all his Estate Keal and Personal for the Use of his Creditors, in such 
Manner as shall be hereafter regulated by Law. All Prisoners shall be 
bailable by sufficient Sureties, unless for capital Offences, when the proof 
is evident or presumption great. 

SECTION THE TW^ENTY-NINTH. 

Excessive Bail shall not be exacted for bailable Offences; and all fines 
shall be moderate. 

SECTION THE THIRTIETH. 

Justices of the Peace shall be elected by the Freeholders of each City 
and County respectively, that is to say, two or more Persons may be 
chosen for each Ward, Township or District, as the Law shall hereafter 
direct. And their Names shall be returned to the President in Council, 
who shall commissionate one or more of them for each Ward, Township 
or District so returning, for seven Years, removable for Misconduct by 
the General Assembly : But if any City or County, Ward, Township or 
District in this Commonwealth, shall hereafter incline to change the 
Manner of appointing their Justices of the Peace as settled in this Ar- 
ticle, the General Assembly may make Laws to regulate the same, agree- 
able to the Desire of a Majority of the Freeholders of the City or County, 
Ward, Township or District so applying. No Justice of the Peace shall 
sit in the General Assembly unless he first resign his Commission, nor 
shall he be allowed to take any Fees ; nor any Salary or Allowance 
except such as the future Legislature may grant. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-FIRST. 

Sheriffs and Coroners shall be elected annually in each City and 
County, by the Freemen ; that is to say, two Persons for each Office, one 
of whom for each, is to be commissioned by the President in council. 
No person shall continue in the Office of Sheriff" more than three suc- 
cessive Years, or be capable of being again elected during four years 
afterwards. The election shall be held at the Time and Place appointed 
for the Election of Representatives; and the Commissioners and Asses- 
sors, and other Officers chosen by the People, shall also be then and there 
elected, as has been usual heretofore, until altered or otherwise regulated 
by the future Legislature of this State. 



102 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-SECOND. 

All Elections, whether by the People or iu General Assembly, shall 
be by Ballot, free and voluntary. And any Elector, who shall receive 
any Gift or Eeward for his vote, in Meat, Drink, Monies or otherwise, 
shall forfeit his Eight to elect for that Time, and suffer such other 
Penalty as future Laws shall direct. And any Person who shall directly 
or indirectly give, promise or bestow any such Eewards, to be elected, 
shall be thereby rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-THIRD. 

All Fees, License Money, Fines and Forfeitures heretofore granted, or 
paid to the Governor, or his Deputies for the Support of Government, 
shall hereafter be paid into the public Treasury, unless altered or abol- 
ished by the future Legislature. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-FOURTH. 

A Eegister's Office for the Probate of Wills and granting Letters of 
Administration, and an Office for the Eecording of Deeds, shall be kept 
in each City and County. The Officers to be appointed by the General 
Assembly, removable at their Pleasure, and to be commissioned by the 
President in Council. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-FIFTH. 

The Printing Presses shall be free to every Person who undertakes to 
examine the Proceedings of the Legislature, or any Part of Government. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-SIXTH. 

As every Freeman, to preserve his Independence, (if without a sufficient 
Estate) ought to have some Profession, Calling, Trade or Farm, whereby 
he may honestly subsist, there can be no Necessity for, nor Use in es- 
tablishing Offices of Profit, the usual Effects of which are Dependance 
and Servility, unbecoming Freemen, in the Possessors and Expectants ; 
Faction, Contention, Corruption and Disorder among the People. But 
if any Man is called into public Service, to the Prejudice of his private 
Affairs, he has a Eight to a reasonable Compensation. And whenever 
an Office, through Increase of Fees, or otherwise, becomes so profitable 
as to occasion many to apply for it, the Profits ought to be lessened by 
the Legislature. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-SEVENTH. 

The future Legislature of this State shall regulate Entails in such a 
manner as to prevent perpetuities. 

SECTION THE THIRTY-EIGHTH. 

The penal Laws as heretofore used, shall be reformed by the future 



CONSTITUTIOX OF 177G. 103 

Legislature of this State, as soon as may he, and Punishments made in 
some Cases less sanguinary, and in general more proportionate to the 

Crimes. 

SECTION THE THIRTV-XINTII. 

To deter more effectually from the Commission of Crimes, hy contin- 
ued visible Punishment of long Duration, and to make sanguinary Pun- 
ishments less necessary ; Houses ought to be provided fur punishing by 
hard Labor, those who shall be convicted of Crimes not capital; wherein 
the Criminals shall be employed for the Benelit of the Public, or for 
Eeparation of Injuries done to private Persons. And all Persons at 
proper Times shall be admitted to see the Prisoners at their Labor. 

SECTION THE FORTIETH. 

Every Officer, whether judicial, executive or military, in Authority 
under this Commonwealth, shall take the following Oath or Affirmation 
of Allegiance, and general Oath of Office before he enter on the Execu- 
tion of his Office: The Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance. "I 

do swear (or affirm) That I will be true and faithful to the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania ; and that I will not directly or indirectly do any Act 
or Thing prejudicial or injurious to the Constitution or Government 
thereof as established by the Convention." The Oath or Affirmation of 

office: "I do swear (or affirm) That I will faithfully execute the 

Office of for the of and I will do equal Right »S: Justice 

to all Men to the best of my Judgment and Abilities, according to Law." 

SECTION THE FORTY-FIRST. 

No public Tax, Custom or Contribution shall be imposed upon, or paid 
by the People of this State, except by a Law for that purpose ; and before 
any Law be made for raising it, the Purpose for which any Tax is to be 
raised ought to appear clearly to the Legislature to be of more Service 
to the Community than the Money would be, if not collected, which 
being well observed. Taxes can never be Burthens. 

SECTION THE FORTY-SECOND. 

Every Foreigner of good Character, who conies to settle in this State, 
having first taken an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance to the same, may 
purchase, or by other just means acquire, hold and transfer Land or othei 
Eeal Estate; and after one Year's Residence, shall be deemed a free 
Denizen thereof, and, entitled to all the Rights of a natural born Subject 
of this State except that he shall not be capable of being elected a 
Representative until after two Years Residence. 

SECTION THE FORTY-THIRD. 

The Inhabitants of this State shall have Liberty to fowl and hunt in 



104 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

seasonable Times on the Lands tliey hold, and on all other Lands therein 
not inclosed ; and in like manner to fish in all boatable Waters and others 
not private Property. 

SECTION THE FORTY-FOURTH. 

A School or Schools shall be established in each County by the Legis- 
lature, for the convenient Instruction of Youth, with such Salaries to the 
Masters paid by the Public as may enable them to instruct Youth at low 
Prices : And all useful Learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted 
in one or more Universities. 

SECTION THE FORTY-FIFTH. 

Laws for the Encouragement of Virtue, and Prevention of Vice and 
Immorality, shall be made and constantly kept in Force, and Provision 
shall be made for their due Execution : And all religious Societies or 
Bodies of Men heretofore united or incorporated for the Advancement of 
Religion and Learning, or for other pious and charitable Purposes, shall 
be encouraged and protected in the Enjoyment of the Privileges, Immuni- 
ties and Estates which they were acccustomed to enjoy, or could of right 
have enjoyed under the Laws and former Constitution of this State. 

SECTION THE FORTY-SIXTH. 

The Declaration of Rights is hereby declared to be a Part of the Con- 
stitution of this Commonwealth, and ought never to be violated on any 
Pretence whatever. 

SECTION THE FORTY-SEVENTH. 

In order that the Freedom of this Commonwealth may be preserved 
inviolate for ever, there shall be chosen by Ballot by the Freemen in 
each City and County respectively, on the second Tuesday in October, 
in the Year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three and on the 
second Tuesday in October in every seventh Year thereafter, two Persons 
in each City and County of this State, to be called the COUNCIL OF 
CENSORS ; who shall meet together on the second Monday of Novem- 
ber, next ensuing their Election ; the Majority of whom shall be a Quo- 
rum in every Case, except as to calling a Convention, in which two- 
thirds of the whole Number elected shall agree ; and whose Duty it shall 
be to enquire whether the Constitution has been preserved inviolate in 
every Part ; and whether the legislative and executive Branches of Gov- 
ernment have performed their Duty as Guardians of the People, or as- 
sumed to themselves, or exercised other or greater Powers than they are 
entitled to by the Constitution : They are also to enquire whether the 
public Taxes have been justly laid and collected in all Parts of this 
Commonwealth, in what Manner the public Monies have been disposed 



CONSTITUTION OF 177e. 105 

of, and whether the Laws have been duly executed: For these purposes 
they shall have Power to send for Persons, Papers and llceords ; they 
shall have Authority to pass public Censures, to order Impeachments 
and to recommend to the Legislature the repealing such Laws as appear 
to them to have been enacted contrary to the Principles of the Consti- 
tution: These Powers they shall continue to have, for and during the 
space of one Year from the Day of their p]lection, and no longer: The 
said Council of Censors shall always have Power to call a Convention, 
to meet within two Years after their sitting, if there appear to them an 
absolute Necessity of amending any Article of the Constitution which 
may be defective, explaining such as may be thought not clearly ex- 
pressed, and of adding such as are necessary for the Preservation of the 
Eights and Happiness of the People: But the Articles to be amended, 
and the Amendments proposed, and such Articles as are proposed to be 
added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six Months before the 
Day appointed for the Election of such Convention, for the previous 
Consideration of the People, that they may have an Opportunity of in- 
structing their Delegates on the Subject. 

"Passed in Convention the 28th Day of September, 1776, and signed 

by their order. 

B. FRANKLIN, President. 

Attest John Morris, Junr., Secretary. 

Chester County. Philadelphia City. 

Benj. Bartholomew, Ty. Matlack, 

Thos. Strawbridge, Frederick Kuhl, 

Robert Smith, James Cannon, 

Samuel Cunningham, George Schlosser, 

Jno. Macky, Dav'd Rittenhouse. 
John Fleming. Philadelphia Covnty. 

Lancaster City. Robert Loller, 

■ Philip Marsteller, Joseph Blewer, 

Thomas Porter, Jno. Bull, 

Bartrem Galbraith, Wm. Coats. 
John Hubley, County of Backs. 

Alex'dr Lowrey. Jno. Wilkinson, 

York County. Sam'l Smith, 

Jas. Edger, ^ John Keller, 

Jas. Smith. William Van Ilorne, 

Cumberland County. John Grier, 

John Harris, Abram. V. Middleswart, 

Jonathan Iloge, Jos. Kirkbride, 
Wm. Clark, i?ec//brci County. 

Robt. Whitehill, Benj'n Elliot, 



106 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



Thomas Coulter, 
Joseph Powel, 
John Burd, 
John Cesna, 
John AVilkins, 
Thomas Smith. 

Northumherland County. 
Wm. Cook, 
Jas. Potter, 
Robt. Martin, 
Matthew Brown, 
Walter Clark, 
John Kelly, 
James Crawford, 
John \Yeitzel. 

Westmore land Co un iy . 
James Barr, 
Edward Cook, 
James Smith, 
John Moore, 
John Carmichael, 
John McClelland, 
Christopher Savingair. 

Inrolled in the Rolls office for the State of Pennsylvania in Law Book 
No. 1, page 18, &c. Philada., 20th April, 1785. 

MATH'W IRWIN, M. R.i 



William Duffield, 
James Brown, 
Hugh Alexander, 
Jas. McLene. 

Berks County. 
Jacob Morgan, 
Gabriel Hiester, 
Benjamin Spycker, 
Valentine Eckert, 
Charles Shoemaker, 
Thos. Jones, Junr. 

Northam2:)ton County. 
Simon Drisbach, 
Jacob Orndt, 
Peter Burkhalter, 
Jacob Stroud, 
Neigal Gray, 
Abraham Miller, 
John Ralston. 



1 Every page of the Original at Harrisburg (with which the foregoing has been com- 
pared,) is signed, "B. FrankUn." 



CONSTITUTIOX OF 1700. 101 



No. 9. 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

We, the People of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania^ ordain ami estah- 
lish this Constitution f 07' its government. 

ARTICLE I. 

Section I. The legislative power of this commonwealth shall be vested 
ill a general Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Eepresentatives. 

Section II. The Eepresentatives shall be chosen, annually, by the 
citizens of the city of Philadelphia, and of each county, respectively, on 
the second Tuesday of October. 

Section III. No person shall be a Representative, who shall not have 
attained the age of twenty-one years, and have been a citizen and inhab- 
itant of the State three years next preceding his election, and the last 
year thereof an inhabitant of the city or County, in which he shall be 
chosen; unless, he shall have been absent on the public business of the 
United States, or of this State. No person, residing within any City, 
Town or Borough, which shall be entitled to a separate representation, 
shall be elected a Member for any County, nor shall any person residing 
without the limits of any such City, Town or Borough, be elected a 
Member therefor. 

Section IV. Within three years after the first meeting of the General 
Assembly, and within every subsequent term of seven years, an enume- 
ration of the taxable inhabitants shall be made, in such manner as shall 
be directed by law. The number of Representatives shall, at the several 
periods of making such enumeration, be fixed by the legislature, and 
apportioned among the City of Philadelphia and the several counties, 
according to the number of taxable inhabitants in each; and shall never 
be less than sixty, nor greater than one hundred. Each county shall 
have, at least, one Representative; but no County, hereafter erected shall 
be entitled to a separate representation, until a suflftcient number of tax- 
able inhabitants shall be contained within it to entitle them to one Repre- 
sentative, agreeably to the ratio which shall then be established. 

Section V. The Senators shall be chosen, for four years, by the citi- 
zens of Philadelphia, and of the several counties, at the same time, in the 
same manner, and at the same places where they shall vote for represen- 
tatives. 



108 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Section VI. The number of Senators shall, at the several periods of 
making the enumeration before mentioned, be fixed by the Legislature, 
and apportioned among the districts, formed as hereinafter directed, ac- 
cording to the number of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never 
be less than one fourth, nor greater than one third of the number of 
representatives. 

Section VII. The Senators shall be chosen in districts, to be formed 
by the Legislature, each district containing such a number of taxable 
inhabitants as shall be entitled to elect not more than four Senators: 
When a district shall be composed of two or more Counties, they shall 
be adjoining. Neither the city of Philadelphia nor any County shall be 
divided in forming a district. 

Section VIII. No person shall be a Senator, who shall not have 
attained the age of twenty-five years, and have been a citizen and inhab- 
itant of the State four years next before his election, and the last year 
thereof an inhabitant of the district for which he shall be chosen ; unless 
he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or 
of this State. 

Section IX. Immediately after tbe Senators shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election subsequent to the first enumeration, they 
shall be divided, by lot, as equally as may be into four classes. The 
Seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration 
of the first year, of the second class at the expiration of the second year, 
of the third class at the expiration of the third year, and of the fourth 
class at the expiration of the fourth year; so that one fourth may be 
chosen every year. 

Section X. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Tuesday of 
December in every year, unless sooner convened by the Governor. 

Section XL Each House shall choose its Speaker and other ofiicers ; 
and the Senate shall also choose a Speaker pro tempore, when the 
Speaker shall exercise the ofiice of Governor. 

Section XII. Each House shall judge of the qualifications of its 
members. Contested elections shall be determined by a committee to be 
selected, formed and regulated in such manner as shall be directed by 
law. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
ness ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
authorised, by law, to compell the attendance of absent members, in such 
manner, and under such penalties as may be provided. 

Section XIII. Each House may determine the rules of its proceed- 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and with the concur- 
rence of two thirds expel a member ; but not a second time for the same 
cause; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the 
legislature of a free State. 



CONSTITUTION OF 1790. l()i> 

Section XIV. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
and publish them weekly; except such parts as may require secrecy : 
And the yeas and nays of the members, on any question shall, at the 
desire of any two of them, be entered on the Journals. 

Section XY. The doors of each House and of committees of the whole, 
shall be open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be kept 
secret. 

Section XVI. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three Days, nor to any other place than that, in 
which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section XVII. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the commonwealth. They shall, in all cases, except treason, 
Felony, and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest 
during their attendance at the session of the respective Houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same. And for any speech or debate in 
either House they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Section XVIII, No Senator or Representative shall, during the time 
for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office, 
under this commonwealth, which shall have been created, or the emolu- 
ments of which shall have been increased, during such time; and no 
member of Congress or other person holding any office (except of attor- 
ney at law and in the Militia) under the United States, or this common- 
wealth, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in 
Congress, or in office. 

Section XIX. When vacancies happen in either House, the Speaker 
shall issue Writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

Section XX. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house 
of Representatives; but the Senate may propose amendments as in other 
bills. 

Section XXI. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law. 

Section XXII. Every bill, which shall have passed botli Houses, 
shall be presented to the Governor: If he approve, he shall sign it ; but 
if he shall not approve, he shall return it, with his objections, to the 
House, in which it shall have originated, wlio shall enter the objections 
at large upon their journals, and proceed to reconsider it : If after sucb 
reconsideration, tw^o-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it 
shall be sent with the objections, to the other House, by which likewise 
it shall be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House it 
shall be a law. But in such cases the votes of both Houses shall be de- 
termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or 
against the Bill shall be entered on the Journals of each House respec- 



110 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

tively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the Governor within ten 
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him it shall 
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assem- 
bly, by their adjournment, prevents its return; in which case it shall be 
a law unless sent back within three days after their next meeting. 

Section XXIII. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the con- 
currence of both Houses may be necessary (except on a question of ad- 
journment) shall be presented to the Governor, and, before it shall take 
effect, be approved by him, or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by 
two-thirds of both Houses, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in case of a Bill. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section I. THE Supreme Executive power of this Commonwealth 
shall be vested in a Governor. 

Section II. The Governor shall be chosen on the second Tuesday of 
October, by the citizens of the commonwealth, at the places where they 
shall respectively vote for Eepresentatives. The returns of every elec- 
tion for Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of gov- 
ernment, directed to the Speaker of the Senate, who shall open and 
publish them in the presence of the members of both Houses of the 
Legislature. The person having the highest number of votes shall be 
Governor. But if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one 
of them shall be choocn Governor by the joint vote of the members of 
both Houses. Contested elections shall be determined by a Committee, 
to be selected from both Houses of the Legislature, and formed and regu- 
lated in such manner as shall be directed by law. 

Section III. The Governor shall hold his office during three years 
from the third Tuesday of December next ensuing his election, and shall 
not be capable of holding it longer than nine in any term of twelve years. 

Section IV. He shall be, at least, thirty years of age, and have been 
a Citizen and inhabitant of this State seven years next before his elec- 
tion; unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the 
United States or of this State. 

Section. V. No member of Congress, or person holding any office 
under the United States or this State, shall exercise the office of Gov- 
ernor. 

Section YI. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive, for his ser- 
vices, a compensation, which shall be neither increased nor diminished 
during the period, for which he shall have been elected. 

Section VII. He shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy 
of this commonwealth, and of the Militia; except when they shall be 
called into the actual service of the United States. 



CONSTITUTION OF 1790. HI 

Section YIII. He shall appoint all ofliccrs, whose offices are established 
by this Constitution, or shall be established by law, and whose appoint- 
ments are not herein otherwise provided for; but no person shall be 
appointed to an office within any County, who shall not have been a 
citizen and inhabitant therein one year next before his appointment, if 
the county shall have been so long erected ; but if it shall not have been 
so long erected, then within the limits of the County or Counties out of 
which it shall have been taken. No member of Congress from this State 
nor any person holding or exercising any office of trust or profit under 
the United States, shall, at the same time, hold or exercise the office of 
Judge, Secretary, Treasurer, Prothonotary, Eegistcr of wills, Recorder of 
deeds. Sheriff, or any office in this State, to which a Salary is by law an- 
nexed, or any other office, which future Legislatures shall declare incom- 
patible with offices or appointments under the United States. 

Section IX. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, and 
grant reprieves and pardons, except in case of impeachment. 

Section X. He may require information, in writing, from the officers 
in the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of 
their respective offices. 

Section XI. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assem- 
bly information of the state of the commonwealth, and recommend to 
their consideration sucb measures as he shall judge expedient. 

Section XII. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the Gen- 
eral Assembly; and in case of disagreement between the two Houses, 
with respect to the time of adjournment, adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper, not exceeding four months. 

Section XIII. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

Section XIV. In case of the death or resignation of the Governor, or 
of his removal from office, the Speaker of the Senate shall exercise the 
office of Governor, until another Governor shall be duly qualified. And 
if the trial of a contested election shall continue longer than until the 
third Tuesday in December next ensuing the election of a Governor, the 
Governor of the last year, or the Speaker of the Senate, who may be m 
the exercise of the executive authority, shall continue therein until the 
determination of such contested election, and a Governor shall be quah- 

fied as aforesaid. . . ■, ■, ■ 

Section XV. A Secretary shall be appointed and commissioned during 

the Governor's continuance in office, if he shall so long behave himself 
well- He shall keep a fair register of all the official acts and proceedings 
of the Governor, and shall, when required, lay the same and a 1 papers, 
minutes and vouchers relative thereto before either branch ot the Le^s- 
lature, and shall perform such other duties as shall be enjoined him 
by law. 



112 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section I. IN elections by the Citizens, every freeman of the age of 
twenty-one years, having resided in the State two years next before the 
election, and within that time paid a State or County tax, which shall 
have been assessed at least six months before the election, shall enjoy 
the rights of an elector : Provided, that the sons of persons qualified as 
aforesaid, between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two years, shall 
be entitled to vote, although they shall not have paid taxes. 

Section II. All elections shall be by Ballot, except those by persons 
in their representative capacities, who shall vote VIVA voce. 

Section III. Electors shall in all cases, except Treason, Felony and 
breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance on elections and in going to and returning from them. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section I. THE House of Eepresentatives shall have the sole power 
of impeaching. 

Section II. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When 
sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or af&rmation. 
No person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
the members present. 

Section III. The Governor, and all other civil officers, under this 
commonwealth, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in 
office: But judgment, in such cases, shall not extend further than to re- 
moval from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honour, 
trust, or profit, under this commonwealth : The party, whether convicted 
or acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, 
and punishment, according to law. 

ARTICLE V. 

Section I, THE Judicial power of this commonwealth shall be vested 
in a Supreme Court, in Courts of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol 
Delivery, in a Court of Common Pleas, Orphans' Court, Register's Court, 
and a Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace for each county, in Justices 
of the Peace, and in such other Courts as the Legislature may, from 
time to time, establish. 

Section II. The Judges of the Supreme Court and of the several 
Courts of Common Pleas shall hold their offices during good behaviour : 
But for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground of 
impeachment, the Governor may remove any of them, on the address of 
two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature. The Judges of the Su- 



CONSTITUTION' OF ITOO. 113 

preme Court and the Presidents of the several Courts of common Pleas 
shall, at stated times, receive, for their services, an adequate compensation 
to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished during their continuance 
in office; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold 
any other office of profit under this commonwealth. 

Section III. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court shall extend over 
the State, and the Judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be 
Justices of Oyer and Terminer and general Gaol delivery in the several 
counties. 

Section IV. Until it shall be otherwise directed by law, the several 
courts of Common Pleas shall be established in the following manner : 
The Governor shall appoint, in each county, not fewer than three nor 
more than four Judges, who, during their continuance in office, shall 
reside in such county: The State shall be divided by law into circuits, 
none of which shall include more than six, nor fewer than three, coun- 
ties : A President shall be appointed of the courts in each circuit, who. 
during his continuance in office, shall reside therein : The President and 
Judges, any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the respective 
Courts of Common Pleas. 

Section V. The Judges of the court of common Pleas, in each county, 
shall, by virtue of their offices, be Justices of Oyer and Terminer and 
General Goal Delivery, for the trial of capital and other offenders there- 
in: Any two of the said Judges, the President being one, shall be a 
quorum ; but they shall not hold a court of Oyer and Terminer or Gaol 
Delivery in any County, when the Judges of the Supreme Court, or any 
of them shall be sitting in the same county. The party accused, as well 
as the Commonwealth, may, under such regulations as shall be pre- 
scribed by law, remove the indictment and proceedings, or a transcript 
thereof into the Supreme Court. 

Section VI. The Supreme Court and the several courts of common 
Pleas shall, beside the powers heretofore usually exercised by them, 
have the power of a court of Chancery so far as relates to the perpetu- 
ating of testimony, the obtaining of evidence from places not within the 
State, and the care of the persons and estates of those who are non com- 
potes mentis; And the Legislature shall vest in the said courts such other 
powers to grant relief in equity as shall be found necessary; and may 
from time to time, enlarge or diminish those powers, or vest them in such 
other courts as they shall judge proper for the due administration of justice. 

Section VII. The Judges of the court of common Pleas of each 
county any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the Court 
of Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Orphans' Court thereof; and the 
Register of Wills, together with the said Judges, or any two of them 
shall compose the Register's Court of each county. 
8k 



114 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Section VIII. The Judges of the courts of common Pleas shall, 
within their respective counties, have the like powers with the Judges 
of the Supreme Court, to issue writs of Certiorari to the Justices of the 
Peace, and to cause their proceedings to be brought before them, and the 
like right and justice to be done. 

Section IX. The President of the courts in each circuit, within such 
circuit, and the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, within their re- 
spective counties, shall be Justices of the Peace, so far as relates to 
criminal matters. 

Section X. The Governor shall appoint a competent number of Jus- 
tices of the Peace, in such convenient districts, in each county, as are or 
shall he directed by law : They shall be commissioned during good be- 
haviour; but may be removed on conviction of misbehaviour in office, 
or of any infamous crime, or on the address of both Houses of the Legis- 
lature. 

Section XL A Eegister's office for the probate of wills and granting 
letters of administration, and an office for the recording of Deeds shall 
be kept in each county. 

Section XII. The style of all process shall be, The Commonwealth 
OF 'Pennsylvania ; all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and 
by the authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and conclude, 
AGAINST the PEACE AND DIGNITY OF THE SAME. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Section I. Sheriffs and Coroners shall, at the times and places of elec- 
tion of Representatives, be chosen by the citizens of each county: Two 
persons shall be chosen for each office, one of whom for each respectively 
shall be appointed by the Governor. They shall hold their offices for 
three years, if they shall so long behave themselves well, and until a 
successor be duly qualified; but no person shall be twice chosen or ap- 
pointed Sheriff in any term of six years. Vacancies, in either of the 
said offices, shall be filled by a new appointment, to be made by the 
Governor, to continue until the next general election, and until a suc- 
cessor shall be chosen and qualified as aforesaid. 

Section II. The freemen of this commonwealth shall be armed and 
disciplined for its defence. Those who conscientiously scruple to bear 
arms, shall not be compelled to do so ; but shall pay an equivalent for 
personal service. The military officers shall be appointed in such man- 
ner, and for such time, as shall be directed by law. 

Section III. Prothonotaries, clerks of the Peace and Orphans' Courts, 
Recorders of Deeds, Registers of Wills and Sheriffs, shall keep their offices 
in the county Town of the county in which they respectively shall be 
officers, unless when the Governor shall, for special reasons, dispense 



CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 115 

therewith for any term, not exceeding five years after the county shall 
have been erected. 

Section IV. All commissions shall be in the name and by the author- 
ity of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and be sealed wich the State 
seal, and signed by the Governor. 

Section V. The State Treasurer shall be appointed, annually, by tho 
joint vote of the members of both Houses. All other officers in the 
Treasury department, attornies at law, election officers, officers relating 
to taxes, to the poor and highways, constables, and other Township 
officers, shall be appointed in such manner as is or shall be directed 
by law. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Section 1. The legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be, 
provide, by law, for the establishment of Schools throughout the State, 
in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis. 

Section II. The arts and sciences shall be promoted in one or more 
seminaries of learning. 

Section III. The rights, privileges, immunities and estates of religious 
societies and corporate bodies shall remain, as if the constitution of this 
State had not been altered or amended. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Members of the General Assembly and all officers Executive and Judi- 
cial, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support the constitution 
of this Commonwealth, and to perform the duties of their respective 
offices with fidelity. 

ARTICLE IX. 

That the general, great and essential Principles of Liberty and free 
Government may be recognized and unalterably established, 

WE DECLARE. 

Section I. That all men are born equally free and independent, and 
have certain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those of 
enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing, and pro- 
tecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own happiness. 

Section II. That all power is inherent in the people, and all free gov- 
ernments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, 
safety and happiness : For the advancement of those ends they have, at 
all times, an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish 
their government, in such manner as they may think proper. 

Section III. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to 



116 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

worship Almigbt J God according to the dictates of their own consciences ; 
that no man can, of right, be compelled to attend, erect, or support any 
place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent ; that no 
human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the 
rights of conscience ; and that no preference shall ever be given by law, 
to any religious establishments or modes of worship. 

Section IY. That no person who acknowledges the being of a God 
and a future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of his 
religious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any ofiice or place of trust or 
profit under this commonwealth. 

Section V. That elections shall be free and equal. 

Section YI. That trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right 
thereof remain inviolate. 

Section YII. That the printing Presses shall be free to every person 
who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the legislature, or any 
branch of government : And no law shall ever be made to restrain the 
right thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one 
of the invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen may freely speak, 
write and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that 
liberty. In prosecutions for the publication of papers, investigating the 
official conduct of officers or men in a public capacity, or where the mat- 
ter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be 
given in evidence: And in all indictments for libels, the jury shall have 
a right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court 
as in other cases. 

Section YIII. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures: And 
that no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or things, shall 
issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable 
cause supported by oath or affirmation. 

Section IX. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a 
right to be heard by himself and his council, to demand the nature and 
cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses face to face, 
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and, in 
prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy public trial by an 
impartial Jury of the vicinage: That he cannot be compelled to give 
evidence against himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, liberty or 
property, unless by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. 

Section X. That no person shall, for any indictable offense, be pro- 
ceeded against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the 
land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of 
war or public danger, or, by leave of the court, for oppression and mis- 
demeanor in office. No person shall, for the same offense, be twice put 



CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 117 

in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall any man's property be taken or 
applied to public use without the consent of his representatives, and 
without just compensation being made. 

Section XI. That all courts shall be open, and every man, for an 
injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have 
remedy by the due course of law, and right and Justice admiuistred, 
without sale, denial or delay. Suits may be brought against the com- 
monwealth in such manner, in such courts and in such cases as the leg- 
islature may by law direct. 

Section XII. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised, 
unless by the legislature, or its authority. 

Section XIII. That excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted. 

Sect on XIY. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufHcient sureties, 
unless for capital offences when the proof is evident or presumption 
great, and the privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety 
may require it. 

Section XV. That no commissioner of Oyer and Terminer or Goal 
delivery shall be issued. 

Section XVI. That the person of a debtor, where there is not strong 
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in Prison, after delivering 
up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be 
prescribed by law. 

Section XVII. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing 
contracts, shall be made. 

Section XVIII. That no person shall be attainted of treason or felony 
by the legislature. 

Section XIX. That no attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor, 
except during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to the common- 
wealth ; that the estates of such persons as shall destroy their own lives 
shall descend or vest as in case of natural death ; and if any person shall 
be killed by casuality, there shall be no forfeiture by reason thereof 

Section XX. That the citizens have right, in a peaceable manner, to 
assemble together for their common good, and to apply to those invested 
Avith the powers of government for redress of grievances, or other proper 
purposes, by petition, address or remonstrance. 

Section XXI. That the right of citizens to bear arms, in defence of 
themselves and the State, shall not be questioned. 

Section XXII. That no standing army shall, in time of peace, be 
kept up without the consent of the legislature; and the military shall, in 
all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil power. 

Section XXIII. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 



118 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 

in any House without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but 
in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Section XXIY. That the legislature shall not grant any title of 
nobility or hereditary distinction, nor create any office, the appointment 
of which shall be for a longer term than for good behavior. 

Section XXV. That emigration from the state shall not be prohibited. 

Section XXVI. To guard against transgressions of the high powers 
which we have delegated, WE DECLARE That everything in this arti- 
cle is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall for 
ever remain inviolate. 

SCHEDULE. 

That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amendments 
in the Constitution of this Commonwealth, and in order to carry the 
same into complete operation, it is hereby declared and ordained, 

First. THAT all laws of this commonwealth, in force at the time of 
making the said alterations and amendments in the said Constitution, and 
not inconsistent therewith, and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims 
and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue 
as if the said alterations and amendments had not been made. 

Second. THAT the President and Supreme Executive Council shall con- 
tinue to exercise the executive authority of this Commonwealth, as 
heretofore, until the third Tuesday of December next; but no inter- 
mediate vacancies in the Council shall be supplied by new elections. 

Third. THAT all officers in the appointment of the Executive Depart- 
ment shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective offices 
until the first day of September one thousand seven hundred and ninety- 
one ; unless their commissions shall sooner expire by their own limita- 
tions, or the said offices become vacant by death^ or resignation ; and no 
longer, unless re-appointed and commissioned by the Governor ; except 
that the Judges of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices for the 
terms in their commissions respectively expressed. 

Fourth. THAT Justice shall be administered in the several counties of 
the State, until the period aforesaid, by the same justices, in the same 
courts, and in the same manner, as heretofore. 

Fifth. THAT no person now in commission as Sheriff shall be eligible 
at the next election for a longer term than will, with the time, which he 
shall have served in the said office, complete the terra of three years. 

Sixth, THAT, until the first enumeration shall be made as directed in 
the fourth section of the first article of the Constitution established by 
this Convention, the City of Philadelphia and the several counties shall 

1 Interlined. 



CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 119 

be respectively entitled to elect the same number of Representatives as 
is now prescribed by law. 

Seventh. THAT the first Senate shall consist of Eighteen members to 
be chosen in districts formed as follows, to wit : The City of Philadelphia 
and the Counties of Philadelphia and Delaware shall i)e a district and 
elect three Senators : The County of Chester shall be a district, and shall 
elect one Senator: The County of Bucks shall be a district, and shall 
elect one Senator: The County of Montgomery shall be a district, and 
shall elect one Senator: The County of Northampton shall be a district, 
and shall elect one Senator : The Counties of Lancaster and York shall 
be a district, and shall elect three Senators : The Counties of Berks and 
Dauphin shall be a district, and shall elect two Senators: The Counties 
of Cumberland and Mifflin shall be a district, and shall elect one Senator : 
The Counties of Northumberland, Luzerne and Huntington, shall be a 
district, and shall elect one Senator : The Counties of Bedford and Frank- 
lin shall be a district, and shall elect one Senator: The Counties of West- 
moreland and Allegany shall be a district, and shall elect one Senator : 
And the Counties of Washington and Fayette shall be a district, and shall 
elect two Senators: Which Senators shall serve until the first enumera- 
tion before mentioned shall be made, and the representation in both 
Houses of the Legislature shall be established by law, and chosen as in 
the Constitution is directed. Any vacancies which shall happen in the 
Senate, within the said time, shall be supplied as prescribed in the nine- 
teenth section of the first article. 

Eighth. THAT the elections of Senators shall be conducted, and the 
returns thereof made to the Senate, in the same manner as is prescribed 
by the election laws of the State, for conducting and making return of 
the election of Representatives. In those districts, which consist of more 
than one county, the Judges of the district elections within each county, 
after having formed a return of the whole election within that county, in 
such manner as is directed by law, shall send the same, by one or more 
of their number, to the place herein after mentioned within the district, 
of which such county is a part, where the Judges so met shall compare 
and cast up the several county returns, and execute, under their hands 
and seals, one general and true return for the whole district, tliat is to 
say: the Judges of the district composed of the City of Philadelphia and 
the Counties of Philadelphia and Delaware shall meet in the State House 
in the City of Philadelphia ; the Judges of the district composed of the 
counties of Lancaster and York shall meet at the Court-House in the 
county of Lancaster ; the Judges of the district composed of the counties 
of Berks and Dauphin shall meet at Middletown, in the county of Berks ; 
the Judges of the district composed of the counties of Cumberland and 
Mifflin shall meet in Greenwood township, county of Cumberland, at the 



120 



AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



house now occupied by David Miller ; the Judges of the district composed 
of the Counties of Northumberland, Luzerne and Huntingdon shall meet 
in the town of Sunbury; the Judges of the district composed of the 
Counties of Bedford and Franklin shall meet at the house now occupied 
by John Dickey, in Air township, Bedford county ; the Judges of the 
district composed of the counties of Westmoreland and Allegheny shall 
meet in Westmoreland county, at the Court-House in the town of Greens- 
borough ; and the Judges of the district composed of the counties of Wash- 
ington and Fayette shall meet at the Court-House in the town of Wash- 
ington, in Washington county, on the third Tuesday in October, respect- 
ively, for the purposes aforesaid. 

Ninth. THAT the election of the Governor shall be conducted, in the 
several counties, in the manner prescribed by the laws of the State for 
the election of Representatives ; and the returns in each county shall be 
sealed by the Judges of the elections, and transmitted to the President of 
the Supreme Executive Council, directed to the Speaker of the Senate, 
as soon after the election as may be. 

The words ' vacancies,'^ as aforesaid being agreed to, and added to the 
first section of the Sixth article before subscribing. The word "The," 
in the first section of the seventh article being interlined before sub- 
scribing. 

Done in Convention, the second day of September, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety, and of the Independence of 
the United States of America the fifteenth. In testimony whereof we 
have hereunto subscribed our names. 

THOMAS MIFFLIN, 



William Findley, 
Wm. Todd, 
Alex'r Addison, 
John Hoge, 
David Redick, 
James Ross, 
John Smilie, 
Albert Gallatin, 
Jas. McLene, 
Geo. Matthews, 
James Morris, 
Lindsay Coats, 
Jonathan Shoemaker, 
John Gloninger, 
William Brown, 



John Hubley, 
John Brack Bill, 
Hy. Miller, 
Hy. Slagle, 
William Reed, 
Benj'n Tyson, 
Benj'n Pedan, 
Matthew Dill, 
Wm. Irvine, 
James Power, 
Joseph Hiester, 
Christian Lower, 
Abraham Lincoln, 
Paul Grosscup, 
Balser Geehr, 
iSee page 114. 



James Wilson, 
Hilary Baker, 
Wm. Lewis, 
Thos. McKean, 
George Gray, 
W. Robinson, Jun'r. 
Rt. Hare, 
Enoch Edwards, 
Sam'l. Ogden, 
Thos. Jenks, Jun'r. 
Jno. Barclay, 
Abraham Stout, 
William Gibbons, 
Thomas Bull, 
James Boyd, 



CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 



121 



Alex'r Graydon, 
Timothy Pickering, 
And'w Henderson, 
Jno. Gibson, 
Thos. Beale, 
John Sellers, 
Nath'l Newlin, 



Edw'd Hand, 
Robt. Coleman, 
Sebastian Graft". 



S. Sitgreaves, 
John Arndt, 
Peter Rhoads, 
Joseph Powel, 
John Piper, 
Charles Smith, 
Simon Snyder, 
Attest. 

JOS. REDMAN, Secretary. 
J. SHALLUS, Asst. Secretary. 

Inrolled in the Rolls' office for the State of Pennsylvania in Commi.^ 
"^" &c. 

d Seal of office, this 11th September, 1790. 

[L.S.] MATirW IRWIN, M. R. 



J.L11UI1CU XU. L 

sion Book, No 1, p. 239 
Witness my Hand c 



anc 



122 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 



No. 10. 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OP PENNSYLVANIA OF 
1790, AS AMENDED IN 1838; WITH THE SUBSEQUENT AMEND- 
MENTS ADOPTED IN 1850, 1857 AND 1864. 

We, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ordain and es- 
tablish this Constitution for its government. 

ARTICLE I. 

OF THE LEGISLATURE. 

Sect. I. The legislative power of this Commonwealth shall be vested 
in a general assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Ee- 
presentatives. 

Sect. II. The representatives shall be chosen annually by the citizens 

* * * on the second Tuesday of October. 

Sect. III. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained 
the age of twenty-one years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of 
the State three years next preceding his election, and the last year there- 
of an inhabitant of the district in and for which he shall be chosen a 
representative, unless he shall have been absent on the public business 
of the United States or of this State. 

Sect. IV. In the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, and 
in every seventh year thereafter, representatives to the number of one 
hundred, shall be apportioned and distributed equally, throughout the 
State, by districts, in proportion to the number of taxable inhabitants in 
the several parts thereof; except that any county containing at least three 
thousand five hundred taxables, may be allowed a separate representa- 
tion; but no more than three counties shall be joined, and no county 
shall be divided in the formation of a district. Any city containing a 
sufficient number of taxables to entitle it to at least two representatives, 
shall have a separate representation assigned it, and shall be divided into 
convenient districts of contiguous territory, of equal taxable population 
as near as may be, each of which districts shall elect one representative. 

Sect. V. The senators shall be chosen for three years, by the citizens 

* * * at the same time, in the same manner, and at the same places 
where they shall vote for representatives. 

Sect. VI. The number of senators shall, at the several periods of 
making the enumeration before mentioned, be fixed by the legislature, 
and apportioned among the districts formed, as hereinafter directed, ac- 



THE PRESENT CONSTITL'TIOX. 12;-{ 

cording to the number of taxable inhabitants in each; and sliall never be 
less than one-fourth, nor greater than one-third, of the number of repre- 
sentatives. 

Sect. YII. The senators shall be chosen in districts to be formed by 
the legislature ; but no district shall be so formed as to entitle it to elect 
more than two senators, unless the number of taxable inhabitants in any 
city or county shall, at any time be such as to entitle it to elect more 
than two, but no city or county shall be entitled to elect more than four 
senators; when a district shall be composed of two or more counties, they 
shall be adjoining * * * and no county shall be divided in forming 
a district: The city of Philadelphia shall be divided into single senatorial 
districts of contiguous territory as nearly equal in taxable population as 
possible ; but no ward shall be divided in the formation thereof. 

Sect. VIII. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained 
the age of twenty-five years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of 
the State four years next before his election, and the last year thereof an 
inhabitant of the district for which he shall be chosen, unless he shall 
have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this 
State; and no person elected as aforesaid shall hold said office after he 
shall have removed from such district. 

Sect. IX. The senators who may be elected at the first general elec- 
tion after the adoption of the amendments to the Constitution, shall be 
divided by lot into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first 
class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year ; of the second 
class at the expiration of the second year ; and of the third class at the 
expiration of the third year; so that, thereafter, one-third of the whole 
number of senators may be chosen every year. The senators elected 
"before the amendments to the Constitution shall be adopted, shall hold 
their offices during the terms for which they shall respectively have been 
elected. 

Sect. X. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Tuesday of 
January, in every year, unless sooner convened by the Governor. 

Sect. XI. Each house shall choose its speaker and other officers ; and 
the Senate shall also choose a speaker pro tempore, when the speaker 
shall exercise the office of Governor. 

Sect. XII. Each house shall judge of the qualifications of its members. 
Contested elections shall be determined by a committee to be selected, 
formed and regulated in such manner as shall be directed by law. A 
majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized by 
law to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and 
under such penalties as may be provided. 

Sect. XIII. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 



124 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of 
two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause ; 
and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legislature 
of a free State. 

Sect. XIV. The legislature shall not have power to enact laws an- 
nulling the contract of marriage, in any case where by law, the courts of 
this Commonwealth are or may hereafter be empowered to decree a 
divorce. 

Sect, XV. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and 
publish them weekly, except such parts as may require secrecy ; and the 
yeas and nays of the members on any question shall, at the desire of any 
two of them, be entered on the journals. 

Sect. XVI. The doors of each house, and of committees of the whole, 
shall be open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be 
kept secret. 

Sect. XVII. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in 
which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Sect. XVIII. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the Commonwealth. They shall in all cases, except treason, 
felony and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest, 
during their attendance at the sessions of their repective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in 
either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Sect. XIX. No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil of&ce under 
this Commonwealth, which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
of which shall have been increased during such time; and no member of 
Congress or other person, holding any office (except of attorney-at-law, 
and in the militia) under the United States or this Commonwealth, shall 
be a member of either house during his continuance in Congress, or in 
office. 

Sect. XX. When vacancies happen in either house, the speaker shall 
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

Sect. XXI. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
of Kepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose amendments as in other 
bills. 

Sect. XXII. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in con- 
sequence of appropriations made by law. 

Sect. XXIII. Every bill which shall have passed both houses, shall be 
presented to the Governor, if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if he shall 
not approve, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which 



THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION'. 125 

it shall have origiuated, who shall enter the objections at large upon 
their journals, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsidera- 
tion, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
with the objections, to the other house, by which likewise it shall be re- 
considered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall be a law; 
but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall 
be entered on the journals of each house respectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the Governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) 
after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like 
manner as if he liad signed it, unless the General Assembly, by their 
adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall be a law unless 
sent back within three days after their next meeting. 

Sect. XXIY. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concur- 
rence of both houses may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment), shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall take eftect, 
be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed by twu- 
thirds of both houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribe'! 
in case of a bill. 

Sect. XXV. No corporate body shall be hereafter created, renewed or 
extended, with banking or discounting privileges, without six mouths' 
previous public notice of the intended application for the same, in such 
manner as shall be prescribed by law; nor shall any charter for the pur- 
poses aforesaid, be granted for a longer period than twenty years ; and 
every such charter shall contain a clause reserving to the Legislature the 
power to alter, revoke or annul the same, whenever, in their opinion, it 
may be injurious to the citizens of the Commonwealth; in such manner, 
however, that no injustice shall be done to the corporators. No law 
hereafter enacted shall create, renew or extend the charter of more than 
one corporation. 

Sect. XXVI. The Legislature shall have the power to alter, revoke or 
annul, any charter of incorporation hereafter conferred by or under any 
special or general law, whenever, in their opinion, it may be injurious to 
the citizens of the Commonwealth; in such manner, however, that no 
injustice shall be done to the corporators. 

ARTICLE II. 
OF THE GOVERNOR. 
Sect. 1. The supreme executive power of this Commonwealth shall be 
vested in a Governor. 

Sect. II. The Governor shall be chosen on the second Tuesday ot Oc- 
tober, by the citizens of the Commonwealth, at the places where they 
shall respectively vote for representatives; the returns of every election 



126 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

for Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of govern- 
ment, directed to the speaker of the senate, who shall open and publish 
them in the presence of the members of both houses of the legislature ; 
the person having the highest number of votes shall be Governor; but 
if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be 
chosen Governor by the joint vote of the members of both houses. Con- 
tested elections shall be determined by a committee to be selected from 
both houses of the legislature, and formed and regulated in such manner 
as shall be directed by law. 

Sect. III. The Governor shall hold his office during three years from 
the third Tuesday of January next ensuing his election, and shall not be 
capable of holding it longer than six, in any term of nine years. 

Sect. IV. He shall be at least thirty years of age, and have been a 
citizen and an inhabitant of this State seven years next before his elec- 
tion, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the 
United States or of this State. 

Sect. V. No member of congress, or person holding any office under 
the United States or of this State, shall exercise the office of Governor. 

Sect. VI. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services 
a compensation which shall be neither increased nor diminished during 
the period for which he shall have been elected. 

Sect. VII. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 
this commonwealth, and of the militia, except when they shall be called 
into actual service of the United States. 

Sect. VIII. He shall appoint a secretary of the Commonwealth during 
pleasure ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent 
of the senate, appoint all judicial officers of the courts of record, unless 
otherwise provided for in this constitution. He shall have power to fill 
all vacancies that may happen in such judicial offices during the recess 
of the senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
their next sessions: Provided^ That in acting on executive nominations 
the senate shall sit with open doors ; and in confirming or rejecting the 
nominations of the Governor, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays. 

Sect. IX. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, and grant 
reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment. 

Sect. X. He may require information in writing, from the officers of 
the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices. 

Sect. XI. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly 
information of the state of the Commonwealth, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge expedient. 

Sect. XII. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General 
Assembly; and in case of disagreement between the two houses with 



THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 127 

respect to the time of adjournment, adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper, not exceeding four months. 

Sect. XIII. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

Sect. XIV. In case of the death or resignation of the Governor, or his 
removal from office, the speaker of the Senate shall exercise the office of 
Governor, until another Governor shall be duly qualified; but in such 
case another Governor shall be chosen at the next annual election of 
representatives, unless such death, resignation or removal, shall occur 
within three calendar months immediately preceding such next annual 
election, in which case a Governor shall be chosen at the second succeed- 
ing annual election of representatives. And if the trial of a contested 
election shall continue longer than until the third Monday of January 
next ensuing the election of Governor, the Governor of last year, or the 
speaker of the Senate, who may be in the exercise of the executive 
authority, shall continue therein until the determination of such con- 
tested election, and until a Governor shall be duly qualified as aforesaid. 

OF the secretary of the commonwealth. 
Sect. XV. The secretary of the Commonwealth shall keep a fair regis- 
ter of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, 
when required, lay the same and all papers, minutes and vouchers rela- 
tive thereto, before either branch of the Legislature, and shall perform 
such other duties as shall be enjoined him by law. 

ARTICLE III. 

OF elections. 

Sect. I. In elections by the citizens, every white freeman of the age 
of twenty-one years, having resided in this State one year, and in the 
election district where he offers to vote ten days immediately preceding 
such election, and within two years paid a state or county tax, which shall 
have been assessed at least ten days before the election, shall enjoy the 
rights of an elector ; but a citizen of the United States who had previ- 
ously been a qualified voter of this State, and removed therefrom, and 
returned, and who shall have resided in the election district, and paid 
taxes as aforesaid, shall be entitled to vote, after residing in the State six 
months: Provided, That white freemen, citizens of the United States, 
between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two years, and having resided 
in the State one year, and in the election district ten days, as aforesaid, 
shall be entitled to vote, although they shall no': have paid taxes. 

Sect. II. All elections shall be by ballot, except those by persons in 
:^heir representative capacities, who shall vote viva voce. 

Sect. III. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach 
or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance 
on elections, and in going to and returning from them. 



128 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Sect. IV. Whenever any of the qualified electors of this Common- 
wealth shall be in any actual military service, under a requisition from 
the President of the United States, or by the authority of this Common- 
wealth, such electors may exercise the right of suffrage in all elections 
by the citizens, under such regulations as are or shall be prescribed by 
law, as fully as if they were present at their usual place of election. 

ARTICLE IV. 
OF IMPEACHMENT. 

Sect. I. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of 
impeaching. 

Sect. II. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When sitting 
for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation. No 
person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two -thirds of the 
members present. 

• Sect. III. The Governor and all other civil officers under this Com- 
monwealth, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office ; 
but judgment in such cases shall not extend further than to removal from 
office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit, 
under this Commonwealth; the party, whether convicted or acquitted, 
shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punish- 
ment, according to law. 

ARTICLE V. 

OF THE JUDICIARY. 

Sect. I. The judicial power of this Commonwealth shall be vested in a 
supreme court, in courts of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery, 
in a court of common pleas, orphans' court, register's court and a court 
of quarter sessions of the peace for each county; in justices of the peace, 
and in such other courts as the legislature may from time to time es- 
tablish. 

Sect II. The judges of the supreme court, of the several courts of 
common pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be 
established by law, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the Com- 
monwealth in the manner following, to wit: The judges of the supreme 
court, by the qualified electors of the Commonwealth at large ; the presi- 
dent judges of the several courts of common pleas, and of such other 
courts of record as are or shall be established by law, and all other 
judges required to be learned in the law, by the qualified electors of the 
respective districts over which they are to preside or act as judges: and 
the associate judges of the courts of common pleas by the qualified elec- 
tors of the counties respectively. The judges of the supreme court shall 
hold their offices for the term of fifteen years, if they shall so long behave 



THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 125» 

themselves well (subject to tlie allotiaeut hereinai'tcr provided for, sub- 
sequent to tlie first election.) The president judges of the several courts 
of common pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be 
established by law, and all other judges required to be learned in the 
law, shall hold their offices for the term of ten years, if they shall so long 
behave themselves well. The associate judges of the courts of common 
pleas shall hold their offices for the term of five years, if they shall so 
long behave themselves well: all of whom shall be commissioned by the 
Governor, but for any reasonable cause which shall not be sufficient 
grounds of impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them on the 
address of two-thirds of each branch of the legislature. The first election 
shall take place at the general election of this commonwealth next after 
the adoption of this amendment, and the commissions of all the judges 
who may be then in office shall expire on the first Monday of December 
following, when the terms of the new judges shall commence. The per- 
sons who shall then be elected judges of the supreme court shall hold 
their offices as follows: one of them for three years, one for six years, 
one for nine years, one for twelve years, and one for fifteen years ; the 
term of each to be decided by lot by said judges as soon after the elec- 
tion as convenient, and the result certified by them to the Governor, 
that the commissions may be issued in accordance thereto. The judge 
whose commission will first expire shall be chief justice during his term, 
and thereafter each judge whose commission shall first expire shall in 
turn be the chief justice, and if two or more commissions shall expire on 
the same day, the judges holding them shall decide by lot which shall be 
the chief justice. Any vacancies happening by death, resignation or 
otherwise, in any of the said courts, shall be filled by appointment by 
the Governor, to continue till the first Monday of December succeeding 
the next general election. The judges of the supreme court and the 
presidents of the several courts of common pleas shall, at stated timed, 
receive for their services an adequate compensation, to be fixed by law, 
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office, but they 
shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office 
of profit under this Commonwealth, or under the government of the 
United States, or any other State of this Union. The judges of the 
supreme court during their continuance in office shall reside withm this 
Commonwealth, and the other judges during their continuance in office 
shall reside within the district or county for which they were respectively 

elected. 

Sect III. Until otherwise directed by law, the courts of common pleas 
shall continue as at present established. Not more than five counties 
shall at any time be included in one judicial district organized for said 

courts. 

9k 



130 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Sect, IV. The jurisdiction of the supreme court shall extend over 
the State; and the judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be 
justices of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery, in the several 
counties. 

Sect. V. The judges of the court of common pleas in each county shall, 
by virtue of their offices, be justices of oyer and terminer and general 
jail delivery, for the trial of capital and other ofienders therein ; any two 
of the said judges, the president being one, shall be a quorum; but they 
shall not hold a court of oyer and terminer or jail delivery in any county, 
when the judges of the supreme court or any of them, shall be sitting 
in the same county. The party accused as well as the Commonwealth 
may, itnder such regulations as shall be prescribed by law, remove the 
indictment and proceedings, or a transcript thereof, into the supreme 
court. 

Sect. VI. The supreme court and the several courts of common pleas 
shall, beside the powers heretofore usually exercised by them, have the 
power of a court of chancery, so far as relates to the perpetuating of tes- 
timony, the obtaining of evidence from places not within the State, and 
the care of the persons and estates of those who are non compos mentis ; 
and the Legislature shall vest in the said courts such other powers to 
grant relief in equity, as shall be found necessary, and may, from time to 
time, enlarge or diminish those powers, or vest them in such other courts 
as they shall judge proper, for the due administration of justice. 

Sect. VII. The judges of the court of common pleas of each county, 
any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the court of quarter 
sessions of the peace, and orphans' court thereof; and the register of 
wills, together with the said judges, or any two of them, shall compose 
the register's court for each county. 

Sect. VIII. The judges of the courts of common pleas shall, within 
their respective counties, have the like powers with the judges of the 
Supreme court to issue writs of certiorari to the justices of the peace, and 
to cause their proceedings to be brought before them, and the like right 
and justice to be done. 

Sect. IX. The president of the court in each circuit within such circuit, 
and the judges of the court of common pleas within their respective 
counties, shall be justices of the peace, so far as relates to criminal matters. 

Sect. X. A register's office, for the probate of wills and granting letters 
of administration, and an office for the recording of deeds, shall be kept 
in each county. 

Sect, XI. The style of all process shall be " The Commonwealth of 
Pennsylvania," All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by 
the authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and conclude 
" against the peace and dignity of the same." 



THE PRESENT CONSTITUTIOX. 131 

ARTICLE VI. 
OF SHERIFFS AND CORONERS. 

Sect. I. Sheriffs and coroners shall, at the times and places of election 
of representatives, be chosen by the citizens of each county. One person 
shall be chosen for each office, who shall be commissioned by the Gov- 
ernor. They shall hold their offices for three years, if they shall so long 
behave themselves well, and until a successor be duly qualified; but no 
person shall be twice chosen or appointed sheriff" in any term of six years. 
Vacancies in either of the said offices shall be filled by an appointment, 
to be made by the Governor, to continue until the next general election, 
and until a successor shall be chosen and qualified as aforesaid. 

OF THE MILITIA. 

Sect. II. The freemen of this Commonwealth shall be armed, organ- 
ized and disciplined for its defence, when, and in such manner as may be 
directed by law. Those who conscientiously scruple to bear arms, shall 
not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal 
service. 

OF PUBLIC OFFICERS. 

Sect. III. Prothonotaries of the supreme court shall be appointed by 
the said court for the term of three years, if they so long behave them- 
selves well. Prothonotaries and clerks of the several other courts, record- 
ers of deeds and registers of wills, shall at the times and places of election 
of representatives, be elected by the qualified electors of each county, or 
the districts over which the jurisdiction of said courts extends, and shall be 
commissioned by the Governor. They shall hold their offices for three 
years if they shall so long behave themselves well, and until their suc- 
cessors shall be duly qualified. The legislature shall provide by law the 
number of persons in each county who shall hold said offices, and how 
many and which of said offices shall be held by one person. Vacancies 
in any of the said offices shall be filled by appointments to be made by 
the Governor, to continue until the next general election, and until suc- 
cessors shall be elected and qualified as aforesaid. 

Sect. IV. Prothonotaries, clerks of the peace and orphans' court.s, 
recorders of deeds, registers of wills and sherifis, shall keep their offices 
in the county town of the county in which they respectively shall be 
officers, unless when the Governor shall, for special reasons, dispense 
therewith, for any term not exceeding five years after the county shall 
have been erected. 

OF COMMISSIONS. 

Sect. V. All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority 



182 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

of the Commonwealtli of Pennsylvania, and be sealed with the State seal, 
and signed by the Governor. 

OF STATE TREASURER. 

Sect. VI. A State treasurer shall be elected annually, by joint vote of 
both branches of the legislature. 

OF JUSTICES OF THE PEACE AND ALDERMEN AND OTHER OFFICERS. 

Sect. VII. Justices of the peace, or aldermen, shall be elected in the 
several wards, boroughs and townships, at the time of the election of 
constables, by the qualified voters thereof, in such number as shall be 
directed by law, and shall be commissioned by the Governor for a term 
of five years. But no township, ward or borough, shall elect more than 
two justices of the peace or aldermen, without the consent of a majority 
of the qualified electors within such township, ward or borough. 

Sect. VIII. All officers whose election or appointment is not provided 
for in this constitution, shall be elected or appointed as shall be directed 
by law. No person shall be appointed to any office within any county who 
shall not have been a citizen and an inhabitant therein one year next be- 
fore his appointment, if the county shall have been so long erected; but if 
it shall not have been so long erected, then within the limits of the county 
or counties out of which it shall have been taken. No member of con- 
gress from this state, or any person holding or exercising any office or 
appointment of trust or profit under the United States, shall at the same 
time hold or exercise any office in this State, to which a salary is, or fees 
or perquisites are by law annexed, and the legislature may by law de- 
clare what state offices are incompatible. No member of the senate, or 
of the house of representatives, shall be appointed by the Governor to 
any office during the term for which he shall have been elected. 

OF MISBEHAVIOUR IN OFFICE. 

Sect. IX. All officers, for a term of years, shall hold their offices for 
the terms respectively specified, only on the condition that they so long 
behave themselves well ; and shall be removed on conviction of misbe- 
havior in office, or of any infamous crime. 

DUELLING. 

Sect. X. Any person who shall, after the adoption of the amendments 
proposed by this convention to the constitution, fight a duel, or send a 
challenge for that purpose, or be aider or abettor in fighting a duel, shall 
be deprived of the right of holding any office of honor or profit in this 
state, and shall be punished otherwise in such manner as is, or may be 
prescribed by law; but the executive may remit the said offence and all 
its disqualifications. 



THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 133 

ARTICLE VII. 
EDUCATION. 

Sect. I. The legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be, provide 
by law for the establishment of schools throughout the State, in such 
manner that the poor may be taught gratis. 

Sect. II. The arts and sciences shall be promoted in one or more sem- 
inaries of learning. 

RELIGIOUS societies AND CORPORATIONS. 

Sect. III. The rights, privileges, immunities and estates of religious 
societies and corporate bodies, shall remain as if the constitution of this 
State had not been altered or amended. 

Sect. TV. The legislature shall not invest any corporate body or in- 
dividual with the privilege of taking private property for public use, 
without requiring such corporation or individual to make compensation 
to the owners of said property, or give adequate security therefor before 
such property shall be taken. 

ARTICLE VIII. 
OF THE OATH OF OFFICE. 

Members of the general assembly, and all officers, executive and ju- 
dicial, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support the constitution 
of this commonwealth, and to perform the duties of their respective 
offices with fidelity. 

ARTICLE IX. 

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 

That the general, great and essential principles of liberty and Iree 
government may be recognised and unalterably established, We declare 
THAT 

Sect. I. All men arc born equally free and independent, and have 
certain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those of en- 
joying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing and pro- 
tecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own happiness. 

Sect. II. That all power is inherent in the people, and all free govern- 
ments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, 
safety and happiness: For the advancement of these ends, they have at 
all times an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish 
their government, in such manner as they may think proper. 

Sect. III. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to wor- 
ship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; 
that no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect or support any place 
of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no human 



134 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

authority can, in any case whatever, control, or interfere with the rights 
ef conscience ; and no preference shall ever be given by law to any re- 
ligious establishments, or modes of worship. 

Sect. IV. That no person who acknowledges the being of a God, and 
a future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of his re- 
ligious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office, or place of trust or 
profit, under this commonwealth. 

Sect. V. That elections shall be free and equal. 

Sect. VI. That trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right 
thereof remain inviolate. 

Sect. VII. That the printing presses shall be free to every person who 
undertakes to examine the proceedings of the legislature, or any branch 
of government ; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right 
thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of 
the invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen may freely speak, write 
and print on any subject; being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. 
In prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the official 
conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or where the matter pub- 
lished is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given 
in evidence ; and in all indictments for libels, the jury shall have a right 
to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as 
in other cases. 

Sect. VIII. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers and possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures; and 
that no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or things 
shall issue, without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without 
probable cause supported by oath or affirmation. 

Sect. IX. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a right 
to be heard by himself and his counsel, to demand the nature and cause 
of the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses face to face, to have 
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and in prosecu- 
tions by indictment, or information, a speedy public trial by an impartial 
jury of the vicinage: He cannot be compelled to give evidence against 
himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, liberty or property, unless by 
the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. 

Sect. X. That no person shall, for any indictable offence, be proceeded 
against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land or 
naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or 
public danger; or by leave of the court for oppression or midemeanor 
in office. No person shall for the same offence be twice put in jeopardy 
of life or limb ; nor shall any man's property be taken or applied to 
public use, without the consent of his representatives, and without just 
compensation being made. 



THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION, 135 

Sect. XI. That all courts shall be open, and every man for an injury 
done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have remedy by 
the due course of law, and right and justice administered without sale, 
denial or delay. Suits may be brought against the commonwealth in 
such manner, in such courts and in such cases, as the legislature may by 
law direct. 

Sect. XII. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised un- 
less by the legislature or its authority. 

Sect. XIII. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted. 

Sect, XIV. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties 
unless for capital oflences, when the proof is evident or presumption 
great ; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety 
may require it. 

Sect. XY, That no commission of oyer and terminer or jail delivery 
shall be issued. 

Sect, XYI, That the person of a debtor, where there is not strong 
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up 
his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sect, XYII. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing con- 
tracts, shall be made. 

Sect, XYIII, That no person shall be attainted of treason or felony by 
the legislature. 

Sect, XIX, That no attainder shall work corrugation of blood, nor, 
except during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to the common- 
wealth ; that the estates of such persons as shall destroy their own lives, 
shall descend or vest as in case of natural death; and if any person shall 
be killed by casuality, there shall be no forfeiture by reason thereof. 

Sect, XX, That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to 
assemble together for their common good, and to apply to those invested 
with the powers of government, for redress of grievances, or other proper 
purposes, by petition, address or remonstrance. 

Sect, XXI, That the right of the citizens to bear arms, in defence of 
themselves and the State, shall not be questioned. 

Sect. XXII, That no standing army shall, in time of peace, be kept 
up without the consent of the legislature; and the military shall, in all 
cases and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil power. 

Sect. XXIII. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, l)ut in 
a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Sect. XXIY. That the legislature shall not grant any title of nobility 



136 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

or hereditary distinction, nor create any office, the appointment to which 
shall be for a longer term than during good behavior. 

Sect. XXV. The emigration from the State shall not be prohibited. 

Sect. XXVI. To guard against transgressions of the high powers 
which we have delegated, we declare, that every thing in this article is 
excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall for ever 
remain inviolate. 

ARTICLE X. 

OF AMENDMENTS. 

Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be proposed 
in the Senate or House of Eepresentatives, and if the same shall be agreed 
to by a majority of the members elected to each House, such proposed 
amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, with the 
yeas and nays taken thereon, and the Secretary of the Commonwealth 
shall cause the same to be published three months before the next elec- 
tion, in at least one newspaper in every county in which a newspaper 
shall be published ; and if in the legislature next afterwards chosen, such 
proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a majority of 
the members elected to each House, the Secretary of the Commonwealth 
shall cause the same again to be published in the manner aforesaid, and 
such proposed amendment or amendments shall be submitted to the people 
in such manner and at such time, at least three months after being so 
agreed to by the two Houses, as the legislature shall prescribe; and if the 
people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, by a 
majority of the qualified voters of this State voting thereon, such amend- 
ment or amendments shall become a part of the constitution ; but no 
amendment or amendments shall be submitted to the people oftener than 
once in five years : Provided^ That if more than one amendment be sub- 
mitted, they shall be submitted in such manner and form that the people 
may vote for or against each amendment separately and distinctly. 

ARTICLE XI. 

OF PUBLIC DEBTS. 

Sect. I. The State may contract debts, to supply casual deficits or 
failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for ; but 
the aggregate amount of such debts direct and contingent, whether con- 
tracted by virtue of one or more acts of the General Assembly, or at dif- 
ferent periods of time, shall never exceed seven hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars, and the money arising from the creation of such debts, shall be 
applied to the purpose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts 
so contracted, and to no other purpose whatever. 

Sect. II. In addition to the above limited power, the State may contract 



THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 187 

debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, defend the State in war, or 
to redeem the present outstanding indebtedness of the State; but the 
money arising from the contracting of such debt sliall be appHed to the 
purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other 
purpose whatever. 

Sect. III. Except the debts above speciticd, in sections one and two of 
this article, no debt whatever shall be created bv or on behalf of the State. 

Sect. IV. To provide for the payment of tlie present debt, and any 
additional debt contracted as aforesaid, the legislature shall, at its first 
session after the adoption of this amendment, create a sinking fund, which 
shall be sufficient to pay the accruing interest on such debt, and annually 
to reduce the principal thereof by a sum not less than two hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars; which sinking fund shall consist of the net annual 
income of the public works, from time to time owned by the State, or 
the proceeds of the sale of the same, or any part thereof, and of the in- 
come or proceeds of sale of stocks owned by the State, together with 
other funds or resources that may be designated by law. The said sink- 
ing fund may be increased, from time to time, by assigning to it any 
part of the taxes, or other revenues of the State, not required for the 
ordinary and current expenses of government, and unless in case of war, 
invasion or insurrection, no part of the said sinking fund shall be used 
or applied otherwise than in extinguishment of the public debt, until the 
amount of such debt is reduced below the sum of five millions of dollars. 

Sect. V. The credit of the commonwealth shall not in any manner or 
event be pledged or loaned to any individual, company, corporation or 
association ; nor shall the commonwealth hereafter become a joint owner 
or stockholder in any company, association or corporation. 

Sect. VI. The commonwealth shall not assume the debt, or any part 
thereof, of any county, city, borough or township; or of any corporation 
or association; unless such debt shall have been contracted to enable the 
State to repel invasion, suppress domestic insurrection, defend itself in 
time of war, or to assist the State in the discharge of any portion of its 
present indebtedness. 

Sect. VII. The legislature shall not authorize any county, city, bor- 
ough, township or incorporated district, by virtue of a vote of its citizens, 
or otherwise, to become a stockholder in any company, as.sociation or 
corporation; or to obtain money for, or loan its credit to any corpo- 
ration, association, institution or party. 

Sect. VIII. No bill shall be passed by the legislature, containing more 
than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in the title, except 
appropriation bills. 

Sect. IX. No bill shall be passed by the legislature grantmg any 
powers or privileges, in any case, where the authority to grant such 



138 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

powers or privileges lias been, or may hereafter be, conferred u})on the 
courts of this Commonwealth. 

ARTICLE XII. 

OF NEW COUNTIES. 

No county shall be divided by a line cutting off over one-tenth of its 
population (either to form a new county or otherwise,) without the ex- 
press assent of such county, by a vote of the electors thereof; nor shall 
any new county be established, containing less than four hundred square 
miles. 

SCHEDULE TO THE AMENDMENTS OF 1838. 

That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amendments 
in the constitution of this Commonwealth, and in order to carry the same 
into complete operation, it is hereby declared and ordained that 

I. All laws of this Commonwealth, in force at the time when the said 
alterations and amendments in the said constitution shall take effect, and 
not inconsistent therewith, and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims 
and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue 
as if the said alterations and amendments had not been made. 

II. The alterations and amendments in the said constitution shall take 
effect from the first day of January 1839. 

III. The clauses, sections and articles of the said constitution, which 
remain unaltered, shall continue to be construed and have effect as if the 
said constitution had not been amended. 

IV. The General Assembly which shall convene in December 1838, 
shall continue its session as heretofore, notwithstanding the provisions in 
the eleventh section of the first article, and shall, at all times, be regarded 
as the first General Assembly under the amended constitution. 

Y. The Governor who shall be elected in October 1838, shall be inaugu- 
rated on the third Tuesday in January 1839 ; to which time the present 
executive term is hereby extended. 

VI. The commissions of the judges of the Supreme court, who may 
be in ofEice on the first day of January next, shall expire in the follow- 
ing manner : The commission which bears the earliest date shall expire 
on the first day of January, Anno Domini 1842 ; the commission next 
dated shall expire on the first day of January, Anno Domini 1815 ; the 
commission next dated shall expire on the first day of Januarj^, Anno 
Domini 1848 ; the commission next dated shall expire on the first day of 
January, Anno Domini 1851; and the commission last dated shall expire 
on the first day of January, Anno Domini 1854. 

VII. The commissions of the president judges of the several judicial 
districts, and of the associate law judges of the first judicial district, shall 



THE PRESENT CONSTITLTTIOX. 13!> 

expire as follows: The commissions of one-half of tliosf who shall ha%v 
held their offices ten years or more at the adoption of the amendments to 
the constitution, shall expire on the twentv-scventh dav of l<\.],ruary 
1839; the commissions of the other half of thos." who shall have held 
their offices ten years or more, at the adoption of the amendments to the 
constitution, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of February 1842 ; 
the first half to embrace those whose commissions shall bear the oldest 
date. The commissions of all the remaining judges, who shall not have 
held their offices for ten years at the adoption of the amendments to the 
constitution, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of February next, 
after the end of ten years from the date of their commissions. 

VIII. The recorders of the several mayors' courts, and other criminal 
courts in this commonwealth, shall be appointed for the same time and 
in the same manner as the president judges of the several judicial dis- 
tricts ; of those now in office, the commission oldest in date shall expire 
on the twenty-seventh day of February 1841, and the others every two 
years thereafter, according to their respective dates ; those oldest in date 
expiring first. 

IX. The legislature, at its first session under the amended constitution, 
shall divide the other associate judges of the State into four classes. The 
commissions of those of the first class shall expire on the twenty-seventh 
day of February 1840 ; of those of the second class on the twenty-seventh 
day of February 1841 ; and of those of third class on the twenty-seventh 
day of February 1842 ; and of those of the fourth class on the twenty- 
seventh day of February 1843. The said classes, from the first to the 
fourth, shall be arranged according to the seniority of the commissions 
of the several judges. 

X. Prothonotaries, clerks of the several courts (except the supreme 
court,) recorders of deeds, and registers of wills, shall be first elected, 
under the amended constitution, at the election of representatives, in the 
year 1839, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

XI. The appointing power shall remain as heretofore, and all officers 
in the appointment of the executive department, shall continue in the 
exercise of the duties of their respectiue offices, until the legislature shall 
pass such, laws as may be required by the eighth section of the sixth 
article of the amended constitution, and until appointments sljall be made 
under such laws, unless their commissions shall be superseded b}' new 
appointments, or shall sooner expire by their own limitations, or the 
said offices shall become vacant by death or resignation; and such laws 
shall be enacted by the first legislature under the amended constitution. 

XII. The first election for aldermen and justices of the peace shall be 
held in the year 1840, at the time fixed for the election of constables. 
The legislature, at its first session under the amended constitution, shall 



140 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

provide for the said election, and for subsequent similar elections. The 
aldermen and justices of the peace now in commission, or who may in 
the interim be appointed, shall continue to discharge the duties of their 
respective offices until fifteen days after the day which shall be fixed by 
law for the issuing of new commissions, at the expiration of which time 
their commissions shall expire. 



THE CHARTER OF THE BOROUGH OF LANCASTER. 141 



No. 11. 
THE CHARTER OF THE BOROUGH OF LANCASTER. 

GEORGE the Second, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Fraticr 
and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all to whom these Pre- 
sents shall come, Greeting. WHEKEAS our loving Subject, JAMES 
HAMILTON of the City of Philadelphia, in the Province of Pennsyl- 
vania, Esq., owner of a Tract of Land whereon the Town of Lancaster, 
in the same Province, is erected, HATH, on the behalf of the Inhabi- 
tants of the said Town, represented unto our trusty and well-beloved 
THOMAS PENN, Esq ; one of the Proprietors of the said Province, 
and George Thomas, Esq ; with our Royal Approbation Lieut. Gov. 
thereof, under JOHN PENN, the said THOMAS PENN, and RICH- 
ARD PENN, Esquires, true and absolute Proprietors of the said Pro- 
vince, and the Counties of Neiv- Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delaicare, 
the great Improvements and Buildings made, and continuing to be made 
in the said Town by the great Increase of the Inhabitants thereof, and 
hath humbly besought them for our Letters Patent, under the Great 
Seal of the said Province, to erect the said Town of Lancaster into a 
Borough, according to certain Limits and Bounds hereinafter described, 
and to incorporate the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the same with ])or- 
petual Succession, and to grant them such Immunities and Privileges a.s 
might be thought necessary for the well-ordering and governing thereof. 

THEREFORE KNOW YE, That we favouring the Application of 
the said JAMES HAMILTON, on behalf of the said Freeholders and 
Inhabitants, and willing to promote Trade, Industry, Rule and good 
Order amongst all our Subjects, of our special Grace, certain Knowledge 
and mere Motion, have erected, and by these Presents do erect the said 
Town of Lancaster into a Borough for ever hereafter, to be called by 
the name LANCASTER, which said Borough shall extend, be limited 
and bounded in the Manner it is now laid out, pursuant to the Plan 
thereof hereunto annexed. 

AND we further grant and ordain, That the Streets of the said Borough 
shall forever continue as they are now laid out and regulated. ^ 

AND we do nominate and appoint Thomas Cookson and Sebastian 
Grooflfe to be the present Burgesses; and the said Thomas Cookson shall 
be called the Chief Burgess within the said Borougii, and Michael 
Byerly, Mathias Young, John Dehofte, John Folkes, Abraham Johnson 
and Peter Worrall, assistants for advising, aiding and assisting the said 



142 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Burgesses in the execution of the power and authorities herein given 
them : and Alexander Giblony to be High-constable ; and George San- 
derson to be Town-clerk : To continue Burgesses, Assistants, High-con- 
stable and Town-clerk until the fifteenth Day of September which will 
be in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty- 
four, and from thence until others shall be duly elected or appointed in 
their Places as is herein after directed. 

AND we do by these Presents, for us, our Heirs and Successors, 
further give, grant and declare, That, the said Burgesses, Freeholders 
and Inhabitants within the Borough aforesaid, and their Successors for 
ever hereafter, shall be one Body corporate and politick in Deed and in 
Name ; and them by the Name of the Burgesses and Inhabitants of the 
Borough of Lancaster, in the County of Lancaster, one Body politick 
and corporate in Deed and Name, We do for us, our Heirs and Succes- 
sors, fully create, constitute and confirm by these Presents ; and by the 
same Name of the Burgesses and Inhabitants of the Borough of Lan- 
caster, that they may have Perpetual Succession ; and that they and their 
Successors, by the Name of the Burgesses and Inhabitants of the borough 
of Lancaster be, and at all times for ever hereafter shall be, persons able 
and capable in law, to have, get, receive and possess lands, tenements, 
rents, liberties, jurisdictions, franchizes and hereditaments, to them and 
their successors in fee-simple, or for term of life, lives, years or other- 
wise ; and also goods, chatties, and other things of what nature or kind 
soever ; and also give, grant, lett, sell and assign the same lands, tene- 
ments, hereditaments, goods and chatties, and to do and execute all other 
things about the same by the name aforesaid; and also, that they be, and 
shall be for ever hereafter, persons able and capable in law, to sue and 
be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend 
and be defended, in all or any of our courts or other places, and before 
any Judges, Justices, and other persons whatsoever within the province 
aforesaid, in all manner of actions, suits, complaints, pleas, causes and 
matters whatsoever. And that it shall and may be lawful to and for the 
Burgesses and inhabitants of Lancaster aforesaid, and their successors for 
ever hereafter, to have and use one common seal for the sealing of all 
business whatsoever touching the said corporation, and the same from 
time to time at their will to change and alter. 

And we do for us, our heirs and successors, further by these presents, 
grant full power and authority for the Burgesses, Constables, assistants and 
freeholders, together with such inhabitants, house-keepers within the said 
borough, as shall have resided therein at least for the space of one whole 
year next preceding any such election as is herein after directed, and 
hired a house and ground within the said borough of the yearly value of 
five pounds or upwards, on the fifteenth day of September which will be in 



THE CHARTER OF THE BOROUGH OF LANCASTER. 143 

the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Ibrty-four, and 
on that day yearly forever thereafter, unless it happen to fall on Sunday, 
and then on the next day following, publickly to meet in some convenient 
place within the said borough, to be appointed by the chief Constable, 
and then and there to nominate, elect and choose by the ballot, two able 
men of the inhabitants of the said borough to be Burgesses, one to be 
high Constable, one to be town clerk, and six to be assistants within the 
same, for assisting the Burgesses in the managing the affairs of the said 
borough, and of keeping of peace and good order therein : which election 
shall be taken from time to time by the high Constable of the year pre- 
ceding ; and the names of the persons so elected shall be certified under 
his seal to the Governor for the time being within ten days next after such 
election ; and the Burgess who shall have the majority of votes shall be 
called the chief Burgess of the said borough. But iu case it .shall 
so happen that the said freeholders and inhabitants, house-keepers 
aforesaid, shall neglect or refuse to elect or chuse Burgesses and other 
the officers in manner aforesaid, that then it shall and may be lawful 
for the Governor for the time being to nominate, appoint and commis- 
sionatQ Burgesses, Constable, town clerk and assistants for that year; 
to hold and continue in their respective offices until the next time of 
annual election appointed as aforesaid, and so as often as occasion shall 
require. 

And we further will and ordain, that the said Burgesses for the time 
being shall be, and are hereby impowered and authorized to be conser- 
vators of the peace within the said borough; and shall have power by 
themselves and upon their own view, or in other lawful manner, to re- 
move all nuisances and incroachments on the said streets and highways 
within the borough aforesaid as they shall see occasion : with power also 
to arrest, imprison and punish rioters and other breakers of the peace 
or good behaviour, award process, bind to the peace or behaviour, com- 
mit to prison, and to make Kalendars of the prisoners by them commit- 
ted; and the same to return, together with such recognizances and 
examinations as shall be by them taken, to the next court of Quarter- 
sessions of the County of Lancaster, there to be proceeded on as occasion 
may or shall require ; and to do all and singular other matters and 
things within the said borough as fully and effectually, to all intents and 
purposes, as Justices of the peace in their respective counties can or may 
lawfully do. 

But before any of the said Burgesses, Constable, Town clerk (jr other 
officers, shall take upon them the execution of their respective offices, 
they shall take and subscribe the oaths or affirmations of allegiance, and 
such other oaths and affirmations as are by the laws of our government 
in such cases provided, together with the oaths or affirmations for the 



144 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

due execution of their respective offices. And every cliief Burgess so 
elected or appointed from year to year as aforesaid, shall within ten days 
immediately after his election, present himself to be qualified, by taking 
the oaths or affirmations aforesaid, before the Governor for the time 
being, or before such other persons as the Governor shall think fit to 
appoint for that purpose : and on failure of his so presenting himself, 
unless disabled by sickness or other reasonable cause, such as shall be 
allowed of by the Governor for the time being, another chief Burgess 
shall from time to time, and as often as occasion shall require, be ap- 
pointed in the stead of such person so failing to appear and qualify him- 
self as before directed : which Burgess so to be appointed by the Governor 
for the time being, shall and may enjoy his office until the day of elec- 
tion next ensuing such his appointment. And the chief Burgess having 
qualified himself in a manner aforesaid, shall and may enter upon his 
office; and the other Burgesses, Constable, town clerk, or other officers 
shall and may qualify themselves for their respective offices by taking 
and subscribing the oaths or affirmations aforesaid before the said chief 
Burgess, or before any of the Justices of the peace of the said County of 
Lancaster for the time being, who are hereby authorized and impowered 
to administer the same. 

And we do further grant for us, our heirs and successors, to the Bur- 
gesses, freeholders and inhabitants, house-keepers aforesaid, and their 
successors, to have, hold and keep within the said borough two markets 
in each week, that is to say, one market on Wednesday, and one market 
on Saturday in every week of the year for ever in the lot of ground 
already agreed upon for that purpose and granted for that use by Andrew 
Hamilton, Esq., late of Philadelphia, deceased, as by the deeds thereof 
to John Wright, and other Trustees for the said County of Lancaster, 
may appear. And also two fairs therein every year, the first to begin on 
the first day of June next ensuing, and to continue that day and the 
next day following; and the other of the said fairs to begin on the 
twenty-fifth day of October following, and to continue that day and the 
next day after. And when either of those days shall happen to fall on 
Sunday, then the said fairs to be kept the next day or two days follow- 
ing together, with the free liberties, customs, profits and emolument, to 
the said markets and fairs belonging, and in any-wise appertaining, for- 
ever. 

And we do hereby further grant and ordain, that there shall be a clerk 
of the market for the said borough, who shall have the assize of bread, 
wine, beer, wood and all other provisions brought for the use of the said 
inhabitants, who shall and may perform all things belonging to the office 
of a clerk of the market within the said borough ; and that John Morris 
shall be the present clerk of the market, who shall be removable for any 



THE CHARTER OF THE BOROUGH OF LANCASTER. 145 

Malfeasance in his office by the Burgesses and assistants ai'(;res:ii(l, and 
another from time to time appointed and removed as they shall lind it 
necessary. 

And we do further grant unto the said Burgess, high Constable and 
assistants, and their successors, as much as in us is, That if any of the 
inhabitants of the said borough shall be hereafter elected to the office of 
Burgesses, high Constable or assistants, and having notice of his or their 
election, shall refuse to undertake and execute that office to whicli ho Ls 
chosen, it shall and may be lawful for the Burgesses, high Constable and 
assistants then acting to impose such moderate fines on the person or 
persons so refusing as to them shall seem meet ; so always that sucli fine 
imposed on a Burgess elect do not exceed ten pounds, and the Fine on 
the high Constable or an assistant elect do not exceed five pounds, each 
to be levied by distress and sale of the goods of the party refusing, by 
warrant under the hand and seal of one of the said Burgesses, or any 
other lawful way or means whatsoever, for the use of the said Corpora- 
tion. And in any such case, it shall and may be lawful for the said in- 
habitants to proceed to the choice of some other fit person or persons in 
the stead of such who shall so refuse. 

And it shall and may be lawful for the said burgesses, high constable 
and assistants for the time being to assemble town meetings as often as 
they shall find occasion: At which meetings they may make such ordi- 
nances and rules, not repugnant to, or inconsistent witli the laws of the 
said province, as to the greatest part of the inhabitants shall seem neces- 
sary and convenient for the good government of the said Borough. And 
the same rules and orders to put in execution; and the same to revoke, and 
alter and make anew as occasion shall require. And also to impose such 
mulcts and amerciaments upon breakers of the said ordinances as to the 
makers thereof shall be thought reasonable; to be levied as above 
is directed in case of fines, for the use of the said borough, without ren- 
dering any account thereof to us, our successors, or to the proprietors 
aforesaid, their heirs or successors. Also at the said meetings to miti- 
gate or release the said fines and mulcts, upon the submission of tlie 
parties. 

And we do further will and grant, that where any doubts shall ha})peii 
to arise touching this present charter, that the same shall in all courUs 
of law and equity be construed and taken most favourably and benefi- 
cially for the said corporation. 

In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made 
patent. Witness George Tliomas, Esq.; with our royal approbation 
Lieutenant Governor of the province aforesaid under John Penn, 
Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, Esquires, true and absolute proprieta- 
ries of the province aforesaid, and of the counties Newcastle, Kent and 
10k 



146 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 

Sussex, on Delaware, the first day of May, in the fifteenth year of our 

reign, Anno Domini, 1742. 

GEORGE THOMAS. 

Lancaster Borough, ss. 

This is to certify, that the above is a true copy of the Charter 
granted to the inhabitants of the town of Lancaster, in the county 
of Lancaster and province of Pennsylvania. IN TESTIMONY 

{L. S.) Whereof, I have hereto set my hand, and caused the seal of the 
Borough aforesaid to be hereunto affixed the first Day of De- 
cember, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred 
and sixty. 

JOHN HOPSON, Chief Burgess. 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 147 



No. 12. 
CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Common- 
wealth of Pennsylvania^ in General Assembly met^ and it is hereby enacted 
by the authority of the same, That the inhabitants of tlie borough of Lan- 
caster, in tlie county of Lancaster, as the same extends and is now incor- 
porated, are hereby constituted a corporation and body politic, by the 
name and style of "The Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens of Lancas- 
ter," and by the same name shall have perpetual succession ; and they 
and their successors, by such name, shall at all times forever be able and 
capable in law to have, purchase, receive, possess, and enjoy lands, tene- 
ments and hereditaments, liberties, franchises, and jurisdictions, goods, 
chattels and effects, to them and their successors forever, or for any other 
or less estate ; and the same lands, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chat- 
tels, and effects, by such name to grant, bargain, sell, alien, convey, 
mortgage, pledge, charge, and encumber, or demise and dispo.se of at 
their will and pleasure; and by the said name shall be able and capable 
in law to sue or be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered 
unto, defend and be defended, in all courts of record and elsewhere, in 
all manner of suits, actions, complaints, pleas, causes, matters, and things 
that to the said city, as a body politic and corporate, in law and in fact, 
shall and may appertain; and for that purpose shall have and use one 
common seal, and the same from time to time may change, alter, deface, 
and make anew. 

Sec. 2. That the power of the corporation of the said city shall be 
vested in the Select and Common Councils, who shall in Coiiunon Coun- 
cils assembled, have full power and authority to make, ordain, consti- 
tute, and establish such and so many laws, ordinances, regulations, and 
constitutions, (provided the same shall not be repugnant to the laws and 
Constitution of the United States, or of this Commonwealth) as shall be 
necessary or convenient for the government and welfare of the said city, 
and the same to enforce, put in use and execution, by constables and 
other proper officers (whom they shall have power to appoint and at 
their pleasure to revoke, alter and make anew, as occasion may require; 
and shall have, hold, and enjoy, in addition to the powers now vested in 
the borough of Lancaster, which are hereby transferred to and vested in 
1. Act of March 20, 1868, Sec. 1. 2. Ibid., Sec. 5. 



148 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

tlie said councils, the like powers and authorities as are now vested by 
law in the select and common councils of the city of Philadelphia. 

Sec 3. That each and every Mayor, Eecorder, and Alderman of the 
said city, who shall misdemean himself in office, shall be liable to be 
removed from office in the same manner that Justices of the Peace are 
by the Constitution and Laws of this Commonwealth removable, for 
misconduct in office. 

Sec 4. And to the further end and intent that there may not be a 
failure of justice within the said city, by reason of any person or persons, 
who may be charged with having committed any offence or offences 
therein, lurking or being in secret in other places in the neighborhood 
thereof: Be it further enacted^ That it shall be lawful for any Constable 
or Constables of the said city to whom any warrant, under the hand and 
seal of the said Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or Justices, or any of 
them, shall be delivered, commanding him or them to take any person 
or, persons who shall have been charged with having committed any 
offence within the said city, and to bring him, her, or them before the 
said Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or Justices, or any of them ; and 
he and they are hereby enjoined and required to execute the same by 
making of the arrest, if the same can be done at any place within the 
county of Lancaster ; and also by bringing such offender or offenders 
before the said Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or Justices, or any of 
them. 

Sec 5. That it shall and may be lawful for the said Mayor, Recorder, 
and Aldermen, or Justices, before whom any complaint, indictment, plea, 
matter, or thing, of a criminal or civil nature, within his or their juris- 
diction, shall be made or depending, to issue their subpoena in common 
form to any person or persons within this Commonwealth, commanding 
him or them to appear and give evidence therein. And every person to 
whom the same shall be directed, and on whom service thereof shall be 
duly made, shall attend accordingly and give evidence, under such pains 
and penalties as are by law incurred by any person or persons refusing 
to attend and give evidence, when duly subpoenaed for that purpose. 

Sec 6. That the Mayor and Aldermen of the said city, for the time 
being, shall have the same jurisdiction in all civil cases as Justices of the 
Peace of the county have, and shall proceed therein in like manner, for 
the like fees and costs, and with the like powers and authorities, and under 
and subject to the like rules, regulations, and restrictions, and under the 
like relief for insolvent debtors, and to the like means, process, and exe- 
cution as in cases of debt or other demand, or in case of damage, trespass, 
and trover, before any Justice of the Peace within this Commonwealth; 

3. Ibid., Sec. 10. 5. Ibid., Sec. 15. 

4. Ibid., Sec. 14. 6. Ibid., Sec. 18. 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 149 

with the like appeal, by the party aggrieved, to the Court of Common 
Pleas of the county of Lancaster. 

Sec. 7. That the Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen, or any of them, shall 
and may take and receive the acknowledgment and probate of all deeds 
and written instruments, and receive the legal fees therefor: which ac- 
knowledgments and probates shall be as valid, and, have the like force 
and effect, as if tlie same were acknowledged before a Judge of the Su- 
preme Court or any Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, within this 
Commonwealth. 

Sec 8. That it shall and may be lawful for the Select and Common 
Councils, in common council assembled, from time to time, to permit and 
license such and so many brokers within the said city, and under such 
rules and regulations, as they may think proper ; and to prohibit all other 
persons from using and exercising the business of a broker therein, under 
such pains and penalties as shall from time to time be ordained and estab- 
lished. 

Sec. 9. That it shall and may be lawful for the Select and Common 
Councils, when duly assembled, from time to time by any ordinance duly 
enacted, to vest in the Mayor of the said city for the time being, the 
appointment of such officers within the said city, as they may think expe- 
dient for the well-ordering .and governing the same, and to remove the 
same from such offices or appointments, for mis-behavior or otherwise, as 
may be necessary ; which officers shall take an oath or affirmation, before 
the said Mayor, Recorder, or Alderman, well and faithfully to perform 
the duties of the offices or appointments to them respectively committed. 
And the said Councils may require security to be given by such officers, 
or any of them, and prescribe the sum and the form in which such secu- 
rity shall be given. And the said officers and their sureties may be sued 
and recovery had against them in the city court, for breach of official 
duty, or delinquency in paying over any monies collected by them, under 
criminal or civil process issued by the Mayor, Recorder, or any Alderman 
of the said city. And for the recovery of lines, forfeitures, and penal- 
ties, debts, and other demands, cognizable in the city court, the ordinary 
forms of law shall be pursued in the process, judgment, and several kinds 
of execution, as if the same were made cognizable and recoverable in the 
courts of the county. And all officers and jurors of the said city shall 
be competent to hear, try, and determine all matters and things within 
their jurisdiction ; and all citizens to give testimony, notwithstanding any 
fine or penalty be made payable for the use of the said city. 

Sec. 10. That no Alderman of the said city, nor any person holding an 
office of trust or profit under the laws of this Commonwealth, or the ordi- 

7. Ibid., Sec. 22. 9- Ibid., Sec. 24. 

8. Ibid., Sec. 23. 10. Ibid., Bee. 25. 



150 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

nances of the Select and Common Councils, the emolument whereof is 
paid out of the Treasury of the said city, shall be competent to serve as 
a member of the Select or Common Councils. 

Sec 11. That all the property and estate whatsoever, real and personal, 
of the borough of Lancaster, are hereby severally and respectively vested 
in the corporation or body politic of the city of Lancaster and their suc- 
cessors, in and by this act established by the name, style and title afore- 
said, to and for the use and benefit of the said citizens and their succes- 
sors forever. And, until the corporation of the said city shall be duly 
organized under this act, the present charter of the borough of Lancas- 
ter shall continue in full force and operation, and all officers under the 
same shall be appointed and hold their offices as they now may or can 
do by law ; and as soon as this act shall go into operation, all suits, prose- 
cutions, debts, and claims whatever shall, by force thereof, become trans- 
ferred to the said city, and be under the management and control thereof, 
as fully and completely as if no alteration had been made in the said 
charter. 

Sec 12. That the said Select and Common Councils shall, once in every 
year, cause to be published a just and true account of all monies which 
shall have accrued to them, in their corporate capacity, during the year 
preceding such publication ; and also, of the disposition thereof 

Sec 13. That as often as any doubts shall arise, touching this act, the 
same shall, in all Courts of law and equity and elsewhere, be construed 
and taken most favorably for the said corporation. Provided^ That this 
act, and the powers and authorities herein vested in the said city, shall 
not be impaired, affected, defeated, or destroyed, by any neglect or 
omission to appoint all or any of its officers at the times allotted for the 
same. And, in case of any such defect or omission, the Recorder and 
Aldermen of the said city, or a majority of them, shall forthwith take all 
necessary measures to cure and supply such defects and omissions ; giving 
due notice thereof in the public newspapers of the said city. 

Sec 11:. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
Commo7nveaUh of Pennsylvania^ in General Assembly met^ and it is Jierehy 
enacted hy the authority of the same; That the inhabitants of the municipal 
corporation of the city of Lancaster, in the county of Lancaster, for all 
the purposes for which cities are by law incorporated in this Common- 
wealth, with the boundaries as at present established, excepting as here- 
inafter provided, shall continue to be one body politic, in fact and in 
name under the style and denomination of the city of Lancaster; and as 
such, shall have, and exercise, and enjoy all the rights, immunities, 
powers and privileges, and shall be subject to all the duties and obliga- 

11. Ibid., Sec. 26. 13. Ibid., Sec. 38. 

13. Ibid., Sec. 37. 14. Act of April 5, 1867, See. 1. 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LAN'CASTKR. 151 

tions now incumbent upon and appertaining to said city as a municipal 
corporation. 

Sec. 15. The city of Lancaster shall be divided into nine wards, in th.- 
manner following, to wit: So much of the said city as shall l)c include<l 
within the line beginning in the middle of Penn or Centre Square; thence, 
running north through the middle of North Queen street to Walnut 
street; thence, on a line west through the middle of Walnut street to 
Mulberry street; thence, south through the middle of Mulberry street to 
West King street; thence, on a line east through the middle of West 
King street to the middle of Penn or Centre Square the place of begin- 
ning, shall be one ward and shall be called the First Ward. And so 
much of the said city as shall be included within the line beginning in 
the middle of Penn or Centre Square; thence, running north through the 
middle of North Queen street, to the intersection of said Queen and 
Chestnut streets ; thence, on a line through the middle of Chestnut street 
east to the city boundary; thence, along said boundary south to East 
King street; thence, through the middle of said street west to the place 
of beginning, shall be one ward and shall be called the Second Ward. 
And so much of said city as shall be included within the line beginning 
in the middle of Penn or Centre Square; thence, running east through 
the middle of East King street to the intersection of King and Middle 
streets ; thence, through the middle of said last mentioned street south- 
west to the intersection of Middle and South Queen streets: thence, 
through the middle of Queen street north to the place of beginning, shall 
be one ward and called the Third Ward. And so much of said city as 
shall be included within the line beginning in the middle of Penn or 
Centre Square; thence, through the middle of West King street west to 
the intersection of King and Mulberry streets; thence, through the middle 
of Mulberry street south to Strawberry street; thence, through the 
middle of Strawberry street south-east to intersection of Strawberry and 
Water streets ; thence, on a line south-westerly to a point at the inter- 
section of roads at City Gas Works; thence, along Hoffman's Eun south 
to the city boundary; thence, east to South Queen street; thence, through 
the middle of Queen street north to the place of beginning shall be one 
ward and shall be called the Fourth ^Vsin\. And so much of the said 
city as shall be included within the line beginning at the intersection of 
West King and Mulberry streets; thence, running through the middle 
of Mulberry street, to the'centre of Walnut street; thence, on a line west 
through the middle of Walnut street to the boundary line of the city 
limits; thence, south by the boundary line of the city hmits to the 
Columbia Turnpike Eoad; thence, east through the middle of the Col- 
umbia Turnpike Eoad and West King street to Mulberry street, the 

15. Ibid., Sec. 2. 



162 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

place of beginning, shall be one ward and shall be called the Fifth Ward. 
And so much of said city as shall be included within the line beginning 
at the intersection of North Queen and Chestnut streets ; thence, running 
north through the middle of Queen street to the city boundary; thence, 
along said boundary east to the north-east corner; thence, along said 
boundary south to the boundary line of Second Ward; thence, along 
said last mentioned line, west to the place of beginning, shall be one 
ward and shall be called the Sixth Ward. And so much of said city as 
shall be included within the line beginning at the intersection of East 
King and Middle streets; thence, running east through the middle of 
East King street to the city boundary; thence, along said boundary 
south to south-east corner of the same; thence, along said boundary west 
to South Queen street ; thence, along the middle of Queen north to the 
intersection of Queen and Middle streets; thence, through the middle of 
the last mentioned street north-east to the place of beginning, shall be 
one ward and shall be called the Seventh Ward. And so much of said 
city as shall be included within the line beginning at the intersection of 
West King and Mulberry streets; thence, running west through the 
middle of West King street and Columbia Turnpike to the city boun- 
dary; thence, along said boundary line south to the south-west corner 
of the same; thence, along said line east to boundary of Fourth Ward; 
thence, along boundary line of Fourth Ward northward to place of be- 
ginning, shall be one ward and shall be called the Eighth Ward. And 
so much of said city as shall be included within the line beginning at the 
intersection of North Queen and Walnut streets; thence, running west 
through the middle of Walnut street to the western boundary of the city 
limits; thence, north along said line to the north-west corner of the 
same; thence, east along said line to North Queen street; thence, south 
through the middle of North Queen street to the place of beginning, 
shall be one ward and shall be called the Ninth Ward. 

Sec. 16. The places at which all general and municipal elections shall 
be held, in the several wards hereinbefore created, shall be as follows, 
viz : In the First Ward, at the public house now kept by Adam Trout 
in said ward; in the Second Ward, at the public house now kept by 
Anthony Lechler in said ward; in the Third Ward, at the public house 
now kept by John G. Hood in said ward ; in the Fourth AVard, at the 
public house now kept by Martin Kreider & Co. in said ward; in the 
Fifth Ward, at the public house, known as the Plough Tavern, corner 
of West King and Charlotte street, in said ward ; in the Sixth Ward, at 
the house of Isaac Powell, corner of North Queen and Walnut streets, 
in said Avard; in the Seventh Ward, at the "Washington Garden," kept 
by John Wittlinger in said ward ; in the Eighth Ward, at the public 

16. Ibid., Sec. 3. 



CHARTER OF THE OITV OF LANCASTER. 158 

house kept by Samuel Erismau in said ward; in the Ninth Ward, ut the 
public house of Isaac Powell, corner of North queen and Walnut streets, 
in said ward; the officers elected at the last municipal election shall hold 
the election in the First, Second, Third and Fourth Wards, on the first 
Friday of May, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
seven ; and the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster 
county shall appoint a Judge and two Inspectors and one Assessor for 
the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth AV'ards respectively, who 
shall perform all the duties and be subject to all liabilities of Judges and 
Inspectors of elections and of Assessors under the laws of this Common- 
wealth ; and at the election to be held in said city, on the first Friday of 
May, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, as 
hereinafter provided for, the qualified electors of the several wards of 
said city shall elect one Judge and two Inspectors, one Constable and an 
Assessor for each of the said wards, to serve for one year. 

Sec. 17. That the administration of all the fiscal, prudential and muni- 
cipal concerns of said city, with the conduct and government thereof, 
shall be vested in one principal ofl&cer, to be styled the Mayor, one 
Council, to be called the Select Council, and one Council to be called the 
Common Council, and also such other officers and boards of officers as 
are hereinafter specified ; and the fiscal year of the city of Lancaster 
shall commence on the first day of June in each and every year. 

Sec. 18. That the annual meeting of the citizens, for the election ot 
municipal officers hereinafter mentioned, shall be held on the first Friday 
in May; and the Mayor shall issue his proclamation to the qualified 
voters of each ward at least twenty days before said first Friday in May, 
and therein state the officers to be voted for at such election ; and the 
person receiving the highest number of votes for any office shall be 
deemed and declared to be elected to the same : and whenever two or more 
persons are to be elected to the same office, the several persons, to the 
number required to be chosen, having the highest number of votes, 
shall be declared elected; and in case of a tie vote between candidates 
having the highest number of votes for the same office, such candidates 
having a tie vote shall, on the day fixed for entering upon the duties of 
the office, determine by lot which of them shall be entitled to hold the 

same. . . 

Sec. 19. That tlie freemen of the city of Lancaster, bemg citizens ol 
the United States, who have resided within the bounds of said city for 
one year, and have paid a city tax for the year jireceding the election, at 
least five days before said election, which shall have been as.sessed at le^st 
ten days before, shall be entitled to vote at the elections for officers ot 
the said city; and any person not so qualified who shall fraudulently 
17. Ibid., Sec. 4. 18. Ibid., Sec. r.. 19. Ibid., Sec. 6. 



154 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

vote at any city election, or being otherwise qualified shall vote out of 
his proper ward, or if any person knowing the want of such qualifica- 
tion, shall aid or procure such person to vote, the person or persons so 
offending shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not exceeding 
two hundred dollars, and be imprisoned for any term not exceeding six 
months: Provided^ That the payment of a city tax shall not be required 
of any citizen voting who shall be between the ages of twenty-one and 
twenty-two years : And provided furllier^ That it shall be the duty of 
the receiver of city taxes, at least three days before said election, to 
furnish a complete list of the taxable inhabitants to the election officers 
of the several wards, showing the names of all persons who have paid 
their tax and those who are delinquent ; and said list shall be kept open 
to the inspection of the citizens by the Ward Officers at the place of 
voting; and in case said receiver of taxes shall place on said list the 
name of any person or persons who shall not have paid taxes, he shall 
be held responsible for the amount of said tax, and liable to a fine of 
five dollars in each and every case, to be recovered as debts of a like 
amount are recoverable by law ; and for neglect to place on said list the 
name of any person who has paid his tax, he shall be liable to a fine of 
ten dollars, to be recovered as debts of a like amount are recoverable by 
law. 

Sec. 20, That all city elections shall be held by the Judges and In- 
spectors elected to hold the general elections in the several wards, or by 
those duly appointed in their stead, who shall be duly sworn or affirmed 
for said purpose ; and if the said officers, or any of them, shall not open 
the election for the space of one hour after the time fixed for opening, 
the qualified voters of the ward then present, shall elect from among 
their number to fill his or their places ; and the said Judges, Inspectors, 
and the Clerks by them appointed, shall be subject to the same penalties 
for a violation of the law, or fraud in the discharge of their duties as are 
provided in the general election laws of this Commonwealth; and it shall 
be the duty of the Commissioners of the county of Lancaster to provide 
at or before seven o'clock in the morning of any city election the said 
officers with election boxes, blank forms, tally papers, and a list of the 
qualified voters of the respective wards ; and in order to enable them to 
make said lists, the Assessors of the several wards shall furnish them 
with the names of the persons assessed. 

Sec. 21. That the qualified voters of the city of Lancaster at their 
annual election for city officers, may vote for said officers upon two written 
or printed tickets or slips of paper, one of which shall be headed " City 
Officers " and contain the names of the candidates for Mayor, City Audit- 
ors, and Select and Common Councils, for whom the voter desires to vote ; 
30. Ibid., Sec. 7. 21. Tbid., Sec. 8. 



CHARTKI'. OF THE CITY OK I-ANCASTKK. 155 

and tlie Other shall be headed "Ward Oflieers"' and contain the names 
of the candidates for Alderman, Constable, Judge and Inspectors of elec- 
tions, and Assessor, for whom they may desire to vote. 

Sec. 22. That the officers herein provided to hold th(^ city elections, 
after closing the polls and counting and ascertaining the number of vote.s 
for each candidate or person voted for, shall within twenty-four hours 
make return thereof as follows, namely : for the office of Mayor, the 
return shall be delivered to the President of Select Council and bv him 
laid before the said Council on the day of organization, and by the Presi- 
dent elect of said Council before the joint convention of the two branches 
of the City Councils on the Wednesday succeeding the city election for 
Mayor ; for the offices of City Auditors and members of Councils to the 
Mayor, who shall present the returns for members of the Councils at the 
time fixed, ou the Wednesday succeeding the city election, for their organ- 
ization, to the respective bodies; and the returns for the other officers to 
the joint convention of the Councils on the Wednesday succeeding the 
city election of said officers; for the office of Alderman the return shall 
be made in the manner now provided by law in the case of elections of 
Justices of the Peace ; and for all the other officers in the manner now 
provided by law in such cases; and the said officers shall give notice to 
the persons elected in their respective wards. 

Sec. 23. That the Select Council shall consist of one member from 
each ward, who shall have the same qualifications as are required by the 
Constitution of this Commonwealth for members of the Senate ; and at 
the annual election to be held on the first Friday of May next, each of 
said wards shall elect one member qualified as aforesaid ; immediately 
after the members of the Select Council shall have assembled, after the 
first election under this act, they shall be divided into three classes by lot; 
the seats of the members of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
tion of the first year ; of the second class at the expiration of the second 
year ; of the third class at the expiration of the third year, so that one- 
third may be thereafter elected every year; and if any vacancies shall 
happen by resignation or otherwise during the term for which any mem- 
ber shall be elected, the same shall be filled for the unexpired terra at 
the next city election, and the functions of the present Select Council 
shall cease and terminate after the municipal election under this act. 

Sec. 24. That the Common Council shall consist of twenty -seven 
members, and shall be elected at the annual city election, held on the 
first Friday in May, Anno Domini, One Thousand Eight Hundred and 
Sixty-seven, by the qualified voters of each ward, who shall have the 
same qualifications as are required by the Constitution of this Common- 
wealth for members of the House of Representatives, for the term ot one 
00. Ibid., Sec. 0. 23. Ibid., Sec. 10. -'^- I''""" ^^'- »'■ 



156 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

year from the first Friday of the respective city elections; that the 
apportionment for each ward at the first election under this act shall be: 
for the First Ward, four Common Councilmen; for the Second Ward, 
three Common Councilmen ; for the Third Ward, three Common Coun- 
cilmen ; for the Fourth Ward, three Common Councilmen ; for the Fifth 
Ward, two Common Councilmen; for the Sixth Ward, three Common 
Councilmen; for the Seventh Ward, three Common Councilmen ; for the 
Eighth Ward, three Common Councilmen, and for the Ninth Ward, three 
Common Councilmen; and if any vacancies shall happen by resignation 
or otherwise during the time for which any member shall be elected, the 
same shall be filled for the unexpired term by their body: Provided^ That 
no member of the State Legislature, nor any one holding office or em- 
ployment from or under the State at the time of said election, shall be 
eligible as a member of said Councils; nor shall any member of said 
Councils during the term for which he shall be elected, hold any office or 
employment herein created or provided for of a municipal character. 

Sec. 25. That the members of the Select and Common Councils elected 
on the first Friday of May, Anno Domini, One Thousand Eight Hundred 
and Sixty-seven, shall meet at the place provided for their accommoda- 
tion in said city, between the hours of one and four o'clock in the after- 
noon of the Wednesday succeeding their election, and shall then and 
there organize in separate chambers; each Council by a majority of 
votes shall elect a President, and such other officers as may be deemed 
necessary for the transaction of business; and the members of the 
Council elect shall meet as aforesaid oh the Wednesday succeeding the 
first Friday in May, in each year thereafter, with those whose terms have 
not expired, and shall take the oath of office and enter upon the duties 
thereof. 

Sec 26. That the members of the Select and Common Councils shall 
be sworn or affirmed, to support the Constitution of the United States 
and of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and to discharge the duties 
of their office with fidelity. And the President elect of each branch shall 
also be sworn or affirmed to perform his duties as President with fidelity, 
which oath or affirmation shall be administered to him by a member of 
the branch to which he belongs, appointed for that purpose; and the 
President so sworn or affirmed shall administer the oaths or affirma- 
tion to the members elect and officers of their respective branches. 

Sec 27. That each Council shall judge of the qualifications of its 
members, and contested elections shall be determined by a committee to 
be selected, formed and regulated in such manner as shall be directed by 
law or ordinance of said city. A majority of each Council shall consti- 
tute a quorum to do business, but a less number may adjourn from time 
25. Ibid., Sec. 12. 26. Ibid., Sec. 13. 27. Ibid., Sec. 14. 



CHARTER OF THE CITV OF LANCASTER. 157 

to time, and have power to compel the attendance ol' abscjit nicmberH 
under such rules and penalties as may be provided. 

Sec. 28. That each Council may determine the rules of its procoedingn, 
which shall, however, not be inconsistent with any joint rule that may 
be adopted by the two branches of said Councils; and each branch sliall 
have power and authority to vacate the seat of any of its members for 
misbehavior, neglect of duty or other misdemeanor; each branch shall 
keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be at all times open to 
public inspection, and the yeas and nays of the members on any question, 
shall, at the request of any two of them, be entered on the journal ; all 
the voting in the said Select and Common Councils, or in any convention 
of the same, shall be viva voce, and on the final passage of a bill or 
resolution, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays. 

Sec. 29. That the Select and Common Councils shall assemble for the 
transaction of business, on the first Wednesday of every month in each 
year, and at such other times as they may deem necessary, which meet- 
ings shall at all times be open and accessible to all citizens dejiorting 
themselves with order and decorum. 

Sec. 30. That the legislative powers of the said city shall be vested in 
the said Select and Common Councils, who shall have full power and 
authority to make, ordain, constitute and establisli such and so many 
laws, ordinances and regulations, as they shall deem necessary to pre- 
serve and promote the peace, good order, health, benefit and convenient 
government of the said city, subject to the approval of the Mayor as 
hereinafter provided ; and to annex penalties not exceeding one hundred 
dollars for the breach thereof, and the same to enforce, put in use and 
execution by the proper officers, and at their pleasure said laws, ordi- 
nances and regulations to repeal, alter and make anew, as occasion may 
require: Provided, That the same shall not be inconsistent with the Con- 
stitution and laws of the United States, or of this Commonwealth: AivJ 
provided also, That it shall not be la\N^ul for Councils at any time to pass 
an ordinance, or by other means provide for the payment of any money 
in the shape of per diem pay, or compensation of any kind, for services 
rendered by them in their capacity as Councilmen, or members of com- 
mittees emanating from Councils. 

Sec. 31. That everv bill for a law or ordinance, which shall iiave 
passed both branches of the Councils, shall be presented to the Mayor: 
if he approve he shall sign it: but if he shall not approve he shall return 
it with his objections to the Council in which it originated, which shall 
proceed to re-consider it; if, after such re-consideration, two.third.s of 
that Council shall agree to pass the bill it shall be sent, with the objec- 

28. Ibid., Sec. 15. :iO- "^i<!- ^^^^-^ \l 

29. Ibid., Sec. IG. »!• ^^'''^■' ^«*'- ^^- 



158 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

tions, to the other Council by which likewise it shall be re-considered; 
and if approved by two-thirds of that Council also, it shall be a binding 
law or ordinance upon the conditions hereinafter mentioned being com- 
plied with; in such cases the votes of both Councils shall be determined 
by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting shall be entered 
on the journal of each branch respectively; every bill which shall be 
presented to the Mayor, and not so returned by him at the next stated 
meeting of the Councils, shall take effect as if it had been approved by 
him, unless such bill shall have been presented to the Mayor within five 
days of such next stated meeting, in which case he shall have the right 
to return the same at the next stated meeting succeeding the one last 
mentioned. 

Sec. 32. That all laws or ordinances which shall be approved by the 
Mayor, passed by two-thirds of Councils without his approval, or be- 
come a law by neglect in returning the same, shall be published three 
times in one or more of the public newspapers published in said city, 
within twenty days after being severally approved, passed by two-thirds, 
or after having become a law ; and the publication of the same with the 
dates and times of publication, shall be approved by the oath or affirmation 
of the clerk of the Select Council, which shall at all times be deemed and 
taken as sufficient evidence of such publication and the dates and times 
thereof; and the said laws or ordinances, together with the affidavit of 
the publication thereof, shall be recorded by the clerk of the Select 
Council in books provided for that purpose, and in the Eecorder's office 
of Lancaster county, within forty days from and after being so as afore- 
said approved, passed by two-thirds, or after having become a law ; and 
any such law or ordinance which shall not be published and recorded as 
aforesaid, shall be null and void. 

Sec. 83. That it shall not be necessary for any order or resolution of 
either branch, or to which the concurrence of both branches of the 
Council may be required, to be presented to the Mayor for his approval, 
but the same shall be binding for all purposes ; the Councils may transact 
business by an order or resolution, and every such order or resolution 
shall be filed in the archives of said city, and shall be evidence for the 
purposes therein contained. 

Sec. 34:. That the qualified voters of the city of Lancaster shall on 
the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, 
and on the first Friday in May in every second year thereafter, elect one 
discreet person to serve as Mayor of the said city, for the term of two 
years, and until his successor shall be elected and duly qualified; he 
shall be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States, and 
shall have resided four years next preceding his election within the said 
32. Ibid., Sec. 19. 33. Ibid., Sec. 20. 34. Ibid., Sec. 21. 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 159 

city; he shall take the usual oath of oilice in the presence of the Councils, 
to be administered by the President of the Select or Common Council 
between the hours of one and four o'clock, post meridian, on the Wednes- 
day next succeeding his election, if the same shall within that lime be 
approved, and shall give security to the city of Lancaster, in such sum 
as may be fixed and determined upon by the City Councils, for the 
payment of all moneys coming into his hands for fines and pejialties, in 
accordance with the laws or ordinances under wliich the same be re- 
covered. 

Sec. 35, That any citizen of said city qualified to serve as Mayor, 
desiring to contest the election of the person returned elected as Mayor, 
shall present his petition setting forth the rea.sons for contesting the same, 
to the President of the convention of the City Councils, on the Wednes- 
day succeeding the election of Mayor; the said petition shall be signed 
by at least ten qualified electors of said city, accompanied by an affidavit 
taken and subscribed before some person having authority to administer 
oaths, that the facts stated in such petition are true to the best of their 
knowledge and belief; whereupon said convention shall proceed to ex- 
amine into the facts alleged in said petition, for which purpose thev may 
adjourn from day to day, subpoena and compel the attendance of witnesses, 
hear testimony, and decide within ten days which of the persons is duly 
elected; and the person in whose favor it shall be decided, shall be duly 
qualified to serve as Mayor; or, if the said convention should deem it 
proper to set aside the election, they shall order a special election for 
said ofiice to be held within twenty days from and after the determina- 
tion of such contested election, which shall be conducted in the manner 
prescribed and return thereof made as directed in this act, on the third 
day next following the same; and the person ascertained to have re- 
ceived the highest number of votes at such special election, shall be 
duly qualified to act as Mayor for the remainder of the term for which 
he shall have been elected. Whenever a vacancy shall occur in the 
office of Mayor, by the refusal or omission of any person elected a.s 
aforesaid to serve, or by death, resignation, or removal from the city, or 
otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Councils in joint convention, forth- 
with to elect a person qualified as aforesaid to serve as Mayor, who shall 
continue in office until the Wednesday succeeding the next city election, 
or until his successor shall have been duly declared elected and qualified. 
In case of the temporary absence, or inability of the Mayor to act, the 
Councils shall appoint a Mayor to serve until he shall resume the duties 
of the office. 

Sec. 36. That the Mayor of said city shall have all the ])owcrs in 
criminal cases now conferred on him by existing laws, and he shall be 
35. Ibid., Sec. 22. 30. Ibid., Sec. 23. 



160 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

the chief executive magistrate thereof. It shall be his duty to be vigi- 
lant and active in causing the laws of this Commonwealth, and the laws 
and ordinances of the said city, to be executed and enforced therein ; and 
in order to enable him more effectually to preserve the peace and good 
order of the city, all the powers given to Sheriffs of this Commonwealth 
to prevent routs, riots, and tumultuous assemblies are hereby conferred 
upon him. He shall communicate to Councils at the first stated meeting 
in the month of June of each year, and oftener if he shall deem it expe- 
dient, the condition of the city in relation to its government, finances and 
improvements, and shall recommend the adoption of all such measures 
as the business and interests of the city may, in his opinion, require. 
The Councils shall fix the number of Constables and Watchmen to whom 
salaries are to be paid out of the city treasury, and the Mayor shall 
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Select Council 
appoint the said Constables and Watchmen, and dismiss all or any of them 
with the concurrence of Select Council, and in like manner all vacancies 
shall be filled. The Constables and Watchmen shall obey the orders of the 
Mayor and make report to him, which report shall be laid before Coun- 
cils by him whenever required, and he shall exercise a constant super- 
vision and control over the conduct of the Constables and Watchmen 
appointed by him as aforesaid, receive and examine all complaints pre- 
ferred against them in the discharge of their duties and report the same 
to Councils; and the Mayor shall be required to remove from office any 
Constables or Watchmen by him appointed, upon a resolution to that 
effect being passed by two-thirds of both branches of Councils, Provided^ 
That the office of High Constable is hereby abolished. Provided further, 
That the Mayor shall select the said Constables from the nine ward 
Constables elected in their respective wards, and immediately upon 
removal by the said Mayor, with the concurrence of Select Council, their 
salaries shall expire. 

Sec. 37. That the city of Lancaster is hereby divided into nine districts 
for the election of Aldermen as follows, to wit : the First, Second, Third, 
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth wards, and each of said 
districts shall be entitled to one Alderman, who shall reside in the district; 
the First ward shall elect one Alderman at the election to be held on the 
first Friday in May, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and 
seventy ; the Second ward, one Alderman on the first Friday in May, one 
thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight ; the Third ward, one Alderman 
on the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine; 
the Fourth ward, one Alderman on the first Friday in May, one thousand 
eight hundred and sixty-eight ; the Fifth ward, one Alderman on the 
first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy; the Sixth 

37. Ibid., Sec. 24. 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 161 

ward, one Alderman on tlic first Friday in May, one thousand eight 
hundred and seventy; the Seventh ward, one Alderman on the first 
Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one ; the Eighth 
ward, one Alderman on the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hun- 
dred and sixty-seven ; and the Ninth ward, one Alderman on the first 
Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, or whenever a 
vacancy shall exist by death or resignation, or otherwise, and commissioned 
for the same term of years as is provided by the act of Assembly, passed the 
twenty-first day of June, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and 
thirty-nine, entitled " An Act providing for the election of Aldermen and 
Justices of the Peace," and the acts supplementary thereto, and the Alder- 
man who shall be elected in pursuance of this act and the acts herein 
referred to, shall give security as provided in the said acts, shall be subject 
to the same liabilities and penalties, be removed from office in the same 
manner, and respectively shall have all the civil and criminal authority 
and jurisdiction, and all the rights, powers and privileges which are now 
or hereafter may be vested in the several Justices of the Peace of this 
Commonwealth by the laws thereof, and be entitled to the same fees and 
perquisites, with the like right of appeal by the party or parties aggrieved 
from any judgment, order, or decree of any such Alderman or Aldermen 
to the Court of Common Pleas of the county of Lancaster. 

Sec. 38. That the Select and Common Council and convention assem- 
bled shall, on the Wednesday after their election, in each and every 
year, by a majority of votes elect one person to serve as City Treasurer 
for one year from the first day of June in each and every year, and until 
his successor shall be duly elected and qualified ; the said Treasurer 
shall give bond to the city, conditioned for the faithful performance of 
his duties in such amount as the City Councils shall direct, and with 
such sureties as shall be by them approved; and shall, before he enters 
upon his office take and subscribe an oath or affirmation before the 
Mayor, to support the Constitution of the United States and of this 
Commonwealth, and honestly to keep an account of all public mone3's 
and property entrusted to his care, and to discharge the duties of his 
office with fidelity. No money shall be drawn from the treasury of the 
city except the same shall have been previously appropriated by Coun- 
cils to the purpose for which it is drawn ; the accounts to be kept by the 
said Treasurer shall exhibit all the receipts and all the expenditures of 
the city in an intelligible manner, in which the particulars of each item 
of charge and discharge shall fully and precisely appear. The said 
Treasurer shall verify his cash account at least once in every month to 
the satisfaction of a standing committee of Councils; and, upon the affi- 
davit of a majority of such committee to any default therein, the said 

38. Ibid., Sec. 25. 
llK 



162 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTV. 

Treasurer may be suspended from office and another appointed until the 
further action of Council ; and the said Treasurer, at the expiration of 
his term office, shall deliver all moneys, books and papers in his hands 
belonging to the said office to his successor in office. 

Sec. 39. That it shall be the duty of the City Treasurer to act as re- 
ceiver of taxes and collector of water rents, as hereinafter provided; 
and, upon the duplicate or duplicates of city taxes and water rents 
having been made out as may be directed by the City Councils, the same 
shall be placed in the possession of the said Treasurer who shall receive 
and collect said taxes and water rents, and for that purpose he shall have 
and exercise all the powers conferred by law in that behalf, for collection 
of State and county taxes, and the Councils shall have power to fix the 
time at which the duplicates of unpaid taxes shall be placed in the hands 
of the Ward Constables for collection. 

Sec. 40. That the qualified voters of the city of Lancaster, on the first 
Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, shall elect 
three reputable persons to serve as City Auditors : one for the term of 
one year, one for the term of two years and one for the term of three 
years, and annually thereafter shall elect one person to serve as City 
Auditor for the term of three years, from the first Wednesday succeed- 
ing such election ; and he, with the two auditors previously elected, shall 
constitute a board to audit the treasurer's accounts at the end of the fiscal 
year, and at the close of his term, and perform such other duties as may 
be prescribed by law or ordinance ; and the election of Auditors shall be 
determined upon and vacancies in said board shall be filled in the same 
manner as is provided in the case of City Treasurer. 

Sec. 41. That the qualified voters of each Ward of the city of Lan- 
caster shall, on the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and 
sixty-seven, and annually thereafter, elect one Constable, who shall be 
qualified as the laws of this Commonwealth require such officers to be, 
and shall, upon entering the requisite security, be commissioned by the 
Court of Quarter Sessions of the county of Lancaster ; they shall be under 
and subject to the same legal penalties and provisions, and exercise all 
the powers and do and perform all duties that by the usages and laws of 
this Commonwealth are enjoined upon such officers. All vacancies that 
may from any cause occur in the said office of Constable, shall be filled 
by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the said county of Lancaster. 

Sec. 42. That hereafter the qualified voters of each Ward shall elect 
one person as Assessor for State, County and City purposes, and there 
shall be no Assistant Assessors elected in the said city. So much of any 
act as authorizes the election of Assistant Assessors is hereby repealed, 

39. Ibid., Sec. 26. 41. Ibid., Sec. 28. 

40. Ibid., Sec. 27. 42. Ibid., Sec. 29. 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 1(53 

SO far as the same may apply to the city of Lancaster. The several Asses- 
sors, after being duly qualified, shall do and perform within their respect- 
ive wards all the duties that by the usages and laws of this Common- 
wealth are now enjoined upon the Assessors and Assistant Assessors ; and 
after they shall have taken the names of the taxable person.s, and an esti- 
mate of the real and personal estates of the inhabitants of the said city, 
and the real estate of persons non-residents, they shall meet together as a 
board to equalize and fix a uniform standard and just valuation on the 
same; and for neglect of duty they shall be subject to the same penalties 
as are now provided by law. And they shall make out a duplicate of 
their assessments and present the same to City Councils on or before the 
second Wednesday in May in each year, for which they shall receive a 
compensation from the city ; and the said Councils shall appoint a Board 
of Appeal to hear all persons who may consider themselves improperly 
assessed. And the said Board of Appeal shall have power to exonerate 
or alter the assessments of such persons as they may deem proper, and 
the office of City Assessor is hereby dispensed with. 

Sec 43. That the Councils of the city of Lancaster, shall have power 
to provide for the assessment and collection of taxes, not exceeding one 
and a half per centum upon the city valuation in any one year, on all 
persons, real and personal property, and all other matters and things 
within said city taxable for State and County purposes, for the payment 
of loans to support the government and make the necessary improve- 
ments of said city ; and the Assessors in the several Wards shall perform 
the duty of City Assessors, in conformity with the provisions of this act 
and the ordinances of said city. All taxes assessed and levied upon real 
estate in pursuance of this act, and the laws and ordinances of said city, 
shall be a lien on such real estate from the time of such levy, and the 
lien hereby created shall have priority to, and shall be fully paid and 
satisfied before any recognizance, mortgage, judgment, debt, obligation 
or responsibility, which the said real estate may become charged with or 
liable to from and after the passage of this act; nor shall the defendant 
or defendants, or other persons, in any writ of fieri facias, venditioni 
exponas, or levari facias, be entitled to claim any exception under a levy 
and sale of any real estate charged with such tax, against the allowance 
or payment of the same. 

Sec 44. That the Councils of the city of Lancaster shall provide and 
maintain a suitable Lock-up or Station House in some convenient part of 
said city, and at the expense thereof, to be used as a place of security for 
confining and detaining vagrants and persons arrested by constables, and 
the police officers, and for the temporary detention of persons committed 
by the Mayor or any of the Aldermen on criminal charges, and for 
43. Ibid., Sec. 30. 44. Ibid., St-c. 31. 



184 AUTHENTC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTV. 

breaclies of the peace and violation of the ordinances of said citj, for 
"wliicli such person or persons can be lawfully committed to the prison of 
Lancaster county, until they shall be so committed or discharged accord- 
ing to law ; but no person shall be detained in the said Lock-up or Station 
House for a longer time than twenty-four hours, except upon the order 
of the Mayor, or an Alderman who may commit such persons in pursu- 
ance of law: Provided^ That the expenses of committing and keeping 
any person or persons in said Lock-up or Station House, shall be paid 
by the county of Lancaster on the presentation of the accounts of the 
same to the Commissioners of the said county. 

Sec. 45. That the several departments of the said city shall annually, 
on or before the stated meeting in the month of June, present estimates 
to Councils of the probable amount of receipts, and of the amounts, that 
in their judgment will be required during the current fiscal year, for the 
public service in the several departments respectively ; and the said Coun- 
cils shall immediately thereafter proceed to appropriate the public moneys, 
by ordinance, to the several departments for the current fiscal year for 
the payment of loans to meet the expenses of the city, and the making 
of such improvements as they may deem necessary, and the amount so 
appropriated shall be disbursed in such manner as Councils may direct, 
from time to time, by joint resolution during the year. 

Sec. 46. The election ofiicers of what was heretofore known as the 
North-east ward and South-east ward, shall meet in each of said wards 
within ten days after their election annually, and assess and levy a tax 
for bounty purposes, to pay the indebtedness for the expenses incurred 
in filling quotas of the several said late wards. They shall elect a Treas- 
urer and Collector for each of said wards, who shall give bonds with 
good and sufficient securities for double the amount of any moneys that 
may come into their hands, which bond shall be approved by the officers 
and filed in the Prothonotary's ofiice of Lancaster county. That the said 
election ofiicers shall, at least once in each year, present a full and clear 
statement of the receipts and expenditures of the fund to the Court of 
Common Pleas of Lancaster county, at the April Term of said Court, 
which shall appoint an Auditor to examine the same, and make report 
thereon to said Court for its approval: Provided^ That if any of the 
present authorities or boards of election ofi&cers of any of said wards have 
already levied and assessed a bounty tax as provided for in this section, 
for the present year, such authorities or boards of election officers, and 
the of&cers and agents by them appointed, shall be and continue the au- 
thorities of such ward, for the collection of such tax, and the settlement 
of the bounty indebtedness of such ward, and the provisions of this 
section shall not apply to such ward, except as far as they relate to the 
45. Ibid., Sec. 33. 46. Ibid., Sec. 33. 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 165 

presentation and auditing of an account wlien said tax shall have been 
collected. 

Sec 47. That no salary of any officer to be elected according to tho 
provisions of this act, shall be increased by any act or ordinance to take 
effect during the term for which such officer shall have been elected, un- 
less such act or ordinance shall have been proposed at a stated meeting 
of Councils, and passed at the next or a subsequent stated meeting; and 
in all cases where the salary of any officer shall not be fixed by law, it 
shall be fixed by ordinance of the City Councils. 

Sec. 48. That if any person elected to any office herein provided, shall 
refuse to take upon himself the duties of such office, he shall forfeit and 
pay the sum of twenty-five dollars, to be recoverable before any Alder- 
man and paid into the treasury of said city, unless the same be remitted 
by the city Councils, who are authorized upon sufficient cause shown, by 
joint resolution, to remit fines and penalties imposed on persons by 
virtue of the laws and ordinances of said city; and no person shall be 
incapacitated from being a judge, juror or witness, in any suit for or 
against the said city, in consequence of such person being a citizen or 
officer of the said city. 

Sec. 49. That all persons now holding offices under the present charter 
shall hold their offices as they now may, or can do by law, until the offi- 
cers provided for in this act are duly elected and qualified under the 
provisions of the same. 

Sec. 50. That this act and the powers and authorities herein vested in 
the said city, shall not be impaired, affected, defeated or destroyed by 
any neglect or omission to appoint all or any of its officers at the time 
or times allotted for the same, and in case of any such neglect or omis- 
sion, the Mayor of the said city shall forthwith take all necessary meas- 
ures to cure and supply such defects and omissions, giving due notice 
thereof. 

Sec. 51. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act, are 
hereby repealed : Provided^ That the repeal of said acts shall not affect 
any act done, or any right accruing or accrued, or established, or any 
suit or proceeding had, or commenced, in any civil case before the time 
of the repeal; and no offence committed, and no penalty or forfeiture in- 
curred under the acts hereby repealed, shall be affected by the repeal; 
and no suit or prosecution pending at the time of repeal for any offence 
committed, or for the recovery of any penalty or forfeiture incurred 
under the acts hereby repealed, shall be affected by such repeal: And 
provided further, That the ordinances now in force in said city shall con- 
tinue in force, so far as the same are not inconsistent with this act, until 

47. Ibid., Sec. 34. 49. Ibid., Sec. 3G. 51. Ibid., Soc. 38. 

48. Ibid., Sec. 35. 50. Ibid., Sec. 37. 



166 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

ttie^^same shall be repealed, altered or supplied under the authority given 
to the Councils of the said city. 

Sec 52. That the Court of Common Pleas of said county be and they 
are hereby authorized to appoint yearly a Board of Health, consisting of 
five resident real estate owners of said city, who shall serve without re- 
ceiving any compensation therefor. 

Sec 53. That the commissions of all Aldermen, expiring before the time 
herein provided for the election of Aldermen in the several Wards, shall 
continue for a period of thirty days after the time of said election ; and 
all acts and proceedings had by them by virtue of their office up until 
said period, shall be valid and effectual. 

52. Ibid., Sec. 39. 53. Ibid., Sec. 40. 



No. 13. 

SUPPLEMENT 

To the Charier of the Municipial Corporation of the City of Lancaster, changing the 
time of holding certain elections in said Corporation and for other purposes. Signed 
hy the Governor, March 32, 1869. 

Sec 1. Be it enacted d-c, That so much of an act amending the charter of 
the municipal corporation of the city of Lancaster, and dividing the same 
into nine wards, which was approved April 5th, 1867, as provides for the 
election of certain officers therein named on the first Friday of May, and 
so much of an act to change the time and manner of electing School 
Directors in the city of Lancaster, and to define the qualification of 
voters for the same, approved March 16, 1868, as provides for the elec- 
tion of twelve School Directors annually, on the fourth Friday of March, 
between the hours of one and seven o'clock in the afternoon, be and the 
same are hereby repealed; and all officers provided in and by said two 
acts, to be elected on the said days, shall hereafter be elected annually 
on the second Tuesday of October, and the Mayor shall issue his proc- 
lamation to the qualified voters of each ward, at least twenty days before 
said second Tuesday of October, for the purposes provided in the fifth 
section of the above first named act. 

Sec 2. That the terms of all the officers elected solely by the elec- 
tors within the corporation, including Constables and School Directors, 
whose terms expire by the present laws at any time in the year Anno 
Domini 1869, and the terms of all the officers whose terms expire in the 
year Anno Domini 1870, shall end and expire on the second Wednesday, 
after the second Tuesday of October, Anno Domini 1869 ; and the terms 
of the present members of Select Council for the Fifth, Seventh and 
Ninth Wards, shall expire on the second Wednesday after the second 



CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. I«i7 

Tuesday of October, Anno Domini 1870; Provided, Th:it the coinnii.s- 
sions of all Aldermen expiring l)efore the time herein provided for the 
election shall continue for a period oi' thirty days after the time of said 
election, and all acts and proceedings had by them by virtue of their 
office, up until said period, shall be valid and eftectual. 

Sec. 3. That the qualified electors of said corponitioii shall, on the 
second Tuesday of October, Anno Domini ISti!), elect a citizen duly 
qualified to the office of Mayor of said corporation ; tiie electors of the 
Second, Sixth and Eighth ^Vards shall each elect one person duly qual- 
ified to the ofiice of Select Councilman, and the persons so elected shall 
each hold said office for the term of three years ; the electors of the First 
Third and Fourth wards shall each, on the second Tuesday of October, 
Anno Domini 1869, elect one person duly qualified to the office of Select 
Councilman, and the persons so elected shall each hold said office for the 
term of two years; the qualified electors of the Fifth, Seventh and Ninth 
wards shall each, on the second Tuesday of October, Anno Domini 1870. 
elect one person duly qualified to the office of Select Councilman, and 
the persons so elected shall each hold said office for the term of three 
years, from the second Wednesday after the second Tuesday of October, 
Anno Domini 1870. 

Sec. 4. That so much of section twenty-five, of the act of incorpora- 
tion of March 20, 1818, and so much of section eleventh of the supple- 
mentary act of incorporation of April 5, 1867, as would appear to render 
persons holding certain offices ineligible as officers of the corporation, be 
and the same are hereby repealed, except as refers to aldermen and 
members of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; and 
hereafter, no District Attorney, Sheriff; or other oificer, except member of 
Congress and member of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Penn- 
sylvania, shall on that account be ineligible to hold any office of the cor- 
poration, or any office filled solely by electors of the corporation. 

Sec 5. That at the election on the second Tuesday of October, Anno 
Domini 1869, the qualified electors of the corporation shall, m the man- 
ner indicated in the act entitled "An Act to change the time and inanner 
of electing School Directors in the city of Lancaster, and to define the 
qualifications of voters for the same," approved March 6 Anno Domini 
1868, elect twelve persons duly qualified to serve as School Directors 
for two years, and twelve to serve for three years, from the fi;«t Ihurs- 
dayof November following, and on the second Tuesday of October, 
Anno Domini 1870, and annually thereafter, the qualified electors as 
aforesaid shall, in the same manner, elect twelve persons duly qua l.hcd 
to serve as School Directors, for the term of three years, from the fol- 
lowing first Thursday of November. 

SEa 6. That the name of the Mayor, together with all the ofliccrs 



168 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

provided by this act, to be elected annually on the second Tuesday of 
October, shall be written or printed on one ticket, separate from the State 
and County officers ; said ticket shall be headed " City Officers," and shall 
be deposited in a box provided specially for that purpose. 

Sec. '7. That from and after the passage of this act, the Mayor or 
any other officer receiving a salary from the city, shall not receive more 
than one-half of any fees from the county of Lancaster, for the arresting 
and committing for vagrancy, drunkenness and disorderly conduct, and 
no fees for such cases dismissed on account of no cause of action. 

Sec. 7. That if any member of Select or Common Council shall 
absent himself from three successive meetings, thirty minutes after the 
hour appointed, without reasonable excuse, his seat shall be declared 
vacant ; and from and after the passage of this act, if a vacancy occur 
in the Select branch for the cause herein named, or by death, removal 
from the ward, resignation, or any cause during the term for which any 
member shall be elected, the same shall be filled for the unexpired term 
by their body. 

Sec. 9. That hereafter the City Treasurer, instead of being elected 
on the Wednesday after the city election, as is provided in the twenty- 
fifth section of the act of April 5th, 1867, shall be elected in the manner 
in said act named, on the second Wednesday after the second Tuesday 
of October ; and he shall hold said office for one year from the first day 
of November, in each and every year, and until his successor shall be 
duly elected and qualified. 

Sec. 10. That the Mayor is authorized and required to apply so much 
of the fund arising out of the sale of market places and privileges on the 
streets, as may be necessary to clean and remove away all offal and dirt 
on the streets and square, where such market stands are sold by the city. 

Sec. 11. That the Street Commissioner, under direction of the Mayor, 
is required to remove, clean and haul away all dirt and offal on said 
streets and square on each and every market day, who shall have author- 
ity to employ as much force as the Mayor may dQem necessary. 

Sec. 12, That section twenty-seventh of the act of April 5, 1867, be 
and the same is hereby repealed ; and that the terms of office of the three 
Auditors of Lancaster city shall end and expire upon the passage of 
this act. 

Sec. 13 All laws or parts of laws, so far as the same may conflict 
with or are repugnant to the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed. 



FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE. 169 



No. 14. 

FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE.i 
FIRE INSURANCE. 

The caution and care of the citizens of our city and county are fairly 
exemplified in the many Companies for protection from fire, both in the 
city and the county. In the county we have the ^'■Lancaster Coimhj 
Mutual^^^ the ^'Farmers' Mutual,^'' ^'■Northern Mulual,'^ and one in the 
northern part of the county, without a Charter, the members being 
joined together agreeing to pay their respective shares of losses sustained 
by their neighbors (belonging to the association.) 

This form of Mutual Insurance, dates its origin from about the year 
1609. It is said that about that year a proposition was made to Count 
Anthony Giinther von Oldenburg, in Germany, that as a new species of 
finance, he should insure the houses of his subjects against fire, each 
paying for $100 valuation, $1 yearly. The Count would not accede to 
this scheme although he thought it might be well if a company of indi- 
viduals could be formed to insure each others' houses, but he doubted 
whether it could by him be "honorably, justly and irreproachably insti- 
tuted without tempting Providence, without incurring the censure of 
neighbors, and without disgracing his name and dignity." 

The New Mennonites do not insure their property, it being contrary to 
the discipline of their Church, but when any of their members sustain 
a loss by fire, it is made up by contributions from the members. 

The first Stock Company, the ''Lancaster City and County,'' was 
chartered in the year 1838, with $200,000 capital, and located in Lan- 
caster, of which the late James Evans was President, and John Zimmer- 
man, Secretary. After a few years of prosperity, financial troubles 
overtook the country, and the Company having lost a large amount by 
the old Girard Bank, it was deemed advisable to wind up its affairs, which 
was done in 1846. During the year 1868, it was resuscitated and is now 
apparently doing a good business. 

In 1854, the '' Inland Insurance and Deposit Company,'' was chartered 
with the addition of an Insurance Department, and is still continued. 

In 1861, the ''Lancaster ITome Mutual;' was chartered, and has been 
brought to its present prosperous condition, mainly by its first and only 
Secretary, C. H. Lefevre, Esq. h\ our neighboring town of Columbia, 
we have the " Columbia Insurance Company," Stock and Mutual, and 

1 Contributed by Hugh S. Gara, Esq. 



170 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 

the National^ which is to be purely Mutual, although not yet gone into 
active operation. 

In the City we have Agencies for many Companies, viz: The '■^Insur- 
ance Comjyamj of North America^'' Philadelphia, (the oldest Stock Com- 
pany in the United States;) " Phoenix^'' Philadelphia; " Lycoming County 
Mutual^'' of Muncy; " Yonhers and Lorrillard^^^ of New York; " Girard 
and Enter -prise ^"^ Philadelphia; " Continental and Home^'' of New York; 
'■'•Home^'' of New Haven; ^'^ jEtna^^'' " Hartford^'' and other Companies of 
Connecticut; ^'■Franklin,'''' Philadelphia, and "i)eZat^'arei/i/.^MaZ." These 
Companies have efficient Agents in Hugh S. Gara, A. B. Kauftman, 
Herr & Kife, Edw. Brown, H. Baumgardner and John Zimmerman. 

LIFE INSUBANCE. 

Has no local Home Company in our City or County, but is well repre- 
sented by the ^''American and Penn MutuaV^ of Philadelphia; " Connec- 
ticut Mutual,^^ of Hartford; '•'• Mutual Life^'' " Continental^'' '■'■ North Amer- 
ica'''' and '■'' Brooklyn^'' of New York; and appears to be doing a large and 
profitable business in our midst. We cannot therefore, give any special 
history of Life Insurance as applicable to our County, but its already 
extensive and rapidly increasing "literature," the number of books and 
periodicals being continually put forth in its interest, explaining it and 
advocating it, and advertising it hy explaining it, plainly indicate the great 
strides that this branch of enterprise is now making in the favor of our 
people. 



No. 15. 

BANKS AND BANKING.i 

Banking is a system established for the convenience of the business 
community. It is a recognized agent between borrower and lender; a 
general agent to make collections throughout the commercial world ; and 
the medium through which the Government authorizes the circulation 
of paper money, based on the security of the National debt, or the credit 
of the Government. The sixteen hundred National Banks in the United 
States are so well distributed, that it is an easy matter to make collec- 
tions in any part of the country ; or, through their correspondence with 
foreign institutions, with any commercial country on the globe. The 
utility of the system has been constantly growing in favor, and more 
extended usefulness. The Jew, who stood at his Banco^ or bench, in the 
streets of Italy or Germany, to change coins, or make small loans, little 

1 Contributed by D. Q. Swartz, Esq. 



RANKS AND HANKING. 



171 



dreamed that lie was starting and giving a name to a system that should 
become as extensive as tlie mercantile community. ' The sv.stem has 
become so complete, that it may safely be said that not one-tenth of the 
money paid in trade, need ever be counted. The clearing house of the 
New York Associated Banks, shows that of thirty or lortv millions of 
clearings, representing business to that amount, Uie balances are fre- 
quently not more than one or two millions. For convenience and safety, 
the system is indispensable. 

We annex a statement of the Ten National Banks of Lancaster C«juntv, 
showing their Capital, Loans, Deposits, Circulation, and Governmeut 
Securities held by them. Of these four are designated as United States 
Depositaries, which held, on the 17th of April, 18(30, Sl(.)3,234, to the 
credit of the L^nited States: 



NAMES OF BANKS. 



Farmers' National Bank of Lancaster.. 

Lancaster County National Bunk 

First National Bank of Lancaster 

Columbia National Bank 

First National Bank of Columbia 

First National Bank of Marietta 

Union National Bank of Mount .Toy 

First National Bank of Mount .loy 

Manheim National Bank 

First National Bank of Strasburg 



450,000 
300 000 
UO.OiX) 

500,000 
150 000 

100,000 

100.000 
100,000 
ICO.OOO 
100.000 



300,477 
34s*,lG4 
;)87,193 
404,41(j 
17»>,51.i 
•279,5')S 
loS,16l 
14o,07>J 
lii8.291 
85,015 



— s 

9 = 



403,500 t 

•J70,iJOO 

I3t),:!0> ( 

447,«'>0 1 

131,0.) J t 

97, J.,,') I 
87,615 

88,950 ! 

89.1-27 I 

98,985 ; 



,509,632 
518.241 
298 191 
70 I.7-23 
183.971 
•2i)'j,»i2.'! 
•205,737 
190,003 
Id7,l03 
101,838 



> — 



'$ Gl 4,000 

309,7.'.0 

' 212.151) 

I &49,0<jO 

' 178,800 

190,401) 

, 115.000 

I00,00<) 

I 1M,900 

I 160,iM0 



I$2,040,UOO $-2,4(>l,879 1*1,8.50,618 .*3,20S,172 .42,581,700 

In addition to the ten National Banks of Lancaster county, there are 
seven other Banks, or Banking firms in the city and county, none of 
which are incorporated except the Inland Insurance and Dejiosit Com- 
pany. Their returns to the Ke venue officers for the month of March, 
1869, give the following statement of their Capital and Deposits. Their 
Discounts or Loans are not ascertained, but may be estimated at a mil- 
lion and a quarter. 

Reed, McGrann k Co., - - - - - 

Reed, Henderson & Co., . . - - 
Bair & Shenk, ------ 

Steliman, Clarkson & Co., (Mechanics,) 

Evans, McEvoy & Co., 

Inland Insurance and Deposit Co., 

Litiz Deposit Bank, . . - - - 

.S215,27(.» 1.485,100 

By combining the two statements it will be seen that the Banking 
Capital of the county is, in round numbers, two and a quarter millions, 



Capital. 


Deposits. 


S 24,000 


$ 271,920 


50,000 


351,2(31 


22,050 


•267,528 


7,8 5(.) 


137,803 


41»,950 


270,238 


51,420 


148,623 


10,000 


37,778 



172 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

the Deposits nearly four millions, loans four and a half millions. The 
National Banks hold over two and a half millions of Government secu- 
rities; but these are only a small part of the amount owned in the 
county, many of which are lodged in the vaults of the Banks for safe 
keeping. 

Annexed is an account of all the National Banks in the county, with 
a brief history of some of them. 

The Farmers Bank of Lancaster, was chartered in January 17th, 1810, 
with a capital of $800,000. The following persons were named Direc- 
tors in articles of association, published in the early history of the Bank, 
viz: John F. Steinman, Benjamin Schaum, Conrad Schwartz, Albert 
Dufresne, Samuel White, Christian Hoover, Kobert Patten, John Bren- 
neman, Jacob Charles, Charles Montilius, John Neff", Peter Diller. In 
1814 the capital authorized was increased to $600,000, which was sub- 
sequently again reduced. It was organized under the National Currency 
Act, in December, 186-1, under the name of the Farmers' National Bank, 
with a capital paid in of $450,000. It is a government depository. The 
first President of the Farmers' Bank in 1810 was Conrad Schwartz, who 
was followed by George Greeff, William Jenkins, F.jA. Muhlenberg, George 
Louis Mayer, George H. Krug, C. Hager, and Jacob Bausman. The 
Cashiers were, successively, Samuel Clendenin, John Eberman, Girardus 
Clarkson, Henry E. Eeed, and Ed. H. Brown. 

The present Board of Directors are Jacob Bausman, President; Thos. 
E. Franklin, John Beck, Daniel Heitshu, Henry Musselman, Geo. M. 
Kline, Lewis Haines, Chas. A. Heinitsh, Jacob S. Shirk, N. Ellmaker, 
A. K. Witmer, C. E. Baer and Chas. F. Hager. 

The Lancaster Courdy Bank, previous to 1811, was in operation under 
the name of Lancaster County Loan Company, with Henry Bushong, 
President, and Eobert D. Carson, Cashier. 

On August llrth, 1841, it was chartered by the State with the follow- 
ing incoporators: Henry Bushong, Dr. John Witmer, Philip Eeitzel, 
John Landis, (farmer,) Jacob Kreider, Francis Kendig, Jr., Geo. Withers, 
Jacob Shenk, Benjamin B. Herr, Isaac Bressler, J. Landis, J. Witmer, 
George Blattenberger, James Smith. 

Under this charter each stockholder had to give a first mortgage on 
ample real estate in this county, to the amount of his stock, as security 
for the liabilities of the Bank. It only required four years experience 
to show that this plan was not satisfactory. It was found inconvenient 
when stockholders sold their real estate, and almost impracticable in case 
of decedents' estates. ' So also it embarrassed the sale of stock, which 
could only be made to parties who could give first mortgages approved 
by the Bank. The stock was only partly paid in, and subject to calling 
instalments ; and for the reasons indicated it largely depreciated in the 



BANKS AND BANKING. J73 

market value, some sales having been made as low as five dollars per 
share. In 1845, an Act of Assembly repealed the real estate security 
clause, still however, holding stockholders liable, bui exactintr „o 
security. ° 

It was organized as a National Bank January otli, 1^65, with a capital 
of $300,000, all paid in. John Landis (farmer) was the jfirst President, who 
served until his death, when he was succeeded by Christian B. Ilurr, the 
present President. The first Cashier was Robert D. Carson, who served 
until his death, when he was succeeded by William L. Peiper, the present 
Cashier. The present Board of Directors is as follows: Christian B. 
Herr, President, Emanuel Swope, Benj. B. Ilerr, John McCartnev, Abra- 
ham Howry, Henry B. Resh, Adam Lefever, Jacob Bachman, Levi G. 
Getz, George G. Brush, David Landis, (miller,) Abraham Buchwalter, 
Benjamin Long, jr. 

The First National Bank of Lancaster, was organized and commenced 
business in May, 1864. It is a Government Depository. Pmu/e/j/— John 
Gyger. Cashier — Horace Rathvon. Directors — Henry Baumgardner, C. 
B. Grubb, T. Scott Woods, A. Herr Smith, Peter S. Reist, John 11. Moore, 
A. S. Bard, David G. Swartz. 

The First National Bank of Marietta, was organized May 11th, 1863, 
and commenced business July 2d, of same year. It was the First Na- 
tional Bank in the County. It is a Government Depository, and has 
the largest surplus relative to its capital of any Bank in the County. Its 
officers are: President — Abraham Collins. Vice President — Benj. F. 
Hiestand. Cashier — Amos Bowman. Directors — A. Collins, Benj. F. 
Hiestand, B. Spaugler, A. H. Musselman, John Hollinger, Paris Ilalde- 
man, John Musser, S. F. Eagle, Henry Hiestand. 

Columbia National Bank: An Act of Assembly was approved March 
28th, 1809, entitled "An Act authorizing the Governor of this Common- 
wealth to incorporate a company for the purpose of making and erecting 
a bridge over the Susquehanna river in the County of Lancaster, at or 
near the town of Columbia." The Act gives the following incorpora- 
tors: Stephen Girard, William Samson, James Vanuuem, John Perot, 
Henry Pratt, Thomas McEwen, Martin Dubbs, and Joseph L. Lewis, of 
Philadelphia; John Hubley, Abraham Witmer, Casper Shafner, Jr., 
Jacob Strickler, James Wright and Samuel Miller, of the county of Lan- 
caster, and William Barber, John Stewart and Godfrey Leuhart, of the 
county of York. 

The capital was to be $400,000, in shares of $100 each. The State of 
Pennsylvania subscribed and paid for 900 shares, or $90,000. The bal- 
ance of $310,000 was to be raised by individual subscription. The 
Company organized by electing William Wright, President; W. P. 
Beatty, Treasurer, and twelve other directors. 



174 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 

Henry Slaymaker, Jonathan Walcott and Samuel Slaymaker, con- 
tracted to build the bridge for $150,000, by the first day of December, 
1814; but by reason of alterations and additions, the cost exceeded 
$175,000. 

On the fifteenth day of July, 1813, the Stockholders resolved to com- 
mence banking with the surplus capital of $225,000, which was accord- 
ingly done, although without a charter, as was not unusual at that time, 
and as has been done in several other instances. 

By Act of Assembly approved June 29th, 1824, the name of "Presi- 
dent, Managers and Company, for erecting a Bridge, &c.," was changed 
to that of the " Columbia Bridge Company," with a capital of $150,000 ; 
and it was then chartered as a Bank, with the following directors : 
Christian Bruner, President; Henry Keff'er, Abraham Hiestand, John 
Forrey, Jr., Jacob Strickler, John Haldeman, Benj. Chew, Benj. Grimier, 
Christian Haldeman ; Cashier — Jno. M. Kepeck. 

In 1832, the Bridge was swept away by an ice freshet, and afterwards 
re-built by the Bank. The title of the Bank wa? afterwards changed to 
"The Columbia Bank and Bridge Company," and subsequently to "The 
Columbia Bank," and a few years since to the "Columbia National 
Bank," when it organized under the "National Currency Act" of Con- 
gress. The Directors are: John Cooper, PresiVZeni; George W. Mehaflfey, 
Samuel Musselman, Henry Copenheflfer, George Bogle, D. W. Witmer, 
Jac. C. Stoner, Jas. L. Kerr, Henry Suydam. Cashier — Samuel Shoch. 

Union National Mount Joy Bank. This Bank is the first banking insti- 
tution established in Mount Joy. It was incorporated as the " Mount 
Joy Savings Institution," by Act of Assembly approved May 13th, 1853. 
It commenced business November, 1853. Capital, $50,000. Henry 
Eberle, Sr., President; Dr. Andrew Garber, Treasurer. Dr. Garber, 
having resigned in June, 1856, Jacob E. Long, was elected Treasurer. 
The institution became converted into the "Mount Joy Bank," by a law 
enacted in 1860, and commenced business as such May 21st, 1860. The 
capital was increased to $62,500, and so remained till 1865, when it was 
increased under authority of its charter to $100,000. September 18th, 
1865, it became fully organized and commenced business as the "Union 
National Mount Joy Bank." The present ofl&cers are : John G. Hoerner, 
President; Jacob K. Long, Cashier; J.V.Long, Clerk; Directors: John 
G. Hoerner, Henry Shaffner, Jos. Detweiler, Sam'l Uhrich, C. S. Erb, C. 
S. Nissly, Benj. Grosh, Jno. B, Myers, Joseph H. Rider, Christian Stibgen 
Jno.. B. Stehman, B. M. Greider and Jacob Reiff. 

First National Bank of Mowit Joy., was organized under the laws of 
Pennsylvania, as the "Farmers' Bank of Mount Joy," in September, 
1862. It was converted into a "National Bank," in January, 1865, with 
a capital of $100,000. Present Directors: M. B. Peifer, President; Reu- 



BANKS AND BANKING. 1 



<D 



"ben Garber, Vice President; John M. Ilershey, Henry Shelly, John M. 
Bear, Christian Seitz, Joseph Nissly, Christian 11. Staufler, .Taeol) C. 
Gerber. Cashier — Dr. A. Gerber. 

First National Bank of Strashurrj: This Bank is No. 42 on the li.st of 
National Banks. It is a Designated Depository of the United States. The 
first meeting of the stockholders was held May 16th, 1863. The Certi- 
ficate of Organization is dated June 1st, 1863, and the CcrtiGcatc of 
Authority to commence banking was received from the Comptroller of 
the Currency, and is dated July 29th, 1863. The Bank commenced business 
August 1st, 1863. The first dividend declared was three per cent.. May 
10th, 186-4, and five per cent, regularly since, semi-annually in May and 
November. The present directors of the bank are: John F. Ilerr, Presi- 
dent; Joseph McClure, Henry Musser, Geo. W. Ilensel, Frank J. Ilerr, 
A. E. Black and John Smith. Cashier — E. M. Eberman. 

Manheim National Bank, was organized on the fifteenth day of Feb- 
ruary, 1865, with a capital of $100,000. The present officers are: Abra- 
ham Kauffman, President; E. M. Bomberger, Jno. B. Dunlap, J. L. 
Stehman, John Rohrer, Samuel Wolf, Jno. Stauffer, A.Bates Grubb and 
Philip Arndt. Cashier — H. C. Ginrich. 

First National Bank of Cohnnbia, has a capital of .$150.0UO. Pren- 
dent—Ei. K. Smith. Directors— Rohen Crane, John Fendrich, Benjamin 
Herr, John J. McTague, H. N. Kehler, Jacob Seitz, John Forry and 
Ethelbert Watts. Cashier — S. S. Detweiler. 



THE END. 



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